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CCPC Backup Docs 05/19/2011
ccpc REGULAR MEETING BACKUP DOCUMENTS MAY 19, 2011 AGENDA COLLIER COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION WILL MEET AT 9:00 A.M., THURSDAY, MAY 19, 2011, IN THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS MEETING ROOM, ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, COUNTY GOVERNMENT CENTER, THIRD FLOOR, 3299 TAMIAMI TRAIL EAST, NAPLES, FLORIDA: NOTE: INDIVIDUAL SPEAKERS WILL BE LIMITED TO 5 MINUTES ON ANY ITEM. INDIVIDUALS SELECTED TO SPEAK ON BEHALF OF AN ORGANIZATION OR GROUP ARE ENCOURAGED AND MAY BE ALLOTTED 10 MINUTES TO SPEAK ON AN ITEM IF SO RECOGNIZED BY THE CHAIRMAN. PERSONS WISHING TO HAVE WRITTEN OR GRAPHIC MATERIALS INCLUDED IN THE CCPC AGENDA PACKETS MUST SUBMIT SAID MATERIAL A MINIMUM OF 10 DAYS PRIOR TO THE RESPECTIVE PUBLIC HEARING. IN ANY CASE, WRITTEN MATERIALS INTENDED TO BE CONSIDERED BY THE CCPC SHALL BE SUBMITTED TO THE APPROPRIATE COUNTY STAFF A MINIMUM OF SEVEN DAYS PRIOR TO THE PUBLIC HEARING. ALL MATERIAL USED IN PRESENTATIONS BEFORE THE CCPC WILL BECOME A PERMANENT PART OF THE RECORD AND WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR PRESENTATION TO THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS IF APPLICABLE. ANY PERSON WHO DECIDES TO APPEAL A DECISION OF THE CCPC WILL NEED A RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS PERTAINING THERETO, AND THEREFORE MAY NEED TO ENSURE THAT A VERBATIM RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS IS MADE, WHICH RECORD INCLUDES THE TESTIMONY AND EVIDENCE UPON WHICH THE APPEAL IS TO BE BASED. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE 2. ROLL CALL BY SECRETARY 3. ADDENDA TO THE AGENDA 4. PLANNING COMMISSION ABSENCES 5. APPROVAL OF MINUTES —April 21, 2011 6. BCC REPORT- RECAPS 7. CHAIRMAN'S REPORT 8. CONSENT AGENDA ITEMS A. CU- PL2010 -1949, Hitching Post Plaza, a Resolution of the Board of Zoning Appeals of Collier County, Florida, providing for the establishment of a Conditional Use to allow a coin operated amusement arcade within a C -3 Zoning District pursuant to Subsection 2.03.03.C.1.c.4 of the Collier County Land Development Code for property located in Section 33, Township 50 South, Range 26 East, Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP, Principal Planner] 9. ADVERTISED PUBLIC HEARINGS A. Continued from the April 21, 2011 meeting: Requesting CCPC action on the Fertilizer Ordinance component of the Watershed Management Plan [Coordinator: Mac Hatcher] B. DOA- PL2010 -274: Heritage Bay DRI -A Resolution amending Development Order 03 -01, Heritage Bay, a Development of Regional Impact, providing for Section One: Addition of Buildout Date and Extension of Expiration Date; Section Two: Findings of Fact; Section Three: Conclusions of Law; Section Four: Effect of Previously Issued Development Order, Transmittal to DCA; and providing an Effective Date. The property is located in Sections 13, 14, 23 and 24, Township 48 South, Range 26 East in Collier County, Florida [Coordinator: Kay Deselem, AICP, Principal Planner] C. SV- PL2010 -1995: Walmart, a Resolution of the Board of Zoning Appeals of Collier County, Florida, relating to Petition Number SV- PL2010 -1995, granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4 of the Land Development Code concerning the number of permissible wall signs and granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4.a concerning the maximum sign display area, which signs are located at 9885 Collier Boulevard in Section 3, Township 50 South, Range 26 East, Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP, Principal Planner] D. BD- PL2010 -1685: Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Extension, a Resolution of the Collier County Planning Commission relating to Petition number BD- PL2010 -1685 for an 86 -foot boat dock extension over the maximum 20 -foot limit in Section 5.03.06.E of the Collier County Land Development Code for a total protrusion of 106 feet to accommodate a 6 -slip docking facility for 30 -foot vessels for the benefit of portions of Lot XIII, Block A and portions of Lots XI and XII, Block B, Unit No. 1, Conner's Vanderbilt Beach Estates Subdivision in Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP] 10. OLD BUSINESS 11. NEW BUSINESS 12. PUBLIC COMMENT ITEM 13. DISCUSSION OF ADDENDA 14. ADJOURN 5/6/2011 CCPC Agenda/Ray Bellows /jmp sAdw tons&* NAPLES DAILY NEWS Published Daily Naples, FL 34110 Affidavit of Publication State of Florida Counties of Collier and Lee Before the undersigned they serve as the authority, personally appeared Kim Pokarney, who on oath says that she serves as the Accounting Manager of the Naples Daily News, a daily newspaper published at Naples, in Collier County, Florida; distributed in Collier and Lee counties of Florida; that the attached copy of the advertising, being a PUBLIC NOTICE in the matter of PUBLIC NOTICE was published in said newspaper 1 time in the issue on April 15, 2011. Affiant further says that the said Naples Daily News is a newspaper published at Naples, in said Collier County, Florida, and that the said newspaper has heretofore been continuously published in said Collier County, Florida; distributed in Collier and Lee counties of Florida, each day and has been entered as second class mail matter at the post office in Naples, in said Collier County, Florida, for a period of 1 year next preceding the first publication of the attached copy of advertisement; and affiant further says that he has neither paid nor promised any person, firm or corporation any discount, rebate, commission or refund for the purpose of securing this advertisement for publicatioy in the s�Anewspaper. ( Signature'ofaffiant) Sworn to and subscribed before me This day April 21, 2011 Ro",,J f �YMI,"7flA (Signature of notary public) 1'pV PV ?o KAROI E KANGAS = Notary Public -State of Florida My Comm. Expires Jul 29, 2013 OF f1.�O` Commission # DD 912237 NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M.. Thursday, May 05, 2011 in the Board of County Commissioners Meeting Room, Third Floor, Collier County Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples, FL., to consider: CU- PL2010 -1949, Hitching Post Plaza, a Resolution of the Board of Zoning Appeals of Collier County, Florida, providing for the establishment of a Conditional Use to allow a coin oper- ated amusement arcade within a C -3 Zoning District pursuant to Subsection 2.03.03.C.1.c.4 of the Collier County Land Devel- opment Code for property located in Section 33, Township 50 South, Range 26 East, Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP, Principal Planner] All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Indi- vidual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Ex- pert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organization should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agen- da packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 05, 2011, in order to be consid- ered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a permanent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Col- lier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accommoda- tion in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, . at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assistance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Management Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112- 5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Commissioners' Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman NAPLES MANOR o A LELY, A R SORT COMMUNITY (DRI) w Y MICELI /� 29 28 27 O U m (S) MYRTLE O WOODS TREE TOPS W IISTLERS PROJECT TRAIL COVE LOCATION ACRES 32 33 34 NDING VIN ENTIAN CYPRESS (S) (DRI) WENTWORTH ESTATES VICTORIA LLS All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Indi- vidual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Ex- pert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organization should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agen- da packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 05, 2011, in order to be consid- ered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a permanent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Col- lier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accommoda- tion in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, . at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assistance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Management Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112- 5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Commissioners' Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman 4* Book 135- Page Agenda Item 12 Meeting of 4/20/11 RESOLUTION 11 -12883 A RESOLUTION URGING THE COLLIER COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS TO ADOPT FERTILIZER ORDINANCE REGULATIONS ANALOGOUS TO THE CITY OF NAPLES' FERTILIZER ORDINANCE (CHAPTER 52, ARTICLE VII OF THE CODE OF ORDINANCES) ; DIRECTING THE CITY CLERK TO FORWARD A COPY OF THIS RESOLUTION TO THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS; AND PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE. WHEREAS, the City of Naples has recognized the detrimental effects of the introduction of excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus into the local bays and estuaries surrounding Naples; and WHEREAS, fertilizer is a major source of these excess nutrients that reach natural waterbodies through stormwater runoff; and WHEREAS, a significant portion of fertilizer -based pollution can be ameliorated by using the correct fertilizer and the correct application methods; and WHEREAS, nitrogen from slow release fertilizers has been shown to be less likely to run off the land and pollute natural waterbodies; and WHEREAS, supplementing fertilizer containing phosphorous is unnecessary for most sites located within Collier County and its incorporated municipalities; and WHEREAS, prohibiting the application of fertilizer during the rainy season lessens excess nutrient runoff; and WHEREAS, on March 5, 2008, City Council adopted an ordinance that regulates the indiscriminate use of fertilizer; and WHEREAS, a portion of the pollutant laden runoff reaching waterbodies in the City of Naples originates in Collier County and its incorporated municipalities, and their associated riverine and estuarine ecosystems; and WHEREAS, Collier County is considering the adoption of a fertilizer ordinance that would address the application of fertilizer within the bounds of the County; and WHEREAS, the City of Bonita Springs, Lee County, and the City of Marco Island, with adjoining boundaries to Collier County, have adopted or are in the process of adopting fertilizer ordinance regulations similar to that of the City of Naples; and WHEREAS, divergence between local governments in the stringency of their fertilizer ordinances can lead and has led to confusion for landowners and fertilizer applicators; and WHEREAS, the establishment of uniformity between adjacent local government fertilizer ordinances will not only alleviate uncertainty but also lead to enhanced watershed management; and CPC 519— I 1 Book 135• Page Resolution 11 -12883 Page 2 WHEREAS, it is important for fertilizer applicators to obtain education and certification by taking appropriate classes; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NAPLES, FLORIDA: Section 1. That the Mayor and City Council, representing the City of Naples as an incorporated municipality within Collier County, requests that Collier County adopt a fertilizer ordinance that contains all the elements of an effective and protective fertilizer ordinance similar to the City's ordinance, Chapter 52, Article VII of the Code of Ordinances, for the purposes of regional consistency, as well as to protect our regional water quality, a copy of which chapter is attached hereto and made a part hereof. Section 2. The City Clerk is hereby directed to forward a copy of this Resolution to the Collier County Board of County Commissioners. Section 3. That this resolution shall take effect immediately upon adoption. PASSED IN OPEN AND REGULAR SESSION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NAPLES, FLORIDA, THIS 20TH DAY OF APRIL, 2011. Bi Barnett, ay or Attest- � �ry Approved as to form and legality: Tara A. Norma — City Clerk Robert D. Pritt, City Attorney M: \REF \COUNCIL \RES \2011 \11 -12883 Date filed with City Clerk: 41—o2,2 —// a Book 135• Page Resolution 11 -12883 ARTICLE VII. - LAWN AND LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE AND CONTENT OF FERTILIZER Sec. 52 -181. - Purpose and intent. (a) (b) Page 3 Purpose and intent. The purpose and intent of this article is to provide for the regulation of fertilizers containing nitrogen or phosphorous and to provide specific management guidelines for fertilizer application in order to minimize the negative environmental effects said fertilizers have in and on the waterbodies within and surrounding the City of Naples. Stormwater runoff is a major source of pollution for our natural waters, and in order to improve the water quality of the waterbodies within and surrounding the city and restore their estuarine ecosystem, the amount and kinds of pollution flowing into these waterbodies must be reduced. Collectively these natural waters are an asset that is critical to the environmental, recreational, cultural, and economic well -being of Naples and the surrounding areas and contribute to the general health and welfare of the public. Therefore, regulation of nutrients, including both nitrogen and phosphorous, contained in fertilizer entering the above - referenced waterbodies is crucial. Reducing the negative effects of nutrient pollution combined with lawn and landscape maintenance professional certification will be an essential step towards improving and maintaining water and habitat quality. The use of low phosphorous and slow release nitrogen fertilizers is strongly encouraged as Florida soils typically contain sufficient phosphorous for a healthy native or man -made landscape and nitrogen can quickly and easily run off landscapes. Certification will result in increasing the knowledge of lawn and landscape maintenance professionals, and their residential and business customers, of a. (2) b. C. The effects of pesticides, fertilizers and overwatering on the environment; Ways to reduce the amount of fertilizers and pesticides utilized; and Methods to limit water use on lawns and landscapes thus potentially lowering the impacts of nonpoint source pollution on local waterbodies. Nitrogen and phosphorous are essential ingredients for plant growth; however, overuse and improper application of these nutrients create water quality issues and pollute our treasured natural waters. They promote algae blooms and other excessive plant growth. Low to no phosphorus fertilizer and slow release nitrogen fertilizer, along with proper utilization, result in absorption by plants and lower levels of nutrients reaching the waterbodies within and surrounding the City of Naples and their associated watersheds. Scope. (1) A program aimed at moderating the impacts of nutrient runoff from lawns and landscaped areas within the watersheds of the waterbodies within and surrounding the City of Naples is hereby established whereby persons will be certified by the city to perform lawn and landscape work upon exhibiting a professional level of knowledge. (2) A program aimed at reducing the levels of nutrients reaching our natural waterbodies as a result of improper application and content of fertilizer applied throughout the city Book 135- Page Resolution 11 -12883 Page 4 is hereby instituted since most soils already have enough phosphorous present and nitrogen from slow release sources is less likely to run off the land and pollute natural waterbodies. (Ord. No. 08-11972, § 1, 3 -5 -2008) Sec. 52 -182. - Definitions. The following words, terms, and phrases when used in this article shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this section, except where the context clearly indicates a different meaning. Unless specifically defined below, words or phrases used in this article shall be interpreted so as to give them the meaning they have in common usage and to give this article its most reasonable application: Applicator means any person who applies, in any manner, fertilizer to turf or landscape plants within the city as defined in this article. Commercial fertilizer applicator means any person who applies fertilizer on turf or landscape plants within the city in exchange for money, goods, services, or other valuable consideration. Fertilize, fertilizing, or fertilization means the act of applying fertilizer to a lawn (turf), specialized turf, or landscape plant. Fertilizer means any substance that contains one or more recognized plant nutrients and promotes plant growth, or controls soil acidity or alkalinity, or provides other soil enrichment, or provides other corrective measures to the soil. Impervious surface means a constructed surface, such as a sidewalk, road, parking lot, or driveway, covered by impenetrable materials such as asphalt, concrete, brick, pavers, stone, or highly compacted soils. Institutional applicator means any person, other than a non - commercial or commercial applicator who applies fertilizer for the purpose of maintaining turf or landscape plants. Institutional applicators shall include, but shall not be limited to, owners and managers of public lands, schools, parks, religious institutions, utilities, industrial or business sites, and any residential properties maintained in condominium or common ownership. Landscape plant means any native or exotic tree, shrub, or groundcover (excluding turf). Leaching means the process by which soluble constituents are dissolved and filtered through the soil by a percolating fluid. Non - commercial applicator means any person other than a commercial fertilizer applicator or institutional applicator who applies fertilizer on turf or landscape plants in the city, such as an individual owner of a single - family residential unit. Person means any natural person and shall also mean any business, corporation, association, club, organization, and/or any group of people acting as an organized entity. Rainy season means June 1 through September 30 of each calendar year. Rapid release or water soluble nitrogen means any product containing: (1) Ammonium Nitrate. (2) Ammonium Sulfate. (3) Calcium Nitrate. ,1� Resolution 11 -12883 '' (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Diammonium Phosphate. Monoammonium Phosphate. Potassium Nitrate. Sodium Nitrate. Urea (not in the form of slow release nitrogen). Book 135- Page Page 5 (9) Others as may be designated in writing by the city manager. Slow release, controlled release, timed release, slowly available, or water insoluble nitrogen means nitrogen in a form which delays its availability for plant uptake and use after application, or which extends its availability to the plant longer than a reference rapid release nitrogen product. Forms of slow release, controlled release, slowly available, or water insoluble nitrogen include: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Isobutylidene diruea (IBUD). Resin, Polymer, or Sulphur coated urea. Biosolids or residuals from domestic wastewater treatment. Ureaformaldehyde. Composted animal manure. (6) Others as may be designated in writing by the city manager. Turf means a piece of grass - covered soil held together by the roots of the grass; sod; lawn. Wetlands means those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface water or ground water at a frequency and a duration sufficient to support, and under normal conditions do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soils [See 62 -340 F.A.C.]. (Ord. No. 08- 11972, § 1, 3 -5 -2008) Sec. 52 -183. - Applicability. This article shall be applicable to and shall regulate any applicators of fertilizer within the city unless such applicator is specifically exempted or excepted by the terms of this article from the regulatory provisions of this article. This section shall apply to retail businesses within the city selling fertilizer. (Ord. No. 08- 11972, § 1, 3 -5 -2008) Sec. 52 -184. - Timing of fertilizer application; content and application rate; impervious surfaces; buffer zones; and mode of application. (a) (b) Timing of application. No applicator shall apply fertilizers containing nitrogen or phosphorous to turf or landscape plants during the rainy season. Fertilizer content and application rate. UUNIVERSITY F O A IFAS Extension The Lawn Fertilizer Toolboxi Laurie E. Trenholm, Jason K. Kruse, and J. Bryan Unruh2 Proper nutrition is essential for any living organism, and plants are no exception. Like all plants, the grass in your lawn requires water and specific nutrients in order to grow and stay healthy. While certain nutrients can be found in the soil, they aren't always present in the right amounts to support good plant health. The appropriate fertilizer applied at the correct rate and time can help maintain a healthy Florida - Friendly lawn, which can prevent soil erosion and reduce nutrient runoff and leaching. Think of fertilizer as a tool for delivering nutrients to plants. As with any tool, it's important that you understand how to safely use it. The nutrients that are most important for keeping turfgrass healthy are the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Macronutrients are required by plants in greater quantities than micronutrients. Of the micronutrients, iron (Fe) can also be an important management tool for specific situations in the landscape. Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen is an essential element for life and growth, and it is the element turfgrass needs in greatest quantity to maintain a healthy groundcover. In plants, N is incorporated into amino acids (the ENH1174 basis for proteins), is used in creating nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), and is part of chlorophyll, the principal pigment for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is especially important because it provides plants with the ability to harvest light energy, which allows plants to generate their own energy through photosynthesis. Without N, plants will eventually die. Nitrogen may come from many sources in the environment, such as the soil, organic matter, reclaimed water, pet wastes, and leaf clippings, but these sources rarely provide adequate levels of N to maintain a healthy lawn. Therefore, N must be periodically added in the form of fertilizer. Applying N to turfgrass causes a growth response and enhances chlorophyll production, which provides the deeper green color that many associate with a healthy lawn. To ensure that your lawn receives the correct amount of N, follow OF /IFAS fertilization recommendations (Table 1). Be careful not to apply more N fertilizer than is needed to maintain a healthy lawn. Overfertilization can result in stressed or weakened turfgrass, increased incidence of disease, or environmental harm due to nutrient leaching or runoff into water bodies. 1. This document is ENH1174, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date October 2010. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Laurie E. Trenholm, assistant professor, and Jason K. Kruse, assistant professor, Environmental Horticulture Department; J. Bryan Unruh; professor, WFREC; Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and Other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer - Chancy, Interim Dean 1;�-. Isle) l The Lawn Fertilizer Toolbox 2 Phosphorus (P) Because many Florida soils have sufficient levels of P to support turfgrass growth, supplemental P applications are not often required to maintain a healthy lawn. A soil test can tell you whether or not P is required. Your local county Extension service can provide directions and help for testing your soil. Applications of both N and P are now regulated by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) Urban Turf Fertilizer Rule (RE- 1.003(2) FAC) and also by county or city ordinances in some areas. Be sure to comply with all state and local regulations when fertilizing your lawn. Potassium (K) Potassium helps turfgrass withstand stresses, such as cold temperatures, drought, traffic, and shade Potassium also aids in producing a deep root system that makes the grass stronger. Look for a fertilizer with a ratio of N to K of at least 2:1 (e.g., 16:0:8, which has 16% nitrogen, 0% phosphate, and 8% potassium as potash). A higher ratio of K is also acceptable for a lawn fertilizer. Iron (Fe) Iron is a micronutrient required for healthy turfgrass growth and maintenance. Micronutrients are essential to plant growth, but are needed in much smaller quantities than macronutrients. While Fe cannot substitute for the other required nutrients, it can be an important component of a fertilization regime, particularly in areas where the pH is high (greater than 7.0). This is because certain plants, including turfgrasses, can have difficulty taking up Fe from soils that have a high pH. A soil test will indicate the pH. In soils with high pH, a fertilizer with Fe may be needed to keep the grass green and healthy; however, this does not substitute for the other nutrients. Iron can make your lawn green because it is involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, but it does not provide the proteins and amino acids that N does. Some homeowners may want to apply Fe in the summer to help keep their lawns green without creating the growth that N application would cause. However, it's important to note that Fe is not a substitute for N. When to Fertilize Only fertilize when the grass is actively growing since this is when the grass makes the best use of the fertilizer's nutrients. Fertilizer applied when the grass is dormant may not produce the desired response. In addition, fertilization during dormancy may cause the grass to grow at a time when it would not naturally do so, resulting in a weakened turfgrass. Fertilization during times of dormancy may also contribute to nutrient leaching or runoff since the grass has less root system and, therefore, less ability to take up the nutrients. The University of Florida/IFAS recommends that homeowners fertilize following the guidelines in Table 1 based on their location in the state, grass species, and preference for the level of maintenance required. Based on these specifics, lawns should be fertilized between two and six times per year when the grass is actively growing. Active growth occurs from spring through fall in North and Central Florida and can be year -round in South Florida. Do not fertilize your lawn during the winter months if you are in a part of Florida where the lawn does not actively grow in the winter. It's very important to fertilize within the range of rates recommended by IFAS to maintain a healthy Florida - Friendly lawn. Remember not to overfertilize. Too much N will result in excess shoot growth, meaning that you'll have to mow more frequently. Excess N can also cause the plants to be less tolerant to environmental stresses and diseases. Most importantly, applying too much N may result in nitrate leaching or runoff, which can lead to environmental problems for ground or surface waters. The Lawn Fertilizer Toolbox 3 Conclusion Remember to follow these other best management practices when fertilizing so that you can help reduce any nonpoint source pollution of water bodies from fertilizer: • Never leave fertilizer granules on impervious surfaces. Always sweep up spills and put the spilled fertilizer back in the fertilizer bag or spread them onto the lawn. • Leave a 10 ft. unfertilized area around water bodies. (Professional fertilizer applicators have equipment that allows them to fertilize closer to water bodies than this.) • Do not fertilize dormant (brown) turfgrass. Turfgrass is dormant when it's not growing, which is typically in the winter. • Always follow the IFAS fertilization • Do not fertilize newly planted or seeded recommendations and rates. turfgrass for 30 -60 days after planting. Table 1. Nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for Florida turfgrass species Species /location in Florida Interim N recommendations Ibs 1000 ft-2 r Y' i* Bahia grass — North 2 -3 Bahia grass — Central 2-4 Bahia grass — South 2-4 Bermuda grass — North 3 -5 Bermuda grass — Central 4-6 Bermuda rass — South 5 -7 Centi ede rass — North 1 -2 Centi ede rass — Central 2 -3 Centi ede rass — South 2 -3 St. Au ustine rass — North 2-4 St. Au ustine rass — Central 2 -5 St. Au ustine rass — South 4 -6 Zo sia rass — North 3 -5 Zo sia rass — Central 3 -6 Zoysiagrass — South 4-6 "Homeowner preferences for lawn quality and maintenance level will vary; therefore, a range of fertility rates is recommended for each grass and location. Additionally, effects within a localized region (i.e., microenvironmental influences such as shade, drought, soil conditions, and irrigation) will necessitate that a range of fertility rates be used. ""These recommendations assume that grass clippings are recycled. l I SL 283 UF FLORIDA IFAS Extension Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review of the Scientific Literature) George Hochmuth, Terril Nell, Jerry Sartain, J. Bryan Unruh, Chris Martinez, Laurie Trenholm, and John Cisar2 Summary Degraded inland urban and coastal water quality is a critical concern in Florida. Nutrients released from urban land -based human activities (disturbed soil, fertilizer, pet wastes, plant debris, atmospheric deposition, septic systems, and others) are present in water bodies, resulting in eutrophication and an increase in algal blooms that impair water quality. There are many scientific publications that document the nature and scope of the water pollution problem. There are differing approaches to addressing eutrophication, including adoption of current best management practices (BMPs) for nutrients, state regulation, or local ordinances. The local ordinance, sometimes including a summer fertilizer ban, has been the chosen approach by several Florida counties and municipalities to address local water quality issues. Many components of these ordinances follow published BMPs. There is agreement in the national literature on the effectiveness of BMPs and public education programs to reduce local water quality problems. However, there has been disagreement among stakeholders over the inclusion of a summer fertilizer ban in an ordinance. Other states do not use summer fertilizer bans, rather they use BMPs to reduce the risks for nutrient losses from landscapes. There are numerous research reports that provide information about proper management of nutrients and irrigation throughout the year, especially in the summer, to optimize the benefits of turf in the landscape while protecting the environment. This paper provides a literature review of the critical eutrophication problem and the pertinent literature regarding managing urban landscapes to improve water quality with particular attention to N and P fertilization during the active plant growth period corresponding to summer fertilizer bans. 1. This document is SL 283, one of a series of the Soil and Water Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date March 2009, revised January, 2011. Visit the EDIS website at http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. George Hochmuth, professor, Department of Soil and Water Science; Terril Nell, professor and chair, Department of Environmental Horticulture; Jerry Sartain, professor, Department of Soil and Water Science; J. Bryan Unruh, professor, Department of Environmental Horticulture; Chris Martinez, assistant professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Laurie Trenholm, associate professor, Department of Environmental Horticulture; and John Cisar, professor, Department of Soil and Water Science; Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer - Chancy, Interim Dean Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 2 Reasons for this publication This publication was developed to serve the need for educational information on the urban landscape nutrient and water management issues, especially pertaining to protecting urban and coastal water quality. Eutrophication of water bodies is a major problem faced by the state, counties, and municipalities; their officials are asking for more information to assist them in making decisions about legislation for protecting water quality. Educators, county extension agents, representatives of non - governmental organizations, and leaders of the fertilizer, turf, nursery, and landscape maintenance industries also are asking IFAS for information about how to best protect the environment. This document is a review of the scientific literature addressing the major questions being asked about fertilization practices for turfgrass. This document consists of three major sections. The first section reviews the science about the eutrophication problem for urban and coastal water bodies, and the sources of nutrients that lead to water pollution. The second section of the document presents the current state of the scientific knowledge about fertilizer and irrigation management in urban landscapes with emphasis on turfgrass health and water quality. The final section summarizes some of the approaches that are being used in the United States to deal with the nutrient problem. There are regulatory and incentive -based programs that include BMPs, educational programs, and rules that restrict fertilization. Our goal is to take the reader through the process: learning about the pollution issue, the sources of pollutants, management of nutrients in the urban landscape, and the most effective approaches being undertaken to reduce the nutrient loading problem. Section 1. Introduction to the Issue of Urban Nutrient Pollution Eutrophication or nutrient enrichment of fresh and coastal waters is a serious and growing concern (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Heisler et al., 2008). Eutrophication is largely the result of human activities in managing land, energy, plants, nutrients, and wastes (Selman and Greenhalgh, 2009). Human impact on the land is increasing. For example, in the United States, during the decade of 1982 -1992, there were 1.4 million acres converted to urban development, and there were 2.2 million acres converted during the 5 -year period of 1992 -1997 (USDA, NRCS, 2005). It is well documented that urbanization changes land cover and hydrology and leads to "unintended consequences" on urban ecosystems that include altered nutrient flows (Roach et al., 2008). Human influences lead to point and non -point source nutrient pollution of water bodies causing degradation or impairment of the water bodies for their intended uses, such as recreation, fishing, drinking water, irrigation, etc. Nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) are often involved in eutrophication because these are two limiting nutrients for algal growth in most natural water bodies. Earlier research reports therefore focused on N or P, but Paerl (2009) pointed out that today N and P must be managed together to control eutrophication in the freshwater -marine water system. Cleanup of impaired water bodies is required under the total maximum daily load (TMDL) program (US, EPA, 2010; FDEP 2009a), which places severe economic burdens on local governments (Baker, 2007). In addition to the costs to local governments, harmful algal blooms were determined to result in significant revenue losses for local businesses on the panhandle of Florida, even more than other environmental events such as tropical storms and rains (Larkin and Adams, 2007). Nutrient enrichment of Florida waters is a serious and costly issue and must be addressed in an informed and comprehensive process. Before a comprehensive nutrient management process can be determined, however, we must understand the various sources of nutrients causing the problems in urban water bodies. Urban land -based nutrient sources and impacts Research has pointed to many sources of nutrients contributing to increased nutrient loads and eutrophication of surface waters throughout the world (Alcock, 2007; Baker, 2007; Gilbert et al., 2005; Heisler et al., 2008). Impairment of urban water Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 3 bodies in Florida includes increases in algal growth, including those algae that produce toxins that can potentially harm aquatic wildlife and humans (Anderson, 2002; Paerl et al., 2010). The following information summarizes the many and varied sources of nutrients that should be of concern in any approach addressing the overall urban water quality problem. Sewage -based nutrients. Water bodies can receive nutrients from several sewage sources including water treatment plant discharges and on -site septic systems. Land -based sewage sources were implicated in algal blooms off the southeast coast of Florida (Lapointe et al., 2005). Paerl et al. (20 10) found that cyanobacteria (one of the bacteria associated with red tide) responds to iron, N and P from sewage outfalls, urban wastewater, urban development runoff, and nutrients from groundwater. Lapointe et al. (2006), determined that large algal blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in the Caloosahatchee estuary in 2005 were likely related to sewage effluent as were red tide blooms off Sanibel Island in 2004. There are examples where the removal of sewage -based nutrient sources was related to a subsequent reduction in algal blooms (Anderson et al., 2002). Land -based N and P discharges. Nutrients from a mixture of sources can enter the water stream moving off of land toward a water body. N discharges from Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee River following hurricanes of 2004/2005 were implicated in algal blooms in southwest Florida. Nutrient flux from bays, harbors, and rivers along the west coast of Florida can provide significant amounts of nutrients to support high- biomass blooms of red tide, Karenia brevis (Vargo et al., 2008). Land -based N and P sources vary from location to location, and this variability leads to a gradient of P- and N- limited phytoplankton communities (Heil et al., 2007). Although the ultimate source of nutrient enrichment may be land- based, there can be considerable cycling, transport, and mineralization of N and P from phytoplankton, and these cycled quantities can be greater than external loadings (Wang et al., 1999). These authors suggested that, while nutrient load reductions are needed at the source, time will be required before observing impacts of those reductions because cycling of already imported nutrients plays a role in algal blooms. Further, some algal species can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, adding another level of complexity to the nutrient source picture (Havens, 2004). Finally, the impacts of eutrophication differ depending on the algal species (Anderson et al., 2002). Distant sources. While nearby land -based sources are important, studies have also implicated long- distance transported nutrients in Florida red tides. For example, depositions of Saharan dust, containing iron, could relieve iron deficiency of certain aquatic organisms (Walsh and Steidinger, 2001). Stumpf et al., (2008) used thermal and ocean color satellite data to suggest the possible importance of nutrients from the Mississippi River that travel in a plume to the west Florida shelf, 30 to 50 miles from the coast. The connectivity of the water bodies makes it difficult to clearly distinguish among the many and varied sources of nutrients at any single locale. Industrial emissions (e.g., smoke) and fossil fuel combustion (e.g., automobiles) adds N oxides to the air, which can be later deposited onto land or water bodies during rainfalls. For example, the Tampa Bay Estuary Program predicted in 1996 that as much as 33% of nutrients in Tampa Bay by 2010 would result from atmospheric deposition (Zarbock et al., 1996). An updated report (Janicki et al., 2001), using the methods of Zarbock et al. (1996) predicted that for 2010 conditions, atmospheric deposition would be 20% and non -point contributions of N to Tampa Bay would be 49 %. The total annual N load predicted for 2010 in the latter report was 2950 tons, down from the predicted value of 3670 tons in the Zarbock et al. (1996) report. Predicted total quantities of non -point N losses in both estimates were similar. The percent loads due to non - point sources increased because material losses and atmospheric deposition were predicted to be lower in the later model. A planning and management document from the Tampa Bay Estuary Program concluded that the two largest contributors of nutrients to Tampa Bay were atmospheric deposition and storm water runoff (Tampa Bay Estuary Program, 2006). Fertilizers. Fertilizer has been a common input for managing healthy urban turfgrass and landscape Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 4 plants and gardens. Amounts of fertilizers sold and used in non -farm areas in Florida (nurseries, golf courses, athletic fields, roadsides, airfields, cemeteries, parks, and retail establishments) have declined over recent years (FDACS, 2009). For example, N use increased from 2000 to 2004, but it declined from 2004 to 2008. In 2005, the non -farm use of N fertilizer was 69,522 tons, but it declined to 36,074 tons in 2008, a 48% reduction in urban fertilizer use. The non -farm use of P fertilizer declined from 14,168 tons in 2005 to 8,034 tons in 2008- - http: / /www.flaes.org /complimonitoring / past_fertilizer_reports.html. Although the recent negative economy may have influenced this trend toward the latter part of the period, this overall reduction in fertilizer use is significant in light of fertilizer limitations imposed by passage of the Urban Turf Fertilizer Rule in Florida and the potential positive environmental implications frAm adoption and training about BMPs. Fertilizers are used in urban landscapes to increase the ability of plants to provide aesthetic, recreational, and functional benefits for residential homes, businesses, and common areas. Research has been conducted in most states to determine the most appropriate amounts, sources, and time -of- application of fertilizers for many landscape plants, especially turf. For example, fertilizer BMPs for Florida can be found at http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu, and the OF /IFAS Florida - Friendly Landscaping TM Program (http: / /fyn.ifas.ufl.edu/). Selected examples of Florida Extension publications dealing with turf and landscape plants include Sartain (2007) and Knox et al. (2002). Best management practices have been developed in many states including Florida (FDEP, 2008; FDEP, 2009a) to help homeowners minimize the chances that nutrients will be lost from the urban landscape at times when the root system is not actively growing. Research shows that fertilizer- derived nutrients can be lost from the urban landscape under certain circumstances. Losses are most likely when fertilizer is applied just before or during heavy rainfall (Soldat and Petrovic, 2008), when fertilizer is applied before the turf root system is established (Erickson et al., 2010; Trenholm et al., 2011), or when fertilizer is applied in excess of research -based recommendations (Trenholm et al., 2011). Studies in Florida using isotopes have documented the presence of fertilizer- derived nutrients in water bodies (Jones et al., 1996; Pinellas County DEP, 2004; TBEP, 2008a; 2008b). While these studies show fertilizer is being found in urban water bodies, they do not conclude whether the nutrients were lost predominantly from landscapes fertilized properly according to BMPs or from improperly fertilized landscapes. Animal wastes. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009) has stated that 'Decaying pet waste consumes oxygen and sometimes releases ammonia. Low oxygen levels and ammonia can damage the health of fish and other aquatic life. Pet waste carries bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can threaten the health of humans and wildlife. Pet waste also contains nutrients that promote weed and algae growth (eutrophication)." A 45 -pound dog can excrete approximately 9 pounds of N and 2 pounds of P per year, while a human produces 13 pounds of N and 1.5 pounds of P (Baker, 2007). Most of the pet N would be in urine and the P in the solids so that "pooper scooper" ordinances can be effective in P control but less so for N (Wood et al., 2004). Groffman and colleagues (2004) suggested that approximately 15 lb /acre /year of N could be added to the Glyndon (Baltimore, Maryland) watershed from pet waste. Plant litter and debris. In urban communities, nutrients can come from the native and introduced landscape plants, such as tree leaf fall and grass clippings (Cowen et al., 1973; Dorney, 1986; Strynchuk et al., 2004). From a time - series analysis of decomposition of leaf and grass clippings in Brevard County, Florida, Strymchuck et al. (2004) determined that quick removal of street organic debris is needed to avoid the rapid impacts of pollutants from the debris on water quality. Leaf litter in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, was determined to be a major source of P and the amount of leachable P per whole leaf varied by tree species, but not by tree diameter (Dorney, 1986). Up to 9% of the total leaf -P could be leached from leaves in 2 hours. In an early paper on leaf -P, Cowen et al. (1973) calculated concentrations of P in oak and poplar leaves in Madison, Wisconsin. Leaves that were in the literal Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 5 zone of Lake Mendota had less P than leaves collected from the ground surface near the shore. In heavily canopied communities, leaves can be greater sources of P than lawns (Baker, 2007). These studies on the subject of nutrients from plant debris point to two conclusions: First, there is considerable potential nutrient load from plant debris in the urban environment that can add significant amounts of nutrients to the storm water. Second, plant debris should be removed from impervious surfaces (street sweeping, blowing) or mulched and put back into the lawn with mulching mowers as soon as possible because water (rain) can easily and rapidly extract nutrients from the leaf debris. Urban watersheds. In a Baltimore, Maryland study, Groffman et al. (2004) measured increased nitrate losses from urban and suburban watersheds (approx. 2 to 7 lb per acre per year of N) compared with a forested watershed (less than 1 lb per acre per year of N). These researchers also noted high retention (75 %) of N inputs in the urban watersheds mostly consisting of fertilizer and atmospheric deposition. In other studies of urban turf and forested landscapes in Baltimore, researchers noted that grasslands exported more N than forests, but the urban grasslands (turf) had significant ability to retain N (Groffman et al., 2009). The authors found that, in some instances, unfertilized urban turfgrass lands had more leaching losses than fertilized grasslands. The authors emphasized that changing from agricultural land to urban grasslands would have N -load benefit for reducing N losses to the Chesapeake Bay watershed. In a study of urbanization impacts on water quality in small coastal watersheds, Tuffurd et al. (2003) found that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and P- containing particulates were the dominant sources of these nutrients and there was variation in location and season. For instance, in the summer, DON from forested wetland creeks and P from urban ponds dominated. These authors concluded that broad land -use or land cover classes should not be used to predict nutrient concentrations in streams of small watersheds. Baker et al. (2001) calculated an N balance for the central Arizona - Phoenix ecosystem. They determined that humans controlled as much as 88% of the N inputs; half of the total N was imported by humans as food and fertilizer. Another third of the N came in as combustion products. 20% of the N accumulated in the watershed and the main avenue for N loss was atmospheric with only 3% of the N leaving in the surface water. The Arizona study identified several topics in need of research including dry deposition processes, soil N dynamics, and denitrification losses. Take -home message for nutrient sources and impacts The brief literature review above clearly documents the complexity of eutrophication of inland and coastal water bodies. Land -based nutrient (N and P) sources are important in the nutrient loads to the water bodies, and there are many distinct nutrient sources. These sources undergo changes and interact with the environment in route to a water body. Once in the water body nutrients play a role in complex nutrient cycling that maintains nutrients in forms suitable for algal growth. Controlling nutrients at the source is a sound approach to reducing nutrient loading to water bodies, but nutrient sources and fates are complex processes (Alcock, 2007). Due to the myriad of sources and their complex interactions, source reduction requires a comprehensive and careful approach. Section 2. Relationship of lawn fertilization to leaching and runoff from landscapes In this section we examine several important issues relative to fertilization, leaching, rainfall, irrigation, soil, and runoff. We present the information from national research studies on several questions: • What role does healthy turfgrass play in the urban environment? Will unhealthy turfgrass lead to increased nutrient losses and when? • How might various urban soil types and qualities impact the effectiveness of landscape fertilizer management? • How might rainfall patterns and amounts affect fertilizer nutrient leaching and runoff before, during, or after the summer growth period? Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 6 • What role does irrigation management play in the leaching and runoff of nutrients? • What role does reclaimed water play in nutrient runoff and leaching before, during, and after the summer growth period? Issue #1. What role does healthy turfgrass play in the urban environment? Will unhealthy turfgrass lead to increased nutrient losses and when? Published books (Beard and Green, 1994; Beard and Kenna, 2008; Nett et al., 2008) have summarized the research literature on turfgrass systems and their care with attention to environmental impacts. Turfgrass benefits (Beard and Green, 1994) can be grouped into functional (e.g., preventing erosion, preventing weeds), recreational (sports fields), and aesthetic (beauty and value -added homes and properties). Healthy turfgrass systems absorb the majority of nutrients when applied at recommended rates, thus minimizing leaching and runoff from landscape surfaces (Brown et al., 1977; Easton and Petrovic, 2004; Frank 2008; Hull and Liu, 2005; Shuman, 2001). Eighty to 90% of N was assimilated in the transition fall and spring months for Bermuda turfgrass in North Carolina (Wherley et al., 2009). The following description of healthy turfgrass that meets its many roles in the landscape is summarized from these citations above. Healthy turfgrass means turfgrass that maintains a complete and dense cover over the soil to reduce erosion and weed growth. Healthy turfgrass has an expansive root system that fills the soil and absorbs nutrients and water. Healthy turfgrass is reflected in the medium -green color that is desired for aesthetic purposes and to add value to the home and community. Healthy turfgrass consists of strong plants that stand up to the wear and tear of athletic use. Scientific data shows that healthy turfgrass has a positive impact on the environment by reducing leaching and runoff. Petrovic and Easton (2005), reviewed the literature on the relationship of healthy turfgrass and urban water quality. Numerous, research studies show that turfgrass has a lower impact on groundwater N levels than other land uses. Raciti et al. (2008) outlined N flows in an urban environment where lawns, under low to moderate management, can be nutrient sinks rather than sources. These authors found high retention of atmospheric N in the soil organic matter pools of urban lawns. Beard and Green (1994) have described the functional and nonfunctional benefits of properly maintained lawns and landscapes to be: • excellent soil erosion control and dust stabilization, • improved recharge and quality protection of groundwater, • enhanced entrapment and biodegradation of synthetic and organic compounds, • soil quality improvement that includes CO2 conversion, • accelerated restoration of disturbed soils, • substantial heat reduction, • reduced noise, glare, and visual pollution problems, • decreased noxious weed pests and allergy - related pollens, • safety in vehicle operation on roadsides and engine longevity on airfields, • lowered fire hazard via open, green - grassed firebreaks, • improved security of sensitive installations provided by high - visibility zones. • low -cost surface for outdoor sport and leisure activities, • enhanced physical health for participants, and a low -cost cushion against personal injuries. • enhanced beauty and attractiveness; • a complementary relationship to the total landscape ecosystem of flowers, shrubs and trees; Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 7 improved mental health with a positive therapeutic impact, social harmony and stability; • improved work productivity; • and an overall better quality of life, especially in densely populated urban areas. Studies demonstrating the importance of healthy turfgrass for controlling nutrient losses from lawns The literature on the fate and transport of P in turfgrass systems was reviewed by Soldat and Petrovic (2008). They found that soil properties had great impacts on P runoff, sometimes more than plant growth. Greatest P runoff and leaching occurred when P was applied close to heavy rainfall. P inputs slightly exceeded the P uptake in grass clippings. Rate, timing, and source for P fertilization were critical factors for P losses. In an early review of the fate of N in turfgrass systems, Petrovic (1990) analyzed the literature on N uptake, leaching, runoff, atmospheric losses (volatilization and denitrification), and immobilization. The research showed that proper fertilizer management was important for minimizing impacts to the environment. These strategies would include proper irrigation management, using slow - release fertilizers (at least 15% slow - release fertilizer), and modifying sandy soils for better nutrient and water - holding capacities. Several of the environmental benefits have been addressed in research from various sites around the country and in Florida. In a study in Minnesota with Kentucky bluegrass, zero, low, and high P (and a zero control) fertilization programs were imposed during the year (Bierman et al., 2010). The researchers measured runoff volume and P loads moving off the research site plots. Where N and K were supplied (better growth), P in the runoff increased as the P rate increased. P runoff from the unfertilized plots (no N and K and lower growth) was greater than from fertilized turf. The researchers attributed the increased P runoff to poorer growth of the turfgrass in the unfertilized plots. P runoff was greater when P was applied in the fall, when plant growth slows and plants enter dormancy. These researchers concluded that P should not be applied in the fall or when soils already are high in P content, and that P runoff was reduced in healthy, fertilized (N and K) turf. Authors of the Minnesota study noted their results were consistent with other studies showing runoff was reduced by dense turf (Easton and Petrovic, 2002; Gross et al., 1990; 1991). The same result has been found for Florida. Properly maintained lawns include attention to proper fertilization. For example, there are times when fertilization should not be practiced. Phosphorus fertilization is not needed when the soil already is high in P content as determined by a soil test (Sartain, 2007). In a 6 -year study in Wisconsin, Kussow (2008) evaluated management practices that affect N and P losses from upper Midwest lawns. Annual nitrate -N leachate concentrations were typically between 2 and 4 ppm and the quantity of N leached was about 3 pounds per acre, which is intermediate between losses from agricultural and natural areas in the upper Midwest. The most important factor for increasing runoff loss of N and P was runoff depth. Next in importance was failure to fertilize. Leaching and runoff will increase as fertilizer rates are increased above the rates recommended by OF /IFAS and established in the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) Fertilizer Rule (Trenholm et al., 2011). However, even though leaching of N increased with fertilizer rates above those recommended, the total mass leached was minimal in studies with healthy St. Augustinegrass. Fertilization practices must maintain strong photosynthetic activity and movement of metabolites from the leaves to roots, thus maintaining an actively growing root system for maximum nutrient absorption. The most active growth period for warm- season grasses is during the long, warm days of late spring and summer (Figure 1). This is the time of greatest growth and nutrient requirements for these grasses. Bermuda grass captured more N during the active growing season (Wherley et al., 2009) and large amounts of N also were captured in a summer Kentucky bluegrass system (Frank, 2008). Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 8 Leached N averaged 0.23% of the total N applied over two years for Kentucky bluegrass (Miltner et al., 1996). Total recovery of was 64 and 81% for Spring and Fall, pointing to potential gaseous losses of N. Research shows that the active growth period is the time when the grasses have the greatest ability to take up nutrients, due to larger, denser, and more actively growing root and shoot systems. Following recommended fertilization practices helps maintain healthy turfgrass with a strong, expansive root system to absorb nutrients, especially during periods of active growth in the summer. Recommended fertilization rates lead to dense turf growth that prevents erosion and slows overland transport of water and nutrients (Easton and Petrovic, 2004). Nitrate leaching was three times greater from turfgrass that had been killed than when Kentucky bluegrass turfgrass was living (Jiang et al., 2000). The latter authors stressed the importance of living turf roots in stabilizing nitrate -N in the turf -soil ecosystem. Root biomass of warm- season grasses declines in the fall (Figure 2). Bushoven and Hull (2001) showed that the nitrate assimilative capacity of roots correlates with greater dry matter allocation to root mass by the whole plant. This greater nitrate assimilative capacity was correlated with increased N uptake efficiency in one of the two grass species studied. Bermudagrass roots were more competitive than the soil microbial population for assimilating nutrients (Wherley et al., 2009). Grass (annual bluegrass and bentgrass) with greater above - ground biomass also had greater root biomass that, in turn, led to more N uptake (Pare et al., 2006). Bowman et al. (1998) showed that deep- rooted turf resulted in less nitrate -N leaching losses than a shallow- rooted turf. Nitrogen uptake efficiency was greater with increased amounts of finer, fibrous roots, while amounts of thick roots had little impact on N uptake rate (Sullivan et al., 2000). Increased rhizome length had a negative relationship with N uptake efficiency. These studies showed that management practices that lead to better root development, especially deeper root expansion and more fibrous roots can be important in controlling fertilizer N leaching. Management of turf clippings is important for N management in the turfgrass system. Turfgrass clippings are a large repository of assimilated N and P. Turf scientists recommend returning grass clippings to the lawn so the nutrients can be recycled. Fertilizer N was rapidly converted to non - mineral forms within 3 weeks of application and the loss of N was mostly due to volatilization and denitrification (Starr and DeRoo, 1981). Fertilizer N, accounted for by direct measurement, was 76% where clippings were returned and 64% where clippings were not returned. Clippings management affected N fertilization, turf growth, and quality in a study in Connecticut by Kopp and Guillard (2002). These scientists found that returning grass clippings did not decrease turf quality, but did result in an increase in N uptake and recovery. These research reports show that returning clippings to the lawn is an important aspect of good N and P management in the turfgrass system. Fertilizers can be supplied in soluble (fast) or slow- or controlled - release forms. Controlled - release fertilizers have been shown to be effective for producing healthy turfgrass (Sartain, 1981; 2008; Petrovic, 1990) and reducing the potential for nutrient losses (Saha et al., 2007; Snyder et al., 1984) from lawn grasses. Similarly, research also shows that properly managed soluble N sources can result in low leaching losses. This result was observed by Sartain (2008) and Quiroga -Garza et al. (2001). The latter authors found that highly insoluble N sources reduced N leaching losses but had negative impacts on turf growth and health. These authors, however, pointed out that a trade -off between turf color and N leaching may be important, i. e., lighter green turf color is associated with reduced N leaching losses, which may be an important consideration in the turfgrass system. They determined that proper N fertilization and irrigation practices, even with soluble N sources, can avoid risks of N leaching losses. These latter two conclusions suggest the importance of a rigorous homeowner education program about fertilizer sources and application in the overall management of fertilizer in the urban environment. UFAFAS research showed that leaching was negligible during the summer months from St. Augustinegrass grown with a commercial fertilizer containing 62% soluble /38 %o controlled - release N at a 1.0 lb N/1000 sq. ft. rate (Erickson et al., 2001). The Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 9 current (2011) N recommendations for turf limit a single application to 1.0 lb per 1000 sq ft. of N under the FDACS' Fertilizer Rule (FDACS, 2007). Therefore, under a summer fertilizer ban the turfgrass manager will be limited to this 1.0 lb application for the entire 4 -month summer growing period. Studies are underway to determine if there are fertilizer materials that will maintain healthy turf for this 4 -month period when applied at the recommended rate at the beginning of the period. shows that leaching was dependent on fertilizer rates and turfgrass type (Trenholm et al., 2011). Leaching was greater from zoysiagrass than from St. Augustinegrass (Trenholm et al., 2011). Similar results for these two species were found in a North Carolina study by Bowman et al. (2002), and leaching was greater just after planting than after the establishment phase. In well - established and maintained St. Augustinegrass turf, inorganic N leaching was lower with concentrations of NH4 N Seasonal shoot and root growth of warm - season turfgrasses. (Turgeon 2002) i Winter Spring Summer Faii 30 c 25 m -' 20 15 Z 10 0 m 5 U �y L V lop, i N May ,tune July Aug Sept Oct Figure 1. Diagrammatic (textbook) presentation of growth of warm - season turfgrass (top drawing) and actual N leaching during season (bottom figure -after Sartain, 2010). The UF/IFAS Extension fertilizer recommendations for turfgrass, summarized by Sartain (2007), emphasize applications of slow - release (controlled - release) N in the summer. The use of controlled - release fertilizer in the summer helps minimize the losses of N because only very small amounts of N are released from the fertilizer at any one time (typically based on temperature and moisture). These release schedules are in relationship with the plant growth rate. Recent research in Florida and NO 3-N in drainage generally less than that reported for rain water in southern Florida. This experiment was conducted over a three -year period encompassing wet and dry season cycles that bracket proposed black -out periods when the turf was fertilized at 1 lb N /1000 sq. ft. bimonthly with a 62 %/38% soluble /controlled - release commercially available fertilizer (Erickson et al., 2008). Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 10 New research at OF /IFAS (accepted for scientific peer- reviewed publication) has shown that leaching from turfgrass is greater in the spring and fall than in the summer. In a Florida DEP- funded project, Trenholm et al. (2011) found that more fertilizer is lost from fertilizer applications made during the time of year when the turfgrass is not actively growing and that the lowest leaching levels were during the period of active growth (summer) . The following are some results from the multi -year study: As St. Augustinegrass matured after the first establishment year, NO3 -N leaching in the summer was minimal, even at very excessive application rates. No significant correlation with N rate and NO 3-N leaching was found. Zoysiagrass was more prone to leaching at high N rates. Less N was needed for zoysiagrass health and quality than for St. Augustinegrass. 3. Greater disease pressure leads to less healthy turf and more NO 3-N leaching. 4. There was greater NO3 -N leaching in spring and fall. All cultural practices, including fertilization and irrigation, are important to reduce nutrient losses from turfgrass. 6. Even at high application rates imposed in this study, NO 3-N leaching did not exceed 1.3% of the applied N in St. Augustinegrass. 7. Turfgrass quality and health were adequate with the current OF /IFAS fertilizer recommendations Effectiveness of healthy turfgrass in preventing soil and nutrient losses by erosion Erosion in urban landscapes can be a serious problem resulting in loss of topsoil and the associated nutrients. Reducing the velocity of runoff water with dense, healthy turfgrass will increase infiltration and result in groundwater recharge (Blanco - Canqui et al., 2004; 2006; Easton and Petrovic, 2004). Healthy turfgrass captured runoff that contained nutrients and displaced soil from a 10% slope. Capturing the runoff allowed time for nutrient uptake by the turfgrass, reducing the N concentration in the runoff to the concentration in the rain water (Erickson et al., 2001). Bare -soil areas are most prone to soil erosion that carries nutrients with the displaced soil. Buffer strips consisting of healthy turf grass are used to capture, filter, and reduce nutrient runoff (Cole et al., 1997; Steinke et al., 2007). Buffer strips as small as 2 feet wide have reduced runoff, compared with no buffer strips. Dense turf vegetation reduces runoff by creating "tortuous pathways" that reduce runoff rate thus enhancing infiltration. Water can be filtered of its sediment and nutrient load by turf shoots and roots. For example, doubling the number of turfgrass shoots in a lawn reduced the amount of runoff by 67% (Easton and Petrovic, 2004). Weedy, unhealthy lawns had three times more N runoff than a healthy, dense turf (Easton, 2004; Easton, 2006). Research summarized above shows that healthy turfgrass plays a major role in absorbing nutrients, especially in the periods of active growth. Further, research shows that nutrient - deficient turfgrass is less effective than healthy turfgrass at reducing runoff volume and nutrient losses. The research shows that the mass of a healthy turfgrass root system plays a large role in removing nutrients from the soil, and that a healthy plant is required to produce a healthy root system. Iron and N are two essential nutrients for plants (Barber, 1984; Epstein and Bloom, 2005). Deficiency of either nutrient shows up as yellowing of the turfgrass. Fe is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll and N is part of the chlorophyll molecule, which gives plants their green color (Marschner, 1995). Iron can be rendered unavailable to turfgrass in high -pH ( >7.2) soil at certain times in the year (Carrow et al., 2001; Turgeon, 2008). Reduced availability of Fe occurs in spring when the high -pH soils are cool and the root system is not very active in absorbing Fe, as it is recovering from winter dormancy (Carrow et al., 2001). Iron yellowing ( "iron chlorosis ") also can occur in the summer when turfgrass is growing rapidly (possibly just after a nitrogen application). In this situation not enough iron is available from the soil to meet the rapid Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 11 Figure 2. Root mass of warm- season turfgrass (bermudagrass) across the growing season in Florida (after Sartain, 2002). There was a significant difference between the mean of dry matter for May -July and that for August- October. growth and micronutrient demand. In the summer, frequent irrigations with high -pH (aquifer or reclaimed) water causes the soil pH to rise, rendering Fe unavailable. Other conditions leading to Fe deficiencies include saturated soils and compacted soils (Carrow et al., 2001), which restrict root growth. Foliar iron will help green -up the yellow areas in the lawn caused by iron deficiency (Callow et al., 200 1). The greening results from correcting the underlying iron deficiency so that the turfgrass can synthesize more chlorophyll leading to better greener color (Barker and Pilbeam, 2007; Marschner, 1995). Yellowing of turfgrass also can result from N deficiency. N deficiency is typically more general in scope in the lawn while Fe deficiency is in spots or patches. N deficiency results in significantly reduced clipping yields while Fe deficiency typically does not (Carrow et al., 2001). Wording in the Florida Yards and Neighborhoods Handbook (UF IFAS, 2009): "Apply an iron source instead of a nitrogen fertilizer. To green the lawn without increasing growth in the summer, use chelated iron or iron sulfate" may lead to misinterpretation. While both Fe and N deficiencies result in yellowing, they are distinctly different deficiencies. Applying iron will not cure yellowing of turfgrass due to an N deficiency, and iron fertilizer is not a substitute for N fertilizer. Issue #2. How might various urban soil types and qualities impact the effectiveness of landscape fertilizer management? Probably no other factor is more important to nutrient management and water quality in urban environments than the soil in the landscape. There may be no definition for a "typical" urban soil ( Pouyat et al., 2010) since there are so many soil types, many types of urban fill- soils, and many ways to impact soils during construction and landscape installation. Soils can have direct effects on ecosystems, such as soil disturbance, and they can have an indirect impact, such as pollution resulting from soil management practices. Pouyat et al. (20 10) showed how these direct and indirect effects can contribute to a "mosaic" of soil conditions in their study in Baltimore, Maryland. They found that urban soils, even though disturbed, can have a high capacity to deliver positive effects on the ecosystems relative to the native soils they replaced. McKinney (2008) Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 12 also noted a particularly high degree of plant species diversity or richness in urban areas. These studies suggest that urban soils offer potential for using the diversity for the development of sustainable management practices for improving the capacity of the urban landscape to deliver environmental benefits. Urban soils can be highly disturbed due to the excavation, grading, soil moving, and construction processes, and fill -soils can take many forms (USDA -NRCS, 2005). Urban soils can be highly compacted during the construction period and the water infiltration rate is reduced in these compacted soils (Gregory et al., 2006). These authors found that construction activity reduced infiltration rates 70 to 99% and infiltration rates were typically lower than design storm infiltration rate (10 inches per hour) used in northern Florida. Understanding these soil formation and transformation processes is important for developing (after construction) and maintaining landscapes that achieve the desired aesthetic properties yet also do not result in degradation of nearby water bodies. Paving and compacted soils can be facilitators of urban runoff and pollution. In a meta - analysis of research studies on the relationship between impervious surface and stream water quality, Schueler et al. (2009), found the impervious cover model was supported; stream water quality can be predicted from impervious cover percentage. Relative proportion of open urban turf and landscape areas and impervious areas should be considered to minimize runoff impacts on stream water quality (USDA -NRCS, 2005). However, municipalities considering regulations regarding limits to impervious cover should first conduct a comprehensive evaluation of receiving water bodies and environmental assessments such as sources and mitigation because limits may lead to increased environmental problems (Jones et al., 2005). Plant growth and health are related to soil properties (USDA -NRCS, 2005). For example, soils that are high in organic matter ( >3 %) may require less N than soils with low organic matter (1% or less) because significant amounts of N can be made available from the organic matter in these soils. Urban soils that test high in P content would be unlikely to require additional P fertilization for at least several years, and then a well - calibrated soil test could predict when P fertilization could resume. The majority of soils in a North Carolina study did not need P fertilizer (Osmond and Hardy, 2004). Urban soil systems can be responsible for significant N losses due to denitrification (Groffman and Crawford, 2003). Their studies in an urban riparian zone in Baltimore, Maryland, showed strong positive relationships between soil moisture and organic matter and denitrification. These authors suggested taking advantage of these soil properties in storm water treatment in urban environments. The potential for nutrient retention can be great for urban soils, especially for lawns. This is because lawns are typically managed with irrigation and fertilizer to encourage plant growth and development (Pouyat et al., 2010). Plant biomass is converted to soil organic matter, especially in lawns, and this organic matter retains nutrients and water. Unfertilized lawns would reduce their productivity and reduce their nutrient retention capacity. The key will be to balance the amount of nutrient inputs during the summer with the need to maintain nutrient - assimilation capacity and organic matter building capacity with reductions in nutrient losses to water bodies. In summary, research shows that urban soils can be highly disturbed yet maintain a high degree of capacity to benefit the environment. Urban soils are highly variable in nutrient - supplying and retention capacities. Urban landscape management, especially for soil disturbance, fertilization, and irrigation, is a critical factor determining whether a soil /landscape system will be a nutrient sink or a nutrient source and the degree to which it will either retain or release nutrients. Research shows the most effective approach to reducing nutrient losses will not be a one - size - fits -all approach, such as a fertilizer ban across all landscapes. Proper fertilization is needed to maintain healthy turfgrass that retains nutrients and water. Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... _ 13 Figure 3. Mean monthly rainfall totals (inches) at select stations across Florida from 1971 -2000 (CLIM20, 2004). Issue #3. How might rainfall patterns and amounts affect fertilizer nutrient leaching and runoff before, during, or after the summer growth period? Florida receives more rain than nearly all other states, but the rain sometimes falls in large amounts over short periods (Purdum, 2007). Erosion may occur where soils are on slopes and where groundcover is poor. Florida may receive significant rainfall at any time of the year but particularly in the summer months from thunderstorms or tropical systems (Figure 3). There are times in the year when heavy rainfall occurs before and after the summer period (Figure 3). As recommended in the OF /IFAS Florida - Friendly Landscaping TM Program, fertilizer applications during the summer result in less leaching than applications at other times of the year (Trenholm et al., 2011). Potential for fertilizer leaching and runoff increase when the soil becomes saturated following a heavy rain or several successive heavy rains. The World Meteorological Society and National Weather Service have established a two -inch rainfall as a "heavy rain " — when soil saturation is most likely to occur for most soils in Florida. However, there are several factors that affect how fast the soil will become saturated leading to leaching or runoff (Brady and Weil, 2002; Zotarelli et al., 2010). These factors include the soil texture, natural soil bulk density, compaction, and how much of the Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 14 4 3 2 1 0 Pensacola 4� Tallahassee 3 J FV1AMJ J AS0i'llL) 4 Tampa 3 a 2 i i� J FV1ANAJ J A50INL) J FJAMJ J AS0ND J FV`AV!J J A 5 0 N D 4 Fort Myers J FMAFViJ J AS0ND J F V1 A M J J A50NDi 4 Key West 4 Miami 3 2 z 0 I 11 ' ititi:1', J FMAMJ J A 5 0 N 0 Figure 4. Mean number of rainfall events greater than 1 inch (CLIM20, 2004). water - holding capacity is already filled by prior rain or irrigation. Sandy soils that are present in most urban areas in Florida only hold from 0.7 to 1.0 inches of water per foot of soil. Up to 25% of P fertilizer was lost in runoff and leaching when applied to saturated soils (Linde and Watschke, 1997). This illustrates the importance of careful irrigating so as not to keep the soil saturated. Following irrigation BMPs throughout the year helps minimize the negative impacts of these natural leaching rain events. During the year there are rarely more than 2 or 3 rainfall events of more than 1 inch, considered to be a significant rainfall in any month at any location (Figure 4). Only about 10-15% of rainfall events in Florida are 1 inch or more (i.e., those most likely to result in nutrient leaching or runoff) (Figure 5). Additionally, leaching or runoff occurs not simply because of "heavy" rainfall but because the rainfall is 3 2 0 J FsIAV1 J J A50`d0 in excess of the soil's water- holding capacity. Homeowners should be educated more about not fertilizing immediately before a heavy rainfall event. Education should also focus on not irrigating when the soil already is at its water - holding capacity. Issue #4 What role does irrigation management play in the leaching and runoff of nutrients? Irrigation accounts for nearly one -third of residential water use in the United States and this amount is greater in warmer climates (Mayer et al., 1999). Romero and Dukes (2010) studied irrigation water use in southwest Florida. While the average irrigation closely matched the calculated irrigation need, they found over - irrigation was commonplace in some cities. On average 53% of the irrigating households accounted for nearly all of the Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 15 Figure 5. Percentage of annual rainfall events greater than 1 inch at selected locations in Florida. Rain events separated by less than 6 hours are considered to be a single event. Period of record used: 1942 -2005. The data sets analyzed contained between 28 and 64 complete years of data (Harper and Baker, 2007). over - irrigation showing that some homeowners evapotranspiration (ET) + rainfall resulted in loss of greatly exceeded irrigation requirements. 50% of the applied soluble N (Snyder et al., 1984). Proper irrigation management is critical to preventing Any attempt to minimize N and P pollution from nutrient losses. the urban landscape will be for naught if irrigation management practices are not included in fertilizer guidelines. Barton and Colmer (2004) reviewed the literature regarding irrigation and N management. These authors concluded that N losses are low ( <5% of applied N) from any established turfgrass when irrigation is not excessive, and with moderate (not excessive) rates of N fertilizers. Irrigation scheduling that does not result in water moving below the root zone helps keep N in the root zone minimizing N losses. Sometimes this approach even resulted in improved turfgrass growth and quality. In an early benchmark study in Florida by Snyder et al. (1984) on irrigation management and N leaching, scheduling irrigation was done by a moisture sensor device that canceled irrigation when the soil contained adequate moisture. Controlled irrigation led to more efficient irrigation and to negligible loss of the soluble N applied (ammonium nitrate) (Snyder et al., 1984). Irrigation at 125% of New technology is available in the irrigation arena known as "Smart Irrigation." New controllers typically monitor soil moisture status and void or permit irrigation based on soil moisture levels. These irrigation controllers use inputs of information (sensors) from the irrigated area to determine or regulate irrigation. Research in Florida on soil moisture sensor controllers has shown that irrigation savings can exceed 70% of automatic, clock - scheduled irrigations with a variety of controllers under normal rainfall conditions (Cardenas - Lailhacar et al., 2008; McCready et al., 2009). Savings during dry periods were less dramatic but were as much as 30 to 40% (McCready et al., 2009). Finally, evapo - transpiration controllers have also been shown to result in savings of 43% during dry conditions (Davis et al., 2009). It should be noted that scheduling irrigation with soil sensors may not be consistent with current rules on irrigation of Florida landscapes. The reader is referred to the local water Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 16 management authorities for pertinent rules on irrigation water availability. In a study in North Carolina, Osmond and Hardy (2004) found that residents with movable sprinklers used about one -half the water as residents with fixed systems. Automatic systems that irrigate during rainfall or when the soil is saturated, or that simply over - irrigate all intensify leaching and runoff potential (Hull and Liu, 2005). Irrigation and fertilization practices go hand -in -hand. Properly fertilized and irrigated turf results in minimal nutrient losses to the environment (Beard and Green, 1994). Morton et al. (1988) studied N losses from Kentucky bluegrass in Rhode Island. N mass losses due to leaching were 2 lb /acre with the managed - irrigation treatment (tensiometer) and 30 lb /acre with the over - watered treatment. The N loss with the managed irrigation treatment was the same as the N loss with the non - irrigated control treatment. Leaching, not runoff, was the main avenue of loss of N. Runoff occurred only on two occasions, once when rain fell on frozen ground and once when rain fell on an already saturated soil. Runoff volume from bermudagrass was related to simulated rainfall amounts and soil moisture level prior to rain (Shuman, 2002). Runoff was 24 to 44% of an applied 50 mm rain and 3 to 27% for the 25 mm rainfall. The greatest mass loss of P was from the first 4 hours after the first rainfall. The P loss decreased after 24 hours and for later rain events. Loss of N increased with rate of N. The author suggested that runoff losses of N and P could be minimized with small applications of irrigation after fertilizer application and by not applying fertilizer before heavy rainfall or when the soil is saturated. Current trends in Florida point to greater mandated water restrictions, even during non - drought periods, to help conserve potable water supplies. Homeowners should be educated about refraining from excessive irrigation on "your day," which could result in saturated soils, nutrient leaching, and runoff. - For irrigation recommendations to have maximum benefit, other recommended practices must be followed. For example, the irrigation system should be properly designed and installed to achieve a high degree of uniformity of water application (Baum et al., 2005). Nutrient and water management go together for maintaining healthy turfgrass (Dukes, 2008; Dukes et al., 2009). Proper irrigation management is needed for healthy turf and to prevent nutrient losses. An urban irrigation scheduler tool is available on the Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) at http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/tools/urban—iffigation/. This tool allows a user to determine irrigation controller runtime estimates with three clicks of the computer mouse. Research has shown that using guidelines such as this tool can reduce irrigation by as much as 30% (Haley et al., 2007). Careful attention to irrigation helps keep the water and nutrients in the root zone where nutrients will be used to grow healthy turfgrass and not be lost to the environment. In summary, proper irrigation management is critical for achieving minimal nutrient losses for the urban landscape, irrespective of time of year. The research shows that timing of fertilizer in relation to rain or irrigation is important for minimizing leaching of nutrients. There are websites containing assistance in scheduling irrigation and there are "smart irrigation" systems that help take the guesswork out of irrigation management. Issue #5 What role does reclaimed water play in nutrient runoff and leaching before, during, and after the summer growth period? Reclaimed water contains nutrients such as N and P. Where reclaimed water is used for irrigation, these nutrients could be leached if nutrient levels are high and if irrigation is excessive. The information below is presented to make several points about managing reclaimed water and cautions for relying on reclaimed water as a total substitute for fertilizers during a restricted period. A history of reclaimed water use in Florida, by Toor and Rainey (2009), can be found at http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss520. Information on Florida's reclaimed water program was summarized by Martinez and Clark (2009a). Reclaimed water can be a valuable resource for urban landscapes (Martinez and Clark, 2009b; Parsons, 2009). Many new residential developments have made reclaimed water available for irrigating Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 17 lawns and landscapes as a means to reserve potable water for direct human use (drinking and food preparation, etc.). In addition to the water for irrigation, reclaimed water is sometimes viewed as a source of nutrients (Martinez et al., 20 10) and these nutrients may be beneficial for plants. Florida is a leading state for the use of reclaimed water (Assoc. Calif. Water Agencies, 2009; FDEP, 2009c). There is a new concern that the proposed EPA numeric nutrient criteria may lead to unintended consequences that constrain the beneficial use of reclaimed water in Florida, for example as irrigation for landscapes (Arrington and Melton, 2010). There are challenges to using reclaimed water in the landscape, especially if reclaimed water is seen as a way to replace fertilizers during a restricted period. The data presented in Tables 1 and 2 are for illustration purposes only and are not meant to be used for estimating reductions in fertilizer, for reasons discussed below. Thomas et al. (2006) used reclaimed water from San Antonio, Texas, to irrigate bermudagrass and zoysiagrass. The reclaimed water contained 12.6 ppm nitrate -N. Irrigation was managed to only replace evapotranspiration. Concentrations of nitrate -N in leachate exceeded 10 ppm on only 6 out of 27 sampling dates and most of those events were when the turf growth was inactive. FDEP provides regulation of reclaimed water utilities in Florida. Reclaimed water from advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) facilities is limited to no more than 3.0 ppm N and to 1.0 ppm total P. Using these maximum limits, the mass balance indicates that excessive amounts of water (more than 100 inches) would be required to deliver even the lowest recommended amounts of N for most lawn grasses. This is due to the low concentration of N in AWT reclaimed water (Table 1). Reclaimed water users should know the concentrations of nutrients in their water before determining an irrigation schedule. Concentrations of total N can be greater from facilities with only secondary waste water treatment (the 20 and 30 ppm rows of data in Table 1). These are the calculated amounts of total N that may be in the reclaimed water, but the quantity of specific species of N in the reclaimed water that is immediately available will depend on the wastewater treatment methods used. Research has not been completed to address the unknowns about N losses from reclaimed water during transport; therefore, it is not clear that there is a 1:1 substitution of reclaimed water N for fertilizer N. Reclaimed water is a nutrient solution (water plus nutrients) and should be managed to keep the solution in the root zone. Proper irrigation management with reclaimed water is required to prevent N leaching from over - application of reclaimed water. Rates of reclaimed water used in irrigation should be based primarily on the water needs of the turfgrass. Excessive irrigation with reclaimed water may result in leaching of the N contained in the reclaimed water as well as fertilizer -N previously applied to the turfgrass. Irrigation with reclaimed water should be practiced with careful attention to avoid overirrigation, as described above in the section on irrigation. Proper irrigation management with reclaimed water can also reduce the overapplication of P. For example in Table 2, using 30 inches of reclaimed water with 0.5 ppm P would result in the application of 0.179 lbs of P 2 0 5 per 1,000 ft2 for the year. The amount of P from the reclaimed water can influence the amount of fertilizer -P needed as indicated by appropriate soil testing. Many of the combinations of reclaimed water P concentrations and irrigation amounts in Table 2 would exceed the FDACS "Urban Turf Fertilizer Rule" ( FDACS, 2007), especially where the soil tests show high levels of P already in the soil. This rule, which currently pertains only to bagged fertilizer and not reclaimed water, places a limit of 0.25 lb P 2 0 5 per 1,000 ft2 per application and no more than 0.50 lb P 2 0 5 per 1,000 ft2 per year. Accumulation of salts contained in the reclaimed water might become a problem for certain turfgrasses during periods of drought and could result in an unhealthy turfgrass with a reduced root system. This may lead to an increase in leaching of applied fertilizer nutrients later on due to the damaged root system's inability to take up the nutrients (more information on salinity in reclaimed water can be found at Martinez and Clark, 2009b; http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu /ae449). Evanylo et al. (2010) Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 18 found that problems with certain ions in reclaimed water can result even in the humid eastern U. S., especially with newly established sod. Turfgrass, however, was able to remove the N from reclaimed water precluding groundwater impairment even under a wide variety of irrigation practices. Application of reclaimed irrigation water to impervious surfaces such as driveways, sidewalks, or roads will result in losses of nutrients to the storm water system and in potential pollution. Irrigation systems should be designed to ensure on- target application of all reclaimed water used for irrigation. Irrigation systems set to automatically irrigate with reclaimed water year -round would contribute N, P, and other nutrients during the slow - growing or dormant period of turfgrass and landscape plants when these nutrients are not needed by the plants. For example, in most areas of the state, fertilization of turfgrass is not recommended in the winter (Sartain, 2007). The specific N and P concentrations in reclaimed water are not always optimal for turfgrass requirements. For example, a homeowner may have a soil that tests high in P and therefore does not require the P from the reclaimed water. In this case, it might not be wise to use reclaimed water if there is a nearby water body that would be harmed by increased P concentrations. The actual availability to the turfgrass of the added P in reclaimed water is governed by the soil chemical properties, which may render the P unavailable to the turfgrass. This may occur if the soil pH is too high or the soil contains high levels of iron and/or aluminum. Issue #6 Does the scientific literature say anything about homeowners' willingness to adopt best management practices? There are only a few reports in the scientific literature on the relationship between human behavior and urban water quality. However history does indicate that homeowners may be willing to change practices. For example we are recycling one -third of municipal waste today, an increase from 7% in the 1970s (USEPA, 2005; 2007). Zhou et al. (2009) studied lifestyle as a predictor of lawn care expenditures. While the relationship between socio- economic status and lawn greenness was statistically significant, the correlation was weak. Law et al. (2004) surveyed homeowner lawn fertilization practices in two watersheds in Baltimore County, Maryland. Fertilizer amount in the Glyndon watershed averaged 110 lb/acre/year N, but the standard deviation was 100 lb /acre N, meaning that the application rates were extremely variable in the watershed. The rate varied from 2 to 4 lb/1000 square feet per year. Rates used were more related to the soil type than to socio- economic variables. More fertilizer was applied to turf on nutritionally poorer soils. These findings pointed to more "hot- spots" for nutrient losses and suggested the need for more soil -based testing to predict fertilizer needs. The authors above and others (Grove et al., 2006), point to the importance of comprehensive and detailed environmental testing and education programs, rather than "one- size - fits -all" approaches. Baker (2007) studied literature on the question of whether fertilizer laws would work and concluded that programs most likely to result in behavioral change include a mix of components including education, incentives (subsidies), disincentives, and marketing. Further, programs may need to be spatially and socially targeted. Section 3. Some approaches to controlling nutrient losses in the urban environment Local Ordinances as an Approach to Reduce Fertilizer Losses to the Environment The research presented above points to potential losses of nutrients from various lands and land use practices. The research points to potential differences in nutrient losses among various landscapes and various nutrient management practices, which leads to the question, "How can we best address water quality issues, nutrient sources, and losses to the environment ?" State and federal rules and guidelines and research -based University recommendations have been developed to encourage improved nutrient management practices in the urban environment that have source reduction as their goals. However, some counties and municipalities have instituted rules more stringent than the IFAS and FDEP BMPs. In some Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 19 cases, some states and counties have chosen the local ordinance approach as a means to locally control urban fertilizer application (Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 2007; Hartman et al., 2008). In particular, the severe Florida red tide blooms in 2005 and 2006 precipitated local governmental action in Florida (Hartman et al., 2008). Examples of other states with fertilizer ordinances Minnesota enacted in 2002 the first state regulation on P in urban fertilizers. This regulation prohibited P application to soils already high in P content. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture reported to the Minnesota Legislature on the effectiveness of the Minnesota Phosphorus Lawn Fertilizer Law over the first years (Minnesota Dept. Agriculture, 2007). The findings included: P -free fertilizer had become widely available in Minnesota; amount of P applied was reduced 48 %; and the law created a "teachable" moment for fertilizer management. Also, the report pointed out that additional research was needed to ensure avoidance of "un- intended" negative consequences of P -free fertilizers on turf health and water quality. Ann Arbor, Michigan, enacted a fertilizer ordinance controlling P fertilization (Ann Arbor, 2011). The ordinance was in conjunction with a statewide EPA Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)- driven P fertilizer reduction effort. The ordinance went into effect in 2007. Manufactured fertilizers cannot be applied prior to April 1 or after November 15, coinciding to the colder part of the year when the turf is not growing. P fertilizer cannot be used except where establishing new turfgrass or where a soil test indicates a deficiency in soil -P. Researchers established water quality sampling stations in the Huron River watershed in southeastern Michigan (Lehman et al., 2009). Sampling was conducted under the jurisdiction of the Ann Arbor, Michigan, fertilizer ordinance and upstream in a geographic area not under the city ordinance. P concentrations in the water were compared for 2008 data against older data collected before the ordinance was enacted. P concentrations in the river water were lower in 2008 compared to the period prior to the ordinance and lower for the Ann Arbor sampling sites compared to upstream sites. The ordinance not only controlled P fertilization but also included strong education programs about proper fertilizer management. The study showed a positive relationship between P reduction in the water with the implementation of the ordinance BMPs, but the authors acknowledged that it was impossible to determine if the controls on fertilizer solely led to the reductions in P. Other components of the overall program, such as fertilizer- management education, may have also played a role. The Ann Arbor ordinance and the Minnesota law are similar to the Florida Green Industries Best Management Practices (BMPs) (FDEP, 2008) and the Florida - Friendly Landscaping TM Program (FFL) approaches (FDEP, 2009b). These best - management approaches control fertilizer applications through research -based turfgrass management decisions. These ordinances do not have across - the -board blackouts of fertilizer use during the active growing period. Wisconsin is seeking to manage P fertilizer in a similar manner to Minnesota. It is interesting to note that Dane County (Madison) is the only county allowed to pass fertilizer ordinances (http: / /www.wisconsintakes.org /press 1- 12- 09.html). While other counties cannot use the ordinance approach, the municipalities can do this. Madison, Wisconsin, has a P ordinance addressing P loads to Lake Mendota. Apparently Wisconsin counties and municipalities are interested in a statewide fertilizer rule. These programs in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan demonstrate the potential improvements in water quality by following the BMPs in the ordinance and implementing a strong public education program. Other municipalities in the country have enacted ordinances controlling fertilizer, most often P fertilizer. A brief summary is presented below: • Municipalities in New Jersey- - http://www.lakehopatcong.org/ordinances.htm - -ban P fertilizer in the winter when the ground is frozen and have set -backs from water bodies. They do not prevent P fertilization of newly established turf. Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 20 • Several municipalities in Michigan use an ordinance to control P applications- - http: / /www.michigan.gov /documents /mda/ mda_ Michigan _Local_Fertilizer_Ordinance_List _297174_7.pdf. Most of these ordinances contain the following parts: P application is not allowed in the winter. P fertilizers should contain 0 P except when fertilizing newly planted sod or when a soil test indicates a need for P. Some ordinances include set -backs and reference to keeping fertilizer from impervious surfaces. • New York has similar rules for not allowing P application in the winter, controlling P- content of fertilizers, involving a soil test in the decision to apply P, and limiting the per- application amount of N. • Annapolis, Maryland, has an ordinance similar to those above, banning P fertilizer in the winter and allowing P use of soils testing low in P or for newly planted turfgrass -- http://www.ci.annapolis.md.us/Govemment/ Headlines /Arhives /OctDec2008.aspx. While probably not exhaustive, the survey above found no laws or ordinances that banned fertilizer in the summer period of active turfgrass growth. The rules in these states typically control fertilizer application based on BMPs, including the use of a soil test to predict P needs, the use of set -backs from water bodies, advice on keeping fertilizer off impermeable surfaces, controls on total amounts of fertilizer per application and for the season, bans on fertilization in the winter when the ground is frozen or when the turfgrass is not actively growing, and allowing fertilization of newly planted turf seeds or sod. The ordinances in other states are much like Florida DEP's Green Industries Best Management Practices, DEP's state model ordinance, the state's Urban Fertilizer Turf Rule, and the OF /IFAS Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM Educational program for homeowners, commercial fertilizer applicators, and builders and developers. The Florida situation with fertilizer ordinances Many counties and municipalities in Florida, like other states and municipalities, have chosen the ordinance as a means to control fertilizer use, however, some have included a fertilizer ban in the summer active growing season. Most Florida ordinances contain guidelines that are supported by research and are consistent with the University of Florida, IFAS, and FDEP nutrient BMPs. These practices include following recommended fertilizer application methods and keeping grass clippings and fertilizer from impervious surfaces. These materials can be moved into water bodies via the storm water. Fertilizer management is important because studies (North Carolina) have shown only one -half of residents remove fertilizer from impervious surfaces (Osmond and Hardy, 2004). This result shows that lack of knowledge about how to avoid misapplication of fertilizer may be a contributing factor to nutrient losses, and a more serious one than properly fertilized lawns where lawn maintenance activities are consistent with BMPs. Certain ordinances in Florida contain a ban on fertilizer sale and application during the summer months of June 1 through September 30. The rationale is that heavy rainfall events are common in the summer months and the likelihood of leaching and runoff of fertilizer is therefore greater during the summer. However, the summer months also are the months when landscape plants such as turfgrass grow the most actively and require nutrients for healthy development. National research shows that this is the time of the year when turfgrass is most active in taking up nutrients and nutrient loss is negligible. The ban was part of a recommendation of a workgroup for a model ordinance from the Tampa Bay Estuary Program (TBEP, 2008a; TBEP, 2008b). This workgroup was composed of members from most of the important stakeholders (public, private, turf and fertilizer industry, and non - governmental organizations) in the urban water quality issue for the Tampa Bay area. The ban or restricted period, or "blackout" part of the model ordinance was not supported by all stakeholders but was included in the final model ordinance (TBEP, 2008). The model ordinance including the summer ban was proposed as Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 21 a model for counties and municipalities in Florida, especially around Tampa Bay to follow in their own ordinances. In 2007 the FDACS created the Urban Turf Fertilizer Rule (FDACS, 2007) to help protect water quality in Florida by restricting the application of N and P fertilizers for urban turf and lawns. The rule requires that all fertilizers less than 50 lbs. sold for urban turf use are labeled with only the amount of N and P needed to sustain healthy turf. The rule requires the directions on any turf fertilizer label to limit the amount of N and P that can be applied in a single application and per year. This rule was designed to help guide Florida's citizens to apply fertilizers in the urban environment at rates that sustain healthy turfgrass and minimize potential nonpoint source pollution from nutrient movement. After reviewing urban landscape leaching and runoff literature reports, the Urban Fertilizer Task Force, established by the Florida Legislature in 2008, decided not include a restricted period (ban) in their report to the Florida Legislature (FDACS, 2008). Evans et al. (no date) from the Conservation Clinic of the University of Florida, College of Law, summarized the arguments for and against BMPs or fertilizer bans. These authors suggested that bans should be considered after mandated or voluntary BMPs have been tried and found ineffective. Center for Landscape Conservation and Ecology /Florida- Friendly Landscaping'" Program Education programs and timely communication of new research results to the stakeholders is extremely important in addressing urban water quality issues (Heisler et al., 2008). The Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM (FFL) Program is a UF/IFAS Cooperative Extension program that educates Florida's citizens about protecting the state's water resources and environment through sustainable landscaping practices. In conjunction with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), the FFL Program operates out of Extension offices in all 67 counties. The three -part educational program is composed of the GI -BMP program, which trains commercial horticulture professionals in BMPs; the FYN Homeowner program, which targets the education of homeowners; and the FYN Builder & Developer program, which does outreach to Florida's many builders and developers. The FFL Program educates each of these groups with print and online materials, in- person workshops and trainings, Florida- Friendly Yard Recognitions, and continuous outreach. The FFL Program has come increasingly into the spotlight since the July 2009 passage of SB494, which determined that all commercial fertilizer applicators in Florida must be certified in the Florida Green Industries Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources in Florida by January 1, 2014; and of SB2080, which prevents homeowner associations from interfering with residents' implementation of Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM practices. The FFL Program is the OF /IFAS vehicle for delivering sound scientific information to the public for educational purposes, including scientifically based fertilization practices. More information on the FFL Program can be found at: http://fyn.ifas.ufl.edu. Take -home lesson: Will fertilizer restricted periods result in an improvement of urban water quality? The literature reviewed in sections 2 and 3 regarding urban nutrient management and water quality, and the experiences of other states shows that: • Nutrient losses are negligible during the active growth period for healthy turf being fertilized according to BMPs. • Increased runoff and increased nutrient loss may result when turfgrass is over - fertilized or when fertilizer is applied to unhealthy turfgrass. • Properly fertilized turfgrass helps prevent soil erosion which moves soil and nutrients off -site. • There are no scientific reports relating summer fertilizer bans with improved water quality, but fertilizer control by science -based BMPs has been shown to be effective in reducing water pollution. Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review._... 22 • The literature documents the importance of using BMPs and education programs together to maximize the improvement of nutrient management and its impact on water quality. • Some other states and municipalities in the country are using local ordinances based on BMPs as a means to control fertilizer use in residential areas, but none could be found that included a blackout of fertilizer application in the summer growing period. Continued research needed: Considerable research has been completed on nutrient and water management in urban landscapes addressing water quality. There is an increasing amount of research -based information for nutrient management in urban environments, but there are still areas in need of further work as identified in the national research reports. Some of these areas are described below. There is an inadequate level of understanding about the nutrient sources and fates in the urban environment. Some of these sources have been described in this paper. While the Tampa Bay Estuary Program (2006) attributed a large portion of storm water runoff to residential sources, no information was presented on the portion due to fertilizer use. Before specific control measures can be determined, more information is needed about the particular nutrient sources, their relative amounts, and how they potentially could contribute to a problem in water quality. This nutrient mass balance is needed for N and P. Fertilizer recommendations should be continually evaluated for turfgrass health and for impacts on water quality from leaching or runoff. These studies should include the relationship of healthy or unhealthy turfgrass and landscape plants with nutrient losses from the landscape. Human behavior plays a large role in the success of programs, voluntary or regulatory. For example, misinterpretation or lack of good understanding of fertilizer, fertilizer ordinances, and landscape maintenance practices may result in misapplied fertilizer before and after the restricted period and throughout the year. More research is needed in the social sciences to determine what individuals understand about water quality and the relationship their landscape management activities may have on water quality. Research also is needed on appropriate and most effective educational programs. The University of Florida provides the Florida - Friendly Landscaping TM program (FFL, 2009) through the Green Industries Best Management Practices for the Protection of Water Resources (GI -BMPs) professional training program and the Florida Yards & Neighborhoods (FYN, 2009) homeowner program. The Florida - Friendly Landscaping TM program (FFL, 2009; Hansen et al., 2009) has been developed to educate the public about conserving water and protecting water quality through sustainable landscaping practices. More research is needed on the interaction of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization to determine the optimum fertilizer and irrigation combinations for various turfgrasses and landscape plants. More information is needed on the specific nutrient and water requirements of common and new landscape plants. This research should include native and non - native plants. Research is needed on optimum construction site management for best soil preparation for landscape installation, with attention to minimizing negative environmental impacts. Research is needed on reclaimed water use in urban environments for supplying water and nutrients. Questions include, "Is there a fertilizer offset when using reclaimed water?", Overall Summary /Concluding Comments From this literature review and analysis, the following conclusions can be made: • Coastal and urban eutrophication is an increasing problem and is, at least in part, related to urban land -based activities. Sources of nutrients involved with eutrophication are Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 23 numerous and the interactions with harmful algal blooms are complex. • Based on an analysis of national research, unfertilized turf will lead to increased runoff and nutrient losses as turfgrass health and density declines over time due to insufficient nutrient supply. • BMPs, whether voluntary or embodied in a fertilizer ordinance, have been shown to be effective in reducing pollution of water bodies. • Developing nutrient BMPs involves an iterative process based on science and must be sustained to develop continually advancing knowledge. • The BMP solution avoids the "one- size - fits -all" approach because BMPs, by definition, provide for adjustments in the practices depending on local conditions and science -based recommendations. • All published scientific research should be part of a comprehensive and complete discussion of approaches to reduce urban nutrient losses. All stakeholders should actively engage in this process. • Research publications point to the importance of a continued education effort to inform homeowners about how their landscape practices impact water quality. OF /IFAS conducts public education for the consumer and the landscape management professional. Continuing the effort to educate the public about the BMPs, as determined by scientific research, is of the utmost importance. References Cited Alcock, F. 2007. An assessment of Florida red tide: Causes, consequences and management strategies. Mote Marine Laboratory, technical report 1190. Anderson, D. M., P. M. Glibert, and J. M. Burkholder. 