Agenda 02/04/2014 W Strategic Planning 2014
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A Sampling of Operational Trends
Across the County Manager's Agency
Domestic Animal Services
Animals Adopted&Animals Euthanized (2010-2013)
Year Animals Adopted Animals Euthanized
2010 1,769 4,196
2011 1,730 3,566
2012 1,879 3,116
2013 1,943 2,881
Animals Adopted&Animals Euthanized (2010-2013)
4,400
.40—Animals Adopted
4,200 —__ _ 4,196
—41—Animals Euthanized
4,000 - ��
3,800 �__._._...... .�
3,600
3,566
3 400
.4..1.
3,200
3,000 — — 3;1-1&
2,881
2,800 — -- -- �►
2,600
2,400
2,200
1,943
2,000 — 1,879
1,769
1,730
1,800 W MO MO OD OD OW MP
1,600 } rt_�_ _ I —
2010 2011 2012 2013
Tourism
Occupancy Rates Naples, Marco Island and Everglades City
January to April (2009-2013)
Year Occupancy Rate
2009 76.4%
2010 80.2%
2011 83.0%
2012 85.6%
2013 88.1%
Source: Research Data Services, Inc. uses a working inventory of
approximately 8,600 hotel/motel/resort units and 1,400 condo/single-
family units.
Occupancy Rates Naples, Marco Island and Everglades City
January to April (2009-2013)
88%
86% ____..__ . ._____.._ .----..__.._._..___v.__---- 85.1%
o __�A_ ___ �.. , _...
84/o 81915/
•
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80%
•
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•0 78.9%
78% 77.2% •
•
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•
76% •
•
•
•
74%
•
72.6%
72%
70%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Solid & Hazardous Waste
FDEP Recycling Rates for Collier County (2010-2013)
56%
55%
54% +._
•
52% 51°/u
•
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50% 0 0 0. •.
48% -- !__.___.
•
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tt
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2010 2011 2012 2013
In 2008,the Florida Legislature enacted House Bill 7135 which established a new statewide recycling goal
of 75%to be achieved by 2020. Annual certified recycling rates are determined by the FDEP. The CY13
recycling rate for Collier County is an estimate. The FDEP is scheduled to release CY13 recycling rates in
April 2014.
Solid Waste Management
Florida (2012)
Combusted
41%
Landfilled
51%
Recycled
40%
Source:FDEP
Risk Management
Outstanding Liability in Dollars
4,250,000
--W.Property Casualty Fund Liability
3,972,000 -•-Workers'Comp.Fund Liability
3,750,000
3,250,000 __.._._.
2,850,000
2,750,000 2,937, `0_
2,250,000 —
i
2,230,000 2,024,000
2,031,0■ 1,829,000
1,750,000 -
I
1,250,000 1, 39000 1,434,418
{ 1,173,998
798,424
i
750,000
576,647 739,862
528,778
250,000 -
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Traffic Management
Traffic Fatalities Per 100,000 (2009 - 2012)
15.0
• Collier Co.
—*—Florida
14.0 = ___ 13E
13.0
13.0
12.6 12.6
13.0
12.0 12.3
12.2
11.0
10.0
9.9
9.0
2009 2010 2011 2012
Source:NHTSA(U.S.DOT). Fatalities for 2013 from the NHTSA are not yet available.
Fatalities Rates in 2012 for Mid-Size Counties (FL)
Rank County 2012 Fatalities
(fewest fatalities) (population range: 300K to 400K) per 100,000
1 Collier 9.9
2 Lake 11.5
3 Sarasota 12.2
4 Escambia 12.9
5 Manatee 14.4
6 Marion 19.4
Source:NHTSA(U.S.DOT)
Purchasing
Percent of Purchase Orders Issued to Local Vendors
70%
w
.'
•
•
•
64% o#
•
64%
62%
•
60% #�61%
•
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58%
•
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•
52%
50% 0
-4° 51%
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43%
42%
40%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Wastewater
Self-Service Electronic Payments for Customers
(2010-2013)
39%
i
38%
•
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2010 2011 2012 2013
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Growth Management Division
Business Center Intake
Customer Satisfaction Snapshot
(03/26/13 -05/31/13)
16
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10
AL
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Wait Time(minutes)
Twenty-seven (27) out of the thirty-one (31) participants or 87.1% rated their experience as "outstanding."
