1992-319 CZM Section II (7.9)
7.9 HURRXCANE AND LXTTLE MARCO PASSES
7.9.1 SXGNXFXCANCE TO NATURAL SYSTEMS
7.9.1.1 Xntroduction
Hurricane and Little Marco Passes are located between the
southern ends of Keewaydin and Little Marco Islands and the
northern section of Cannon Island. The two passes can be
considered as one pass "complex" due to their proximity and
drainage characteristics. Little Marco Pass is the inlet that
leads from the channel between Little Marco Island and Keewaydin
Island to the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricane Pass is the larger of the
two passes and leads from the channel between Little Marco Island
and Cannon Island to the Gulf. The pass complex lies
approximately 7.9 miles to the south of Gordon Pass and 1.6 miles
to the north of Capri Pass. These passes have not been dredged or
otherwise artificially altered. The entire pass complex and
associated back bay areas are within the Rookery Bay Aquatic
Preserve (Figure 7.9-1).
Management of the submerged lands, to the MHW line, falls under
the jurisdiction of the Florida Department of Natural Resources,
pursuant to Chapters 258 and 253 of the Florida Statutes. The
waters of the pass and the adjacent inland waters, to the MHW
line, within the aquatic preserve boundaries have been designated
as outstanding Florida Waters (OFW) by the Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation, affording the highest protection to
such waters. within the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research
Reserve boundaries, the OFW designation extends to the landward
extent, determined by the presence of wetland vegetation and
hydric soils (Florida Administrative Code, Chapters 17-301 and
17-302).
7.9.1.2 Biophvsical Features
Hurricane and Little Marco Passes have not been artificially
altered or dredged, and are not federally or locally maintained.
They are, however, popularly used navigational channels. Depths
are generally -3 to -5', MLW in Hurricane Pass, and up to -12',
MLW, in Little Marco Pass. Due to their long and narrow
configuration between islands, tidal currents are relatively
rapid.
There is a tendency for southward migration of the pass complex,
caused by the accretion of the south end of Keewaydin Island
(Figure 7.9-2). This accretion has caused approximately 1.5
miles of shoreline to be added to the island since 1885. The land
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masses to the south of the pass complex include Cannon, Sea Oat,
and Coconut Islands, which historically have been unstable, with
periodic breaches and closures, and a high rate of erosion
resulting in landward migration. Coconut Island has experienced
severe erosion since 1885, receding approximately 1,200 feet. It
is subject to scouring by the strong tidal currents of both Big
Marco Pass to the south, and the Hurricane PaSS/Little Marco Pass
complex to the north. This activity also resulted in the
breaching of Coconut Island, forming Capri Pass and Sea Oat
Island immediately to the north. Sea Oat Island is presently
connected to Cannon Island.
7.9.1.3 Drainaqe Basin Characteristics
Hurricane and Little Marco Passes drain the inland waters of
South Dollar Bay, Rookery Bay, Henderson Creek, a portion of
Johnson Bay, and all associated tributaries, drainage canals, and
embayments. These waterbodies, with the exception of the
Henderson Creek Canal, the Lely Canal, and the headwaters of
Henderson Creek, are within the Rookery Bay Aquatic Preserve
boundaries. The entire system can be thought of as the Rookery
Bay ecosystem, encompassing approximately 41,000 acres of land
and water between the City of Naples and Marco Island, and
including most of the County's Water Management District No.6.
Vegetative assemblages, physical characteristics, and land use
patterns have been inventoried (Clark, 1974; Clark and Sarokwash,
1975) (Figure 7.9-3 and Appendix 9).
The predominant historic drainage pattern was sheet flow from a
northeast to southwest direction. The drainage basin affecting
the pass system roughly encompasses an area bound on the
northeast by U.S. 41, in the vicinity of its intersection with
C.R. 951, and on the southwest by Cannon Island. In addition, the
Lely and Henderson Creek Canals drain extensive amounts of land
into the backwaters near the passes (see Section 7.8: Gordon
Pass). The nearby Capri/Big Marco Pass complex to the south also
drains some of this area.
Dollar Bay
The northern reaches of the back bay system of the
Hurricane/Little Marco Pass complex is south Dollar Bay, and the
relatively narrow channel that connects Dollar and Rookery Bays.
The adjacent lands to the east and west are predominantly zoned
as ST (Special Treatment) due to their environmentally sensitive
nature. These lands contain mangrove forests and other wetland
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habitats. The Lely Canal goes through this area, emptying into
the channel. This artificial drainage system is the major
disturbance to the natural habitat in an otherwise undeveloped
region (see Section 7.8: Gordon Pass). Much of the property to
the west of southern Dollar Bay is in government ownership within
the Aquatic Preserve.
Rookery Bay
In the early 1960's, the mangrove areas surrounding Rookery Bay
were targeted for residential development, but several
environmental groups worked together to acquire much of the land
for preservation. The Conservancy, Inc., the National Audubon
society, and the Nature Conservancy purchased over 4,000 acres of
wetlands to create the Audubon wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary
was renamed as the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research
Reserve in 1986. The Reserve presently encompasses approximately
8,400 acres of tidal creeks, mangrove forest, islands, and
uplands within and adjacent to the Rookery Bay Aquatic Preserve.
Thus, the majority of Rookery Bay and surrounding bays,
tributaries, and wetlands are protected from negative
environmental impacts caused by development (FDNR, 1988b).
In 1982, the DNR began negotiations with Deltona Corporation to
buy mangrove forested wetlands around Marco Island, under the
CARL (Conservation and Recreation Lands) acquisition program. In
1984, 13,230 acres of wetlands were transferred to the state of
Florida Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. The
Rookery Bay Aquatic Preserve was subsequently established by the
Governor and Cabinet of the State of Florida by resolution, and
additions to the area were adopted in 1985.
Rookery Bay itself is a shallow open water area, with average
depths of -3' to -4', NGVD. Water exchange characteristics of the
bay are good, with mean renewal rates of approximately 3.2 days
(Yokel, 1975b). Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature
measurements have indicated that mixing is good, with little
vertical stratification. Average values for temperature,
salinity, and dissolved oxygen at various stations in the bay
were found to be approximately 25.50C, 32.5 ppt, and 6.0 ppm,
respectively, with ranges indicating a healthy estuarine system
(Yokel, 1975b).