2002. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries 25:704 -726. Ann Arbor, MI. 2011. Phosphorus fertilizer ordinance. http://www.a2gov.org/govemment/publicservices/ systems _planning /environment/pages/ phosphorusfertilizer. aspx Arrington, D. A., and K. Y. Melton. 2010. 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Greenhalgh. 2009. Eutrophication: Sources and drives of nutrient pollution. World Resources Institute. Policy Note #2 Shuman, L. M. 2001. Phosphate and nitrate movement through simulated golf greens.Water, Air, and Soil Poll. 129: 305 -318. Shuman, L. M. 2002. Phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen in runoff following fertilizer application to turfgrass. J. Environ, Qual. 31:1710 -1715. Snyder, G. H., B. J.and J. M. Davidson. 1984. Moisture sensor - controlled irrigation for reducing N leaching in bermudagrass turf. Agron. J. 76:964 -969 Soldat, D. J., and A. M. Petrovic. 2008. The fate and transport of phosphorus in turfgrass ecosystems. Crop Science 48: 2051 -2065. Starr, J. L., and H. C. DeRoo. 1981. The fate of nitrogen fertilizer applied to turfgrass. Crop Sci. 21:531 -536. Steinke, K. J. C. Stier, W. R. Kussow, and A. Thompson. 2007. Prairie and turf buffer strips for controlling runoff from paved surfaces. J. Environ. Qual. 36:426 --439. 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Bowman, and T. W. Rufty. 2009. Fate of 15N- Nitrate applied to a bermudagrass system: assimilation profiles in different seasons. Crop Science 49(6):2291 -2300. Wood, C. W., K. A. Cummins, C. C. Williams, and B. H. Wood. 2004. Impact of diet and age on elemental excretion from dogs. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 35:1263 -1270. Selman, M, and S. Greenhalgh. 2009. Eutrofication: Sources and drivers of nutrient pollution. World Resources Institute. WRI Policy Note No. 2. Zhou, W., A. Troy, J. M. Grove, and J. Jenkins. 2009. Can money buy green? Demographic and socioeconomic predictors of lawn -care expenditures and lawn greenness in urban residential areas. Society and Natural Resources, 22:744 -760. Zarbock, H. W., A.J. Janicki, D.L. Wade, and R.J. Pribble. 1996. Model -Based Estimates of Total Nitrogen Loading to Tampa Bay. Technical Publication #05 -96 of the Tampa Bay National Estuary Program. Prepared by Coastal Environmental Services, Inc. Zotarelli, L., M. D. Dukes, and K. T. Morgan. 2010. Interpretation of Soil Moisture Content to Determine Soil Field Capacity and Avoid Over - Irrigating Sandy Soils Using Soil Moisture Sensors. Fla. Coop. Ext. Serv. AE 460. http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu /ae460. Urban Water Quality and Fertilizer Ordinances: Avoiding Unintended Consequences: A Review.... 31 Table 1. Amounts of total N applied depend on the concentration of N in the reclaimed water and the amount of reclaimed water applied during irrigation. Highlighted columns represent the approximate average annual irrigation needs for turf in Florida. N conc. in reclaimed water (ppm total N) 1.0 inch irrig. water 5.0 inches irrig. water 10 inches irrig. water 20 inches irrig. water 30 inches irrig. water Winches irrig. water 100 inches irrig. water 150 inches irrig. water Resulting Ibs N per 1,000 ft2 1.0 0.005 0.026 0.052 0.104 '' 0.155 0.259 0.518 0.777 2.0 0.010 0.052 0.104 0.207 0.311 0.518 1.036 1.554 3.0 0.016 0.078 0.155 0.311 0.466 0.777 1.554 2.331 5.0 0.026 0.130 0.259 0.518 0.777 1.295 2.590 3.885 10.0 0.052 0.259 0.518 1.036 1.554 2.590 5.180 7.770 20.0 0.104 0.520 1.041 2.081 '' 3.121 5.202 10.41 15.61 30.0 0.156 0.780 1.561 3.121 4.682 7.804 15.61 23.41 Table 2. Amount of P 2 0 5 applied as a function of the concentration of P (as P) in reclaimed water and the quantity of reclaimed water applied. Highlighted columns represent the approximate average annual irrigation needs for turf in Florida P conc. in reclaimed water (ppm) 1.0 inches irrig. water 5.0 inches irrig. water 10 inches irrig. water 20 inches irrig. water 30 inches irrig. water Winches irrig. water 100 inches irrig. water 150 inches irrig. water Resulting Ibs P 2 0 5 per 1,000 ft2 0.1 0.001 0.006 0.012 0.024 0.036 = 0.060 0.119 0.179 0.25 0.003 0.015 0.030 0.060 0.089 0.149 0.298 0.447 0.5 0.006 0.030 0.060 0.119 - 0.179 0.298 0.596 0.894 0.75 0.009 0.045 0.089 0.179 0.268 0.447 0.894 1.340 1.0 0.012 1 0.060 0.119 0.238 0.357 1 0.596 1 1.191 1 1.787 2.0 0.024 0.119 0.238 0.477 0.715 1.192 1 2.383 1 3.575 di 5.0 0.060 0.298 0.596 1.192 1.787 1 2.979 1 5.957 1 8.936 J � 403.9336 Legislative findings.- -The Legislature finds that the implementation of the Model Ordinance for Florida- Friendly Fertilizer Use on Urban Landscapes (2008), which was developed by the department in conjunction with the Florida Consumer Fertilizer Task Force, the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, will assist in protecting the quality of Florida's surface water and groundwater resources. The Legislature further finds that local conditions, including variations in the types and quality of water bodies, site - specific soils and geology, and urban or rural densities and characteristics, may necessitate the implementation of additional or more stringent fertilizer management practices at the local government level. History. - -s. 3, ch. 2009 -199. 403.9337 Model Ordinance for Florida - Friendly Fertilizer Use on Urban Landscapes.- - (1) All county and municipal governments are encouraged to adopt and enforce the Model Ordinance for Florida - Friendly Fertilizer Use on Urban Landscapes or an equivalent requirement as a mechanism for protecting local surface and groundwater quality. (2) Each county and municipal government located within the watershed of a water body or water segment that is listed as impaired by nutrients pursuant to s. 403.067, shall, at a minimum, adopt the department's Model Ordinance for Florida - Friendly Fertilizer Use on Urban Landscapes. A local government may adopt additional or more stringent standards than the model ordinance if the following criteria are met: (a) The local government has demonstrated, as part of a comprehensive program to address nonpoint sources of nutrient pollution which is science - based, and economically and technically feasible, that additional or more stringent standards than the model ordinance are necessary in order to adequately address urban fertilizer contributions to nonpoint source nutrient loading to a water body. (b) The local government documents that it has considered all relevant scientific information, including input from the department, the institute, the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, if provided, on the need for additional or more stringent provisions to address fertilizer use as a contributor to water quality degradation. All documentation must become part of the public record before adoption of the additional or more stringent criteria. (3) Any county or municipal government that adopted its own fertilizer use ordinance before January 1, 2009, is exempt from this section. Ordinances adopted or amended on or after January 1, 2009, must substantively conform to the most recent version of the model fertilizer ordinance and are subject to subsections (1) and (2), as applicable. (4) This section does not apply to the use of fertilizer on farm operations as defined in s. 823.14 or on lands classified as agricultural lands pursuant to s. 193.461. FINAL TMDL Report: Everglades West Coast Basin, Gordon River Extension, WBID 3278K, Dissolved Oxygen Chapter 6: DETERMINATION OF THE TMDL 6.1 Expression and Allocation of the TMDL The objective of a TMDL is to provide a basis for allocating acceptable loads among all of the known pollutant sources in a watershed so that appropriate control measures can be implemented and water quality standards achieved. A TMDL is expressed as the sum of all point source loads (wasteload allocations, or WI-As), nonpoint source loads (load allocations, or LAs), and an appropriate margin of safety (MOS), which takes into account any uncertainty concerning the relationship between effluent limitations and water quality: TMDL= ZWLAs +2;LAs +MOS As discussed earlier, the WLA is broken out into separate subcategories for wastewater discharges and stormwater discharges regulated under the NPDES Program: TMDL - Z WLASwastewater+ Z WLASNPDES St..water+ Z LAS + MOS It should be noted that the various components of the revised TMDL equation may not sum up to the value of the TMDL because (a) the WLA for NPDES stormwater is typically based on the percent reduction needed for nonpoint sources and is also accounted for within the LA, and (b) TMDL components can be expressed in different terms (for example, the WLA for stormwater is typically expressed as a percent reduction, and the WLA for wastewater is typically expressed as mass per day). WI-As for stormwater discharges are typically expressed as "percent reduction" because it is very difficult to quantify the loads from MS4s (given the numerous discharge points) and to distinguish loads from MS4s from other nonpoint sources (given the nature of stormwater transport). The permitting of stormwater discharges also differs from the permitting of most wastewater point sources. Because stormwater discharges cannot be centrally collected, monitored, and treated, they are not subject to the same types of effluent limitations as wastewater facilities, and instead are required to meet a performance standard of providing treatment to the "maximum extent practical" through the implementation of best management practices (BMPs). This approach is consistent with federal regulations (40 CFR § 130.2[1]), which state that TMDLs can be expressed in terms of mass per time (e.g., pounds per day), toxicity, or other appropriate measure. The TMDL for the Gordon River (WBID 3278K) is expressed in terms of a percent reduction in TN to protect the DO concentration (Table 6.1). 21 Florida Department of Environmental Protection FINAL TMDL Report: Everglades West Coast Basin, Gordon River Extension, WBID 3278K, Dissolved Oxvcien Table 6.1. TMDL Components and Current Loadings for the Gordon River, WRID 3278K r� �A /A WBID Parameter mM�� ( 9 ) WLA . ction ( % red ) MOs Wastewater NPDES Stormwater (mg /L) (% reduction) 3278K TN 0.74 N/A i 29% 29% Implicit Not applicable. 6.2 Wasteload Allocation 6.2.1 NPDES Wastewater Discharges There are currently no wastewater facilities in the Gordon River watershed. 6.2.2 NPDES Stormwater Discharges The WLAs for stormwater discharges with an MS4 permit (the city of Naples) is a 29 percent reduction in TN load. It should be noted that any MS4 permittee is only responsible for reducing the anthropogenic loads associated with stormwater outfalls that it owns or otherwise has responsible control over, and it is not responsible for reducing other nonpoint source loads in its jurisdiction. 6.3 Load Allocation The LA is the nonpoint source component of the load, which, combined with WLA stormwater discharges, is responsible for 100 percent of the current load as well as the percentage load reduction. The TMDL is a 29 percent reduction of TN, all of which is allocated to the categories of LA and WLA stormwater. 6.4 Margin of Safety Consistent with the recommendations of the Allocation Technical Advisory Committee (Department, 2001), an implicit MOS was used in the development of this TMDL. An implicit MOS was provided by the conservative decisions associated with a number of modeling assumptions, the development of site - specific alternative water quality targets, and the development of assimilative capacity. An implicit MOS was used by targeting a background loading based on reference waterbodies. 22 Florida Department of Environmental Protection u avow cirv% 111� &� 5 WT � UFFLORIDA IFAS Extension Figuring out Fertilizer for the Home Lawni L.E. Trenholm and J.B. Unruh2 Everyone likes the look of a nice, green lawn, but proper application of lawn fertilizers is critical. Here's why: 1. The health and vigor of your lawn depend upon applying the right amount of fertilizer at the appropriate times. Too little or too much fertilizer will cause problems for the growth, appearance, and health of your lawn. 2. Fertilizer improperly applied can harm the environment. Over- application or misapplication (Figure 1) can result in leaching of fertilizer through the soil into groundwater supplies. Fertilizer runoff may also get into surface water. Applying too little fertilizer may result in a lawn with minimal density of root and shoot systems, a condition that may allow for leaching or runoff to occur more easily. This publication will help homeowners understand how to properly handle fertilizers and apply the correct amounts of fertilizer every time. A number of different fertilizers are sold for home -lawn use, but a few basics apply to all of those fertilizers: 1P, � 00- E N H962 • The three numbers printed in very large numerals (Figure 1) on the bag represent the amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P as P205), and potassium (K as K20) in the bag. Look for a fertilizer with tow or zero P (2nd number) unless you have a soil test report that recommends adding phosphorus. • Most home -lawn fertilizers contain "slow- release" nitrogen, which means that the nitrogen is available to the lawn over an extended time, rather than all at once. Many fertilizers that contain "slow- release" nitrogen provide fertilization for 60 days or longer, depending on environmental conditions. • The potential for leaching or runoff of nutrients in fertilizer is directly related to the amount of water, either from irrigation or rainfall, applied after fertilization. Some irrigation is generally required to wash the fertilizer off the leaf blades, but too much water can wash the fertilizer past the root zone. Once the fertilizer is past the root zone, the fertilizer won't be absorbed by the plant's roots. Apply about a 1/4 inch of water to properly irrigate fertilizer. The use of fertilizers 1. This document is ENH962, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date, September 2003. Revised April 2007, January 2008, and February 2009. Visit the EDIS Web site at http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. L.E. Trenholm, associate professor, Environmental Horticulture Department, and turfgrass specialist; J.Bryan Unruh, associate professor, Environmental Horticulture Department, and turfgrass specialist, West Florida Research and Education Center -- Milton, FL, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Interim Dean Millie Ferrer. -` Figuring out Fertilizer for the Home Lawn 2 7 ANALYSIS smom 15 Tallahassee Nursery 50% of this nitrogen is water insoluble, or slow - release. 15 T OTAil .. .. .... Figure 1. Example of a fertilizer label. is not recommended if heavy rainfall is forecast r within the next 24 hours! • Always read and follow instructions and rates on the fertilizer bag, as well as the suggestions on this fact s ' eet, to keep your lawn healthy and f*Vent runo t leaching of nutrients r • Fertilizer needs differ according to grass species, location in the state, and desired level of lawn care. For more information, refer to Your Florida Lawn, a collection of EDIS fact sheets on residential lawns ( http : / /yourfloridalawn.ifas.ufl.edu). • Professional lawn -care service providers have access to a wide variety of products and application methods, as well as professional expertise. Therefore, they may apply fertilizer differently than is recommended for homeowners. To determine how to apply the correct amount of fertilizer, follow these simple steps: Know the annual fertility needs for your grass species. See Table 1 a or 1 b (below) for the range of recommended fertility rates in Florida or refer to Your Florida Lawn ( http : / /yourfloridalawn.ifas.ufl.edu) for more information. 2. Know the square footage of your lawn. To determine this measurement, measure your property and calculate the total square footage of turfgrass. Do not include landscape plants in the area to be fertilized under a turfgrass regime. For this example, we will assume that your total area of grass covers approximately 1000 square feet. Know your fertilizer analysis. Say you purchase a bag of 15 -0 -15 fertilizer. The three numbers mean that 15% of the bag is nitrogen; there is no phosphorous, and 15% is potassium. See Figure 1 for an example of a fertilizer label. 4. Determine how much slow- release nitrogen is in the fertilizer product you are using. Look at the label to see how much nitrogen (N) is slow - release in the fertilizer. For example, in Figure 1, 50% of the nitrogen is water insoluble (slow- release). If you are applying a fertilizer with 30% or more of the N in slow - release form, then no matter what kind of grass you have or where in the state you live, apply no more than 1 lb of nitrogen for every 1000 square feet of lawn each time you apply fertilizer. (See Table la for details, including frequency of fertilization.) However, if the fertilizer you are using has 15- 30% slow- release N content, you may only apply up to a half pound of N per 1000 square feet with each application. (See Table lb for details, including frequency of fertilization.) For all fertilizers containing slow - release N, do not exceed the application rate of 1 lb of nitrogen per 1000 square feet in any one application. A. Figuring out Fertilizer for the Home Lawn 3 5. Consult Table la if you are using a fertilizer with 30% or more slow - release N. Consult Table lb if you are using a fertilizer with 15 -30% slow - release content. If you know the square footage of your lawn and your fertilizer analysis, by using the appropriate table, you can easily figure out how much fertilizer to apply. The numbers in these tables are based on application of 1 lb of fertilizer per 1000 square feet. 6. Set your spreader. Spreader models differ, and not all models will have the same setting for a particular brand of fertilizer. The safest way to not over -apply fertilizer is to set the spreader on the lowest setting and put half of the recommended amount of fertilizer from for your size lawn in the spreader. Apply the fertilizer to the specific area in a north/south direction. When you have covered this area, put the other half of the fertilizer in the spreader and go back and forth in an east/west direction until you run out of fertilizer. A few cautionary notes for fertilizer application: • If you spill fertilizer on the lawn or on the sidewalk or pavement, even if it is just a few granules, sweep it up as thoroughly as possible and put it back in the bag. Any particles left on paved surfaces may eventually find their way into a storm drain and from there into the nearest water body, resulting in non - point - source pollution. • Irrigate your fertilizer with about a 1/4 inch of water. To determine how long to water to achieve this amount, place coffee or tuna cans throughout the lawn area and time how long it takes to fill them to a 1/4 inch. Do this prior to fertilizing so that you will know before you fertilize how long to run the irrigation system after you fertilize. A 1/4 inch of water will put the nutrients at root level, where they can be absorbed most efficiently. • If you are fertilizing near any water bodies, leave an unfertilized strip of approximately 10 feet between the fertilized lawn grass and the water body. This unfertilized margin will ensure that no fertilizer granules get into the water body, protecting the water body from pollution by fertilizer runoff or leaching. Figuring out Fertilizer for the Home Lawn 4 Table 1a. Recommended application rates for turfgrass fertilizers to Florida lawns: 30% or more slow - release nitrogen. In the table below, match the size of your lawn to the percentage of nitrogen (N) in your fertilizer to find the amount of fertilizer you need to apply. If you have a bahiagrass lawn, apply this amount of fertilizer once or twice a year no matter where you live in the state. For centipedegrass, apply about once a year in North Florida and once or twice a year in Central Florida and South Florida. For St. Augustinegrass or zoysiagrass, apply two or three times a year in North Florida and Central Florida and three or four times a year in South Florida. OF /IFAS recommends soil testing for phosphorus content before any P fertilizer is applied. Table 1 b. Recommended application rates for turfgrass fertilizers to Florida lawns: 15 -30% slow - release nitrogen. In the table below, match the size of your lawn to the percentage of nitrogen (N) in your fertilizer to find the correct amount of fertilizer to apply. If you have a bahiagrass lawn, apply this amount of fertilizer two to four times a year no matter where you live in Florida. For centipedegrass, apply twice a year in North Florida and two to four times a year in Central Florida and South Florida. For St. Augustinegrass or zoysiagrass, apply four to six times a year in North Florida and Central Florida and six to eight times a year in South Florida. OF /IFAS recommends soil testing for phosphorus content before any P fertilizer is applied. 6% N 10% N 12% N 15% N 16% N 23% N 27% N 1,000 ft 2 16.5 Ibs 10 Ibs 8.5 Ibs 6.5 Ibs 6 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 4 Ibs 1,100 ft 18.5 Ibs 11 Ibs 9.5 Ibs 7 Ibs 7 Ibs 5 Ibs 4 Ibs 1,200 ft 2 20 Ibs 12 Ibs 10.5 Ibs 8 Ibs 7.5 Ibs 5 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 1,300 ft 2 22 Ibs 13 Ibs 11.5 Ibs 8.5 Ibs 8 Ibs 5.5 Ibs 5 Ibs 1,400 ft 23.5 Ibs 14 Ibs 12.5 Ibs 9 Ibs 9 Ibs 6 Ibs 5 Ibs 1,500 ft2 25 Ibs 15 Ibs 13.5 Ibs 10 Ibs 9.5 Ibs 6.5 Ibs 5.5 Ibs 2,000 ft 2 33.5 Ibs 20 Ibs 17 Ibs 13 Ibs 12 Ibs 9 Ibs 8 Ibs 2,500 ft 41.5 Ibs 25 Ibs 21 Ibs 16.5 Ibs 15.5 Ibs 11 Ibs 9.5 Ibs 3,000 ft 50 Ibs 30 Ibs 25.5 Ibs 19.5 Ibs 18 Ibs 13 Ibs 12 Ibs 3,500 ft 58 Ibs 35 Ibs 30 Ibs 23 Ibs 21.5 Ibs 15.5 Ibs 13.5 Ibs 4,000 ft 2 66 Ibs 40 Ibs 34 Ibs 26 Ibs 24 Ibs 18 Ibs 16 Ibs 4,500 ft 74 Ibs 45 Ibs 38 Ibs 29.5 Ibs 27.5 Ibs 20 Ibs 17.5 Ibs 5,000 ft 82 Ibs 50 Ibs 42.5 Ibs 33 Ibs 31 Ibs 22 Ibs 19 Ibs *These recommendations assume use of a properly calibrated spreader. See www.yourfloridalawn.ifas.ufl.edu for instructions on calibrating your spreader. Table 1 b. Recommended application rates for turfgrass fertilizers to Florida lawns: 15 -30% slow - release nitrogen. In the table below, match the size of your lawn to the percentage of nitrogen (N) in your fertilizer to find the correct amount of fertilizer to apply. If you have a bahiagrass lawn, apply this amount of fertilizer two to four times a year no matter where you live in Florida. For centipedegrass, apply twice a year in North Florida and two to four times a year in Central Florida and South Florida. For St. Augustinegrass or zoysiagrass, apply four to six times a year in North Florida and Central Florida and six to eight times a year in South Florida. OF /IFAS recommends soil testing for phosphorus content before any P fertilizer is applied. 6% N 10% N 12% N 15% N 16% N 23% N 27% N 1,000 ft 2 8.25 Ibs 5 Ibs 4.25 Ibs 3.25 Ibs 3 Ibs 2.25 Ibs 2 Ibs 1,100 ft 9.25 Ibs 5.5 Ibs 4.75 Ibs 3.5 Ibs 3.5 Ibs 2.5 Ibs 2 Ibs 1,200 ft 2 10 Ibs 6 Ibs 5.25 Ibs 4 Ibs 3.75 Ibs 2.5 Ibs 2.25 Ibs 1,300 ft 2 11 Ibs 6.5 Ibs 5.75 Ibs 4.25 Ibs 4 Ibs 2.75 Ibs 2.5 Ibs 1,400 ft 11.75 Ibs 7 Ibs 6.25 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 3 Ibs 2.5 Ibs 1,500 ft 12.5 Ibs 7.5 Ibs 6.75 Ibs 5 Ibs 4.75 Ibs 3.25 Ibs 2.75 Ibs 2,000 ft 2 16.75 Ibs 10 Ibs 8.5 Ibs 6.5 Ibs 6 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 4 Ibs 2,500 ft 20.75 Ibs 12.5 Ibs 10.5 Ibs 8.25 Ibs 7.75 Ibs 5.5 Ibs 4.75 Ibs 3,000 ft 25 Ibs 15 Ibs 12.75 Ibs 9.75 Ibs 9 Ibs 6.5 Ibs 6 Ibs 3,500 ft 29 Ibs 17.5 Ibs 15 Ibs 11.5 Ibs 10.75 Ibs 7.75 Ibs 6.75 Ibs 4,000 ft 2 33 Ibs 20 Ibs 17 Ibs 13 Ibs 12 Ibs 9 Ibs 8 Ibs 4,500 ft 37 Ibs 22.5 Ibs 1 19 Ibs 14.75 Ibs 13.75 Ibs 1 10 Ibs 1 8.75 Ibs 5,000 ft 41 Ibs 25 Ibs 1 21.25 Ibs 16.5 Ibs 15.5 Ibs 1 11 Ibs 1 9.5 Ibs *These recommendations assume use of a properly calibrated spreader. See www.yourfloridalawn.ifas.ufl.edu for instructions on calibrating your spreader. UFFLORIDA IFAS Extension L c General Recommendations for Fertilization of Turfgrasses on Florida Soils 1 J.B. Sartain2 In many neighborhoods, people envy the individual with the most beautiful lawn and think they cannot grow a lawn of equal quality. That is not necessarily true. A well- maintained lawn only requires some knowledge about fertilization, watering, pest control and mowing. This publication provides basic information about fertilization. By far, the best approach to a proper fertilization program is to start with a soil test, but, if a soil test is not available, these guidelines can be used for a general turfgrass fertilization program. Essential Elements All plants require certain chemical elements for proper growth and appearance. Of these nutrients, at least 16 are known to be essential elements. Table 1 lists the 16 known elements and the sources from which plants obtain them. All essential elements except carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are obtained from the soil and absorbed by plant roots. If inadequate nutrients are available in the soil, —turfgrass growth and quality may be limited. However, essential elements can be added to a soil through fertilizer applications. A*- SL21 Table 1. Essential elements required by lawngrasses. From Air/Water - - - - -- From Soil - - - - -- Macronutrients Micronutrients Carbon Nitrogen Iron Hydrogen Calcium Copper Oxygen Phosphorus Manganese Magnesium Molybdenum Potassium Zinc Sulfur Boron Chlorine Turfgrasses require the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in greatest quantities. Calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are required in smaller quantities. The micronutrients iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chlorine (CI), molybdenum (Mo), and boron (B) are required in very minute quantities. Micronutrients are as essential as the macronutrients, but are required in much smaller amounts. 1. This document is SL 21, one of a series of the Soil and Water Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date May, 1991. Revised May, 2007. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. J.B. Sartain, professor, Turfgrass Fertility, Soil and Water Science Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 -0510. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean FLIJ General Recommendations for Fertilization of Turfqrasses on Florida Soils 2 Types of Fertilizers Fertilizers are identified by analysis and/or brand name. Many common commercial fertilizers are known by their grade, such as 16 -4 -8, 10- 10 -10, or 6 -6 -6. A complete fertilizer contains N, P and K. The numbers indicate the percentage of each of these nutrients. A 16 -4 -8 fertilizer, for example, contains 16% Total Nitrogen, 4% Available Phosphorus expressed as P 2 0 and 8% Soluble Potash expressed as K20. Thus a 100 -pound bag of 16 -4 -8 would contain 16 pounds of total N, 4 pounds of available phosphate, and 8 pound of potash. These three constituents, N, P, and K, are called the primary plant foods; if all three are present, the fertilizer is referred to as a complete fertilizer. Complete fertilizers, such as 16 -4 -8, 12 -4 -8, 10- 10 -10, and 6 -6 -6, are commonly used in turfgrass fertilization. Besides the primary elements (N, P and K) the fertilizer may contain secondary plant foods. The secondaries may include Ca, Mg, sulfur (S), Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mo. Both primary and secondary elements, if present, are listed on the fertilizer label. The label also tells the materials from which the fertilizer has been made. This information appears below the "derived from" statement. An example of a mixed fertilizer containing several different sources of N is shown in Figure 1. 16 -4 -8 Guaranteed Analysis tall Nitrogen Ammoniacal Nitrogen 8.50% Nitrate Nitrogen 2.00% Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen 0.90% Water Insoluble Nitrogen 4.60% railable Phosphoric Acid 1P,0,) >luble Potash (KO) Figure 1. Example of a fertilizer label. In addition to complete fertilizers, some materials are used almost exclusively to supply N to turfgrasses for rapid growth and dark green color. These materials include soluble forms of N ; ammonium nitrate (34% N), ammonium sulfate (21% N), urea (46% N), calcium nitrate (15.5% N), potassium nitrate (13% N & 44% K20) and slow - release N sources; Ureaformaldehyde (38% N), Isobutylidene diurea (31 % N), Sulfur- coated urea (36 -39% N), Nutralene (40% N), and Polyon (40 -43% N). Turfgrasses commonly require higher rates and more frequent applications of N source fertilizers than other nutrient sources. In most cases, slow - release N sources can be used to reduce the potential for leaching losses of applied N. In order to obtain the desired growth and color response in most cases, a 70/30 mixture of soluble and slow - release N sources is recommended for use on turfgrasses. It should be pointed out that turfgrasses are one of the most N absorbing efficient ground covers that one can use. When fertilized at the recommended rate and frequency, N leaches very sparingly, if at all, from the turfgrass system. Poor quality, slow - growing and improperly fertilized turfgrasses actually leach much more N than do turfgrasses growing at optimum levels. A quality turfgrass furnishes a complete and uniform cover of the soil surface. The highest quality turfgrass is not necessarily the darkest green or most rapidly growing turfgrass, but the turfgrass that has acceptable color and density without excessive growth. Excess N application can lead to a dark green turfgrass that is growing at excessive rates which will require more frequent mowing and possibly result in contamination of the ground water with nitrate nitrogen. For Florida turfgrasses, the best yearly fertilization program usually includes a combination of one or two applications of multiple nutrient fertilizations and several supplemental applications of a N fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilization is often based on the desired growth rate and type of turfgrass being grown. Due to past fertilization and the inherent nature of some placeStateFlorida soils,'fertilization is not always required. One should depend on a recent soil test to determine if P is required for optimum turfgrass growt*lf your soil test indicates an adequate level of extractable soil P, choose a fertilizer blend that does not contain P as one of the supplied nutrients. That blend would be represented by an X -O -X, such as 15 -0 -15. Excess P application can result in enrichment of the P status of run -off or leachate waters, and in the euthrophication of adjacent water bodies. Second only to N in total fertilization requirement is K. Potassium influences root growth and water and stress tolerance relationships in turfgrasses and should be maintained General Recommendations for Fertilization of Turfgrasses on Florida Soils 3 at adequate levels for optimum growth. In most turfgrass growth systems, the potassium fertilization program should be based on a recent soil test. Potassium is highly mobile in most of Florida's sandy soils, but an annual soil test is adequate for determining the K fertilization requirement of most turfgrasses grown in the State. Fertilizer Application Most fertilizers are applied at a rate determined by the type and amount of nitrogen present in the material. Nitrogen is the nutrient most used by a turfgrass and often the material that burns the turfgrass if applied at excessive rates. When a soil test of a turfgrass area is not available, Table 5 can be used as a guide for turfgrass fertilization programs at three levels of maintenance for each type of turfgrass for three regions of the state. Note that most programs use a combination of complete fertilizers and nitrogen fertilizers applied during different times of the year. Recall that the complete fertilizer should only be used when the soil test calls for both P and K. When P is not required apply only those nutrients which are recommended by the soil test report. One program is a basic, or low- maintenance, recommendation that will produce only a minimum quality turfgrass. The second program is a moderate maintenance program which should roduce an In the past, it was customary to recommend the p intermediate-quality turfgrass. The high maintenance application of 1 pound of actual nitrogen per 1000 square feet of turfgrass j h light of potential program should produce an optimum quality environmental concerns it is now recommended that turfgrass with good color and growth characteristics, no more than one half (0.5) pound of the nitrogen its► and should not result in nitrogen leaching losses if the the application be in the soluble form. Thus in order recommendations are followed. The best schedule is to make an application of 1 pound of actual nitrogen the one that produces the quality of turfgrass the per 1000 square feet of turfgrass you would need to individual desires. use a blended fertilizer product containing no more To use Table 5, find the particular turfgrass and that 50% of the total N in soluble form with the rest part of the state that applies to you, then apply the of the nitrogen originating from a slow - release N fertilizer indicated during the month(s) source. The pounds of actual N in every fertilizer can recommended. For rates of various materials, refer to be determined by dividing the percent N listed on the Table 4. For example, to obtain a high quality label into 100. For example, if applying soluble N Centipedegrass lawn in Gainesville (central Florida), from ammonium sulfate, divide 21% (the N content apply a complete fertilizer (C) like a 16 -4 -8, of ammonium sulfate) into 100 to find the number of 10- 10 -10, or 6 -6 -6 (depending on whether or not P pounds of ammonium sulfate that will supply 1 pound and K are recommended by the soil test) in March of N. Since 100 divided by 21 equals approximately and September, then apply a slow - release N material five, five pounds of ammonium sulfate would supply like sulfur- coated urea or Milorganite in May. Rates one pound of N. Therefore, to apply the equivalent of for individual N fertilizer materials are given in Table 0.5 pounds of soluble N per 1000 square feet of 4, and the rate for a complete fertilizer is shown at the turfgrass surface, one would need to apply 2.5 bottom of the fertilization chart (Table 5). pounds of ammonium sulfate. Several fertilizer materials are listed in Table 4, and the rate of application for 0.5 pounds of N is already calculated. For example, if using ammonium nitrate on a turfgrass, note that the table lists the rate of application at 1.5 pounds of material per 1000 square feet to apply the equivalent of 0.5 pounds of N. Therefore, if you have a 5000 square foot lawn use 7.5 pounds of ammonium nitrate. Organic vs Inorganic Fertilizers There is much confusion over whether to use organic or inorganic fertilizers on turfgrasses. Both types have advantages and disadvantages; however, the type of fertilizer makes no difference to the turfgrass. Grasses absorb N as nitrate- or ammoniacal -N. Organic N is not used directly by the plant but must first be converted to one of the above chemical forms by soil microorganisms before being taken up by the plant. General Recommendations for Fertilization of Tufgrasses on Florida Soils 4 The advantages and disadvantages of organic or chemical fertilizers relate to the consumer, not the turfgrass. Inorganic N fertilizers have advantages and disadvantages as listed in Table 2. Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer sources. Inorganic Nitrogen Sources Advantages Disadvantages Readily available N Leach readily Low cost per pound of N Danger of fertilizer burn Easily controlled N levels High salinity potential Little problem of residual Must be applied N frequently at low rates Organic N fertilizers also have advantages and disadvantages that are listed in Table 3. Select a N source after considering the pros and cons of the various forms. A mixture of the two will most likely result in the best response. Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of organic nitrogen fertilizer sources. I Organic Nitrogen Sources I Slow- release of N May be very expensive per pound of N Less subject to leaching Not released at adequate loss rate during cool season Small danger of Application response may turfgrass bum be slow May be applied May contain weed seeds infrequently at high rates that contaminate turfgrass Supplemental Iron Application Many times turfgrasses, such as Centipedegrass, Bahiagrass and St. Augustinegrass, turn yellow during the summer due to lack of N fertilizer. However, fertilization with N in the summer is not always desirable since this often encourages disease and insect problems. Many times the addition of iron (Fe) to these grasses provides the desirable dark green color, but does not stimulate excessive grass growth which follows N fertilization. Usually, iron sulfate (2 ounces per 3 to 5 gallons of water per 1000 square feet) or a chelated iron source are used to provide this greening effect. The effect from supplemental iron application is only temporary (approximately 2 to 4 weeks), therefore, repeat applications are necessary for summer -long color. Precautions All soluble fertilizers may burn the turfgrass if improperly applied. To avoid burn, never apply fertilizer at greater than the recommended rate of 0.5 pounds of soluble N per 1000 square foot per application. If only slow - release N materials are used up to 3 pounds of N can be applied in a single application. °Apply P and K only when required based on a recent soil test and do not exceed the recommended rate of application, especially for P. Always apply fertilizers when the turfgrass leaves are �yr and water thoroughly after application. Apply enough water to dissolve the fertilizer and move it below the surface. This can generally be accomplished by applying between 1/4 and 1/2 inch of water through the irrigation system which can usually be accomplished by running a typical turfgrass irrigation system for 15 to 20 minutes. Excess irrigation may leach the soluble N below the root zone so great care should be taken not to water too little or too much. ,,IN General Recommendations for Fertilization of Turfgrasses on Florida Soils 5 Table 4. A guide to rate of fertilizer material to use on Florida turfgrass. Nitrogen Fertilizers %N Pounds needed to supply 0.5 pounds of actual N per 1000 sq ft Soluble N Sources (Inorganic) Ammonium Nitrate 33.5 1.5 Ammonium Sulfate 20 2.5 Calcium Nitrate 15.5 3.2 Potassium Nitrate 13 -0 -44 3.8 also 1.7 Ibs K O Sodium Nitrate 16 2 3.1 Nitrate of Soda - Potash 15 -0 -16 3.3 also 0.5 Ibs K O 2 Monoammonium Phosphate 11 -48 -0 4.5 also 2.2 Ibs P2O5 Diammonium Phosphate 18 -46 -0 2.8 also 1.3 Ibs P2O5 Soluble N Sources (Organic) Urea 45 1.1 Calcium Cyanamide 21 2.4 Slow - Release N Sources (Synthetic) Ureaform /Nitroform 38 1.3 Nutralene 40 1.25 Isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) 31 1.6 Sulfur- coated Urea 38 1.3 Polyon 42 1.2 Slow - Release N Sources (Natural Organics) Sewage Sludge 6 -2 -0 8.3 also 0.2 Ibs P2O5 Cow Manure 2 -0 -0 25 Poultry Manure 4 -0 -0 12.5 Cottonseed Meal 7 7.1 Alfalfa Meal 6 8.3 Blood Meal 3 -22 -0 16 also 3.7 Ibs P O 2 5 Processed Tankages 5 -10 (varies) 10 to 5 Garbage Tankages 2 -3 (varies) 20 to 15 Some Commercial Sources of Potassium and Phosphorus Fertilizers Pounds needed to supply 0.5 Ibs of actual Potash or Phosphate per 1000 sq ft Potassium Chloride (Muriate of Potash) 60% K2O 0.83 Potassium Sulfate 50% K O 1 2 Potassium Nitrate 13 -0 -44 1.1 also 0.1 Ibs N Sulfate of Potash Magnesia 22% K2O, 11 % Mg, 8% S 2.2 also 0.2 Ibs Mg & S Concentrated Superphosphate 46% P2O5 1 General Recommendations for Fertilization of Turfgrasses on Florida Soils 6 Table 5. Fertilization guide for turfgrasses maintained without the benefit of a soil test.' Turfgrass Maintenance Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Level North Florida— Basic -- -- C -- -- -- -- -- C -- -- -- Bahiagrass Moderate -- -- C -- SRN -- -- -- C -- -- -- High -- -- C -- SRN -- Fe -- C -- -- -- Bermuda- Basic - -- C SRN - -- - C -- -- -- grass Moderate -- - C -- SRN -- SRN -- C -- -- - High -- -- C SRN C -- SRN Fe C - - -- Centipede- Basic -- -- -- C -- -- -- -- -- — — -- grass Moderate -- -- -- C Fe -- -- -- -- -- — -- High -- -- -- C SRN -- Fe -- -- -- -- -- St. Basic - -- C -- -- Fe -- -- C -- -- -- Augustine- Moderate - -- C - SRN -- Fe C - -- -- grass High -- -- C -- SRN Fe SRN -- C -- -- Basic -- -- C — SRN -- -- -- C -- -- -- Zoysiagrass Moderate -- -- C -- SRN -- SRN -- C -- -- -- High -- -- C N SRN -- SRN -- C -- -- -- Central Florida Basic -- -- C -- N -- -- -- C -- -- -- Bahiagrass Moderate -- -- C -- N -- Fe -- -- C -- -- High -- -- C N -- SRN -- Fe -- C -- -- Bermuda- Basic -- -- C -- N -- SRN -- C -- -- grass Moderate -- - C -- N -- SRN -- SRN -- C - High - -- C N SRN -- C Fe SRN -- C - Centipede- Basic -- -- C -- SRN -- -- -- -- -- -- -- grass Moderate -- -- C -- SRN -- -- Fe -- -- -- -- High -- -- C -- SRN -- -- -- C -- -- -- General Recommendations for Fertilization of Turfgrasses on Florida Soils 7 Table 5. Fertilization guide for turfgrasses maintained without the benefit of a soil test.* Turfgrass Maintenance Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Level St. Basic -- -- C -- -- -- Fe -- C - -- -- Augustine- Moderate -- -- C -- SRN -- Fe SRN -- C - - grass High -- C -- N SRN -- Fe SRN -- C -- -- Basic -- -- C -- SRN -- -- -- C -- -- -- Zoysiagrass Moderate -- -- C -- SRN -- -- SRN -- -- C -- High -- C -- N SRN -- SRN -- N -- C -- South Florida Basic -- C -- -- -- Fe -- -- -- C -- -- Bahiagrass Moderate — C -- N -- Fe -- -- -- C -- -- High — C -- N -- SRN -- -- -- C -- -- Bermuda- Basic - C -- N -- SRN -- -- C -- C - grass Moderate -- C N -- C -- SRN -- SRN -- C High -- C N SRN C SRN Fe -- SRN -- C -- Centipede- Basic -- -- C -- -- Fe -- -- -- C -- -- grass Moderate -- C -- SRN -- -- — -_ __ C High -- C -- SRN -- Fe -- -- -- C -- -- St. Basic -- -- C - SRN -- SRN -- -- C -- -- Augustine - grass Moderate -- C N - SRN -- SRN -- C -- High -- C -- N SRN -- SRN SRN - C -- Basic -- -- C -- SRN -- SRN -- -- C -- -- Zoysiagrass Moderate -- C -- N -- SRN -- SRN -- -- C -- High -- C -- N SRN -- SRN -- SRN -- C -- * This guide is for turfgrass fertilization under circumstances where a soil test does not exist. In order to properly apply the rate of P and K required, a soil test is required. It is recommended to always soil test. ** The arbitrary dividing line between north and central Florida is a straight east -west line from coast to coast through Ocala, and the dividing line between central and south Florida is a line from coast to coast through Tampa and Vero Beach. C = Complete fertilizer applied at 1.0 Ibs N /1000 sq ft containing 50% soluble and 50% slow - release N. N = Soluble N applied at 0.5 Ibs N /1000 sq ft. SRN = Slow- release N applied at 1.0 Ibs N /1000 sq ft. Fe = Apply Fe to provide dark green color without stimulating excessive growth. For foliar application use ferrous sulfate (2 oz /3 -5 gal water /1000 sq ft). If the Fe is applied to an acidic soil, use one pound of iron sulfate per 1000 square feet. If the soil is calcareous, use the container label recommended rate of an iron chelate. ENH1113 UFIFLORIDA IFAS Extension Frequently Asked Questions about Florida - Friendly Landscapingi Laurie Trenholm, Esen Momol, Amy Shober, Geoffrey Denny, and`Terril Ne112 Ae5__ These days, water quality and quantity are important issues that are on everyone's mind. These Frequently Asked Questions address common concerns related to irrigation and fertilizer. These FAQs draw on extensive OF /IFAS research, and were created to help guide government officials in developing local regulations based on science. 1. What are Florida - Friendly Landscapes? Florida - Friendly Landscapes protect Florida's unique natural resources by conserving water, reducing waste and pollution, creating wildlife habitat, and preventing erosion. Any landscape can be Florida - Friendly if it's designed and cared for according to the nine Florida - Friendly Landscaping principles, which encourage individual expression of landscape beauty. Make your landscape a Florida- Friendly Landscape --do your part to create a more sustainable Florida! Nine Florida - Friendly Landscaping Principles 1. Right Plant, Right Place 2. Water Efficiently 3. Fertilize Appropriately 4. Mulch 5. Attract Wildlife 6. Manage Yard Pests Responsibly 7. Recycle 8. Prevent Stormwater Runoff 9. Protect the Waterfront 2. Does a Florida - Friendly Landscape look a certain way? No. Florida - Friendly Landscapes can be designed to almost any taste, as long as they I. This document is ENH 1 l 13, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date December 2008. Revised January 14, 2009. Visit the EDIS Web site at http: / /edis. ifas. ufl.cdu. 2. Laurie Trenholm, assistant professor and turfgrass specialist; Esen Memel, coordinator of educational and training programs; Amy Shober, assistant professor, Center for Landscape Conservation and Ecology, Gulf Coast REC;Geoff Denny, assistant professor, Center for Landscape Conservation and Ecology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center; and Terril Ncll, professor and chair, Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational Information and other services only to Individuals and Institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer, Interim Dean Frequently Asked Questions about Florida - Friendly Landscaping 2 incorporate the Florida- Friendly Landscaping principles. Your Florida - Friendly Landscape can incorporate native and non - native plants, turfgrass, flowering plants, trees, or any combination of these. 3. What are the best ways to prevent water pollution? Florida is covered with water. The state boasts over 10,000 miles of rivers and streams, about 7,800 lakes, more than 7.00 freshwater springs, and the A. second - longest coal me in the United States. Even if you do not reside on a waterfront, the land you live on is directly connected to a nearby water body. What you do in your yard has further- reaching consequences than you might imagine. Fertilizer Fertilizer can help plants thrive if used appropriately. If applied incorrectly, it can not only harm plants, but also the environment. Excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus can upset the delicate balance of aquatic ecosystems. These nutrients can fuel algal blooms and invasive exotic species, harming native plants and animals. Use these tips as guidance when fertilizing your lawn or landscape. They'll help you prevent water pollution caused by nutrient leaching (when excess nutrients wash through the soil into the groundwater system) and runoff (when excess nutrients are carried away from the landscape by water): • Always follow OF /IFAS fertilizer recommendations. • Choose products that contain slow - release nutrients. • Avoid "weed and feed" products. • Apply fertilizers only when plants are actively growing (many plants, including most turfgrasses, go dormant in the winter). • Apply an iron source instead of additional fertilizer in the summer to keep grass green without increasing growth. • Keep fertilizer off hard surfaces, such as driveways and sidewalks. • If you spill fertilizer, pick it up instead of watering it into the lawn. • Do not fertilize if heavy rain is predicted in the next twenty-four hours. • Fertilize at least 3 or 10 feet away from a water body. (The minimum should be 3 feet when either a drop spreader, rotary spreader with deflector shield, or handheld hose sprayer is used. The minimum should be 10 feet when a rotary spreader without a deflector shield is used.) • Make adjustments for reclaimed and recycled water, which may contain some nutrients. Irrigation Overwatering can contribute to water pollution by causing fertilizers to leach, or seep underground, where pollutants can reach the aquifer and flow to lakes, rivers, and streams. Excess water can also carry potential pollutants like pesticides, soil and grass clippings. To make sure you're fertilizing only your landscape, water fertilizers in with only a small amount of water- 1/4 inch or less. When irrigating your lawn, apply only 1/2– 3/4 inch water at a time. Consider installing a microirrigation system in your landscape to ensure water is applied only to the roots of plants (microirrigation is not appropriate for turf, however). Runoff When it rains, water flows down our streets, sidewalks, and driveways. Everything that's on the pavement, like grass clippings, fertilizer, and car oil, gets washed into storm drains. Most storm drains empty directly into the closest body of water —the nearest pond, creek, or lake. The water is not filtered or cleaned first. So use pesticides and fertilizers correctly and responsibly. Pick up after your pets. Clean up oil spills and leaks with kitty litter instead of water. To Frequently Asked Questions about Florida - Friendly Landscaping 3 prevent runoff from leaving your landscape, create rain gardens (shallow planted areas) and swales (shallow depressions) in the low points of your landscape to slow and capture rain. Aim downspouts at a porous surface and use pervious (porous) materials for pathways, driveways, and patios to allow water to soak into the ground. 4. How do I use less water in my landscape? The overwatering of landscapes is a serious problem, depleting water supplies, making plants more prone to disease and pests, and potentially contributing to water pollution. • Make sure you choose the right plant for the right place. • Group plants with similar water needs together within the same irrigation zone so that they can be irrigated similarly. • Mulch plantings to keep moisture in the soil. • Water plants early in the morning— watering during the day can increase water loss due to evaporation and watering at night can encourage plant disease. • Incorporate a microirrigation system to apply water directly to plant roots. • Use a shut -off device to detect when a certain amount of rain has fallen or when a certain level of moisture is present in the soil. • Perform regular irrigation system maintenance. • Make sure your irrigation system is calibrated so you know how much it's applying each time. • Mow at the proper height for your grass to promote a healthy root system, which makes grass less thirsty. • Use the weather to your advantage —don't irrigate if it's rained in the past twenty-four hours or if rain is forecast in the next twenty-four hours. 5. Does mulch help me save water? Yes, mulch helps keep moisture in the soil around your plants. Choose from many different kinds of mulch and apply around trees and other plantings. Maintain a 2- to 3 -inch layer of mulch, avoiding "volcano mulching," or piling mulch up, around trees. Mulch to the drip lines of trees, and regularly rake mulch to prevent matting, which can keep water and air from seeping through. 6. What kind of mulch'is the most Florida - Friendly? All of the different kinds of mulch available in Florida have benefits and drawbacks. Cypress, melaleuca, and pine bark are the longest lasting types of mulch but they don't offer plants many nutrients when they break down. Soil pH may be reduced by pine bark and pine straw, which would be excellent for acid - loving plants like azaleas, but not for plants that require high -pH soil. The kind of mulch you choose depends on your priorities and taste. Here's an overview of the most popular mulches: Pine bark is a byproduct of the forest industry. It comes in ground and nugget forms, and has a rich brown color. Pine straw (pine needles) comes from pine plantations, which produce paper and wood products, and is sold in bales. Unlike some mulches, pine needles are not likely to wash away, because they knit together. Fallen leaves (including grass clippings) can be raked up for free in your landscape. This type of mulch is high in nutrients, but decomposes quickly. Melaleuca mulch is made from the invasive exotic trees. The product is cured at a high temperature to kill seeds. Mixed hardwood mulch is produced from scrap lumber, recycled pallets, or tree stems that are too small to be used for paper or wood production. Eucalyptus mulch typically comes from plantations in South and Central Florida where the trees are grown specifically for mulch. They grow quickly, so this mulch is considered renewable. Frequently Asked Questions about Florida - Friendly Landscaping 4 Utility mulch is sold or given away for free by many utility companies. This mulch comes from trimming trees and other plants that get in the way of power lines, but can come with weed seeds. Cypress mulch is composed of both wood and bark. Cypress trees, which grow in Florida's forested wetlands, are often harvested for lumber used in fencing, flooring, furniture and other wood products. Cypress mulch is often made from the waste wood generated in the manufacture of these products, but it may also be produced from whole trees cut from wetlands. The Florida - Friendly Landscapes program does not recommend the use of cypress mulch, as the origin of the mulch may be difficult to determine. Gravel or pebbles can be used as mulch, but they won't contribute to the soil's nutrient and organic content or water - holding capacity. If you choose to use these products, make sure to first install a woven ground cloth to keep them from sinking in sandy soils. These mulches last a long time, but will need to be cleared of debris to look their best. 7. Do I have to use all drought - tolerant plants for my yard to be Florida- Friendly? No. Follow the "right plant, right place" concept by choosing low- maintenance plants whose needs match the conditions in your landscape. Select plants from the UF/IFAS Florida - Friendly Plant List, and group plants according to their water needs. 8. Are native plants "better" than exotic plants? No. The best principle to keep in mind in your landscape is "right plant, right place." A plant's indigenous status does not affect its fertilizer or irrigation requirements. There is no scientific evidence that native plants require less fertilizer and water than plants not native to Florida. To put it another way, residential and commercial landscapes are often very different from the native conditions where a plant originated, even if they are found in the same state. Additionally, a plant that was previously indigenous to a site may not be adapted to the location any longer, depending on the way the site has been altered. In a recent research study, Florida native shrubs required the same irrigation as non - natives. Fertilizer requirements have not been tested. 9. What should I look for in maintenance professionals? Landscape maintenance professionals can take many kinds of trainings and display many different certifications, but there are only a few that OF /IFAS recommends. Ask if any of a landscape maintenance company's employees have any of the following licenses or certifications: • Florida - Friendly Best Management Practices (Florida Department of Environmental Protection and OF /IFAS) • International Society of Arboriculture certification (for tree work) • Limited Commercial Landscape Maintenance Certification (Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services) • Pesticide Applicator License (if pesticides will be applied) (Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services) • Any Florida Nursery, Growers & Landscape Association certifications • Limited Commercial Maintenance certification (Landscape Maintenance Association) 10. Can I save water by selecting one type of turfgrass over another? Many studies have been conducted on water use of turfgrasses. Most of these studies are conducted under "well- watered" conditions (i.e., no stress due to lack of water) and should not be confused with drought studies where water is withheld and the physiological responses of grasses are studied. Frequently Asked Questions about Florida - Friendly Landscapin4 5 All turfgrasses need water to remain green, whether it comes from rainfall or supplemental irrigation. Drought - tolerant grasses will go into dormancy during dry periods, growing more slowly or turning brown until conditions are favorable for growth. When enough soil moisture returns, these grasses can usually recover from drought- induced dormancy, rather than dying. For example, bahiagrass is drought- tolerant, but if it is not supplied with adequate water, the drought response of this grass will result in dormancy and a "dead" appearance. Much of the literature seems to indicate that there may be differences in water use between different warm season grasses. These disparities likely stem from natural differences in mowing heights (e.g., St. Augustinegrass lawns versus bermudagrass golf turf), fertility, leaf architecture, etc. However, these differences have not been clearly documented in Florida work. In one study, it was found that when maintained under UFAFAS recommendations, bahiagrass had 11 percent higher water use rates than St. Augustinegrass when well watered, but that the two grasses had similar transpiration rates when under continual stress. A current UFAFAS study is exploring the water use rates, under well watered conditions, of several grasses including St. Augustinegrass and bahiagrass. 11. 1 understand fertilizer may be needed for my landscape to be healthy. What fertilizer should I use? How often and at what rates? Landscapes If you're happy with the color and appearance of your landscape plants (shrubs, flowers, trees, etc.), you don't need to fertilize them. Many established plants don't need fertilizer, and many trees will thrive without it. Remember that fertilizer applied to turf will reach the roots of plants nearby, so if you fertilize your lawn, your plants may already be getting all the nutrients they need. Even when plants show signs of nutrient deficiencies, keep in mind that fertilizer might not help —these plants may not be suited for their location or their roots may be damaged in some way. Consider removing high - maintenance plants from your landscape and substituting lower- maintenance choices. In the early spring, mixtures containing a higher percentage of soluble than slow - release fertilizer materials should be used, e.g., 70 percent water - soluble and 30 percent slow - release. Palms $ Cycads Palms and cycads have more complex nutritional requirements than other landscape plants. The ideal fertilizer for palms and cycads has an analysis of 8- 2 -12 -4 Mg; all of its N, K, and Mg should be in slow -or controlled– release form. Since palms are prone to several potentially fatal micronutrient deficiencies, this fertilizer should also contain 1 -2 percent iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), plus trace amounts of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B). Using fertilizers with ratios other than the one given may cause or intensify nutrient deficiencies. Lawns A properly maintained lawn filters stormwater runoff, reduces air temperatures, and helps prevent pollution and stabilize soil. Grass that receives appropriate levels of fertilizer —not too little and not too much —might also require fewer cultural or chemical controls for weeds, insects, and diseases, since it grows more vigorously and is strong and healthy. On the other hand, over - fertilizing can aggravate pest problems, stimulate excessive growth, and require frequent watering. In addition, when too much nitrogen fertilizer is used on lawns, it can leach through the ground, past the root zones of grass, plants, and trees, and into the aquifer, where almost all of the freshwater used in Florida comes from. I can also be washed off by rainfall directly into surface water or stormwater systems. No matter what kind of grass you have and where in the state you live, you should apply up to 1 pound of nitrogen for every 1,000 square feet of lawn each time you apply fertilizer, if that fertilizer has 30 percent or more slow - release content. If the fertilizer Frequently Asked Questions about Florida - Friendly Landscaping 6 has 15 -30 percent slow- release content, apply up to .5 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. Specifically how much fertilizer is needed depends on the percentage of nitrogen in your fertilizer and the size of your landscape. To calculate how much fertilizer to apply to your lawn, see use Tables la and lb (see below). 12. What is the Florida - Friendly Green Industries BMP Educational Program? The Florida - Friendly Green Industries Best Management Practices (BMP) educational program was developed by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), OF /IFAS, industry represtentatives, and others to guide commercial lawn -care and landscape industry professionals in the use of sound horticultural practices. The goal of implementing the BMPs is to reduce potential environmental impact resulting from landscape maintenance. BMP practices use horticultural and environmental science -based information. OF /IFAS Extension offices and other venues statewide deliver the program via training to Green Industry workers. Many cities and counties have enacted local fertilizer ordinances which require lawn -care professionals to become certified in the BMPs. A written BMP Manual is available at the trainings or by contacting your county Extension office. 13. Who should become BMP certified —every worker, or just supervisors and foremen? BMP training is recommended for all Florida landscape industry workers, including installers, designers, mowers and pruners, fertilizer and pesticide operators, managers, and sales representatives. Individuals who successfully finish the training will receive a certificate of completion upon passing the course. Those who are unable to pass the written test due to literacy issues should still attend a training to improve their knowledge about environmental protection. The course and the written test are compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act and are offered in both English and Spanish. 14. Is a BMP training from one county good in another county? The BMP training program is a state educational program. There are strong incentives, both regulatory and financial, for local governments to accept the state program if they require training, but under their constitutional rights of Home Rule, it is not required. 15. Is a BMP Certificate of Completion good forever, or are updates required? If updates are required, how often? Training updates will be provided on a regular basis. At this time, individuals should plan to obtain additional training every one to three years if training is mandatory in their area, depending on their local ordinances. Instructors are required to be up to date at all times and are required to attend refresher courses every two years. Frequently Asked Questions about Florida- Friendly Landscaping 7 Table 1a. Recommended application rates for turfgrass fertilizers to Florida lawns: 30% or more slow - release nitrogen. In the table below, match the size of your lawn to the percentage of nitrogen (N) in your fertilizer to find the amount of fertilizer you need to apply. If you have a bahiagrass lawn, apply this amount of fertilizer about twice a year no matter where you live in the state. For centipedegrass, apply about once a year in North Florida and once or twice a year in Central and South Florida. For St. Augustinegrass or zoysiagrass, apply about two or three times a year in North and Central Florida and three or four times a year in South Florida. OF /IFAS recommends soil testing for phosphorus content before any P fertilizer is applied. 6% N 10% N 12% N 15% N 16% N 23% N 27% N 1,000 ft 2 16.5 lbs 10 lbs 8.5 lbs 6.5 lbs 6 lbs 4.5 lbs 4 lbs 1,100 ft 18.5 lbs 11 lbs 9.5 lbs 7 lbs 7 lbs 5 lbs 4 lbs 1,200 ft 20 lbs 12 lbs 10.5 lbs 8 lbs 7.5 lbs 5 lbs 4.5 lbs 1,300 ft 2 22 lbs 13 lbs 11.5 lbs 8.5 lbs 8 lbs 5.5 lbs 5 lbs 1,400 ft 23.5 lbs 14 lbs 12.5 lbs 9 lbs; 9 lbs 6 lbs 5 lbs 1,500 ft 25 lbs 15 lbs 13.5 lbs 10 lbs 9.5 lbs 6.5 lbs 5.5 lbs 2,000 ft 2 33.5 lbs 20 lbs 17 lbs 13 lbs 12 lbs 9 lbs 8 lbs 2,500 ft' 41.5 lbs 25 lbs 21 lbs 16.5 lbs 15.5 lbs; 11 Ibs 9.5 lbs 3,000 ft 2 50 lbs 30 lbs 25.5 lbs 19.5 lbs 18 lbs 13 lbs 12 lbs 3,500 ft 58 lbs 35 lbs 30 lbs; 23 lbs 21.5 lbs 15.5 lbs 13.5 lbs 4,000 ft 2 66 lbs 40 lbs 34 lbs 26 lbs; 24 lbs 18 lbs 16 lbs 4,500 ft 2 74 lbs 45 lbs 38 lbs 29.5 lbs 27.5 lbs 20 lbs 17.5 lbs 5,000 ft 2 82 lbs 50 lbs 1 42.5 1 b 33 lbs 31 lbs 22 lbs 19 lbs *These recommendations assume use of a properly calibrated spreader. See http:/ /www.yourforidalawn.ifas.ufl.edu for instructions on calibrating your spreader. Table 1b. Recommended application rates for turfgrass fertilizers to Florida lawns: 15-30% slow - release nitrogen. In the table below, match the size of your lawn to the percentage of nitrogen (N) in your fertilizer to find the amount of fertilizer you need to apply. If you have a bahiagrass lawn, apply this amount of fertilizer about four times a year no matter where you live in the state. For centipedegrass, apply about twice a year in North Florida and two to four times a year in Central and South Florida. For St. Augustinegrass or zoysiagrass, apply about four to six times a year in North and Central Florida and six to eight times a year in South Florida. OF /IFAS recommends soil testing for phosphorus content before any P fertilizer is applied. 6% N 10% N 12% N 15% N 16% N 23% N 27% N 1,000 ft 2 8.25 lbs 5 lbs 4.25 lbs 3.25 lbs 3 lbs; 2.25 lbs 2 lbs 1,100 ft 9.25 lbs 5.5 lbs 4.75 lbs 3.5 lbs 3.5 lbs 2.5 lbs 2 lbs 1,200 ft2 10 lbs 6 lbs 5.25 lbs; 4 lbs; 3.75 lbs 2.5 Ibs 2.25 lbs; 1,300 ft 2 11 lbs 6.5 lbs 5.75 lbs 4.25 lbs 4 lbs 2.75 lbs 2.5 lbs 1,400 ft 2 11.75 lbs 7 lbs 6.25 lbs 4.5 lbs 4.5 lbs 3 lbs 2.5 lbs 1,500 ft 12.5 lbs 7.5 lbs 6.75 lbs; 5 lbs 4.75 lbs; 3.25 lbs 2.75 lbs 2,000 ft 2 16.75 lbs 10 lbs 8.5 lbs 6.5 lbs 6 lbs 4.5 lbs 4 lbs; 2,500 ft 2 20.75 lbs 12.5 lbs 10.5 lbs; 8.25 lbs 7.75 lbs 5.5 lbs 4.75 lbs 3,000 ft 2 25 lbs 15 lbs 12.75 lbs 9.75 lbs 9 lbs 6.5 lbs 6 lbs 3,500 ft 2 29 lbs; 17.5 lbs; 15 lbs 11.5 lbs 10.75 lbs 7.75 lbs 6.75 lbs 4,000 ft 33 lbs 20 lbs 17 lbs 13 lbs 12 lbs 9 lbs 8 lbs 4,500 ft 2 37 lbs 22.5 lbs 19 lbs 14.75 lbs 13.75 lbs 10 lbs 8.75 lbs 5,000 ft 41 lbs 25 lbs 21.25 lbs 16.5 lbs 1 15.5 lbs 1 11 lbs, 1 9.5 lbs *These recommendations assume use of a properly calibrated spreader. See www.yourfloddalawn.ifas.ufl.edu for instructions on calibrating our spreader. Final Report Evaluation of Pollution Levels Due to the Use of Consumer Fertilizers under Florida Conditions Work Performed for the Florida Department of Transportation Submitted by Mancj Chopra, Ph.D., P.E. Marty Wanielista Ph.D., P.E. Sai Kakuturu, Ph. D., E.I. Mike Hardin, E.I. Erik Stuart, E. I. Stormwater Management Academy University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32816 FDOT Project Number: BDK78; Work Order #977 -04 UCF Office of Research Account Number: 16 -60 -7025 February 2011 S W F� r Disclaimer The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the State of Florida Department of Transportation. Furthermore, the authors are not responsible for the actual effectiveness of these control options or drainage problems that might occur due to their improper use. This does not promote the specific use of any of these particular systems. 11 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Evaluation of Pollution Levels Due to the Use of Consumer August 2010 Fertilizers under Florida Conditions 6. Performing Organization Code Stormwater Management Academy 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Manoj Chopra, Marty Wanielista, Sai Kakuturu, Mike Hardin, and Erik Stuart 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Stormwater Management Academy University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32816 11. Contract or Grant No. BDK78 #977 -04 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Florida Department of Transportation Final Report; May 2008 — Feb 2011 605 Suwannee Street, MS 30 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Tallahassee, FL 32399 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract The Florida Department of Transportation has taken steps to reduce the amount of phosphorus and the time release of fertilizer compounds in all of its operations. Consequently, there may be a reduction in the mass of phosphorus being released to adjacent water bodies. This research project aims to provide a scientific basis for quantifying the reduction in nutrient losses from highway slopes due to changes in fertilization practices. 46 tests were conducted at the University of Central Florida, using the field -scale rainfall simulator and test bed for evaluating the effects of changes in FDOT's highway fertilization practices. These tests simulated three slopes and three rainfall intensities. The tests were conducted on two sod -soil combinations - Argentine Bahia over AASHTO A -3 soil and Pensacola Bahia over AASHTO A -2 -4 soil. Two N -P -K fertilizers were tested reflecting the change in FDOT practice, namely 10 -10 -10 or 16 -0 -8 (Slow Release). Run -off and base flow water samples were collected and analyzed for determining the masses of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate (TP). The mass balance of nutrients in the test bed was also analyzed based on weather data, available theoretical models, and field test data. It is concluded that the 16 -0 -8 (SR) on A -3 soil results in 66.5% reduction of total nitrogen compared to 10- 10 -10. Lack of phosphorus in 16 -0 -8 (SR) did not deter the growth of Argentine Bahia. Argentine Bahia over A -3 had resulted in 28.6 % less loss of TN, and about 24.4 % less loss of TP, compared to the Pensacola Bahia over A -2 -4 due to the higher infiltration capacity of A -3 soil compared with A -2 -4 soil. The results of nine tests conducted without fertilization confirms the lack of sufficient insitu nutrients in borrow area soils, and thus the need for highway fertilization. In all the tests, the turbidity and concentration of total solids was lower than the acceptable limits, which proves the usefulness of these turf grasses in preventing soil erosion. Overall, the loss of nutrients increased with steepness of slope and rainfall intensity but some exceptions were caused by accumulation of nutrients, seasonal variations between different tests, and the bio- physico- chemical interactions of the soil - nutrient -turf system with the weather. 17. Key Word 18. Distribution Statement Stormwater, Consumer Fertilizer, Nutrient No Restrictions Loading, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Rainfall Intensity, Slope, Argentine Bahia, Pensacola Bahia, Best Management Practices (BMPs) 19. Security Classification (of this report) 20. Security Classification (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified I Unclassified 1 200 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8 -72) Reproduction of completed page authorized iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Optimum fertilization of turf grasses is essential for simultaneous prevention of both soil erosion and nutrient pollution. This is a critical issue in Florida as summer rainfall is quite intensive and environmental protection agencies are restoring water bodies by implementing Basin Management Action Plans (BMAPs). The Florida Department of Transportation recently changed its highway fertilization practices to reduce loss of nutrients and to meet the designated water quality restoration targets, also called Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). This research project was commenced in July 2008 to provide a scientific basis for quantifying the reduction in nutrient losses from highway slopes due to changes in fertilization practices. Our prime research objective was simulating the factors that result in loss of nutrients from fertilized highway slopes, videlicet (viz.), rainfall intensity, highway slope, soil type, and sod type, which are unique to Florida due to the geological and meteorological conditions. The experimental investigations were conducted using a custom designed field-scale test bed and rainfall simulator at the Stormwater Management Academy Research and Testing Laboratory (SMARTL) at the University of Central Florida. The test bed is 30 ft. long, 8 ft. wide, and 1 ft. deep, and is hydraulically adjustable to a desired slope. Highway embankments in southern and central Florida are typically constructed with A -3 type soil, classified as per the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) system, and covered with Argentine Bahia sod for erosion prevention. In northern Florida, A -2 -4 type soils and Pensacola Bahia sod are more prevalent. The rainfall intensities and slopes used in this study closely simulate the conditions on Florida's highways. The test bed was filled with A -3 or A -2 -4 soil and was compacted to A- simulate highway embankment construction. Argentine or Pensacola Bahia sod was laid on the compacted soil and allowed to establish roots before commencing the testing. Tests were first conducted on desired slopes with desired rainfall intensities, without any fertilizer, for establishing baseline conditions for that soil -turf combination. Then, tests were continued by applying fertilizer at a rate to result in 1 lb or 0.5 lb of nitrogen (N) per 1000 ft2, and other corresponding nutrients as per the fertilizer formulation. The run -off and base flow samples were collected and analyzed for evaluating the loss of nutrients. Two composite fertilizers consisting of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K) were used. Either a common fertilizer (10 -10 -10 N -P -K), representing FDOT's past practice, or a slow release fertilizer, 16 -0 -8 (SR) N -P -K, that represents FDOT's current practice. Some portion of 16 -0 -8 is slow release (SR) nitrogen, i.e., polymer or sulfur coated urea instead of ammonium sulfate. A total of 46 tests were conducted in this study (described in Tables 3.1 and 3.2). Seven tests were conducted on Argentine Bahia sod over A -3 soil, using 10 -10 -10 @ 1 lb of N per 1000 ft2. They consisted of three tests on a 25% slope (4 horizontal to 1 vertical), at three different rainfall intensities of 0.5 in/hr, 1 in/hr, and 3 in/hr. The remaining four tests were at slopes of 33% and 50% at rainfalls of 0.5 in/hr, and 1 in/hr. At the same slopes and rainfalls, seven tests were conducted using 16 -0 -8 (SR) @ 1 lb of N per 1000 ft2. At FDOT's request for evaluating the effect of their reduction in fertilization application, seven tests were repeated using 16 -0 -8 (SR) @ 0.5 lb of N per 1000 W. Similarly, 14 tests were done on Pensacola Bahia sod over A -2- 4 soil, using 10 -10 -10 @ 1 lb of N per 1000 ft2 and 16 -0 -8 (SR) @ 0.5 lb of N per 1000 ft2. Nine tests were conducted without any fertilizer application, for evaluating the baseline level of nutrients in the tested soil -turf combinations. These tests were conducted on a 25% slope at three different rainfall intensities of 0.5 in/hr, 1 in/hr, and 3 in/hr. All these 44 tests were vi conducted as one -day tests, with each simulated one -hour rainfall, preceded by an irrigation event that represents FDOT's practice of wetting after fertilization, and a post - rainfall flush event for washing out the nutrients remaining in the test bed after the simulated rainfall. In addition, two tests were conducted as seven -day tests on a 33% slope at a rainfall intensity of 3 in/hr, applied on days 1, 3, and 7, for evaluating the loss of nutrients in a series of storms that are common in Florida. The measured volumes of run -off and base flow, together with nutrient concentrations of tested water samples, were used for determining the losses of nitrogen and phosphate during the pre - irrigation, simulated rain, and post -flush events. As about five weeks were needed for changing soil, laying sod, and allowing it to establish roots, these 46 tests were conducted on four soil -turf combinations. Though flush events were applied after each simulated rainfall for removing the post -test nutrients in the test bed, there was some nutrient accumulation in the soil, as it is bound to happen on FDOT's fertilized highway embankments. Based on the theoretical models and parametric values for nutrient uptake by grass and the physico- chemical soil - nutrient - weather interactions, this nutrient accumulation in these four soil -turf combinations were analyzed. The measured losses of nutrients were scrutinized, with and without this modeling basis, and were compared for meeting the specific objectives of this study. Comparing the performance of 10 -10 -10 with 16 -0 -8 (SR), both @ 1 lb of N /1000 ft2, on Argentine Bahia over A -3 soil, it was concluded that 16 -0 -8 (SR) results in a 66.5 % reduction of total nitrogen (TN) lost to thWvironment. The growth of grass was comparable in both cases,► and the water collected was low in turbidity and total suspended solids. The measured value of total phosphate in the seven tests using 10 -10 -10 was 20.85 g (2.1% of applied P), while just 0.73 g of total phosphate was measured in the seven tests using 16 -0 -8 (SR). This 0.73 g is from vii the original P in borrowed soil. These findings confirm the usefulness of slow release fertilizers in reducing the nitrogen leaching to water bodies and that highway turfs can be growing even by eliminating phosphate addition. The performance of Pensacola Bahia sod over A -2 -4 was compared to Argentine Bahia sod over A -3, with regard to the fourteen corresponding tests on each combination. It was concluded that Argentine over A -3 had resulted in 28.6 % less loss of TN and about 24.4 % less loss of TP compared to the Pensacola over A -2 -4. It was determined that this is essentially due to the higher infiltration capacity of the A -3 soil compared to the A -2 -4 soil which allowed for reduced run -off and more seeping in of nutrients. Therefore, it is suggested that the highway slopes be provided with a surface layer of A -3 soil, even if the rest of the embankment is built with A -24. At the request of FDOT, the differences between one -day and seven -day tests as well as the differences between 1 lb and 0.5 lb of N per 1000 ftz application rates while using 16 -0 -8 (SR) were analyzed. Counter - intuitively, the application rate of 0.5 lb of N resulted in more losses than the 1 lb of N application rate, while the one -day tests resulted in more losses than during the first day of the seven -day tests. Though definitive conclusions are elusive, it was determined that it is likely due to the nutrient accumulation in the test bed, the variations in the nutrient uptake by grass, and the physico - chemical soil - nutrient- weather interactions making the nutrients either available or unavailable for leaching. The nutrient mass balance analyses presented in Ch. 4 are limited by the availability of theoretical models and parametric values. Very low masses of nutrients (4.14 g of TN and 7.29 of TP) were measured in the water collected from the six tests conducted without fertilizer application. These tests suggest the need viii for highway fertilization. 