The average wait time for those who participated in this grouping of surveys was 10-15 minutes.
Full-Time Board Employees
FTBEs Per 1,000 Unincorporated Pop. (FY 2013)
Brevard 11.16
•
•
•
Sarasota 8.22 •
•
Lee 6.96
•
Manatee 6.42 •
Seminole 6.33
Marion 5.47
Collier 1 5.46
•
Escambia , 4.43
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
FTBEs
Rank County Unincorporated Pop. FTBEs(Total) FTBEs (Per 1,000)
(200K to 300K)
1 Escambia 245,796 1,088 4.43
2 Collier 293,343 1,602 5.46
3 Marion 268,686 1,471 5.47
4 Seminole 209,974 1,330 6.33
5 Manatee 258,211 1,658 6.42
6 Lee* 353,196 2,457 6.96
7 Sarasota 247,070 2,031 8.22
8 Brevard 205,690 2,295 11.16
Unincorporated population figures are from the Office of Economic and Demographic Research.
Board FTE numbers come from the respective budget documents from each county for FY 2013.
The ranking or ordering of the counties is from the fewest FTBEs per 1,000 to the greatest.
Lee Co.,as a neighboring county,was included despite an unincorporated population exceeding 300,000.
Full-Time Board Employees
FTBEs Per 1,000 Unincorporated Pop. (FY 2013)
Brevard 11.16
1.**Nami
Sarasota 8.22
Lee 1 6.96 1 1
Manatee 1111101110 6.4
Seminole 6.33
Marion 5.47
Collier 5.46 I 1
Escambia 7 4.43 f
I
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 it 12
FTBEs
Rank Place Median Household % of Households with
Income Median Income ?$100K
1 Collier Co. 56,104 25.4%
2 Seminole Co. 58,577 24.8%
3 Sarasota Co. 48,900 18.8%
4 Brevard Co. 49,099 18.5%
5 Lee Co. 48,453 17.9%
6 Manatee Co. 47,910 17.9%
Florida 47,309 17.9%
7 Escambia Co. 43,806 14.1%
8 Marion Co. 39,770 10.1%
Source:2008-2012 American Community Survey(DP03),U.S.Census Bureau.
Financial & Management Services - Debt Reduction
Year Collier County Outstanding Debt
(millions)
2008 $804
2009 $765
2010 $726
2011 $677
2012 $627
2013 $594
Outstanding Debt in Millions
$804 2008
$765 2009
$726 2010
$677 2011
$627 2012
$594 2013
Stormwater Issues & Initiatives
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Backup Materials
Background:
The FCC's release of 800 MHz frequencies in the 1970s provided for the development of public safety
communications systems with significantly improved capabilities over existing systems of that era.The
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration initiated a project to develop the capabilities and standards
needed in a trunked radio system.This project was a joint effort with Association of Public Safety
Communications Officials(APCO)and became known as APCO Project 16.The Project 16 standards
released in 1979 included:
• Channel access time
• Unit and group addressing
• Unit and group priority
• Data systems interface
• Individuality of system users
• Command and control flexibility
• System growth capability
• Frequency use
• Reliability
APCO Project 16 addressed operational and functional requirements not technical requirements.As a
result manufacturers developed proprietary systems to meet the standards.
Collier County's EDACS system is compliant with Project 16 standards. The system was implemented in
1995 with users transitioning to the system in 1996. With periodic upgrades to expand system coverage,
improve technology, and replace obsolete components,the system will serve Collier for at least twenty
years.The user base has expanded from 1600 radios in 1996 to 4,200 today generating 1.7 million radio
transmissions monthly.
In 1989 in response to Congressional and FCC direction; APCO formed a working group known as APCO
Project 25 (P25) to establish standards for digital two way radio communications for public safety.
Unlike Project 16, Project 25 was tasked with developing technical requirements not just performance
standards with the primary goals of improving interoperability among public safety agencies and
efficient use of radio frequency spectrum. The Project 25 committee includes; local, state, and federal
public safety representatives, representatives from Federal technical agencies and telecommunications
industry representatives. The standards released in the 1995 continue to evolve and Project 25 is an
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard. The attached white paper from LR Kimball
written for a county in Pennsylvania provides detailed background on P25. Project 25 Phase 2 standards
improve performance in several areas including more efficient use of frequency spectrum and a
migration to a Project 25 Phase 2 system is the recommended migration path for Collier County.