The bay is surrounded by extensive mangrove forests and is
connected to several creeks and embayments, including Hall Bay,
Sand Hill Creek, Stopper Creek, Periwinkle Bay, and Henderson
Creek. It is bound on the west by Halloway Island, a largely
mangrove forested wetland with extensive tidal creeks.
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The mangrove forests are dominated by red and black mangroves,
with some white mangroves and buttonwoods present at the upland
edge of the mangrove zone. Landward of the mangroves, there is a
marsh zone, dominated by black needlerush, with occasional
cabbage palms. Adjacent uplands are vegetated predominantly by
myrtle oak, live oak, saw palmetto, and slash pine, where soils
are sandy and well drained (Yokel, 1975a). Rookery Bay and
associated lagoons and tributaries contain a variety of submerged
benthic habitats, including mangroves, salt marshes, mud flats,
oyster bars, and seagrass beds. These provide habitat for a wide
variety of species, including many commercially valuable and
protected species (Tables 7.9-1 and 7.9-2).
Rookery Bay serves as a nursery ground for a variety of fish
species, including the commonly found juvenile pinfish, silver
jennies, pigfish, silver perch, and lane snapper. In a 1975
study, 64 species of fish were collected (Yokel, 1975b). The bay
also supports large populations of several species of caridean
shrimp and the commercially important pink shrimp. Collection
data indicate that the Reserve acts as a nursery area for
populations of postlarval and juvenile pink shrimp, with
recruitment being the highest in areas with vegetated substrate.
The study found 50 species of crustaceans in Rookery Bay.
Mollusks are also an abundant taxon within the bay. In the early
1900's, an extensive southern hard-shell clam industry existed
within the area of the Rookery Bay Aquatic Preserve. Presently,
these waters are prohibited for shellfish harvesting, due to
increased levels of pollutants such as fecal coliform bacteria
that have entered the system from upstream Henderson Creek. The
waters were closed to shellfishing in 1970 by the state of
Florida Water Pollution Board, because of the potential health
hazard of pathogenic organisms from sewage disCharges. Florida
standards require closure when coliforms are greater than 70 MPN
(most probable number/100 ml water) for Class II Waters (Clark,
1974). Forty-nine species of mollusks were found. The three most
abundant species of mollusks found were the variable bittium,
crescent mitrella, and the transverse ark shell. Overall, species
diversity studies for all collected faunal taxa showed seasonal
variation with the highest diversity occurring during the winter
(January through March) and summer (June through July), and
lowest diversity occurring in spring (April through May) and fall
(August through October) (Yokel, 1975b).
More recent benthic invertebrate studies resulted in the
collection and identification of 65 polychaete, 34 crustacean, 26
mollusk, 1 anemone, 1 nemertean, 1 echinoderm, and 1 tunicate
taxa from various substrate stations within Rookery Bay (Thoemke
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and Gyorkos, 1988). The species composition found in the bay was
similar to that of Charlotte Harbor. The density of benthic
invertebrates found suggests that Rookery Bay is not artificially
nutrient enriched. The sediment structure of the bay bottom was
found to be very homogeneous, with fine and very fine sand, and
silt/clay fractions as the predominant sediment grain sizes. Peak
abundance in both the number of species, and individuals per
major taxon of benthic invertebrates occurred in late spring to
early summer. Decreasing species abundance and diversity occurred
in late summer and continued until late winter (Thoemke and
Gyorkos, 1988).
Cuban shoal grass beds exist at the northwest and southeast ends
of Rookery Bay. Average depths are approximately -2.5', NGVD.
Minor patches of seagrasses occur along the mangrove shoreline at
average depths of -2.5', NGVD. The shoal grass is mixed with
minor amounts of turtle grass, and along the deeper fringes,
Halophila. There are also seasonal accumulations of various algal
species, especially Laurencia spp. and Gracilaria spp.
Approximately 20% of Rookery Bay's substrate is vegetated with
seagrasses and associated benthic algae. The seagrass beds are a
vital part of the estuary system, providing direct forage for sea
urchins, gastropods, many species of fish, and the endangered
West Indian manatee. Seagrass areas may provide critical habitat
for these manatees. Many organisms that are present in open
water, over oyster bars, and in and among mangrove roots depend
on seagrass meadows as nursery areas. Seagrasses also provide a
substrate for a wide variety of epiphytic algae and foraminifera,
which are, in turn, utilized as food by fish, juvenile shrimp,
and other browsing species. Furthermore, decomposition of
seagrasses adds to the detrital base of the estuarine food web
(FDNR, 1988). The 1975 Rookery Bay studies report the highest
catches of fish and crustaceans in the areas of seagrass beds
within the bay. Collection stations in areas of benthic
vegetation yielded 3.5 and 3.9 times the number of fish and
crustaceans, respectively, than collection stations located on
unvegetated bottoms (Yokel, 1975b). Due to the great ecological
importance of seagrasses, the difficulty in restoring damaged
seagrass beds, and their slow rate of recolonization, areas known
to harbor seagrasses should have the strictest protection from
point source pollution, shading effects, and propeller scarring
(FDNR, 1988b).
Turbidity limits the growth of seagrasses through shading.
Turbidity is a natural condition for most coastal estuarine
systems, due to suspended silt, plankton, and organic detritus.
Naturally occurring levels of turbidity are generally dealt with
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by the system through natural flushing. However, unnatural
increases in turbidity that affect Rookery Bay and surrounding
waterbodies are caused by dredging, silt discharges from land
run-off, introduction of excess nutrients from fertilizers in
run-off or sewage outfalls, and boat traffic in shallow areas. In
the data collected in the early 1970's by the Rookery Bay
studies, turbidity levels were highest at the stations closest to
sources of upland run-off, especially near drainage canal
outfalls. Elevated levels of turbidity limit occurrences of
benthic vegetation in an area. Clark (1974) recommended that:
"...active efforts should be made by the County to
eliminate erosion of soil (particularly in new
development), and to minimize the discharges of nutrient
loaded sewage or septic tank effluents and the runoff of
agricultural fertilizers and other substances that
contribute to turbidity of the system. It is particularly
important to adopt standards for drainage in order to
direct the runoff water through sufficient natural
vegetation whereby much of the suspended matter could
settle out before it reaches the estuary. Furthermore,
navigation dredging in waters of the estuarine system
should be severely controlled to prevent the release of
suspendable matter from bottom deposits....Excavation in
tidelands and wetlands for lot fill, canal dredging, or
reasons other than bona fide public interest projects
should be eliminated for preservation of water quality and
other purposes."