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M CD c r 1° c r t WA April 11, 2011 Representative Jeffrey Brandes 1301 The Capitol 402 South Monroe Street Tallahassee, FL 32399 -1300 Dear Representative Brandes: "Thank you for offering your amendment to HB 457- Fertilizer, the stated intent of which is to allow local governments to go forward prospectively to adopt more stringent ordinances to protect their water quality. While we may differ on whether the language of your amendment accomplishes this or not, water quality advocates share your goal. Pinellas County and the Tampa Bay Estuary Program have worked tirelessly to protect area water resources and the local tourism -based economy in a manner that saves rather than spends tax dollars. Wise urban fertilizer management is the best example of those efforts and they have used hard science to create the "Nampa Bay program. Policy decisions require solid information. Unfortunately, on March 23 during the I louse Community & Military Affairs Subcommittee meeting, you and the subcommittee heard testimony by Dr. Terril Nell that was incomplete. From the reports of your reactions to Dr. Nell's comments, and from your statement in the State Affairs Committee that lawn fertilizer contributes only a small percentage of non -point source pollution, I believe you may be interested in revisiting his testimony and contrasting it the actual science that has been used by Pinellas County and other oca governments in the dra ing o stronger- than ode ordinances. On March 23, Dr. Nell was asked a question by Rep. Pafford. What follows is a transcript of that exchange: Rep. Pafford: Is there a breakdown you can provide? Pick a region of Florida because I am sure it is different throughout the entire state, of the pollutants, whether it is runoff, seepage. You know is there a percentage breakdown that is available?" Terril Nell: "Unfortunately there is not. To the best of my knowledge there is not. The only thing I can share with you are the figures that I have gained from EPA scientists working in the Chesapeake Bay which are saving that three percent or less of the nutrients in the Chesapeake Bay are due to landscape fertilizer." On April 2, Dr. Nell was emailed a request for the scientific data from which he drew the "three percent or less" information. On April 4, Nell responded (attached RE A small favor.htm tile) with the following message: "The information I shared with the FL House Community and Military Affairs Subcommittee was obtained through phone conversations in 2007 with Richard Batiuk, US Environmental Protection Agency Scientist and Associate Director of Science for the Chesapeake Bay Program." Jerry 6fGtj-e 11 Clearly, the subcommittee should have received more than memories from phone conversations held four years ago in answer to Rep. Pafford's question, especially in light of the following information. Please find below and attached the current Chesapeake Bay and Florida- specific research material Dr. Nell failed to present: 1. Chesapeake Bay: Urban Fertilizers & the Chesapeake B({v: An Opportunitv fur Major Pollution Reduction by Heather Dewar, Megan Cronin and Tommy Landers; Environment Maryland Research & Policy Center, March 2011 (attached). From the Executive Summary) (p 2): ``Scientists in Texas, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Connecticut and Canada have also confirmed that pollutants in lawn fertilizer can significantly harm surface water quality ". The Chesapeake Bay Program] a collaborative effort between the EPA and Chesapeake Bay Watershed states - encourages eliminating urban fertilizer use during the rainy season: Skip the lawn fertilizer z "Heavy spring rains wash fertilizers off our lawns and into local waterways, where they can fuel the growth of algae that harms fish and blue crabs." "You can replace traditional springtime fertilizing with grasscycling, or leaving leftover grass clippings on your lawn alter mowing. Grass clippings are a natural fertilizer that can reduce 25 to 50 percent of your lawn's nitrogen needs." Nitrogen Input.front Residential Lawn Care Practices in Suburban Watersheds in Baltimore County, MD From Conclusions (p 752): "The residential lawn care survey is one of a few studies that attempted to determine the input of nitrogen from fertilizers within an urban watershed. tt was found that approximately 53% of the total nitrogen budget in Glyndon is from lawn fertilization." 2. Florida Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Divisions of Water Resource Management and Environmental Assessment & Restoration Wekiva River Study (March 201 0)4 The study found that 15% of the nitrogen inputs to the Wekiva Basin came from residential fertilizer in the Wekiva Study Area (WSA), which is only 21% residential (graph attached). b. Evaluation of Pollution Levels Due to the Use of Consumer Fertilizers under Florida Conditions, by Stormwater Management Academy, University of Central Florida, for Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT)5 From Summary: "Using the results of the study, researchers determined that of the 112,020 pounds of nitrogen applied annually, 18,477 pounds wash into surface waters." "Consequently, FDOT determined that it could meet its TNWL target simply by ceasing to apply fertilizer to roadside vegetation. In addition FDOT is saving approximately $150,000 per year in fertilizer and application costs." Lake Tarpon Groundwater Nutrient Study (Pinellas County From Summary and Conclusions (p 43): "The loading rates for each well attributed to a fertilizer source by isotope analysis were summed, which resulted in approximately 79 percent of the total nitrogen load to the lake." Areal Extent, Source and Ecological Status of Organic Sediment Accumulation in Safety Harbor, Tampa Bay. 2009. Technical Report #07 -09 of the Tampa Bay Estuary Program. Prepared by the College of Marine Science, USF (E. Peebles, D. Hollander, S. Locker, P. Swarzenski and G. Brooks)' From Summary (p vi) "sediments in Safety Harbor have been trending away from isotopic signatures associated with Tampa Bay microalgae and toward increased terrestrial sources (indicated by carbon isotopes) and increased inorganic fertilizer sources (indicated by nitrogen isotopes)." The foregoing information demonstrates that Dr. Nell omitted important Chesapeake Bay data and neglected to inform the committee of the recent Florida research that actually answers Rep. Pafford's question. The FDEP Wekiva River Basin study puts the number at 15 percent. Rep. Pafford was right, different watersheds in Florida are subject to different urban fertilizer impacts due to variations in land use patterns. However, Florida - specific research points to significant influence from urban fertilizers in those watersheds studied to date. Gulf coast communities are concerned that their waters will continue to be adversely affected if upstream counties and cities are preempted from adopting protective and meaningful urban fertilizer ordinances. It is my hope that this explication of the facts will be useful to you in your service to the citizens of Florida. Sincerely, Cathy Harrelson Pinellas County Environmental Science Forum, Policy Chair Pinellas County Local Planning Authority member Pinellas County Transportation "Task Force member Tampa Bay Estuary Program Educational Steering Committee member 231 44th Ave NE St. Petersburg, FL 33703 727 -415 -8805 l � Fertilizer ordinance Passed 2007 Passed 2008 Passed 2008 City of Naples Passed SF Regional Planning 5/18/2011 -miln u vou+nS 5/18/2011 2 rrrtglr OrMaa ce "w WOO ow a, i 5/18/2011 5/18/2011 .J 5/18/2011 SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Stormwater Systems in Your Neighborhood ,r .-T I Maintaining landscaping and improving stormwater ponds Southwest The Southwest Florida Water Management District (District) is the agency responsible for managing and protecting your water resources. The District's mission is to maintain the balance between the water needs of current and future users, as well as to protect and maintain natural Systems. Florida Water Management District 0 Aormwater Systems Simply put, a stormwater system is a tool for managing the runoff from rainfall. When rainwater lands on rooftops, parking lots, street; driveways and other surfaces that go through, the runoff (c cannot all ed stormwater runoff) flows into grates, swales or ditches located around your neighborhood. These send the water into your stormwater pond. A stormwater pond is specifically Prevent flooding and remove p l utant from the water before it can drain into the ground water — our main source of drinking water - or into streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries or the gulf. Your stormwater pond might be located in Your backyard, down the street or on nearby Property. Without a stormwater system, the stormwater runoff usually flows into the nearest water body without treatment. The runoff carries pollutants such as litter, motor oil, gasoline, fertilizers, pesticides, pet wastes, sediments and anything else that can float, dissolve or be swept way by moving water. History of Stormwater Systems Wetlands are Florida's original stormwater systems and once covered more than half the state. Wetlands are extremely valuable resources becausethey: Control flooding. They do this by soaking up and retaining excess water like a giant sponge. They also slow down water flow, giving floodwaters more time to recede. • Serve as habitat for a variety of plants and animals. Many endangered plant and animal species depend on wetlands for their survival. Improve water quality. Wetlands slow down the flow of water and absorb pollutants, storing them, breaking them down and in some cases even using them as nutrients. Unfortunately, because people once misunderstood the true value of wetlands, more than one -half of our original wetlands have been drained for agriculture or filled for roads, housing developments and industrial complexes. As development increased and more paved areas covered the land, stormwater runoff became the primary source of pollution to surface waters in Florida. In the early 1980s, the Florida Legislature passed laws requiring treatment of storm water. How Stormwater Systems Work Stormwater systems come in a variety of shapes, sizes and forms, but basically there are two types, retention and detention. Retention System Retention System A retention system is designed to allow water to seep through soil into the shallow groundwater aquifer. A system can be constructed or it can be a natural depression. Grass stabilizes basin slopes and filters sediments. Retention systems are constructed so that storm water percolates into the ground without direct discharge to natural surface water bodies. Swale A swale is a linear retention system. It is either a constructed or natural area shaped to allow water to be quickly absorbed into the ground or to allow the water to flow to other water bodies. As in a shallow ditch, a swale promotes water absorption through soils. Swales hold water during and immediately after a storm, but they are generally dry. Detention System Detention System Detention systems (ponds) are the most recognizable stormwater system. They are designed to allow material to settle and be absorbed. After a storm, water slowly drains from the pond through a pipe in the "outflow" structure. Part of the pond, known as the permanent pool, is always below the level of the drain structure. Constructed detention systems (ponds) are required to have aquatic plants around the perimeter to help filter sediment in stormwater runoff. The owner of the pond should refer to the permit for exact specifications. Because retention and detention systems were designed to imitate natural processes, individuals may have stormwater systems on or near their property without realizing it. What appears to be a natural indentation in the backyard may have been designed as a stormwater swale. What looks like a wild patch of shrubbery may be an important vegetative buffer around a pond. Responsibility for Stormwater Systems In Florida, the responsibility for permitting most stormwater systems rests with the water management districts. After developers complete construction of permitted systems in residential areas, the permit and the legal responsibility for maintaining these systems are typically passed on to a homeowners, condominium owners or property owners association. It is then that the upkeep and maintenance of the system becomes the responsibility of the association, not the developers or the water management district. The association is responsible for labor and expenses for keeping the system functional. This responsibility applies to every homeowner and property owner in the neighborhood, even if they do not live adjacent to a detention or retention system, as everyone's storm water flows into the system. Copies of your association's operation and maintenance permit, plans and maintenance guidelines were provided at the time of the transfer to your association's representative. For more specific information about your pond, you may call the Southwest Florida Water Management District's stormwater permitting staff. Contact information can be found on page 19 of this booklet. Preventing Water Pollution You can help conserve and improve the quality of water that enters the stormwater ponds and promote a healthy environment within your community by following the advice provided below. stormwater system Maintenance If properly maintained, stormwater ponds help prevent flooding and filter out pollutants before they reach streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, ground water, estuaries and, ultimately, the gulf. Following are a few basic maintenance guidelines that can help keep your stormwater system functioning properly: • Clear or clean inflow /outflow structures. • Remove nuisance and excess vegetation. • Repair eroded slopes. • Clean up trash and yard waste in your yard and gutters and around storm drains. Florida - Friendly Landscaping • Apply Florida - Friendly Landscaping` principles to your landscape, which can conserve water and reduce pollution of water resources. By knowing your plants' soils and water needs, you can dramatically reduce the amount of water used for irrigation, chemicals used for pest control and fertilizers used for growth. Information on Florida - friendly landscaping can be found on the District's web site, WaterMatters.org/, or on the University of Florida's web site, Florida Yards.org/. • Plant trees around the perimeter of a stormwater pond to help shade the area, absorb nutrients and lower-the water table. • Plant a buffer zone (minimum of ten feet) of low- maintenance plants between your lawn and shoreline to absorb nutrients and provide wildlife habitat. Chemical Use on Landscape. • Use nontoxic chemical alternatives whenever possible and pull weeds by hand. • Avoid overuse of fertilizers, especially near the water's edge. Rain and lawn watering can wash excess fertilizer into water bodies where excess nutrients cause algal blooms (green pond scum) and undesirable weed growth. The University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences recommends using fertilizers with a high percentage of slow- release nitrogen. The higher percentage of slow - release, the less chance of leaching into Florida's water bodies. Proper fertilizer application can result in less mowing, less thatch buildup, less irrigation, fewer nutrients washing into ponds and water bodies, and fewer insect and disease problems. Use only herbicides labeled for aquatic use when maintaining stormwater ponds. Herbicides not labeled for aquatic use may harm fish and other aquatic life, and their application to aquatic sites is prohibited by state and federal law. Wait until grass is actively growing to apply fertilizer. Fertilizer applied when grass is not growing wastes your money and time and can contaminate your water. If fertilizer is spilled on the lawn or on the sidewalk or pavement, sweep it up as thoroughly as possible and put it back in the bag. Additional Tips for Preventing Water Pollution Never dump oils and other chemicals from your home directly into stormwater drains, which are direct conduits to your stormwater pond or natural water body. Contact your local government's waste management department for a list of disposal facilities. Keep vehicles tuned up and in good operating condition. Check for drips and repair leaks immediately to keep nuisance oils off pavement. Buy low- or no- phosphate cleaners and detergents. Phosphates act as a fertilizer and increase algae and aquatic weeds in stormwater ponds. When these plants die, they rob the water of oxygen and fish may die. Wash your vehicles, bicycles and home equipment on the lawn, where soapy water can't quickly run toward the nearest storm drain, picking up other pollutants as it goes. Wash your car with nontoxic, low - phosphate soap and use water sparingly. Sweep walks and driveways instead of hosing them down. Clean up pet wastes from which nutrients and bacteria can enter the stormwater drains and contaminate the water system. • Avoid cutting your lawn too short, which reduces its effectiveness in capturing runoff. Leaving it taller will help it to survive dry periods. Never deposit lawn clippings in water bodies and storm drains as this can increase oxygen demand in the water, which can significantly harm fish populations. Use lawn clippings for mulch or compost. Do not fill stormwater ponds, swales and retention systems because this can cause flooding and endanger water bodies. Stormwater systems are designed and constructed to an appropriate size. Any reduction in treatment volume will interfere with the pond's ability to hold stormwater runoff. Changing the elevation of large pieces of property can have drastic impacts on where storm water flows. Consult the stipulations of your neighborhood's permit before any construction. a Aquascaping Your Stormwater Pond Aquascaping is simply landscaping the shoreline of ponds with aquatic and wetland plants. Aquascaped ponds and lakes have fewer problems than those without aquascaping. Desirable vegetation will filter polluted runoff, trap sediments, control the growth of nuisance vegetation and help make the pond visually pleasing. Aquatic plants pump oxygen into the water and create habitats by providing cover and nurseries for fish and other organisms. More importantly, vegetated shorelines help improve water quality. Choose desirable, low- maintenance plants to aquascape your stormwater pond. Not all plants are good for aquascaping, and the removal of prohibited or unwanted plants can be difficult. Associations are advised to contact a reputable pond management company for most vegetation management programs. The next few pages contain a brief overview of some desirable, high- maintenance and prohibited aquatic plants. a Plants Desirable for Aquascaping Aquascaping is landscaping in and around your pond. These plants are preferred for your "aquatic garden" as they grow slowly and require little maintenance. American white waterlily... Nymphaea odorata Arrowhead .......................... Sagittaria latifolia Blue flag iris or Dixie iris ... Iris hexagona Bog buttons ........................ Lachnocaulon spp. Bur - marigold ...................... Bidens laevis Duck potato ........................ Sagittaria lancifolia Giant bulrush ..................... Scirpus californicus Golden canna ..................... Canna flaccida Gulf Coast spikerush.......... Eleocharis cellulosa Lemon bacopa .................... Bacopa carohmana Lizard's tail .......................... Saururus cernuus Maidencane ........................ Panicum hemitomon Pickerelweed ....................... Pontederia cordata Pipewort ............................. Eriocaulon spp. Soft rush ............................. Juncus effusus Softstem bulrush ................ Scirpus tabernaemontani Spikerush ............................ Eleocharis sp. St. John's wort ..................... Hypericum brachy phylum Swamp lily .......................... Crinum americanum Tapegrass or eelgrass.......... Vallisneria americana Threadleaf arrowhead........ Sagittaria filiformis Bur - marigold Pickerelweed Golden canna Bidens laevis Pontederia cordata Canna flaccida Photo: Vic Ramey Photo: A. Murray Photo: A. Murray 0 2002 Univ. Florida o 1999 Univ. Florida O 2000 Univ. Florida Spikerush Eleocharis sp. Photo: Photographer not listed Q date not listed Univ. Florida High- Maintenance Aquatic Plants These plants may or may not be native, but they grow quickly and may become weedy. The list below is not recommended. Bladderwort ........................ Utricularia spp. Cattail .. ............................... Typha sp. Coontail .............................. Ceratophyllum demersum Duckweed ........................... Spirodela polyrhiza Mosquito fern ..................... Azolla sp. Paragrass ............................. Urochloa mutica Pennywort ........................... Hydrocotyle sp. Sedge .... ............................... Cyperus sp. Smartweed .......................... Polygonum spp. Southern naiad ................... Najas guadalupensis Spatterdock ......................... Nuphar advena Torpedograss ...................... Panicum repens Water fern ........................... Salvinia minima Wild taro ............................. Colocasia esculenta Cattail Duckweed Spatterdock Wild taro Typha sp. Spirodela polyrhiza Nuphar advena Colocasia esculenta Photo: Kerry Dressler Photo: Vic Ramey Photo: Vic Ramey Photo: Vic Ramey 1996 - m 2000 Univ. Florida O 2005 Univ. Florida © 2005 Univ. Florida Prohibited Aquatic Plants Prohibited plants are aggressive weeds that are restricted by state or federal law. These invasive plants may not be possessed, transported, cultivated or imported without a special permit. Alligatorweed ..................... Alternanthera philoxeroides Aquarium watermoss......... Salvinia molesta Eurasian watermilfoil......... Myriophyllum spicatum Hydrilla ............................... Hydrilla verticillata Water spinach ..................... Ipomoea aquatica Waterhyacinth .................... Eichhornia crassipes Waterlettuce ........................ Pistia stratiotes Hydrilla Waterhyacinth Hydrilla verticillata Eichhornia crassipes Photo: Vic Ramey Photo: A. Murray © 1999 Univ. Florida m 2002 Univ. Florida Contact Information Your stormwater pond has been designed and constructed to meet specific criteria to ensure that it functions properly. For more information about stormwater treatment systems, call your closest Southwest Florida Water Management District office. Brooksville Headquarters 2379 Broad Street Brooksville, FL 34604 -6899 (352) 796 -7211 • 1- 800 - 423 -1476 (FL only) This office handles permits for Hernando, Pasco, Citrus, Lake, Levy, Marion and Sumter counties. Bartow Service Office 170 Century Boulevard Bartow, FL 33830 -7700 (863) 534 -1448 • 1- 800 - 492 -7862 (FL only) This office handles permits for Polk, Highlands and Hardee counties. Sarasota Service Office 6750 Fruitville Road Sarasota, FL 34240 -9711 (941) 377 -3722 • 1- 800 - 320 -3503 (FL only) This office handles permits for Sarasota, Manatee, Charlotte and DeSoto counties. Tampa Service Office 7601 Highway 301 North Tampa, FL 33637 -6759 (813) 985 -7481 • 1 -800- 836 -0797 (FL only) This office handles permits for Hillsborough and Pinellas counties. The Southwest Florida Water Management District (District) does not discriminate on the basis of disability.This nondiscrimination policy involves every aspect of the District's functions, including access to and participation in the District's programs and activities. Anyone requiring reasonable accommodation as provided for in the Americans with Disabilities Act should contact the District's Human Resources Director, 2379 Broad St., Brooksville, FL 34604 -6899; telephone (352) 796 -7211 or 1 -800- 423 -1476 (FL only),ext.4702; TDD 1- 800 - 231 -6103 (FL only); or email ADACoordinator @WaterMotters.org. BALANCING WATER NEEDS ... PROTECTING WATER RESOURCES Southwest Florida Water Management District WAI I RMATTERS.ORG • 1- 800- 423 -147(> For more information, please contact: Southwest Florida Water Management District 2379 Broad Street Brooksville, FL 34604 -6899 (352) 796 -7211 1- 800 - 423 -1476 (FL only) Some text excerpted from the Neighborhood Guide to Stormwater Systems. Used with permission of the St. Johns River Water Management District. D. Over the past year, Sarasota County has worked diligently to develop a fertilizer and landscape management code that will reduce nutrient pollution flowing into our bays. Numerous stakeholder meetings were held with combined groups of citizens, environmentalists, state and local government staff and landscape maintenance professionals. The final product is the Sarasota County Fertilizer and Landscape Management Code, Ordinance No. 2007-062. (Go to scgoy.net to view a complete copy of the ordinance). Things to look for in your, lawn maintenance comPa" Y • Maintain a 10' fertilizer-free zone around water bodies and wetlands? Questions? Contact the Sarasota County Call Center at 941-861-5000. 9 Sarasota. County scgov.net 1941.861.5000 1 TV19 cs Highlights of the code are listed here to help you make a difference in your own neighborhood in protecting and preserving our spectacular water playground. loft I-- Fertilizer - free --� Zone 3 L Fertilizer -free Zone: No fertilizer may be applied to impervious (non - porous) surfaces, and any spillage must be removed. Fertilizer may not be applied within 10 feet of any water body or wetland Low-Maintenance Zone: A six -foot low- maintenance zone of landscape plants appropriate to preventing fertilizer runoff is recommended for any water body or wetland. % of Total N as Slow - Release Nitrogen (SRN) _ 7 x 100 = 50% 4 (Meets 50% SRN Sarasota County Requirement) Restricted Season No fertilizer containing nitrogen or phosphorus shall be applied to turf or landscape plants between June I -Sept. 30 of each year. Phosphorus Applications Shall not exceed 0.25 pounds per 1,000 square feet at each application, and shall not exceed a total of 0.5 pounds per 1,000 square feet per year. Nitrogen Applications Nitrogen fertilizer must contain at least 50 percent slow - release nitrogen. No more than four pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet may be applied to turf or landscape plants each year. NOTE' State of Florida regulations allow a maximum of 0.7 pounds of readily available (soluble) or 1 pound of total nitrogen per 1,000 square feet may be applied at any one time to turf Deflector Shields A deflector` shield is required on all broadcast spreaders to prevent fertilizer from being applied within 10 feet of any water body or wetland. Grass Clippings No grass clippings, vegetative material or vegetative debris may be deposited in stormwater drains, ditches, conveyances,` water bodies or roadways. Commercial and Institutional fertilizer Applicators All applicators of fertilizer (except homeowners on their own property) must receive training and certification in a Sarasota County- approved Best Management Practices (BMP) training program. Enforcement Enforcement actions will take place through the use of county Code Enforc `went p cedures od civil penalties wl IIEWMAMIVA sus HOW TO FERTILIZE LIKE A And follow Pinellas County law Summer rains wash fertilizer into our lakes and oceans, spoiling our water. That's why it's illegal in Pinellas County to fertilize your lawn during the rainy season, and why slow- release is required the rest of the year. JUNE THROUGH SEPTEMBER • Skip the fertilizer. Pinellas County law bans the sale or use of lawn or landscape fertilizers containing nitrogen or phosphorous from June 1 to September 30. • Pump some iron. Use Florida- friendly yard products that contain micronutrients to green Lip your lawn. • Get better dirt. Add compost, composted cow or chicken manure, perlite or other soil amendments. • Pick better plants. Florida - friendly landscaping needs less fertilizer, water and overall care. Visit www.BeFioridian.org to learn more. • Twice is nice. Fertilize just twice a year, in April and October. • Watch the weather. Rainstorms don't water in fertilizer, they wash it away. • Skip the phosphorus. The Tarnpa Bay region is naturally rich in phosphorous. Only use phosphorus- based fertilizer if a soil test turns up a deficiency. • Choose slow - release. Pinellas County law requires lawn or landscape fertilizers with nitrogen to be at least 50% slow - release (also called timed - release, controlled release or slowly available) from October 1 to May 31. a� x F S EVE N WAYS TO STEP IT 1 I AND KEEP OUR VVATERS FUN READY TO tats ALL OUT? After all, our very way of life — boating, fishing, relaxing by the water while sipping drinks with little umbrellas — is at stake. Test your turf. If the problem is a pH imbalance, pest invasion, or disease, fertilizer won't help. Call the Pinellas County Extension Service for help at 727 -582 -2100. Perfect 10. Keep fertilizer at least 10 feet away from any body of water. Sweep it up. Whisk fertilizer granules off sidewalks, streets and driveways. Otherwise, it's algae food. On your guard. Use a spreader with a deflector shield or edge guard so you spread fertilizer only where you need it. Keep the clippings. Leave grass clippings right on your lawn. Ciippings can supply up to 50% of the nitrogen your grass needs. Mow high. Mowing too short stresses the turf and makes it vulnerable to disease, pests, and drought. Typical St. Augustine grass should be mowed at 3.5 to 4 inches. Be Floridian. What works in New Jersey or Ohio is silly herein the semitropics. Learn how to design your yard for where you live now at www.BeFloridian.org. The South Florida water Management District is a regional, governmental agency that oversees the water resources in the southern half of the state. It is the oldest and largest of the state's five water management districts. Our Mission is to manage and protect water resources of the region by balancing and improving water quality, flood control, natural systems and water supply. Seagrape quick facts on. e qA Florida - Friendly Landscaping: How to Save Water through Water -Smart Planting Did you know that half of all potable (drinking) water in South Florida is used for outdoor irrigation? You can cut outdoor water use substantially by installing water - conserving plants and applying Florida - friendly landscaping principles in your outdoor spaces. Florida - friendly landscaping conserves water and protects the environment through the use of native and drought - tolerant landscaping, with proper maintenance and water -wise irrigation. Follow the nine principles of Florida- friendly landscaping, and you'll be well on your way to saving water and enjoying your beautiful Florida yard! 1. Right Plant, Right Place. Almost any plant will survive in your landscape if you plant it in the right place. You can drastically reduce the need for water, fertilizer, pesticides and ornning if yon choose and group plants according to their water and sunlight needs, as well as the type of soil, sunlight exposure and water conditions of your planting sites. Be sure to also remove invasive exotic plants that may steal water and nutrients from your Florida - friendly plants. 2. Water Efficiently. Efficient watering will not only help you save money and conserve water, it can also create a healthier landscape. Avoid overwatering, use micro - irrigation, and water your lawn and plants only when you know they need it or when they show signs of stress. 3. Fertilize Appropriately. Plants, animals and people depend on clean water for survival. When too much fertilizer is applied to landscapes, it seeps past the root zone of the grass, plants or trees and into the aquifer or runs off into water bodies. Avoid weed - and -seed products, ,water slow - release fertilizers, and fertilize lawns, trees and plants only to maintain health. Fertilizer will not help poor growth caused by poor plant placement, disease or pests. 4. Mulch. Keeping 2 to 3 inches of mulch on your plant beds helps control weeds, retain soil moisture and reduce erosion and stormwater runoff. Cut down on mowing by replacing grass with mulch in areas that are shaded or difficult to mow. S.Attract Wildlife. Friendly visitors, like butterflies and beneficial insects, will enjoy your landscape if you provide food, water and cover. Plant vines, shrubs and trees to create cover, nesting areas and food. Protect your visitors by limiting pesticide use or by spot- treating only the areas that need attention. 6. Manage Yard Pests Responsibly. When it comes to pest management, nature takes care of itself! Misused pesticides in your yard can run off into waterways and harm beneficial insects. Learn to identify beneficial insects and let them do the work for you. If pesticides are needed, choose the least -toxic pesticides, such as horticultural oils, insecticidal soaps and Bacillus thuringiensis (137). Remember, low levels of pests will do minimal damage, so be tolerant! Z Recycle. Recyciine your card waste back onto your lawn and landscape can improve the fertility and water - Folding ability of the soil and help aerate soil that has become compacted. There's no need to bag or rake lawn clippings; leave them on the lawn to recycle nitrogen. Use fallen leaves and pine needles as mulch under trees and shrubs. 8. Reduce 5tormwater Runoff. Stormwater runoff can carry pollutants, pesticides and excess fertilizers into bays, rivers and lakes. Remember that what goes in your storm drain can find its way into our water sources. Pick up pet waste to help reduce bacterial and nutrient pollution. Remove trash from street gutters before it gets washed into storm drains. And use swales (low areas) to hold and filter water. 