What do we do next?
As a result of a variety of actions including federal procurement requirements for communication
equipment,federal grant guidance, regulatory actions and technology innovations,the Project 25
standard has emerged as the as the choice for public safety radio system technology. SAFECOM,which is
an emergency communications program in the Department of Homeland Security(DHS), provides
communications grant guidance for federal agencies awarding grants and grant applicants.SAFECOM
guidance specifically states that"grantees should target funding toward standards—based equipment
that enables the entity to support implementation of Project 25 equipment for mission critical voice".
This link will take you to the SAFECOM grant guidance document:
http://216.81.81.251/SiteCollectionDocuments/2013 SAFECOM Guidance Feb 22 FINAL.PDF
Several agencies in Collier have been successful applying for federal communication equipment grants
and purchased multi-mode portable and mobile radios compatible with the County's current technology
and P25 to prepare for system migration and interoperability with P25 systems as they are
implemented. Agencies purchasing new or replacement radios are also purchasing multi-mode radios to
achieve the same goal. There is an expectation that future grant guidance from SAFECOM may require
that the radio system the radios operate on be P25 compliant also. Without a migration plan in place the
agencies in using the Collier system may be denied grants if the SAFECOM guidance is changed.
P25 radio systems are replacing legacy radio systems not just as a response to the P25 standard but also
due to technology evolution. Just as we see in data networks and telephone systems the technology
protocols that drive these systems are changing to provide additional capabilities and reliability. In radio
we see the same situation and with the development of the P25 standard manufactures are dedicating
research and design resources to the standards process.
With commercial systems and the developing national broad band network unable to support mission
critical public safety voice communications for the immediate future, it is necessary to plan for and fund
upgrades for the public safety radio system. The backbone of the next system must be able to fully
support and operate the legacy voice radio system Collier currently utilizes until it is no longer needed,a
P25 phase 2 voice radio system as users are migrate to it, LTE data, and interface with other external
legacy or standards based systems as needed using the core P25 capabilities.The interface between the
current legacy system and P25 must support all current features of the legacy system; unit ID, radio
priority, emergency, patching of groups; and seamless integration of the talk groups resident on each
system.
With funding in place the considerations that will be evaluated are as we plan implementation are:
• How soon will Collier Public Safety responders need P25 capability to improve interoperability?
Numerous counties in Florida including Miami-Dade,Volusia County, Hillsborough, and Lee have
all begun P25 migration while maintaining the legacy system. Mobile County Alabama is
proceeding with a migration plan very similar to what is being proposed for Collier. Mobile is
transitioning public safety users to P25 and keeping government users on the legacy system for
several more years.
• The estimated replacement value for all radios operating on the Collier System exceeds
$12,000,000. A phased migration allows users to replace radios not compatible with P25 over
several years and continue use of the legacy system.
• A phased migration will allow project scope to be evaluated prior to initiating each phase to
meet any changes in technology or operational requirements.
• Once P25 technology is available to system users, there will be additional vendor choices
available for mobile and portable radio purchases.This is where the savings in a standards based
system will be realized. It is important to understand that the open aspect of a P25 primarily
applies to the over the air segment of the system, talking to the radios in the user's hands.
Command and control protocols and network switching between sites are not as tightly
specified at this time.
• With changing operational requirements for public safety responders it is important to have a
plan in place. With rapidly changing events a secure, interoperable digital network will become
critical especially for law enforcement.
• Collier County must provide reliable communications for public safety responders. Aging system
components need to be upgraded before there is degradation in service or a critical equipment
failure.
Conclusion:
Clearly a combination forces have resulted in the emergence of the P25 digital standard as the platform
for future radio systems. Collier County's desired path for radio system migration provides the improved
communication capabilities and resources vital for public safety responders while maximizing the
investment in the current system. A onetime replacement of the current system would have a
significantly higher cost. In addition, the next generation radio system switch offers the ability to
integrate multiple technologies and other products into the system. This will allow an evaluation of
required capabilities and available technologies prior to implementing each phase of the project which
may afford some cost savings. Many of the core components in the current system have been in use
since day one nearly twenty years and a P25 system will be no different. This is a long term investment
with a strong technology foundation.