The above is as timely a commentary in the 1990's as it was in
the 1970's, with the effects of growth and development
contributing ever more significantly to decreasing ecosystem
viability.
Henderson Creek
The major freshwater input into the Rookery Bay estuary takes
place via Henderson Creek and a series of smaller unnamed
tributaries. These tributaries drain pinelands in a predominantly
northeast to southwest direction. Extensive salt marsh and
mangrove strands exist along most of the length of Henderson
Creek, within the Rookery Bay Research Reserve boundaries.
Flushing of the creek is good, with a mean water renewal rate of
approximately two days (Yokel, 1975b).
Manipulation of the freshwater flows into Rookery Bay has been
extensive, especially via the Henderson Creek Canal. This has
caused a lowering of the water table and a reduction of inflow of
freshwater during the dry season, resulting in reduced flushing
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rates. Clark (1974) observed that the artificial discharge levels
of freshwater from the Henderson Creek Canal negatively impact
the Rookery Bay estuarine system by causing abrupt changes in
salinity, increases in turbidity, increases in total phosphate,
decreases in dissolved oxygen, and highly significant increases
in BOD and fecal coliform bacteria counts.
Development along the upstream reaches of Henderson Creek has
caused a degradation of water quality within this waterbody. In
1970, the state required closure of the creek to shellfish
harvesting due to high fecal coliform bacteria counts. The
highest counts occurred during the summer rainy season, of up to
160,000 MPN. Although the open estuary areas of Rookery Bay were
found to be consistently free of high concentrations of fecal
coliform bacteria, Henderson Creek was found to be consistently
contaminated, especially by the large mobile home community three
miles upstream from Rookery Bay. Decreasing levels of coliform
bacteria were recorded from 1970 to 1972, but were still too high
for shellfish harvesting. Parts of Henderson Creek were
considered unsafe for water contact sports, due to the federal
standard of a maximum allowable coliform count of 200 MPN. In
addition, high BOD levels, indicative of runoff or sewage
pollution, were present at Henderson and stopper Creek sampling
stations (Clark, 1974). stricter regulations and greater
environmental awareness have contributed to better management
practices for sewage treatment. Recent monitoring by the Collier
county Pollution Control Department has shown a range of less
than 3 to 7 MPN, with a mean of 2.4 MPN for fecal coliform
bacteria, and a range of less than 3 to 20 MPN, with a mean of
5.5 MPN, for fecal streptococci bacteria. six samples were
collected over a three month period at the mouth of Henderson
Creek, entering Rookery Bay (Collier County Pollution Control
Department, unpublished data, 1990).
Henderson Creek Canal
Henderson Creek Canal, which runs along the east side of C.R.
951, was constructed in the early 1960's, cutting off natural
flow from areas to the north and east. It connects the Golden
Gate Canal to the north to the natural basin of Henderson Creek,
and is eight miles in length. Henderson Creek Canal discharges
directly into Rookery Bay Aquatic Preserve, draining primarily
agricultural lands and allowing the potential for agricultural
pollutants such as pesticides and fertilizers to enter the
Preserve. It also receives the overflow from the Golden Gate
Canal system during the rainy season (FDNR, 1988b). The Naples
Manor and Eagle Creek basins drain into Henderson Creek and
Rookery Bay via small drainage canals and narrow tidal creeks
(Wilson et al., 1985). Runoff into Henderson Creek is
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accelerated by this canal system, whereas runoff from other areas
into the Sanctuary is greatly limited by U.S. 41 and S.R. 951
(Yokel, 1975a). It was found that inadequate canal design led to
overdraining during the dry season and flooding of upstream
properties during the wet season (Fry et al., 1987).
Turbidity levels are naturally high in many parts of the
Sanctuary due to natural resuspension of sediments and
particulate matter from shallow bay bottoms and high
concentrations of plankton. However, significant increases in
turbidity levels were found at the Henderson Creek Canal outfalls
caused by the drainage canals carrying high sediment loads. The
following conclusion was made after turbidity studies were done
in the Rookery Bay area:
"continued development of the upland areas in the watershed
of the Sanctuary will almost certainly result in an increase
in turbidity and in other pollutants in the Sanctuary unless
the existing channelized discharge is modified. Modification
should be directed at keeping water in sheet flow as long as
possible and making better use of the natural function of
marshes and cypress sloughs to store water and dampen surges
of flow that lead to erosion and the transport of heavy
loads of sediment and particulate matter into the
Sanctuary." (Yokel, 1975a)
Drastic changes in salinity, low dissolved oxygen levels, and low
pH values occur at the Henderson Creek Canal outfall during the
rainy season. In the 1975 Rookery Bay studies, a decline in the
total number of animals taken in the monthly trawl surveys was
found during months of heavy rainfall. In the dry season,
hypersaline conditions exist, with some areas exhibiting a 43
parts per thousand (ppt) salinity value. Abrupt salinity changes
are a source of stress for many estuarine organisms.
The highest fecal coliform bacteria concentrations of the 1975
Rookery Bay studies occurred at stations in the Henderson Creek
Canal, with the highest value occurring at the station closest to
the mobile home community. Sewage treatment in this area was
handled by septic tanks or package plants. Processed effluent
from the package plants is piped to holding ponds, where
infiltration into the ground occurs. The source of high bacterial
concentrations is believed to be caused by runoff of the
contaminated ground water and occasional discharge of the holding
pond's effluents directly into the Henderson Creek Canal (Yokel,
1975a). stricter regulations and more responsible operations of
package plants have contributed to lowering bacterial
contamination of these waters in recent years. Recent water
samples taken in the canal, just upstream of the U.S. 41 weir,
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showed levels of 4 to 460 MPN of fecal coliform bacteria, with a
mean of 105 MPN. Fecal streptococci concentrations were found to
be less than 3 to 11,000 MPN, with a mean of 925 MPN. These data
are based on fourteen observations taken over a seven month
period (Collier County Pollution Control Department, unpublished
data, 1990). It is recommended that work needs to be done to
reduce these levels further.