9. Protect the Waterfront. Bays and waterways contribute to the quality of life in Florida. Waterfront owners can help protect these fragile natural treasures by removing invasive aquatic plants and establishing a • 10 -30 foot "no fertilizer, no pesticide" zone along their shoreline. Never prune mangroves or remove any vegetation without first seeking proper permits and guidelines. for Your Landsca Florida - friendly landscaping is vibrant, alive and colorful. Many lush and tropical- looking plants are among the list of native or drought - tolerant plants appropriate for South Florida's unique climate, with some listed here. They will add to the beauty of your landscape while conserving water. Consult your nursery professional for information on which of these plants are appropriate for your region. Trees Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) Blade ironwood (Arugiodendmn ferreum) Buttonwood (Conocarpus eredus) Dahoon holly (ilex cassine) Geiger tree (Cordia sebestena) Gumbo Limbo (Bursera simaruba) Live oak (Quercus virginiana) Paradise tree (Simarouba glauca) Pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia) Pond apple (Annona glabra) Red bay (Persea borbonia) Red maple (Ater rubrum) Seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera) Simpson's stopper (Myricanthes fragrans) Slash pine (Pinus elliottil) Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) Southern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola) Sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana) Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) Tulip tree wriodendron tulipifera) Shrubs Bay Cedar (Suriana maritima) Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) Coral bean (Erythrina herbacea) Firebush (Hamelia patens) Florida privet (Forestiera segregata) Florida gamagrass (Tripsacum floridanum) Inkberry (Scaevola plumierl) Jamaican caper (Capparis cyanophallophora) Marlberry (Ardisfa escallonioides) Swamp mallow (Hibiscus coccineus) Walter's viburnum (Viburnum obovatum) Wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) White indigo berry (Randia aculeata) Wild coffee (Psychotria nervosa) Wild olive (Osmanthus americans) Yellow anise (Illidum parviflorum) Sweetbay magnolia South Florida Water Management District 3301 Gun Club Road West Palm Beach, Florida 33406 561 - 686 - 8800.800- 432 -2045 www.sfwmd.gov JR8/06/09 MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. Box 24680 West Palm Beach, FL 33416 -4680 FLORIDA- FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING Palms and Cycads Buccaneer palm (Pseudophoenix sargentii) Cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) Dwarf palmetto (Sabal minor) Florida thatch palm (Thrinax radiata) Florida royal palm (Roystonea elata) Needle palm (Rhapidophyllum hystrir) Pau rotis/ Everglades palm (Acoelorrhaphe wrightii) Queen sago (Cycas drdnalis) Saw palmetto (Serena repens) Accent Grasses, Vines and Groundcovers Buccaneer Palm Blue Jacquemontia (Jacquemontia pentanthos) Bougainvillea (Bouganvillea spedabilis) Coral honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens) Corky- stemmed passion -flower (Passiflora suberosa) Crossvine (Bignonia capreolata) Passion -flower (Passiflora incamata) Mondo grass (Ophiopogon japonicus) Purple love grass (EragrosU5 spedabilis) Railroad vine (Ipomoea pes- caprae) Trailing Lantana (Lantana montevidensis) Trumpet vine (Campsis radicans) Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) Annuals /Perennials /Wildflowers Beach sunflower (Helianthus debilis) Black -eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) Blanket flower (Gaillardia pulchella) Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis) Green eyes (Berlandiera subacaulis) Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) Rain lily (Zephyranthes atamasco) Shrub verbena (Lantana depressa) Sea oxeye daisy (Borrichia frutescens) Stokes Aster (Stokesia laevis) Tropical red sage (Salvia coccinea) Tickseed (Coreopsis leavenworthii) Virginia Iris (Iris virginica) Blanket flower Florida- friendly landscaping saves time, money, water and our environment! For more information, go to www.savewaterfl.com. The University of Florida established these nine Florida - friendly landscaping principles to guide Florida Yards Ef Neighborhoods programs offered through county Extension Service offices. SERVICE CENTERS Big Cypress Basin /Naples 239 - 263 -7615 Broward 954 -713 -3200 Florida Keys 305- 453 -1275 Lower West Coast 239 - 338 -2929 or 800 - 248 -1201 Martin /St. Lucie 772 -223 -2600 or 800 - 250 -4100 Miami -Dade 305- 377 -7274 or 800 -250 -4300 Okeechobee 863 - 462 -5260 or 800 -250 -4200 Orlando 407 - 858 -6100 or 800 - 250 -4250 Palm Beach County 561- 682 -6000 or 800- 432 -2045 q� A FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING'"" PUBLICATION Florida - Friendly Landscapes protect Florida's unique natural resources by conserving water, reducing waste and pollution, creating wildlife habitat, and preventing erosion. Any landscape can be Florida - Friendly if it is designed and cared for according to the nine Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM principles, which encourage individual expression of landscape beauty. In 2009, the Florida Legislature found "that the use of Florida- friendly landscaping and other water use and pollution prevention measures to conserve or protect the state's water resources serves a compelling public interest and that the participation of homeowners' associations and local governments is essential to the state's efforts in water conservation and water quality protection and restoration." Florida Yards and Neighborhoods is the residential program of the Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM Program. Make your landscape a Florida - Friendly Landscape —do your part to create a more sustainable Florida! Florida Yards & Neighborhoods is brought to Floridians as part of the Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM Program through the University of Florida/IFAS Extension Service and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, in cooperation with Florida's Water Management Districts and with the support of industry and local governments. The University of Florida/ IFAS Extension Service has offices in every county in the state and offers the public the following services at either no charge or for a minimal fee: • Workshops and classes • Plant and landscape advice based on current University of Florida research • Official yard recognition program • Certification program for new communities and developments • Online resources, including numerous publications, a tutorial for custom landscape design, and a plant database. This publication was funded in part by FDEP with a Section 319 Nonpoint Source Management Program Grant fror the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. �M THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK a 2009 INTRODUCTION: Creating Your Florida - Friendly Landscape ......................4 #1: RIGHT PLANT, RIGHT PLACE Landscape Design ................................ ..............................5 .............................17 SoilKnow -How .................................. ..............................6 .............................17 SoilTesting .......................................... ..............................7 .............................17 PlantSelection .................................... ..............................7 .............................19 Invasive Plants .................................... ..............................9 .............................19 Do You Need Salt- Tolerant Plants? .... ..............................9 .............................20 KnowYour Zone! ................................ ..............................9 .............................20 Is It Safe to Dig? .................................. ..............................9 .............................20 Plant Sorting: To Keep or Not to Keep ..........................10 .............................21 PlantingTrees ..................................... .............................10 .............................21 Trees Can Help ................................... .............................11 Where Are Tree Roots? ....................... .............................11 Choosing a Turfgrass ......................... .............................12 Turfgrass Selector ............................... .............................13 Choosing a Landscape Maintenance Service ..................13 Qualifications to Look For ................. .............................14 We Want to Know about Your Success ! ..........................14 Landscape Planning Worksheet ......... .............................15 #2: WATER EFFICIENTLY Water Restrictions ............................. .............................17 Water -Wise Advice ............................. .............................17 Water Management Districts ............. .............................17 Calibrating Irrigation Systems ........... .............................19 Microirrigation................................... .............................19 Soaker Hoses ..................................... .............................20 Rain & Soil Sensors ........................... .............................20 Establishing Plants ............................. .............................20 Establishing Trees ............................... .............................21 Drought - Tolerant Lawns ................... .............................21 #3: FERTILIZE APPROPRIATELY Fertilizer Components ....................... .............................23 Are Fertilizers Needed? ..................... .............................23 Preventing Pollution ......................... .............................23 Selecting a Fertilizer ........................... .............................24 Slow - & Controlled- Release Fertilizers ..........................25 Fertilizing Landscape Plants ............. .............................25 Fertilizing the Lawn ........................... .............................26 #4: MULCH TheDirt on Mulch ............................. .............................29 Choosing a Mulch ............................. .............................29 Guidelines for Using Mulch ............... .............................30 How Much Mulch? ........................... .............................30 #5: ATTRACT WILDLIFE Tips..................................................... .............................31 Creature Comforts ............................. .............................32 #6: MANAGE YARD PESTS RESPONSIBLY Avoiding Pest Problems ..................... .............................33 Detecting Pest Problems ..................... .............................33 Treating Pest Problems ....................... .............................34 Common Landscape Pests and their Management ........35 Plant Diseases ..................................... .............................37 #7: RECYCLE YARD WASTE Mowing............................................. .............................39 Pruning............................................... .............................39 Calling the Professionals ................... .............................39 Basic Pruning Steps ........................... .............................39 Reduce Your Pruning Load ............... .............................40 Raking............................................... .............................40 Composting....................................... .............................40 What to Compost ............................... .............................41 #8: REDUCE STORMWATER RUNOFF How Water Works ............................. .............................43 Keep It in the Ground ....................... .............................43 Rain Barrels & Cisterns ..................... .............................44 #9: PROTECT THE WATERFRONT Maintaining Your Waterfront Property ..........................45 Wetlands............................................. .............................46 Springs............................................... .............................46 Stormwater Ponds & Canals ............. .............................47 Water at the Neighborhood Level ..... .............................48 CONVERTING YOUR YARD TO A FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE . .............................49 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ............... .............................50 A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'^' Publication Florida is a popular place to live because of its appealing climate, unique beauty, and great quality of life. However, gardening here can be tough! Florida soils are typically sandy, summers are hot, and insects are abundant. As a gardener, you know how hard it can be to keep your plants alive, your lawn green, and your flowers blooming. That's where the FYN program can help. It makes creating and maintaining a quality landscape both easier and more Florida - Friendly through numerous helpful concepts, tools, and techniques. Our tips on cost - saving, efficient landscapes will help you reduce water, fertilizer, and pesticide use. Plus, a Florida - Friendly Landscape can be designed to suit your tastes, community, and lifestyle. Whether you're establishing a new landscape or making changes to an existing one, this book will guide you through the process. In the past, many people desiring to improve the sustain - ability of their landscapes found that archaic association rules and deed restrictions prevented them from manag- ing their yard in a responsible manner. In 2009, the Florida Legislature found "that the use of Florida - Friendly Landscaping and other water use and pollution prevention measures to conserve or protect the state's water resources serves a compelling public interest and that the participation of homeowners' associations and local governments is essential to the state's efforts in water conservation and water quality protection and restoration." Per 373.185 and other Florida Statutes: "A deed restriction or covenant may not prohibit or be enforced so as to prohibit any property owner from implementing Florida - friendly landscaping on his or her land or create any requirement or limitation in conflict with any provision of part II of this chapter or a water shortage order, other order, consumptive use permit, or rule adopted or issued pursuant to part II of this chap- ter;" and • "A local government ordinance may not prohibit or be enforced so as to prohibit any property owner from implementing Florida - Friendly Landscaping on his or her land." A Florida - Friendly Landscape is not only beautiful, it is also environmentally friendly. It stabilizes soil, prevents erosion, filters pollutants, and reduces harmful runoff — all of which contribute to preserving Florida's unique nat- ural resources. From the fertilizers you apply to the water you use, your gardening choices can have an impact on land, water, and wildlife. What you do in your landscape matters. A Florida - Friendly yard conserves water and looks attractive. M THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 ENJOY HEALTHIER PLANTS AND REDUCE WORK BY USING PLANTS SUITED TO YOUR LANDSCAPE CONDITIONS Achieving a natural, healthy balance in your landscape starts with putting the right plant in the right place. This encompasses far more than simply putting sun - loving plants in your yard's sunny spots —you also need to con- sider things like maintenance and water needs. Matching plants to conditions in your landscape can help them thrive, once established, with little or no irrigation and few or no fertilizers and pesticides. The secret to successful landscape design is thorough planning. Remember that once you have a plan, you don't have to do all the work at once —you can implement it one area at a time. Read this chapter to get an idea of the factors you should take into account when planning your new landscape or renovating an existing one, and use the worksheet at the end of the chapter to design a cus- tomized landscape plan that is sure to work for you. LANDSCAPE DESIGN Florida - Friendly Landscape design combines art and sci- ence to create functional, attractive, and ecologically sound surroundings that complement a home or other structure. The main idea when placing plants in your landscape is not to waste time, energy, and money caring for a plant that is not adapted to the spot where it's plant- ed. But Florida- Friendly Landscaping TM guidelines need not restrict your choices of color, texture, and style. FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION In a landscape, plants fulfill multiple roles. For example, landscape designers often recommend grouping plants into masses to unify the design of plant beds. Groups of plants are visually pleasing, but this design technique pro- vides environmental benefits as well. Trees planted in groups provide more atmospheric cooling than the same number of evenly spaced, isolated trees and are much bet- ter protected in high winds. In addition, trees planted in combination with appropriate shrubs and groundcovers form effective windbreaks and wildlife habitat. PLANT MATCHMAKING Turf and landscape plants have different water, fertilizer, and maintenance needs. All it takes is one misplaced shrub to disrupt mowing and irrigation patterns. To con- serve water and make maintenance easier, group plants in beds according to water requirements. COLOR IN THE LANDSCAPE One way to design your landscape is by choosing two or three colors that complement each other, and repeating the color combination throughout the landscaped area. You'll create a scene that's visually attractive, and the repe- tition of color will draw the eye through the planting. Two or three complementary colors c, Bate an inviting landscape. However you design your landscape, don't forget to take into consideration what times of year different plants bloom. WET VS. DRY Many drought - tolerant plants thrive on elevated dry spots or in windy areas, but can quickly succumb to root diseases and pest problems if planted in areas that tend to stay wet. Drought - tolerant plants do well in exposed areas and along the unshaded southern or western walls of buildings, but you should place plants adapted to wet soils in low spots, along waterways, and in areas with poor drainage. WIND -WISE PLANTINGS Florida winter winds tend to blow from the north or northwest. A solid fence or a row of evergreens situated on the north side of a house forms a barrier against cold win- ter winds, which can dry and damage plants. In the sum- mer, winds typically originate in the south, so to allow breezes to cool outdoor living spaces in the warm months, keep tall barriers away from the southern edge of your landscape. Since Florida is frequently in the path of hurri- canes, choose trees that are known for their sturdiness in high winds. MADE IN THE SHADE Position trees and shrubs strategically to naturally cool or heat your home. Plant deciduous shade trees on the south, east, and west sides of a house to cast shade in summer and allow warming in winter. Tree shade can reduce air conditioning costs significantly. An air - conditioning system's outdoor compressor/condens- er unit uses less energy when it is shaded from direct sun A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'' Publication rfr� I�f 2 Shade your A/C unit from direct sun, but do not block the airflow. during the day —but be careful not to block the unit's airflow. If the warm discharge air cannot escape, the intake air temperature rises, causing the unit to operate less efficiently. THE LOWDOWN ON GRASS Healthy lawns clean and cool the air by absorbing carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen, and collecting dust and dirt. They filter stormwater runoff and reduce erosion, glare, and noise. But the many benefits of grass are only realized when it's cared for and used properly. Turfgrass thrives in sunny areas, but most types do not grow well in dense shade. In shady spots, plant shade - tolerant groundcovers instead of turf. For a more thorough overview of the artistic elements of landscape design, visit htip:/ /gardeningsolutions.ifa5.ufl.edu or consult a reputable landscape designer or professional landscape architect. SOIL KNOW -HOW In much of Florida, "soil" and "sand" are synonymous. Where sandy soils predominate, water and nutrients move downward quickly. As a result, Florida soils usually dry out rapidly and are not compatible with plants having high water and nutritional needs. Sandy soils are also more likely to allow pollutants to leach into groundwater and waterways. In certain parts of the state, the sandy soil has a hardpan (a dense layer of largely impervious soil) under it, causing water to stand for long periods instead of draining away. Other exceptions to the quick- draining sandy soils situa- tion occur in three main locations: • In parts of Miami -Dade County drainage is slow, because the soil has a high clay content. • In the Keys there is really no soil at all —it is rock. Soil amendments keep garden soil robust and healthy. organic matter, such as compost, composted animal manure, or sphagnum peat moss. Organic matter retains moisture, provides nutrients, and attracts beneficial organ- isms like earthworms. When selecting organic matter, choose materials that are decomposed to the point of con- taining few or no recognizable source materials – in yard waste, that would mean you wouldn't see any leaves or sticks. The easiest way to add organic matter to an empty planting bed is to put down a layer 2 -3 inches thick, then mix it into the soil using a tiller, shovel, or digging fork. In established planting areas, such as a rose bed, add organic matter as mulch around plantings each spring, before the rainy season. SOIL PH Soil pH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity and can have a big effect on the health of your plants — essential plant nutrients like iron and manganese become more or less available depending on the pH of the soil. Soil testing will help you determine the pH of your site. In general, coastal areas are usually alkaline (high pH), while inland areas are usually acidic (low pH). • In parts of the panhandle the soil is reddish clay. Although many plants tolerate a wide pH range, they do best when planted in the right soil. Plant reference guides IMPROVING SOIL often provide pH information along with other plant For best results growing flowers or vegetables, you may requirements. Raising soil pH is easy, but lowering it is need to amend the planting bed frequently by adding harder to do and is only a temporary condition. THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 battery acid - 0 lemon juice t 2 carbonated beverages 3 vinegar 4 orange juice beer 5 coffee 6 egg yolks freshly distilled water 7 milk blood seawater 8 baking soda 9 10 11 milk of magnesia household ammonia 12 household bleach 13 household lye 14 The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity of substances. Concrete, stucco, brick, mortar, plaster, and other building materials are strongly alkaline. These materials dissolve into surrounding soil, drastically changing the pH over time. For this reason, azaleas (Rhododendron), flowering dogwoods (Cornus), ixora ( Ixora coccinea), and other acid - loving plants should not be planted near the concrete foundation of a home or along sidewalks. Plant alkaline - loving plants by concrete, brick, or other building materials. COMPACTED SOIL Many new homes are built on a raised platform of com- pacted "fill dirt" imported during the construction process. Such compacted soils don't absorb water readily and restrict the healthy root growth of plants. If you have a landscape that has compacted soil, loosen and amend the soil with organic matter as you add planting beds. HARDPAN Some soils have a sub -layer of hardpan, limestone, rock, or shell, which limits root penetration, essentially estab- lishing a barrier to plant roots. Where possible, examine your soil to a depth of about 18 inches before making final plant selections. Whether you're deciding what to plant or just doing some troubleshooting, you should get your soil tested. A soil test can tell you some of the nutrients your soil contains or the pH of your soil. For a specific area, like a planting bed, you can take just one sample; for a large area (like a lawn), you should take samples from multiple locations to get an average reading. County Extension offices can test your soil for a small fee or provide you with a kit to send a soil sample to the University of Florida /IFAS Extension Soil Testing Laboratory. Detailed directions come with the kit. You'll get the results within a few weeks, helping you make smart plant and fertilizer choices. OF /IFAS County Extension Offices: http: / /SolutionsForYourLife.com /map OF /IFAS Soil Testing Laboratory: http://soilslab.ifas.ufi.edu PLANT SELECTION The plants you choose determine how much maintenance your landscape will require and also how long it will last. There are countless varieties of plants that can work in a Florida - Friendly Landscape. Select plants from the UFAFAS Florida - Friendly Plant List (see http: / /fyn.ifas.ufl.edu), or consult your county Extension office. Use these steps as a guide to selecting the right plants for the right places in your Florida - Friendly yard: • Choose low- maintenance plants suited to your site. Once these plants are established in the right location, most require little, if any, supplemental water, fertilizer, or pesticides. • Welcome wildlife. Provide flowering and fruiting plants to bring birds and butterflies into your yard. Florida is a stopover or second home for many migrating and win- tering butterflies and birds, so cater to these colorful, winged creatures. • Plant for impact. If you do choose high- maintenance plants, group them together for greater visual impact and easier care. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'"^ Publication • Eliminate invasive plants. Invasive exotics can aggres- sively out - compete native plants, contributing to habitat loss. Learn to identify problematic plants and dispose of them carefully. And never plant them! Buy quality plants. Choose the healthiest plants you can find. Slip plants out of pots to inspect roots. Diseased roots are brown to black and often have a sour or rotting odor. Roots growing in a circle inside the pot indicate a rootbound plant —a plant that has been left in the pot too long. Purchase a different plant, if possible. Healthy roots are white and earthy - smelling. Unhealthy roots may have a sour odor or dark color. Consider size. Most plants are not full -grown when purchased (smaller plants will often establish faster and grow as quickly as larger plants). Make sure you know how large a plant will grow before purchasing it, and consider buying dwarf species for smaller spaces to reduce pruning needs and overcrowding. Always give plants enough room to grow to full size. Think ahead — don't plant trees that grow large beneath power lines, close to your house, or in other potentially hazardous sites. If your home features solar panels, be sure any trees you plant will not block them. THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Always consider a plant's mature size when you purchase it. Mature plants need more room than immature plantings. • Aim for diversity. Create a mosaic of trees, shrubs, groundcovers, native grasses, and wildflowers. Monocultures —large expanses of the same plant species — are prone to disease and insect infestation and aren't as sustainable as a diverse plant community. • Keep grass useful. Plan turf areas to be functional and design them for easy maintenance. Define planting bed edges and shapes to make mowing easy. • Cope with a slope. Use groundcovers on slopes where grass is difficult to maintain. • Don't use quick fixes. Don't be fooled by the quick -fix appeal of fast - growing plants. Such plants require frequent pruning and more water. Also, fast growth yields lots of lush, green shoots, which can attract certain pests. Slow - growing plants may take longer to fill in your landscape, but they'll ultimately last longer and create less work. Consider wind tolerance. Certain tree species are less wind - tolerant than others, meaning they are more likely to be damaged or blow over in a hurricane or other severe weather. Look for sturdy trees to place in your landscape. Check http: / /treesandhurricanes.ifas.ufl.edu for informa- tion about specific species. • Think of upkeep. Do not overlook maintenance needs when designing your landscape. Maintenance includes proper watering, fertilizing, composting, pruning, mow- ing, mulching, and pest management. The more carefully you plan your landscape, the less you will have to worry about maintenance. Newly installed plants need frequent water, but it's possible to maintain an established land- scape with minimal amounts of pesticide, fertilizers, and supplemental water. For more information about choosing plants, use the plant list that is available on the FYN Web site http:lft.ifas.ufl.edu, contact your county Extension office, or visit http: / /Foorida yards.org and http: // gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu. Below is a list of some of the most problematic invasive exotic plants. The State of Florida prohibits their planting. If you have any of these plants in your landscape, remove them to prevent their further spread. Air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) Australian pine (Casuarina equisetfolia) (Schinus terebinthifolius) Chinese tallow (Sopium sebiferum) Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) Old World climbing fern (Lygoctium microphyllum) Tropical soda apple Water hyacinth (Solorum viorum) (Eichhornia crossipes) For information about invasive plants, contact your county's UF/IFAS Extension office or visit the Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Web site: http: / /fyn.ifas.ufl.edu. DO YOU NEED SALT - TOLERANT PLANTS? Many Floridians live near the coast, where the air, ground- water, and soil can be salty and capable of severely dam- aging, deforming, or killing plants. But there are many plants with varying degrees of salt tolerance. Choose salt - tolerant plants if you live on or near an estuary or a salt marsh, or within one - eighth of a mile of the ocean. Use the OF /IFAS Florida - Friendly Plant List, available on the FYN Web site, to help you choose salt - tolerant plants for your landscape. DW YOUR 7r How well your plants perform depends in large part on choosing the right plants for your climate. The U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture has designated eleven hardiness zones to guide gardeners; each zone indicates the average lowest temperatures of an area. Figure out your USDA plant hardi- ness zone for guidance in what will survive your winters. Before you dig in your yard, it's important that you get your underground utilities marked. Hitting utilities while digging can cause tremendous damage, interrupting your electric, telephone, cable television, water, sewer, and gas service — it can even cause injury or loss of life. All you have to do is dial 811 at least two business days before you want to dig. Your utility companies will locate any underground utilities in your landscape for free. If you don't follow this procedure and underground lines are dam- aged, you could be fined. For more information, visit http: / /callsunshine.com. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'^" Publication Plant Sorting: To Keep or Not to Keep If you're renovating your landscape, it's wise to keep some of the plants you already have. In an established landscape, retaining trees, shrubs, perennials, and other plants will save you money —and it also preserves established wildlife habi- tat. If you are dealing with new home construction, leaving plants in place will help reduce erosion. The trick is know- ing which plants to keep. Follow these simple guidelines to sift through your botanical choices: • Keep healthy plants that show good form and are grow- ing in appropriate locations. Consider just pruning healthy, overgrown shrubs. • Discard tightly spaced plants. Over time, tight spacing fosters insect and disease problems and stresses plants. Overcrowding can also cause leggy growth from plants competing for sunlight and nutrients. It's best to get rid of plants that are grouped too closely together. Retain trees with long lifespans. Some examples are live oak (Quercus virginiana), mahogany (Sweitenia mahogany), and sabal palm (Sabal palmetto). Remove trees that are short - lived, like cherry laurel (Prunus caroliniana); prone to decay, such as mature laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia); or weak- wooded, such as pine (Pinus). Save clusters of trees and the plants growing beneath them. Trees growing in groups or shady forests often grow very tall and narrow. If the site is cleared, an isolat- ed tree becomes vulnerable to wind damage and could snap or fall over during a windstorm or hurricane. For this reason, it is best to leave trees in clusters. The cluster should include the trees along with any groundcovers or native shrubs growing beneath them. This trio of trees, shrubs, and groundcovers buffers wind and maintains habitat for wildlife. Plant trees in clusters to protect from wind damage. • Remove unsuitable plants. These include unhealthy plants, invasive plants, and plants that require constant THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 care to survive. Plants with these characteristics are usu- ally more trouble than they're worth. Move plants located too close to walls. They block air currents and prevent access for home maintenance. • Relocate plantings out from under eaves. They often prove problematic, as they may not receive adequate rainfall or may be damaged by the force of rainwater dropping from the roof. Once you know which plants you intend to keep, ensure that roots are not damaged through construction activities or soil compaction, which can damage or kill a plant. Avoid driving over the roots of plants, especially trees, with heavy vehicles; digging into the root zone area; and mounding soil against the base of plants. To protect trees during construction, construct barricades at the edge of the canopy drip line. Even though this does not protect the entire root system, it will improve your trees' odds of survival. Trees particularly sensitive to soil compaction include sweetgum (Liquidambar), dogwood (Cornus spp.), sassafras (Sassafras spp.), tupelo (Nyssa spp.), pine (Pinus spp.), white oak (Quercus alba), laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) and most nut trees, such as black walnut (Juglans nigra), hickory (Carya spp.), and pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Planting Trees Begin your landscape renovation by putting walkways, irri- gation systems, or patios into place first; then plant trees. Because trees are a more permanent addition to the land- scape, careful site selection and proper planting techniques are essential. Not sure where to start with a new landscape? Plant trees. Establishing a tree canopy is a great way to begin your Florida- Friendly yard. Trees not only provide shade and wildlife habitat, they also help to reduce stormwater runoff. Trees significantly increase the value of a home and lot. According to the American Forestry Association, trees have other significant monetary benefits. Each year, a single tree provides $73 worth of air conditioning savings, $75 worth of erosion control, $75 worth of wildlife shelter, and $50 worth of air pollution reduction. Compounding this annual total of $273 for 50 years at 5 percent interest results in a tree value of $57,151. The overall benefits far outweigh the initial cost and maintenance of each tree. 1. Look up. Find a new planting site if there is a wire, secu- rity light, or building nearby that could interfere with the tree as it grows. 2. Dig a wide, shallow hole. Dig a hole that is one and one -half to three times the width of the root ball (the roots and soil attached to the plant when you remove it from its pot). Loosen the root ball. 3. Find the point where the topmost root emerges from the trunk. This point is called the trunk flare, root flare, or root crown and should be 2 inches above the soil surface. A tree resembles a wine glass placed on a dinner plate. Consider the base of the wine glass as the lowest part of the trunk where major roots flare outward. The dinner plate. represents the rest of the root system, which extends far beyond the drip line —up to three times the canopy's diame;`, ter, depending on the species. Vertically speaking, most tree"' roots are located in the top two feet of soil, where oxygen is most available. Slide the tree into the planting hole and position it carefully. Place the trunk flare slightly above the surface of the landscape soil and begin to fill the hole with the excavated soil, making sure the tree is straight as you go. As you add the soil, slice a shovel down into it twenty to thirty times, all around the tree. Compress the soil to stabilize the tree. 5. Add plenty of water to the root ball and planting hole. Make sure the root ball and surrounding soil are thor- oughly moistened. Add more soil around the root ball if needed. 6. Cover the backfill soil with mulch. Apply mulch to a minimum 8 -foot diameter circle around the tree, with a gap of 12 inches between the trunk and the mulch. Cover the backfill soil with mulch. 