Submitted by: John Daly,Telecommunications Manager Information Technology Department
FY 14
800 MHz Radio System
Capital Improvement Plan
Dispatch Consle Replacement 1,303,666.80
17 dispatch consoles
Engineering, Installation, Project
Management
Training and cutover assistance
VIDA High Availability Network
Switching Center 2,215,258.28
24 port EDACS gateway
48 Port Interoperability Gareway
Logging Recorder interface
Logging Recorder upgrade
P25 Licenses
Engineering, Installation, Project
Management
Replacement of UPS Units 75,000.00
North Naples
WAVV
Marco Island
Replacement of Generators 120,000.00
North Naples
WAVV
Corkscrew
Replacement of Equipment Shelters 225,000.00
North Naples
Immokalee
FY 14 Total 3,938,925.08
1/15/2014
RADIO SYSTEM FIVE YEAR UPGRADE PLAN
Components FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 FY 18 Totals
Dispatch Consoles 1,304,000.00 - - - - 1,304,000.00
Network Switch 2,220,000.00 - - - - 2,220,000.00
UPS Units 75,000.00 - - - 75,000.00 150,000.00
Generators 120,000.00 - - - 120,000.00 240,000.00
Equipment shelters 225,000.00 - - - - 225,000.00
P25 Site Upgrades Simulcast - 3,900,000.00 500,000.00 - - 4,400,000.00
P25 Site Upgrades Multisites - - 2,500,000.00 1,500,000.00 - 4,000,000.00
Microwave/Site Connectivity - - 1,400,000.00 - 750,000.00 2,150,000.00
3,944,000.00 3,900,000.00 4,400,000.00 1,500,000.00 945,000.00 14,689,000.00
1/16/2014
` g 0411••••«...,, ,..
\ 11Plw.
n t S tec _ /
Lr NPSTC
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
Why Can't Public Safety Just Use
Cell Phones and Smart Phones
for Their Mission Critical
Voice Communications?
It's not that simple.
Commercial Cellular Voice is Different
Why Can't Public Safety Just Use the Planned
Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network
for Their Mission Critical
Voice Communications?
Again, it's not that simple.
NPSTC Information for Local,Tribal,State,and Federal Officials,April 15,2013
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
INFORMATION FOR LOCAL,TRIBAL, STATE,AND FEDERAL OFFICIALS
Why can't public safety just use cell phones and smart phones for their mission critical
voice communications?
Unfortunately it's not that simple.
Although public safety regularly use cell phones, smart phones, and other commercial wireless devices and services as a
secondary form of communications, these devices and systems are currently not sufficiently suited for public safety mission
critical voice communications during critical incidents.
Public safety officials cannot depend upon commercial systems that can be overloaded and unavailable. Experience has
shown such systems are often the most unreliable during critical incidents when public demand overwhelms the systems.
Public safety officials have unique and demanding communications requirements. Optimal public safety radio communications
require:
• Dedicated channels and priority access that is available at all times to handle unexpected emergencies.
• Mission-critical one-to-many group capability, a feature not available in today's commercial cellular systems.
• Highly reliable, secure, and redundant networks under local control that are engineered and maintained to withstand
natural disasters and other emergencies.
• The best possible coverage within a jurisdictional area, with a minimum of dead zones — even in areas where
commercial cellular services are not economically viable.
• And, unique, ruggedized equipment designed for quick response in emergency situations. First responders must not be
forced to dial,wait for call connections,or get busy signals when seconds mean the difference between life and death!
Why can't public safety just use the planned nationwide public safety broadband network
(NPSBN) for their mission critical voice communications?
Again, it's not that simple.
Although the nationwide public safety broadband network(NPSBN) will have voice capabilities that will be valuable to public
safety, the network will not be able to initially provide (for many years and maybe never) the mission critical level of voice
service and dependability needed by public safety. The NPSBN is intended to provide urgently needed broadband data
capabilities for public safety and is not initially being designed to replace current land mobile radio(LMR) mission critical public
safety voice systems.
One key element lacking for the NPSBN to replace LMR is that the NPSBN will use LTE commercial technology, a network
technology that does not currently provide the"OFF NETWORK"capability that is critical to public safety. This means that
when the broadband network is not available or not reachable there will be no communications, a critical requirement for
public safety.