The canal system thereby impacts the natural resources of the
Rookery bay area in several ways, and is:
"...an example of channelized runoff in which water is taken
out of shallow sheet flow and brought swiftly into the
sanctuary without benefit of the natural filtration and
chemical clearing that takes place in the fresh and brackish
water marshes and in the stands of mangroves." (Yokel,
1975a)
Upland Drainage Basins
Upland habitats to the east of the back bay system, within the
Rookery Bay watershed, are predominantly vegetated by slash pine,
saw palmetto, cabbage palm, cypress, hardwood hammock species,
and several shrub species. Drainage from the northeast has been
restricted by U.S. 41. Undeveloped lands north of U.S. 41 show
the effects of altered hydroperiods and lowered groundwater
levels caused by previous road and canal construction. Slash
pine/saw palmetto communities, cypress heads, and hydric hammock
forests in this area have been subjected to exotic vegetation
infestation, and are also undergoing succession to drier
vegetative assemblages (Coastplan, Inc., 1987). South of U.S. 41,
and northeast of the preserve, are numerous inactive agricultural
fields.
Development affecting the Rookery Bay system through Henderson
Creek begins at the eastern boundary of the reserve, at Barefoot
Williams Road. A travel trailer/recreational vehicle campground
(KOA) is located just east of Barefoot Williams Road, along the
north shore of Henderson Creek. East of this development, is a 30
acre parcel known as the Riverbend PUD. It is also adjacent to
the northern shoreline of Henderson Creek, and has not been
constructed, to date. A large portion of the property is
wetlands, and is proposed to be maintained as a preservation and
stormwater treatment area (Wilson et al., 1981). Several
agricultural fields exist to the east of Riverbend, along the
northern shore of the creek, to S.R. 951. The area between S.R.
951 and U.S. 41 has been heavily impacted by mobile home
subdivisions and rental parks. The Eagle Creek PUD is located to
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the north of the KOA campgrounds and the Riverbend PUD, and is
bound by Barefoot Williams Road to the west, U.S. 41 to the
north, and S.R. 951 to the east. It is a 300 acre parcel
including residential development (660 dwelling units), golf
course, and preservation areas. The preserve includes 11 acres of
cypress and one acre of mangrove wetlands. Stormwater runoff is
treated via best management practices, as approved by the South
Florida Water Management District (Wilson et al., 1985).
South of Henderson Creek, most of the land east of S.R. 951
belongs to Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. S.R.
951 restricts overland sheetflow drainage to its east. Conveyance
of runoff is through drainage canals running parallel to roadways
such as U.S. 41, S.R. 951, and smaller residential roads. Most of
the property to the east of S.R. 951 that would affect the
Hurricane Pass/Little Marco Pass system is zoned A-2 ST, or rural
agricultural environmentally sensitive lands, and is presently
undeveloped. Large tracts of land are zoned PUD, for the Marco
Shores PUD project. This extensive plan is reviewed in "Section
7.10: Big Marco Pass/Capri Pass". A mobile home subdivision and
the Woodlakes PUD, a manufactured housing development, are
located to the east of S.R. 951 and south of Port-Au-Prince Road,
approximately midway between Henderson Creek and McIlvane Bay.
Finger fill canals have been dredged in the mobile home park,
which connect to drainage canals emptying into Rookery Bay
Aquatic Preserve. Both developments caused the filling of
freshwater and brackish wetlands, with a cordgrass, blackrush,
and sawgrass assemblage being dominant. Wood lakes PUD included a
stormwater retention lake according to regulations set forth by
the South Florida Water Management District, and a conservation
area (DER File No. 111116919, 1986).
7.9.2 PAST AND CURRENT MAXNTENANCE
Little Marco Pass is a natural unimproved inlet. The pass
separates Keewaydin Island from Little Marco Island. This is a
highly unstable system, with rapid erosion occurring on the
downdrift (south) side of the inlet system (Hine, 1982). Since
1885, Little Marco Pass has migrated south and the southern tip
of Keewaydin Island has grown 1.5 miles of new beach. The
southerly growth of this spit slowed at the point where Little
Marco Pass became an accessory channel to Hurricane Pass during
the late 1970's (Harvey et al., 1984).
Hurricane Pass is also a natural unimproved inlet. This pass
separates Little Marco Island from Cannon Island and Sea Oat
Island. Hurricane Pass is the result of massive shoreline
changes. Prior to 1927 Coconut Island was 3.75 miles long
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(Harvey et al., 1984). During the next forty years Coconut
Island was breached in two places by the formation of Hurricane
Pass and Capri Pass (see section 7.10). The new island to the
north was named Little Marco Island and the center one was named
Sea Oat Island.
Both Hurricane and Little Marco Passes are unmarked channels that
have never been dredged. The channels range from -3 ft. to -12
ft. (MLW) in the deeper portions, and are frequently used by
recreational boaters.
These passes are ephemeral in nature and should be left in their
natural state. No channel marking or dredging activities should
take place.
7.9.3 SXGNXFXCANCE TO RECREATXON AND DEVELOPMENT
7.9.3.1 Beaches and Other Recreational Facilities
Hurricane Pass and Little Marco Pass provide ingress and egress
to the Gulf of Mexico for many residents and tourists in Collier
county. This region is one of the most utilized and popular
recreational areas for boaters, skiers, fishermen and all who
enjoy the scenic beauty of our natural resources.
Hurricane Pass was opened adjacent to Little Marco Pass in 1946,
during the hurricane of that year, and again in 1960, during
Hurricane Donna, and has remained open since that time. The pass
is directly accessed through Cannon Channel, which runs in a
southwesterly direction between Cannon Island (east) and Little
Marco Island (west) and continues to the south tip of Keewaydin
Island where it joins with Little Marco Pass (Wingo, 1985).
Hurricane Pass normally attains a three to five foot water depth.
Little Marco Pass historically was the inlet immediately south of
Keewaydin Island and north of the ephemeral Sea Oat Island. The
pass is directly accessed through the channel east of Keewaydin
Island, locally termed "Intracoastal Waterway", or inland
waterway, and joins with Hurricane Pass. Little Marco Pass
attains a depth of up to fifteen feet; however, presence of
shoals in this area and its ephemeral nature sometimes make
navigation confusing to unsuspecting boaters.
The beaches in this complex of islands and passes include
Keewaydin Island, Little Marco Island, Coconut Island, Sea Oat
Island, and Cannon Island. Fishing, shelling, picnicking,
camping, sunbathing, nature walking, and bird watching activities
are concentrated at the south end of Keewaydin Island and along
the western shore of Cannon Island.
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Most of the recreational activities in and around these islands
are non-consumptive, involving aesthetic values which are hard to
measure. This is one of the reasons why the ecological value and
resource values of these areas are often used as the criteria for
protection (more economically demonstratable). However, a survey
conducted by the U.S. Fish and wildlife service (1985) concluded
that 109.7 million people, over half of all the adult Americans
in the United states, participated in nonconsumptive, wildlife
related activities such as feeding, observing, or photographing
wildlife. These statistics provide some indication of the
relative importance Americans place on their wildlife and natural
resources (U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1988a). A survey of the
recreational use of the Hurricane/Little Marco Pass and Rookery
Bay areas would be a valuable management tool for future proposed
development proposals.
The waters between Keewaydin and Little Marco Island from the
north end of Little Marco Island to the Gulf of Mexico and the
waters between Little Marco Island and Cannon Island to the Gulf
of Mexico have been designated as boating recreation/water sports
areas (or, all waters commonly known as Hurricane Pass, northeast
of the Gulf of Mexico, between the shores of Cannon Island and
Keewaydin Island, south of the south end of Little Marco Island).
This designation allows boat speeds of up to 35 miles per hour
for recreational activities such as water skiing. Boat speeds in
most coastal areas in Collier County are restricted to twenty
miles per hour (J.N. Burch, May 28, 1990, pers. comm.) (Figure
7.9-4). The purpose of regulating the speed and operation of
motor boats within Collier County is to provide protection for
the endangered Florida manatee (DNR Rule 16N-22.023).
The Briggs Nature Center is owned and operated by the
Conservancy, Inc., an independent, non-profit, conservation
organization. This educational/recreational facility is located
just inland from Henderson Creek and east of Rookery Bay. The
nature center is actually part of the Rookery Bay National
Estuarine Research Reserve (part of the Rookery Bay Aquatic
Preserve), which contains approximately 9,000 acres under its
jurisdiction. The Briggs Nature Center provides the public with
educational opportunities within the Reserve such as the
following:
1. Three daily boat trips concentrating on bird life (visits to
nearby bird rookeries); environmental aspects of coastal
barrier islands (Keewaydin Island) and a final trip in the
Reserve system concentrating on the ecology of southwest
Florida.
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2. Canoe trips during the season (8 canoe fleet) on various
themes in the Rookery Bay area; ability to visit areas that
are not accessible by motor boats.
3. A one-half mile winding boardwalk through scrub, wetlands,
pinelands, and a brackish water lake.
4. An educational program with the 4th through 6th grade classes
in the Collier County School system and scout troops.
Programs such as slide shows, boat rides and beach hikes are
available to civic groups, outreach programs and other
organizations upon request.
5. The Nature Center itself contains nature exhibits, a display
room, bookstore and a conference/classroom (George Notary,
Supervisor, Briggs Nature Center, personal communication).
7.9.3.2 Public Boat Ramps
There is one boat ramp within the Hurricane/Little Marco Pass
area, located at Rookery Bay near the terminus of Shell Island
Road. The ramp is unimproved and specifically geared to small
boats, since water depths in Rookery Bay rarely exceed 3 feet.
Access to the pass area is via a small section of Rookery Bay
(historically known as Hall Bay) and through Calhoun Channel
(running between Johnson Island and Cannon Island). Due to the
sensitivity of the area and lack of development, no additional
boat ramps are predicted in the future.
7.9.3.3 Marinas
There are no marinas in the Hurricane/Little Marco Island area.
Since the entire area is located within the Rookery Bay Aquatic
Preserve, the location of marinas, their related uses, and
potential impacts to the Preserve are a major concern to the
State DNR. Any proposed marinas are subject to the rules and
regulations of Subsection 18-20.004 F.A.C. (Rules of the Board of
Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund, Chapter 18-20,
Florida Aquatic Preserves) .
7.9.3.4 Development and Land Use
Henderson Creek
Shell Island was first settled by the Calusa Indians
approximately 1,200 years ago. The Indians were non-agriCUltural
and their primary diet consisted of food gathered from the rich
estuaries along southwest Florida. There is evidence that they
II -357-
supplemented their diet with food products from land, such as
deer, raccoon and reptiles. Ceremonial construction of temple
mounds, burial mounds and canals (up to 4 km long, 2 meters deep,
and 10 meters wide) are additional evidence of their existence in
this area (Widmer, 1988). The Indians occupied the estuaries
until approximately 1780, when they were either killed off by
disease or moved south to Cuba (Nancy Olsen, personal
communication).
The mainland areas of Henderson Creek attracted settlers as early
as 1870. Henderson Creek was named after a surveyor who resided
in a camp on the creek while surveying township and section lines
for the government. By 1894, there were many families living in
palmetto shacks along the Creek. Lumber eventually replaced the
temporary structures; however, this replacement was a long
process due to the difficulty of obtaining building materials.
Building lumber was formed into rafts on the Caloosahatchee River
and then towed on the Gulf of Mexico to these southerly
locations. At this time a school was constructed to accommodate
the children of these families (Tebeau, 1966). The early
pioneers of the Henderson Creek area were mainly hunters and
fishermen. They lived here for most of the year and traveled to
farm areas approximately 6 miles inland during the growing season
for vegetable cultivation.
In the 1920's Shell Island was reinhabited by a small group of
families who moved here because of the convenient location
adjacent to water and food resources, and accessibility to
markets in Miami and Key West. They also came here to get away
from the rapid development taking place on the Naples mainland.
They cultivated sweet potatoes, corn, peas, papaws (papays),
sugarcane, and avocados. Fish caught in Little Marco Pass were
brought to market in Miami via the newly completed Tamiami Trail
(1928). It was not until 1958 that this area was provided with
electrical power. In 1960 Shell Island Road was built to connect
them with the Tamiami Trail and Isles of Capri. The road was
constructed with material from the Calusa Indian ceremonial
mounds that were in this area (Martin, 1980).
In the 1950's and 1960's the accelerated shoreline development in
Naples (and all along the coast of Florida) caused widespread
environmental damage to many productive estuarine areas. The
uncontrolled development included ripping out and filling of once
productive mangrove habitats and the dredging and filling of the
sensitive estuaries to create uplands and finger canals.