Other key elements required for mission critical voice include but are not limited to:
• Nationwide broadband build out: It will take 10 years or more to build out the nationwide public safety broadband
network to provide mission critical coverage equal to current public safety land mobile networks.
• Direct Mode or Talk Around: The capability to communicate unit-to-unit when out of ra ge of a wireless network
OR when working in a confined area where direct unit-to-unit communications is required.
• Push-to-Talk(PTT): The standard form of public safety voice communications today. The speaker pushes a button
on the radio and immediately transmits the voice message to one or many other units. When they are done talking
they release the PTT switch and return to the listen mode of operation.
• Group Call: This method of voice communications provides communications from one-to-many members of a group
and is of vital importance to the public safety community.
There is much debate relative to whether broadband will eventually have the capabilities to replace current mission-critical
public safety LMR systems, however the facts are clear that if this capability becomes reality it is not likely to happen in less
than 10 years.
Local, tribal, state, and federal public officials are urged to not abandon or stop funding their public safety
voice LMR systems until such time as it can be demonstrated that broadband can safely and adequately
provide public safety with the mission critical requirements currently provided by LMR.
NPSTC Information for Local,Tribal,State,and Federal Officials,April 15,2013
The National Public Safety Telecommunications Council(NPTSC) is a federation of organizations whose mission is to improve
public safety communications and interoperability through collaborative leadership.
Voting Members
1. AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
2. ARRL American Radio Relay League
3. AFWA Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
4. APCO Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials—International
5. FCCA Forestry Conservation Communications Association
6. IACP International Association of Chiefs of Police
7. IAEM International Association of Emergency Managers
8. IAFC International Association of Fire Chiefs
9. IMSA International Municipal Signal Association
10. NASCIO National Association of State Chief Information Officers
11. NASEMSO National Association of State Emergency Medical Services Officials
12. NASF National Association of State Foresters
13. NASTD National Association of State Technology Directors
14. NENA National Emergency Number Association
15. NSA National Sheriffs'Association
Associate Members(Non-Voting)
1. ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
2. CITIG Canadian Interoperability Technology Interest Group
3. NCSWIC National Council of Statewide Interoperability Coordinators
4. TIA Telecommunications Industry Association
5. UTC Utilities Telecom Council
Liaison Organizations(Non-Voting)
1. FCC Federal Communications Commission
2. FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
3. FPIC Federal Partnership for Interoperable Communications
4. NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Association
5. OEC Office of Emergency Communications
6. OIC Office for Interoperability and Compatibility
7. PSCE Public Safety Communication Europe
8. US DOI US Department of the Interior
9. US 003 US Department of Justice
Resources:
NPSTC Mission Critical Voice Definition
http://www.pscr.gov/projects/broadband/regs_stds/Functional_Description_MCV_v5.pdf
Voice over Broadband Articles:
Voice and Public Safety Broadband http://andrewseybold.com/3038-voice-over-public-safety-broadband
Mission-Critical Voice over LTE: What,When and How?
http://andrewseybold.com/2772-mission-critical-voice-over-Ite-what-when-and-how
Mission-Critical Voice and LTE: Be Careful
http://andrewseybold.com/2772-mission-critical-voice-over-Ite-what-when-and-how
NPSTC Information for Local,Tribal,State,and Federal Officials,April 15,2013
White Paper
Project 25: Background, History, Objective and Phases
Adams County, Pennsylvania
r 0 •
February 2010 Al
Ve,
www.kimballcorp.com
KimbaII
TECHNOLOGY
'V
... �n Project 25: Background, History, Objectives
and Phases
�
r- , ° t History of P25
♦.a s-. -- • q M
itBefore the advent of digital radio technologies, most frequency modulated (FM)
land mobile radio (LMR) systems had the ability to communicate with each other,
whether from vendor A or vendor B, as long as the correct frequencies were used,
and any "control tones" were used by all. As the digital era of communications
emerged, this became more difficult with the advent of differing technologies from
!. multiple vendors. It became apparent that a digital radio from vendor A might not,
and in most cases could not due to differing protocols, talk to a digital radio from
vendor B.
In October of 1989, The Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials
(APCO) assigned and created Project 25, the next sequential number assigned for
that year within APCO. This project was assigned the task of researching the
differing technologies in digital communications.