Conservationists, upon the realization of this destruction,
banned together to try and save some of the pristine areas left
in Collier County. The Collier County Conservancy, Inc. was
organized, and together with the Nature Conservancy and the
II -358-
National Audubon Society, purchased 4,000 acres (between 1966 and
1974) of pristine habitat between Naples and Marco Island, to
create the Rookery Bay wildlife Sanctuary (also called the
Audubon sanctuary). This estuarine corridor which leads from
south Naples to the Everglades National Park has been termed a
"National Treasure" (Clark, 1974). The natural landscape
consists of mangrove shorelines, bays, lagoons, marshes, creeks
and uplands which provide an important ecological habitat as well
as unique recreational and aesthetic values.
In 1977, the Governor and Cabinet established the Rookery Bay
wildlife Sanctuary as an aquatic preserve. This has since been
expanded to include the Cape Romano - Ten Thousand Islands
Aquatic Preserve. The Rookery Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary
(in 1986, the DNR changed the name to the Rookery Bay National
Estuarine Research Reserve) is contained within the Aquatic
Preserve. Additions to the original Reserve in 1985 increased the
size to 9,500 acres. The goal of the DNR as managers of the
Reserve is to maintain it in a relatively undisturbed state.
There are still many private holdings within the Reserve. Public
ownership of the critically valuable area is essential to the
long term protection of this "National Treasure". Additional
acquisition efforts by various governmental agencies and private
conservation groups will also be valuable for adjacent areas in
the ecological corridor, including Everglades National Park and
Collier-Seminole State Park (FDNR, 1988b).
Little Marco Island and Cannon Island
Little Marco Island and Cannon Island (and the small mangrove
island known as Umbrella Island) are located at the northern end
of the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. The
islands' development roots also extend as far back as the Calusa
Indians. In the 1920's there were a few settlers on the islands,
some of whom landed there when shipwrecked or had boat problems,
and ended up finding the upland areas a safe place to live.
A plan in 1916 to construct roads and bridges from Naples, down
through Keewaydin Island and across Little Marco Island, Cannon
Island, and Isles of Capri, to Marco Island, would have opened
these lands to massive development in the early part of the
century. Financial and engineering difficulties caused
abandonment of this idea. In 1928, Little Marco Island appeared
in the news suggesting that the Island was planned for
development. Australian pines and coconut palms were described as
having been planted on lots that were 1,000 feet wide, from the
Gulf of Mexico to the bay. The plans called for a community
yacht/golf club at the northern tip, providing a protected harbor
II -359-
for boats. The big selling point for the area was that Little
Marco Island could be reached by boat via inside waterways (the
dredged intracoastal) or by a Gulf passage, and that the Tamiami
Trail and Atlantic Coastline Railroad were only a mile away.
These plans were never completed (Tebeau, 1966).
Today, Little Marco Island is about 1.5 miles long, mostly
undeveloped, and consists of about 135 acres of uplands and
mangroves. The island is privately owned and is subdivided into
39 lots, with 8 major structures, including small cottages (or
fish camps) and screen enclosures. Many of the cottages are far
into the vegetation and cannot be seen by boat. The 9 docks
which encircle the island indicate the location of the quaint and
unique cottages of Little Marco Island. Little Marco Island and
Cannon Island are zoned agriculture with a special treatment
(environmental sensitive overlay, A-2ST).
Cannon Island and its adjoining Sea Oat Island (parallel to
Little Marco Island), has recently become attached to Sea Oat
Island (to the south). Cannon Island has been slated for
development many times. Plans for hotels, yacht clubs and
restaurants have all been abandoned, since the efforts of local
conservation groups and government agencies have resulted in the
island being placed on the CARL (Conservation and Recreation
Lands) list for State purchase. (The CARL program receives
funding for worthy projects such as those closest to possible
development, from documentary stamps and severance taxes). In
November 1988, most of Cannon Island was purchased by the DNR,
except for the northern 33 acres which belongs to the Collier
family. Its worthiness for purchase stems from the fact that
Cannon Island contains the largest and most diverse maritime
hammocks found anywhere in the Ten Thousand Islands (Clark,
1974) .
Cannon Island contains 190 acres of uplands and 154 acres of
mangroves. Sea Oat Island contains approximately 1.7 acres of
uplands and 1.7 acres of wetlands. The beach front which runs
along the southwest fringe is approximately 3,600' long. There
is one structure on Cannon Island that was built approximately 15
years ago. The house contains a cistern, generators, a septic
tank, well and pump (Wingo, 1985).
Keewavdin Island
Keewaydin Island (sometimes referred to as Key Island) is located
west of Little Marco Island and Cannon Island. Little Marco Pass
runs along the southern tip of the accreting spit, which has
grown over 1.5 miles in the last hundred years. The total length
of the barrier island, Coastal Barrier Unit # 5, is approximately
II -360-
7.9 miles. Of this stretch, 16% of the dune/washover zone is
native coastal strand, dominated by native grasses and shrubs;
74% is invaded with Australian pine in various stages of
community invasion and dominance; and 10% is ornamental
landscape, typically sod and ornamental plants (Harvey et al.,
1984).
Development in the northern four miles of Keewaydin is included
in "section 7.6.3.4. Gordon Pass Recreation and Development".
The remainder of the island is a subdivision known as South Marco
Shores which is under private ownership (78 lots). There are
seven major structures, including small houses and cottages;
eight minor structures, including sheds and screen enclosures;
and 38 docks. There are no public utilities in the southern
portion of Keewaydin. Therefore, generators, wells, cisterns,
septic tanks or chemical toilets are typically used. The area is
zoned A-2ST with a maximum 1 unit per 5 acres as designated in
the Collier county Zoning Ordinance and Growth Management Plan.
The southern 1.4 miles of Keewaydin Island are under the private
ownership of Andrew Wolfe. In 1989, the DNR established a five
year agreement for the construction of single family development
landward of the previous CCCL and seaward of the present CCCL
re-establishment (FDNR, 1989a). The agreement established three
construction zones and a nondevelopment (conservation) zone on
the site. The agreement defines primary siting parameters for
construction activity on the property. At this time no specific
site plan is proposed. Development zones are as follows:
Zone I:
Includes the dune preservation zone which extends from the MHW
line to the previous CCCL. Dune walkover structures will be the
only permittable use in this area. Allowable shore parallel
developable coverage is approximately 10%.
Zone II:
Extends from previous CCCL to approximately 230 feet landward at
the north end and approximately 100 feet landward at the south
end. Construction of minor structures and dune enhancement will
be the only allowable development in this area. This zone is
considered to be a buffer zone and is designed to minimize
impacts on the beach/dune system. Allowable shore parallel
developable coverage is 25%.
Zone III:
Includes the landward boundary of Zone II to the revised CCCL or
the landward boundary of the property, whichever is more seaward.
This is the habitable construction zone. Allowable shoreline
development in this area is 60%.
II -361-
Non-Development Area:
This area consists of approximately 3,450' of the southernmost
portion of the spit (FDER, June 1, 1989).
At present the property is located on an ephemeral spit and
extreme caution must be taken in the planning stages of
development. There are no utilities or potable water on this
portion of the island, and construction of a well would have a
great potential of having saltwater intrusion. FiSh-camp type
structures should be the suggested allowable construction for
this unstable location. A "Fish-Camp", as defined by the Collier
County EAC, is:
"Fish-Camp" - a temporary use chickee hut style structure,
typically harboring the following characteristics: elevated on
pilings, open-aired, without utilities such as water, sewer and
electric lines or septic tanks, constructed with little or no
disturbance of surrounding biological communities associated with
waterfront areas, with a maximum construction footprint of one-
thousand (1000) square feet, and one (1) associated access dock.
All waste collection facilities must be designed for a temporary
gathering only, e.g., a portable toilet with wastes removed for
proper disposal." (EAC minutes, May 16, 1990)
Coconut Island
Coconut Island is a small island with an upland area, mangroves,
and a beach on the western and southern shoreline. It is used
for recreation; however, there are no structures on the uplands.
Coastal Barrier Resource System
The Henderson Creek area, Little Marco Island, Cannon Island,
Keewaydin Island, and Coconut Island are all contained within
Unit P-16 of the Federal Coastal Barrier Resource Act (CBRA) of
1982 (Public Law 97-348; 16 U.S.C. 3509). The CBRA was enacted
in october, 1982, establishing the Coastal Barrier Resource
System (CBRS) along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The CBRSs
represent areas that were undeveloped and unprotected in 1982,
where federal revenues that promote development and economic
growth are no longer available. The underlying concept behind
the Act is that the risks associated with new developments should
be borne by all those who live there, not by all the tax payers
in the United States. By restricting federal expenditures and
financial assistance for specific undeveloped barrier islands,
the government minimizes loss of human life and reduces wasteful
expenditure of federal revenues, as well as reduces damage to
fish, wildlife, and other natural resources that accompany
II -362-
development in environmentally fragile areas (U.s. Dept. of the
Interior, 1988b) (Appendix 10).
In 1985, the CBRS was expanded to include other coastlines,
protected barriers, secondary barriers and associated aquatic
habitats. The CBRA defines coastal barriers to include "all
associated aquatic habitats including adjacent wetlands, marshes,
estuaries, inlets, and nearshore waters". A list of limitations
of federal expenditures on undeveloped coastal barriers is
included in Appendix 10.
7.9.4 RECOMMENDATXONS
7.9.4.1 Maintenance Recommendations
The basic recommendation for this area is one of preservation and
conservation of natural systems. The Hurricane Pass/Little Marco
Pass complex should remain at the current level of service:
undredged, unmarked channels used by small commercial fishing and
recreational vessels. Channel markers may be installed at a
future date if deemed necessary to ensure public safety. The back
bay marked navigational channels should be maintained at their
current level of service, as well. No dredging should be allowed
in this highly sensitive estuarine area. Unmarked waterbodies,
such as Rookery Bay and associated creeks, embayments, and
tributaries should not be dredged nor altered in any way.
Shoreline development should be minimized. Marina projects are
not appropriate for this area. Any proposed development projects
that are expected to negatively impact natural functions of the
drainage basins or pass system should include major mitigation
work to create a net improvement to natural functions.
Small projects, such as single family docks and other over-water
structures should be done in the most environmentally sound
manner. Docks should be aligned to avoid submerged seagrass beds
or other benthic habitat, and terminal ends should be in
appropriate water depths to reduce prop dredging (-3', MLW).
Shoreline armoring should not be allowed unless erosional threats
are severe. If that is the case, armoring should consist of
revetments of sloping riprap with vegetation planted at the toe.
Natural shoreline vegetation should be preserved to maintain
shoreline stability, habitat, and filtering capabilities.
II -363-
7.9.4.2 Recommended Restoration Activities
Land acquisition by governmental agencies or conservation
foundations for preservation purposes should be encouraged.
Educational signage within the back bay system, as well as the
sponsoring of educational programs, addressing manatee
protection, littering, prop dredging, and other appropriate
topics are encouraged. The Rookery Bay National Estuarine
Research Reserve would be the coordinating agency regarding
education-oriented mitigation projects for most of the bay
system.
Restoration of the original hydrology of the area is an
improbable event. However, limited restoration through improved
water management practices is possible and strongly encouraged.
There is a great amount of undeveloped property that has been
heavily infested by exotic vegetation. Restoration of natural
habitats is an appropriate mitigation or restoration activity.
II -364-
TABLE 7.9-1: ROOKERY BAY AQUATXC PRESERVE
REPRESENTATIVE SPECIES LIST.
Seaqrasses:
Widgeon grass
Cuban shoal grass
Manatee grass
Six-leaf halophila
Snook grass, two-leaf halophila
Turtle grass
Wetland Plants:
Smooth cordgrass
Black needle rush
Seashore saltgrass
Glasswort
Saltwort
Red mangrove
Black mangrove
White mangrove
Buttonwood
Coastal Strand Plants:
Sea Oats
Sea rocket
Railroad vine
Commerciallv Important
American oyster
Southern hardshell clam
Stone crab
Blue crab
Pink shrimp
(Ruppia maritima)
(Halodule wriqhtii)
(Svrinqodium filiforme)
(Halophila enqelmanni)
(Halophila baillonis)
(Thalassia testudinum)
i.
(Soartina alterniflora)
(Juncus roemerianusl
(Distichlis spicata)
(Salicornia perennis)
(Batis maritimal
(Rhizoohora manqle)
(Avicennia qerminans)
(Laquncularia racemosa)
(Conocarpus erectus)
(Uniola paniculata)
(Cakile spp.)