Project 25 truly came to fruition in a meeting jointly sponsored by APCO, the
National Association of Telecommunications Directors (NASTD), the National
Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), the National
Communications System(NCS), and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD).
All agencies present decided that a standard was needed, not only to evaluate
basic digital technologies, but to develop a set way to use specific ones emerging
in FM land mobile radio systems markets. These standards were viewed as a way
to ensure that radios purchased, especially by public safety entities, whether from
vendor A or B,could once again talk to one another.
Objectives of P25
• Provide enhanced functionality with equipment and capabilities focused on public
safety needs
➢ Improve spectrum efficiency
Ensure competition among multiple vendors through open systems'architecture
• Allow effective,efficient, and reliable intra-agency and inter-agency communications
Kimball
TECHNOLOGY
www.lrkimball.com
iJ Since then, P25 has transformed into an industry-wide effort to set the recommended
I voluntary standards of uniform digital FM two-way radio technology for public safety
organizations,as well as a common platform that could be used throughout the U.S.
I
lot APCO's objective was to find solutions that would best serve the needs of public
safety. In addition, the P25 Committee encouraged and welcomed the participation
of numerous international public safety organizations and equipment suppliers,
hoping to make this a truly worldwide recommended standard-setting initiative.
Standards of P25
IIn January of 1993,APCO Project 25 moved forward by adopting a proposed open
system architecture through six interface standards that would determine the
future of digital technology, for use in the United States public safety markets.
These interface standards would allow vendors to compete in the market, as long
as the standards were met.
Since then, data interface has been rewritten to include two separate interfaces—
subscriber data Interface and data networks Interface. Also, fixed station interface
was added, since the fixed base station must interface the voice as well as data of
the subscriber units and mobile data terminal.
Common Air Interface (Um)
Peripheral(Subscriber) Data Interfaces(A)
Data Host or Networks Interface(Ed)
Fixed Station Interface(Et)
Telephone Interconnect Interface(Et)
Inter-RF Subsystem Interface(G)
Network Management Interface(Ed)
Console Subsystem Interface(Ec)
All interfaces are bound together in what is commonly referred to as the radio
frequency subsystem (RFSS). The RFSS can be technically made up of any RF
site equipment, as long as that equipment supports the common air interface, and
has the process to interface with the open architecture of all other interfaces.
Common Air Interface(CAI)
The objective of the CAI is to ensure that P25-compliant subscriber equipment
from one vendor will be interoperable with subscriber equipment from another.
Kimdall
TECHNOLOGY
www.lrkimball.com
This means that all vendors must use the same type of equipment configurations
for coding and decoding the digital signal, and must produce the same digital
results.
P25 technology uses an improved multi-band excitation (IMBE) vocoder to convert
the voice signal to a digital bit stream. This vocoder has an additional advantage in
that it is designed to only digitize the voice signals, and ignores unwanted outside
noises.
On the transmit side, the CAI of a radio uses a specific voice encoder/decoder
(vocoder) device and process to convert the analog voice signals from the
subscriber/user into a digital bit stream. This digital bit stream, or digitized voice, is
then applied to the RF section of the radio for transmission.
Subsequently, on the receive side of the radio, the RF section receives the RF
signal, converts it back to a digital bit stream, and forwards it to the vocoder. The
vocoder uses this bit stream to create a synthetic version of the original voice
signal.
Subscriber Data Interfaces(A)
The purpose of the peripheral (subscriber) data interface is to allow bursts of
digital data(data packets)to be transferred between computers, such as a laptop,
whether they are interconnected through a portable or mobile radio, to a fixed-
facility computer or server. It also allows for the use of a mobile data terminal
(MDT) in lieu of another subscriber unit computer.
The mobile data interface standard provides the ability of passing data packets by
using transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) standards version 4
and 6(IPv4, IPv6). These protocols are used for the following:
• Between MDTs
> Between mobile or portable subscriber units and a MDT
➢ From a MDT to a to a fixed host
> From a subscriber unit to a fixed host
Data Network(Host)Interface(Ed)
The fixed data network interface standard provides for the ability of a "fixed"
network computer or server to pass the same data to an MDT, subscriber unit, or
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any fixed computer in the network. It has the ability to transfer that data by TCP/IP,
X.25, or system network architecture(SNA).