(Ipomoea pescaprae)
Invertebrates:
(Crassostrea virqinica)
(Mercenaria camoechensis)
(Menippe mercenaria)
(Callinectes sapidus)
(penaeus duorarum)
Fish:
Marsh killifish
Gulf killifish
Sheepshead minnow
Diamond killifish
Mosquitofish
Sailfin molly
Pinfish
Silver jenny
Spotfin mojarra
Pigfish
Silver perch
(Fundulus confluentus)
(Fundulus qrandis)
(Cvprinodon varieqatus)
(Adinia xenica)
(Gambusia affinis)
(Poecilia latipinna)
(Laqodon rhomboides)
(Eucinostomus quIa)
(Eucinostomus arqenteus)
(Orthooristis chrvsoptera)
(Bairdiella chrvsoura)
II -365-
Lane snapper
Bay anchovy
Striped anchovy
Menhaden
Common snook
Redfish
Black drum
Gulf flounder
Fantail mullet
Striped mullet
Spotted seatrout
Sheep shead
Tarpon
Reptiles:
Diamondback terrapin
Atlantic loggerhead sea turtle
American alligator
Mangrove water snake
South Florida black swamp snake
Eastern hognose snake
Eastern indigo snake
Southern black racer
Corn snake
Yellow rat snake
Florida kingsnake
Scarlet kingsnake
Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
Eastern coral snake
Common anole
Florida scrub lizard
Ground skink
Slender glass lizard
Southeastern five-lined skink
Birds:
Great egret
Snowy egret
Cattle egret
Great blue heron
Tricolor heron
Little blue heron
Black-crowned night heron
Yellow-crowned night heron
White ibis
Black-bellied plover
Semipalmated plover
American oystercatcher
Willet
(Lutianus svnaqris)
(Anchoa mitchilli)
(Anchoa hepsetus)
(Brevoortia smithi)
(CentroPomus undecimalis)
(Sciaenops ocellatus)
(poqonias chromis)
(Paralichthvs albiquttata)
(Muqil trichodon)
(Muqil cephalus)
(Cvnoscion nebulosus)
(Archosarqus probatocephalus)
(Meqalops atlanticus)
(Malaclemvs terrapin
macrospiltal
(Caretta caretta)
(Alliqator mississippiensis)
(Nerodia fasciata)
(Seminatrix pvqaea)
(Heterodon nasicus)
(Drvmarchron cora is)
(Coluber constrictor)
(Elaphe quttata)
(Elaphe obsoleta)
(Lampropeltis qetulus)
(Lampropeltis trianqulum)
(Crotalus adamanteus)
(Micrurus fulvius)
(Anolis carolinensis)
(Sceloporus woodi)
(Scincella lateralis)
(Ophisaurus attenuatus)
(Eumeces inexpectatus)
(Eqretta alba)
(Eqretta thula)
(Bubulcus ibis)
(Ardea herodias)
(Hvdranassa tricolor)
(Eqretta caerulea)
(Nvcticorax nvcticorax)
(Nvctanassa violacea)
(Eudocimus albus)
(Pluvialis squatarola)
(Charadrius semipalmatus)
(Haematopus palliatus)
(Catoptrophus semipalmatus)
II -366-
Marbled godwit
Ruddy turnstone
Red knot
Sanderling
Semipalmated sandpiper
Western sandpiper
Least sandpiper
Dunlin
Shortbilled dowitcher
Common loon
White pelican
Double-crested cormorant
Anhinga
Red-breasted merganser
Blue-winged teal
Brown pelican
Laughing gull
Black skimmer
Belted kingfisher
Fish crow
Least tern
Turkey vulture
Black vulture
Red-shouldered hawk
Bald eagle
osprey
Swallow-tailed kite
Yellow warbler
Mockingbird
Yellowthroat
Red-winged blackbird
Rufous-sided towhee
Mammals:
West Indian Manatee
Virginia opposum
Marsh rabbit
Cotton rat
Raccoon
striped skunk
Bobcat
White-tailed deer
Nine-banded armadillo
Black rat
Bottle-nose dolphin
*Excerpt from FDNR, 1988b
(Limosa fedoa)
(Arenaria interpres)
(Calidris canustus)
(calidris alba)
(Calidris pusilla)
(Calidris mauri)
(Calidris minutilla)
(Calidris alpina)
(Limnodromus qriseus)
(Gavis immer)
(Pelecanus erthrorhvnchos)
(Phalacrocorax auritus)
(Anhinqa anhinqa)
(Merqus serrator)
(Anas discors)
(Pelecanus occidentalisl
(Larus atricilla)
(Rvnchops niqra)
(Medacervle alcvon)
(Corvus ossifraqus)
(sterna albifronsl
(Cathartes aura)
(Coraqvps atatus)
(Buteo lineatus)
(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
(pandion haliaetus)
(Elanoides forficatus)
(Dendroica petechia)
(Mimus polvqlottos)
(Geothlvpis trichas)
(Aqelaius phoeniceus)
(Pipilo ervthrophthalmus)
(Trichechus manatus)
(Didelphis virqiniana)
(SYlvilaqus palustris)
(Siamodon hispidus)
(procvon lotor)
(Mephitis mephitis)
(Felis rufus)
(Odocoileus virqinianus)
(Dasypus novemcinctus)
(Rattus rattus)
(Tursiops truncatus)
II -367-
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Figure 7.9-1: Hurricane and Little Marco Passes Location Map
(from NOAA, 1990).
II -371-
'~I..l ,,>~
.-3' '''.:-:i
')>,
')'
,
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1952 - 1981
1/ .
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..
..
..
Figure 7.9-2:
Hurricane Pass and Vicinity: 1927 to 1981,
Accretion and Erosion Patterns (from Harvey et
al., 1984 - Part 2). See Figure 7.8-2 for key.
II -372-
~
, -~
-_......._IDl...."1
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LAND USE & VEGETATIO
Figure 7.9-3: Land Use and Vegetation of Hurricane Pass Drainage
Basin (from Clark, 1974).
II -373-
t .
COLLIER COUNTY
MANATEE PROTECTION ZONES
IN THE NAPLES AND
MARCO ISLAND AREAS
LEGEND
~ IDLE
~ SLOW SPEED
III 30 MPH IlAXIMUY
III 35 MPH MAXIJ.lUM
III 20 MPH OUTSIDE CHANNEL AND
30 MPH INSIDE CHANNEL
GULF OF MEXICO
j
~
Figure 7.9-4: Collier County Manatee Protection Zones in the
Naples and Marco Island Areas (from FDNR, 1989d).
II -374-