I l�� Fixed Station Interface(FS)
i
` The FS is used to provide communications between a fixed station and the RFSS,
j. or to the console subsystem. This could be in the form of data, or messaging, to
support analog as well as digital voice. The FS has two main schemes,
conventional (CFSI) and digital (DFSI). The CFSI can provide for interfacing a
conventional analog or digital signal to the RFSS or CS; however, the DFSI can
ONLY be used to interface digital voice or data to the RFSS and CS.
Telephone Interconnect Interface
The telephone interconnect interface allows an interconnection between the RF
subsystem of a private P25 system, and a public switched telephone network
(PSTN). This would provide the ability of "dialing in" to a P25 system through a
local telephone switchboard.
Inter-RF Subsystem Interface(ISSI)
The inter-RF subsystem interface (G Interface) standard was written to allow any
P25 subscriber unit RF subsystem to connect to and communicate with the RF
subsystem of any other P25 subscriber unit, or fixed base, regardless of the
settings of the CAI, or the manufacturer. It also currently has the ability in Phase 1
to interface to analog signals.
The requirements of any vendors Inter-RE Subsystem will be the following:
✓ It shall support the following modes of operation
o Conventional
o Trunked
o Mixed mode
• It shall support the following network configurations in any of the three modes
of operation
o Point-to-point
o Multipoint
• It shall support bearer media Interconnection
o T1, El, and fractionals
o Aggregation of these into higher bandwidths, such as SONET
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Network Management Interface(NMI)
The NMI is the brains and single point control behind a P25 system. It maintains
the database listings of all equipment, settings, and functionality of the system.
The NMI uses these database listings and settings to control how the subsystems,
S ,n - - as well as subscriber units, function during operation. Is also includes all fixed
encryption equipment in order to control the operation of any secure link. These
f listings fall under one of the five following categories:
1. Configuration Management—stores and allows access for changes to the
system
2. Fault Management—tracks faults within the whole system
3, Security Management—controls security issues, such as encryption, as well
as updating encryption of subscriber units on a recurring basis. This includes
the key management facility(KMF).
4. Performance Management—tracks performance of all subsystems
5. Accounting Management—accounts for all equipment, including tracking of
subscriber unit locations, if applicable.
Console Subsystem Interface(CSSI)
The CSSI is a multiple channel digital interface. It allows for the simultaneous
connection to multiple subscriber units through the RFSS, as well as connection to
multiple fixed stations.
The CSSI is an Ethernet 100 BaseT interconnection. It is used to interface
users/subscribers and fixed station traffic with the dispatcher.
Phases of P25
APCO P25 was written to provide for a timely migration to an advanced, digital,
narrowband radio system. This narrowband principle was to fulfill the Federal
Communications Commission(FCC)mandated reduction of channel assignments from 25
KHz to 12.5 KHz to 6.25 KHz channel assignments. This would allow for four times the
number of assigned users within an allowable band, otherwise known as spectrum
efficiency.
Phase 1
P25 Phase 1 is the first step in the process. It allows for a migration to a 12.5 KHz digital
channel, and is backward compatible and allowed to converse with analog radio systems.
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The equipment used for the digital traffic is continuous four-level frequency modulation
(C4FM). In digital mode,it produces a baud rate of 9600 baud,or bits per second.
Phase 2
Phase 2 has a different modulation process, called finalized quadrature phase-shift keying
(CQPSK). This is a technique in which the digitized signal is created at a rate of 4800
baud. This allows for two voice or data signals to be super-imposed into the 12.5 KHz
channel,or,technically,6.25 KHz per channel.
The final planned migration of Phase 2 is to convert to a time division multiple access
(TDMA) technology. This technique "samples" each of two voice users alternately, and
creates a composite signal of both.Two-slot TDMA allows for two voice users to be on the
same radio,technically reducing the equipment needed per channel.
The advantage of this TDMA process is that one base station can now accept and
process two voice or data users,thereby reducing infrastructure costs.
Conclusion
In the ever changing world of communications, it has, in the past, been the vendors that
have controlled the technology of innovation. That control has created a quagmire of
differing technologies, as well as incompatible systems. P25 has been designed and
created to eliminate those incompatibilities. The catchword of today and tomorrow is
"interoperability," and P25 has been deemed the standard through which that
interoperable breakthrough has been accomplished.
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