7. Stake the tree, if necessary. Staking holds the root ball firmly in the soil. Top -heavy trees might require staking, especially if they're located in a windy location. 8. Water trees frequently so roots fully establish. Light, fre- quent irrigation fosters the quickest establishment for trees (see "Establishing Trees" on page XX for more infor- mation). Following the initial few months of frequent irri- gation, water weekly until plants are fully established. For more information about planting trees, visit http:// gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'" Publication m CHOOSING A TURFGRASS Grass is a good choice for areas with high recreational use, for erosion control, or for use in a swale (an open channel with gently sloping sides that collects and slows the flow of rainwater). When planning a grass area, care- fully consider which type of turfgrass is best for your site conditions and your desired maintenance level. (For example, bermudagrass and seashore paspalum are not usually recommended for home lawns because of their high maintenance requirements. For more information about them, visit httl2:/ /vourfloridalawn.ifas.ufl.edu.) Groundcovers may be more successful and practical in low- traffic areas, heavily shaded spots (such as under trees), or on steep slopes where grass is difficult to maintain. Keep these factors in mind when choosing a turfgrass: Drought tolerance. St. Augustinegrass will not thrive in some sites without supplemental irrigation in dry times. Bahiagrass will survive without supplemental irrigation by going into drought- induced dormancy, but may not form a lawn as dense as other grasses. Centipedegrass and zoysiagrass need slightly less water than St. Augustinegrass but do require supplemental irrigation to remain green and healthy during dry periods. Shade tolerance. Most turfgrasses grown in Florida are sun - loving, but some will grow in areas with partial shade. Dwarf St. Augustinegrass cultivars such as `Captiva', `Delmar', and `Seville' are best for shaded areas and can tolerate as few as five to six hours of sun- light daily. `Floratam' has the lowest shade tolerance and does best where it will receive seven to eight hours of sunlight per day. Sun - loving turf cultivars will not thrive in shady conditions. THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Shade - loving shrubs are a better choice for underneath trees. • Wear tolerance. This term describes how well a turf species will stand up to repeated traffic, either human or vehicular. Most zoysiagrasses have relatively high wear tolerance. Salt tolerance. This is mainly a concern for lawns in coastal areas, where salt spray from the ocean or use of reclaimed/recycled water may expose the grass to higher concentrations of salt. St. Augustinegrass and zoysiagrass- es are the better choices for these areas, although they may sustain injury with high levels of salinity. Bahiagrass and centipedegrass have relatively poor salt tolerance. Fertility requirements. A lawn that needs more fertilizer costs a homeowner more time, money, and effort. Centipedegrass and bahiagrass have relatively low fertili- ty requirements, while zoysiagrass and some cultivars of St. Augustinegrass need more fertilizer and consequently more water and pest control. When choosing a grass type, consider the time and money you are willing to spend on maintenance. • Climatic conditions. Florida's climate varies greatly from north to south. It's important to research which species and cultivars are best suited to your region of the state and your soil type. Consulting your county Extension office is always a good idea. • Leaf texture. Leaf texture describes the width and coarseness of the grass blades. Although often preferred, the fine - textured leaf blades have higher maintenance requirements. • Pest & disease problems. Each species and cultivar of turfgrass is prone to certain insect pests and fungal or bacterial pathogens. St. Augustinegrass often suffers from chinch bugs, while zoysiagrass is prone to hunting bill - bugs and brown patch disease. Know which pests and diseases your chosen grass is most prone to, and be aware of what your control options are. For more information about selecting a turfgrass for your landscape, visit http:// gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu. TURFGRASS SELECTOR CHOOSING A LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE SERVICE If you lack the time, desire, or ability to tackle your own landscape work, you may decide to hire a profession- al landscape maintenance company. Look for companies whose employees have obtained a certificate of completion in the Florida - Friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries (GI- BMPs), a joint program of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and UFAFAS. In many areas, this training is already mandatory, and by January 1, 2014, all commercial fertilizer applicators must have a license from the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) (482.1562, F.S.) Ask potential hires if they follow these Florida - Friendly practices: PEST CONTROL • Monitor for pests instead of routinely treating • Use the least toxic methods of managing pests • Apply pesticides only with your approval FERTILIZER • Apply fertilizer only if plants show signs of nutrient defi- ciencies, and follow UFAFAS recommendations and BMPs • Use slow- release fertilizers • Avoid fertilizers containing weed killer or insecticide • Sweep fertilizer from sidewalks and driveways A Florida - Friendly Landscaping"' Publication SPECIES Bahiagrass Centipedegrass St. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass CHARACTERISTICS Area Adapted To Statewide N. Fla. and Panhandle Statewide Statewide (except for 'Hammock') Mowing Height (inches) 3 -4 1.5 -2.5 3.5 -4 1.5 -2.5 (2 -2.5 for dwarf cultivars) Soil Acid, sandy Acid, sandy, or clay Wide range Wide range Leaf Texture Coarse - Medium Medium Coarse- Medium Fine - Medium Drought Tolerance Excellent Medium Fair Medium Salt Tolerance Poor Poor Good Good Shade Tolerance Poor Fair Good Good (cultivar- dependent) (cultivar- dependent) Wear Tolerance Poor Poor Poor Good- Excellent Nematode Tolerance Very good Poor Good Depends on cultivar Maintenance Levels Low Low Medium Medium CHOOSING A LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE SERVICE If you lack the time, desire, or ability to tackle your own landscape work, you may decide to hire a profession- al landscape maintenance company. Look for companies whose employees have obtained a certificate of completion in the Florida - Friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries (GI- BMPs), a joint program of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and UFAFAS. In many areas, this training is already mandatory, and by January 1, 2014, all commercial fertilizer applicators must have a license from the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) (482.1562, F.S.) Ask potential hires if they follow these Florida - Friendly practices: PEST CONTROL • Monitor for pests instead of routinely treating • Use the least toxic methods of managing pests • Apply pesticides only with your approval FERTILIZER • Apply fertilizer only if plants show signs of nutrient defi- ciencies, and follow UFAFAS recommendations and BMPs • Use slow- release fertilizers • Avoid fertilizers containing weed killer or insecticide • Sweep fertilizer from sidewalks and driveways A Florida - Friendly Landscaping"' Publication LAWN CARE • Mow turf areas only as needed, according to seasonal growth • Mow no more than one -third the height of the grass blades per mowing, using a reel, rotary, or mulching mower • Mow turf to University of Florida- recommended height for your species and cultivar (see chart on page 13) • Maintain sharp mower blades at all times • Leave grass clippings on the lawn and use yard waste as mulch or compost IRRIGATION By law, automatic irrigation systems must have a function- ing rain sensor or other device to bypass irrigation if adequate moisture is present. Licensed contractors are required by law to install, repair, or replace these control devices if they are not installed and working properly before doing any other work on an irrigation system. • Inspect and test rain shut -off devices and other compo- nents and zones in the irrigation system regularly • Make regular minor adjustments and repairs to irrigation systems such as head cleaning and replacement, filter cleaning, small leak repair, and minor timer adjustments YARD WASTE • Don't sweep or blow yard waste into storm drains • Replenish all mulched areas regularly to maintain 2- to 3 -inch layer using pine bark, pine needles, melaleuca, eucalyptus, or other Florida - Friendly materials For more information on selecting a landscape mainte- nance service, please visit http: / /fyn.ifas.ufl.edu. QUALIFICATIONS TO LOOK FOR Landscape maintenance professionals can take many kinds of trainings and display many different certifications —but there are only a few that UFAFAS recommends. Ask if any of a landscape maintenance company's employees have any of the following licenses or certifications: • Florida - Friendly Best Management Practices (Florida Department of Environmental Protection and UFAFAS) I THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Professionals can use different I �chniques and products than a homeowner. • International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) certification • Florida Irrigation Society (FIS) or Irrigation Association (IA) certification • Florida Certified Horticulture Professional (FCHP) cer- tification fron the Florida Nursery, Growers, and Landscape Association • Limited Commercial Landscape Maintenance Certification (Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services) • Pesticide Applicator License (FDACS) Photograph the evolution of your Florida - Friendly yard, and share pictures with the horticulture agent or FYN program coordinator at your count; 's OF /IFAS Extension office. Let us learn from your experienc and share your knowledge with others. "Before" and "afte " shots with captions are particu- larly useful to illustrate yoi r success. In some counties, FYN offers official yard recognition for landscapes that meet the Florida - Friendly criteria. C )ntact your county Extension office for more information (http / /SolutionsForYourLife.com /map). LANDSCAPE PLANNING WORKSHEET This worksheet can be used for both new and established landscapes. By following these steps, you're almost guaranteed a thriving, low- maintenance landscape suitable to your climate and needs. 1. Decide why you want to landscape. Most homeowners think of landscaping as a way to add beauty to their home or to improve the resale value. Other reasons to landscape are more specific, such as enhancing or screening a view, creating a microclimate, or attracting wildlife to a yard. You may need a play area for your children, or perhaps you'd like to entertain family and friends outdoors. Your passion may be raising vegetables or simply savoring a lovely view. How will you use your landscape? (A typical landscape has multiple uses.) 2. Obtain a soil analysis. Soil plays a big part in any landscape project, influencing what plants will thrive in your yard. Determine the soil's texture (sandy to clay), and have it tested to determine the pH —the level of acidity or alkalinity. This information will help you decide which plants are best suited to the conditions of your yard. Read more about soil starting on page 6. Type of soil in your landscape: pH Any exceptions? (For example, maybe the place where you want to put a planting bed has more acidic soil than other areas in the landscape.) 3. Inventory your landscape. Walk around your property, noting conditions that make your yard unique. Does your site call for plants that are tolerant of cold, wind, full sun, shade, drought, occasional flooding, or salt spray? Also take note of the locations of more perma- nent features, including utilities, hardscapes like the driveway, and water sources such as hoses. What kinds of conditions does your landscape have? A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'' Publication 3. Draw a site analysis. Don't be nervous —you don't have to be an artist to tackle this step! Round up the tools you'll need: a pencil, ruler, and graph paper. (Computer software programs that can help you with landscape planning are also commercially available.) Don't worry too much about getting the scale just right. If you have the survey completed for your home purchase, photo- copy it —it'll be really helpful at this stage. On the graph paper or template, create your diagram using the information you gathered in steps 2 and 3. Draw your house and pencil in existing trees, shrubs, and other plants you want to keep. If you have an existing irrigation system, be sure to note its location and coverage. See the below sample site analysis for guidance. I=o EAgoN — — RRaPERr. L,NE ala T MN ow °N HOUSE o ° z T eA Z °N 3 o I.osE sie I E 2 ' R oZONeI ..HEA3 oN _ wErRSO - ` -E ruLL suN ,�wRIGA _ NE 3 3 5. Draw an activity map. On another piece of graph paper, sketch your house again and where various activities will take place (refer to your answers for step 1). Make sure to consider views: Is there a spot you can see from indoors that you want to enhance with plants that attract birds or butterflies? Is there scenery you would like to hide? See the below sample activity diagram for guidance. 111E EE ^ I A TERaTAINMENT AREA STORAGE AREA NO B4 AREA I d I...ITA HOUSE AREA I o 1 ; Z ARE F m x o p I w I R A yeao AREA V HABITAT Sample Activity Diagram 6. Create a landscape plan. Your landscape plan will be guided by the site analysis and activity map discussed in steps 4 and 5. Based on these other two diagrams, determine the types of plants you want in different locations. Don't worry about choosing specific plants yet just draw in where you want trees, shrubs, groundcovers, flowering plants, and turf. Now that you have a plan, you can choose plants suited for the conditions in your landscape, using the Florida - Friendly Plant List, which can be found online at http: / /fyn.ifas.ufl.edu. THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 REDUCE WATER BILLS, PEST PROBLEMS, AND MAINTENANCE NEEDS We all know water is a limited resource and should be used wisely, but we often overwater our landscapes unin- tentionally. Overwatering does more than deplete the water supply; it also makes plants more prone to disease and pests. By choosing and operating a watering system correctly, you can reduce water bills, decrease plant prob- lems, and lower maintenance requirements. For example, the more you water your lawn, the faster it grows and the more it needs to be mowed. It's also more likely to develop fungal problems that require treatment with pesticides. Overwatering can also cause water pollution via a process called leaching. Leaching happens when more fertilizer is applied to a landscape than the plants can absorb, or when heavy rains and overwatering cause nutrients to travel quickly through Florida's sandy soils, past plant roots, and into the aquifer. Eventually these nutrients can reach near- by water bodies, disrupting natural systems. WATER RESTRICTIONS Florida's five water management districts (WMDs) are state agencies that manage and protect our water resources on a regional basis. The water restrictions issued by your WMD or local government —in many areas, they're in effect year- round — should be followed exactly, as they exist to ensure that there's enough water for everyone. Restrictions usually limit watering with a sprinkler or irrigation system to certain times on certain days of the week. These times and days may be different depending on your house number, neighborhood, or side of the street. Water restrictions in your area may also be called "irrigation schedules." Water restrictions apply to everyone and every water source in a WMD. (Water use requirements may be different with reclaimed/ recycled water.) Even if it is your assigned day to irrigate, that doesn't mean you should irrigate. Scheduled watering can waste money and water. Don't let the calendar tell you when to water —look to your plants for telltale signs of thirst and turn on your irrigation system manually instead of allow- ing the automatic controller to run on a set schedule. For information about setting your irrigation controller, visit http://fyn.ifas.ufl.edu. WATER -WISE ADVICT 1. Choose the right plant for the right place All plants must get the right amount of sun, water, and nutrients to thrive —even natives. • Select plants suited to your area. WATER MANAGEMENT I'd Figure out what water management district you live in, and follow the water restrictions for your area. Northwest Florida Water Management District: http: / /nwfwmd.state.fl.us (850) 539 -5999 St. Johns River Water Management District: http: / /floridaswater.com (386) 329 -4500 or (800) 232 -0904 Southwest Florida Water Management District: http: //swfwmd. state. f 1. us (352) 796-7211 or (800) 423 -1476 South Florida Water Management District: http: / /savewaterfl.com (561) 686 -8800 or (800) 432 -2045 Suwannee River Water Management District: http://www.s wm d. state. fl . u s (386) 362 -1001 or (800) 226 -1066 Northwest Florida WMD Suwannee River WMD Southwest Florida WMD South Florida WMD St. Johns River WMD Florida is divided into five water management districts. • Place plants in the landscape where site conditions match their needs. • Group plants with similar water needs together. 2. Water thoughtfully A drop here and a drop there can add up to a lot of water. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping- Publication • Always follow any water restrictions in your area • Water early in the morning. • Irrigate plants and grass only when they start to wilt, as allowed by water restrictions. 3. Handwater when possible Handwatering is usually allowed during water restrictions, because it uses less water than an automatic irrigation system. • Use a watering can, pail, or hose with an automatic shutoff nozzle. • Handwater potted plants, shrubs, trees, vegetables, and flower beds. • Check if your water management district limits handwatering. Handwater whenever possible. 4. Perform regular irrigation system maintenance An irrigation system is only as efficient as it's main- tained to be. Perform regular irrigation system maintenance. THE FLORIDA YARDS &NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK ®2009 • Check for and repair leaks. • Unclog and replace broken heads. • Point heads at plants, not driveways and sidewalks. • Prune plants that interfere with irrigation systems. 5. Calibrate irrigation system Even an efficient irrigation system can waste water if it's left on for too long. The ideal amount of water to apply to a lawn is 1/2 - 3/4 inch. See page 19 for information on how to calibrate your system. A rain barrel can save excess rainwater water for dry times. 6. Make a rain barrel Rain barrels capture rainwater that flows off your roof. They're easy and inexpensive to make. Instead of water- ing your plants with water you're paying for, you're using free water! 7. Use microirrigation Drip or micro -spray irrigation systems apply water directly to the roots of plants, where it's needed, and lose minimal water to evaporation or wind drift. 8. Mulch plants Mulch helps keep moisture in the soil around your plants. Choose from many different kinds of mulch and apply two to three inches around trees, shrubs, flowers, and vegetables. 9. Mow correctly How you mow your lawn can have a big impact on how much water it needs. Raise your mowing deck to pro- mote a healthy root system, which will make your grass more drought tolerant. 10. Be a weather watcher Rain is irrigation, too. Use it to your advantage —it's free! • Don't water your landscape if it's rained in the past twenty -four hours or if rain is forecast in the next twenty -four hours. • Purchase a rain gauge to track how much rain your plants are getting. • Install a rain shut -off device or soil moisture sensor to override your irrigation system when it's raining. CALIBRATING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS Follow these steps to determine how much water your irrigation system is applying: Set out five to ten flat- bottomed, straight -sided cans (all of equal size). Containers that are three to six inches in diameter, such as cat food or tuna cans, work best for this. If you have an in- ground system, place the containers in one zone at a time, scattering the cans randomly throughout the zone. You'll need to repeat this proce- dure in each zone. If you use a hose -end sprinkler to water your turf, place the containers in a straight line from the sprin- kler to the edge of the watering pattern. Space the containers evenly. If you have a drip irrigation system, place the cans under emitters. Turn on sprinklers for fifteen minutes. Use a ruler to measure the depth of water in each con- tainer. The more precise your measurement, the better your calibration will be. Measurement to the nearest 1/8 inch should be adequate. Find the average depth of water collected in the con- tainers by adding up the depths and dividing by the number of containers. To determine the irrigation rate in inches per hour, multiply the average depth of water times four (since you ran the water for fifteen minutes). Check your system yearly to make sure it's working properly. Microirrigation systems deliver small volumes of water directly to the root zone through low -flow emitters, such as micro -spray jets, bubblers, or drip tubes. Drip tubing. Bubbler. Micro - spray. Microirrigation can be a great way to water your plants more efficiently. It can be installed under shrubs and trees, in planting beds, and in containers, but should be avoided in lawns. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'' Publication • Drip or micro -spray fittings can clog; you may need to filter the water source. Inspect fittings regularly and clean them when necessary. Insects, rodents, and enthusiastic hoeing can damage drip tape or tubing. If you already have an irrigation system, your options for converting to microirrigation may be limited. But sometimes low- pressure emitters, such as bubblers, can be adapted to existing sprinkler heads. This may require a pressure regulator at the source to reduce water pressure. • Although microirrigation equipment releases small amounts of water, overwatering is still possible if the system is left on for too long. While plants are becoming established in your yard, you may want a temporary watering system —it's convenient and usually worth the effort. Temporary watering systems could be a soaker hose or just a garden hose attached to a sprinkler. Unlike regular garden hoses, soaker hoses seep or leak water along their entire length, delivering it to the soil around the plants. Lay the hose on top of the soil, or bury it slightly in the soil or mulch. Landscape staple pins work great for holding the hose in place. If you decide to use a soaker hose or other temporary watering system, pur- chase a battery - powered timer to hook up to the spigot. The timer will help you make sure you don't leave the water running longer than it needs to. Use the soaker hose until your plants are established, and then install or use a more permanent irrigation system if needed. Soaker hoses aren't recommended for long -term use because they distribute water inefficiently. RAIN & SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS Rain and soil moisture sensors are shut -off devices that provide a great way to save water in your landscape. These devices detect when a certain amount of rain has fallen or when a certain level of moisture is present in the soil. They will then shut off your irrigation system, making sure it doesn't run when it's not needed. Any person who purchases and installs an automatic land- scape irrigation system must properly install, maintain, and operate technology that inhibits or interrupts opera- tion of the system during periods of sufficient moisture. A licensed contractor who installs or performs work on an automatic landscape irrigation system must test for the mTHE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Soil moisture sensor. r� ffi ✓ -a ,r t correct operation of each inhibiting or interrupting device or switch on that system. If such devices or switches are not installed in the system or are not in proper operating condition, the contractor must install new ones or repair the existing ones and confirm that each device or switch is in proper operating condition before completing other work on the system. Rain sensors. These devices, and others like "smart" control systems such as soil moisture sensing or evapotranspiration -based controllers, conserve water, save you money, and reduce wear on your irrigation system. They can also help pre- vent turf disease and other problems caused by excess moisture. Make sure yours is working properly, or replace or repair it if needed. ESTABLISHING PLANTS Remember to water your new plants thoroughly when establishing them. In North and Central Florida, you'll need to irrigate 3- gallon plants two to three times per week. In South Florida, irrigate three to four times per week. For each watering, apply 3 liters (about .8 gallons) of water. Irrigate your new plants until they're estab- lished, which usually takes fifteen to twenty weeks. You may need to handwater plants to comply with local water restrictions. Once your plants are established, water on an as- needed basis, continuing to comply with the irrigation schedule mandated by your water management district. ESTAIRMSHING TREES Newly planted trees need regular irrigation to rapidly grow the roots necessary for proper establishment. For trees planted in spring or summer, water two to three times per week. After the first few months, provide week- ly irrigation until plants are fully established. Irrigations should be 2 to 3 gallons of water per inch trunk diameter. For example, a 2 -inch tree should be watered 4 to 6 gal- lons each irrigation. Again, handwatering may be the only way you can follow this schedule and still comply with water restrictions. DRO All turfgrasses need water to remain green, whether it comes from rainfall or supplemental irrigation. Drought - tolerant grasses will go into dormancy during dry periods, growing more slowly or turning brown until conditions are favorable for growth. When enough soil moisture returns, these grasses can usually recover from drought - induced dormancy, rather than dying. Bahiagrass and cen- tipedegrass are more drought tolerant than zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass, but for all grass types, proper watering and mowing practices will encourage the grass to develop deep roots that aid recovery from drought stress. In other words, you can make your lawn more drought tolerant no matter what kind of grass you have. When rainfall is inadequate, grasses will require supple- mental irrigation to remain green. But you can train your lawn to use less water by following these easy steps: Mow your lawn at the highest recommended setting for your grass type (see page 13) and don't remove more than one -third of the grass blade at each mow- ing. Mowing high results in deeper roots, which is important in developing drought tolerance and mini- mizing irrigation requirements. • Keep your mower blades sharp. Leaves cut by a dull blade will need more water. Keep mower blades sharp and clean. • Adjust irrigation frequencies by season, weather conditions, and your region of the state. Don't irrigate until you see signs of wilt, making sure to comply with water restrictions. -4= ._A Let your lawn tell you when to water. • Water infrequently and deeply. This will train the grass roots to grow deep. Make sure you don't overwater just fill the root zone with 1/2 - 3/4 inch per application. • Spot -treat pest problems only as needed. Chemicals can cause damage and stress to the grass, which can increase its need for water. For more information on caring for your lawn, see http://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping- Publication m THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 PREVENT POLLUTION AND MAXIMIZE PLANT HEALTH All plants need nutrients for growth. They must obtain these nutrients from the soil or other medium in which they're growing. Gardeners can also provide supplemental nutrients to plants by applying fertilizers in the form of composted organic material, packaged fertilizer, or a spe- cific mineral such as iron. Plants have varying nutrient needs, depending on the species, the age of the plant, and its location. It's not always necessary to fertilize your plants or lawn, but if you choose to fertilize, its important that you do so properly. This section will help you correctly choose and apply the right type of fertilizer. Too much fertilizer can weaken a plant, promote disease, and invite pests, in addition to wasting money and harm- ing the environment. It also means more pruning and mowing. So consider your plants' needs carefully before applying any fertilizer, and always follow label directions when using fertilizer. FERTILIZER COMPONENTS Most fertilizers available for use in the home landscape or garden are blends of several elements mixed together to achieve a specific formulation of plant nutrients. MACRONUTRIENTS Macronutrients are nutrients required by plants in relatively large amounts for optimum plant growth. The three main nutrients contained in fertilizers are nitrogen (N), phospho- rus (P), and potassium (K), represented by three numbers that appear on the bag. A complete fertilizer will contain all three of the major plant nutrients. Other macronutrients include calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). MICRONUTRIENTS Micronutrients are nutrients most plants need in small quan- tities and are sometimes referred to as trace elements or minor elements. These nutrients —which include boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn) —are often available in suf- ficient quantities in the soil, but are also present in many fer- tilizers. Micronutrients are also sold as individual nutrients. ARE FERTILIZERS NEEDED? Before you use fertilizer, you should always determine if it's really needed. Keep in mind that certain plants are more prone to specific kinds of nutrient deficiencies (for example, ixora and palms tend to run low on manganese) VISUAL SIGNS Your plants will indicate when they lack certain nutri- ents —you just have to know what to look for. Plant nutrient deficiency symptoms are often symmetrical (for example, yellowing areas that appear to be mirror images on a plant leaf), whereas pathogenic (e.g., fungal or bacte- rial) problems tend to appear more randomly on the plant. Remember that many nutrient deficiencies look similar. Any time you're not certain of what ails a plant, take a sample into your county Extension office for help. SOIL TESTING A soil test can help you understand what nutrients are present in your soil. This is important for deciding what nutrients, if any, you should add. Your county Extension office can help you with this. For more information about testing your soil, see page 7. IPREVENTING POLLUIION Fertilizer is a powerful tool that can help plants thrive —if used appropriately. If applied incorrectly, it can not only harm plants, but also the environment. To prevent water pol- lution from nutrient leaching and runoff, always follow these steps when fertilizing your lawn or landscape. IN GENERAL ® Follow OF /IFAS recommendations. Ideal rates, appli- cation timings, and formulas are different for different plants. • Choose slow - release products. Look for fertilizers with slow - release nutrients. They should include potassium and little or no phosphorus. • Keep fertilizer off hard surfaces. If fertilizer gets spilled on a hard surface (like a driveway), sweep it up and dispose of it. Fertilizers can wash into storm drains and from there into a nearby water body. Do not rinse fertilizer into storm drains. A Florida- Friendly Landscaping'' Publication • If you spill fertilizer on the lawn, collect whatever you can. It might be tempting to just water extra fertilizer into the lawn, but the excess nutrients will leach (seep downwards) through the soil and into the groundwater. a, ` + r WV, rt F Sweep up fertilizer spills on the lawn. • Never fertilize within 10 feet of any water body. Designate a 10 -foot maintenance -free zone between your landscape and the riparian zone. Never apply fertilizer within 10 feet of any water body. • Don't fertilize before a heavy rain. If rain is forecast in the next twenty -four hours, hold off on applying fertilizer. Rain can wash fertilizer off lawns or cause it to leach into groundwater, contributing to pollution. • Know your water source. If you use reclaimed /recy- cled water for irrigation, keep in mind that it can contain SELECTING A FERTILIZER A wide range of fertilizers is available for gardeners. You can select from different combinations of nutrients that come in a variety of forms. The key to selecting a fertilizer is understanding what nutrients your plants need. THE FLORIDA YARDS &NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK 2009 nutrients, including nitrogen, and adjust the amount you fertilize accordingly. FOR LAWNS • Apply fertilizer only when grass is actively growing. Many Florida turfgrasses go dormant or slow their growth in cooler seasons. Water it in with 114 inch of water or less. • Use a broadcast spreader with a deflector shield. Don't use a drop spreader, which can damage the coatings on slow - release fertilizers, rendering them quick - release. A deflector shield directs fertilizer away from your maintenance - free zone. • Avoid using "weed and feed" products. These contain herbicides and fertilizer together. • These products can injure some trees and shrubs. Tree and shrub root systems can extend far beyond the canopy drip line, intermingling with turf. • Pesticides should be applied only to affected areas, rather than broadcast over the entire yard as occurs with a weed and feed product. • The appropriate timing is often different, with preemer- gent herbicides applied far earlier than fertilizer. This almost ensures that one or the other is ineffective, if not harmful. • Apply an iron source instead of a nitrogen fertilizer. To green the lawn without increasing growth in the summer, use chelated iron or iron sulfate. INORGANIC FERTILIZERS Inorganic fertilizers are materials that are mined or synthe- sized from non - living materials. Many inorganic fertilizers contain nutrients that are immediately available to plants. Others are formulated to allow nutrients to be released over a period of time. If you use an inorganic fertilizer in your landscape, choose one with some or all of the nutri- ents in slow- or controlled - release form, so that the plants will be able to take up the fertilizer as it is gradually released. ORGANIC FERTILIZERS Organic fertilizers are materials that are derived from plants and animals; one of the most common forms is manure. Animal manure can come from chickens, cows, pigs, sheep, horses, or rabbits and should always be composted before use in vegetable gardens to reduce risk to food safety. (Keep in mind that these products often contain high levels of phosphorus, which has been shown to cause water pollu- tion, and should be applied carefully.) Never use cat or dog manure or human waste —there is a greater risk of these sources transmitting disease. Homemade compost (typically made of kitchen scraps and/or yard waste) is another excel- lent source of organic matter for garden soils. It usually contains small amounts of nitrogen and potassium, but very little phosphorus. Both composted manure and compost also contain micronutrients. Most of the nutrients in composted manure and compost are available more slowly than those in most inorganic fer- tilizers. The quick availability of nutrients, especially nitro- gen, in inorganic fertilizers is very important in vegetable growing. If you're growing vegetables, you may want to supplement any organic fertilizer you apply with some inorganic fertilizer for quick feeding. READING THE LABEL When selecting a fertilizer, look at the three numbers on the bag. They will read something like 15 -0 -15 or GUARANTEED ANALYSIS TotalNitrogen ( N) .......... _ ........ ..... _ ........... .... ....... . ............... .. ... _ - ........ _ ....... ........... 35.0% 35% Urea Nitrogen' SolublePotash ( KZO) ................................. _ ..... .... ._ .............. _.._ ............................. 5.00% Boron( B) .................. ................ .... .................. _ .... - ................ ................. ............. .......... 0.03% Copper( Cu)._............................. .......... _ .......... ._ ... _ ............................... ......... » ......... _.0.05% Iron(Fe) ..... .......................................... _ .............................. _..- .... _ ... _..__..... ......... _ .... 5.00% 0.1 Water Soluble Iron (Fe) Manganese( Mn) ........................................ ..... - ... _. .................... _. ... ........................ 0.05% Molybdenum ( Mo) ............................... _ .................................. - ... . .......................... 0.0006% Zinc( Zn) .............................................. _ .... _ ... _ ............................ .- .. ..... . ... ».. ............... 0.05% Derived from: Polymer - coated Urea, Urea, Muriate of Potash, Sodium Borate, Copper oxide, Ferric Oxide, Ferrous Suffate, Manganese Oxide, Molybdic oxide and Zinc oxide. . Contains 15% slowly available Nitrogen from coated Urea. F1074 Always check the N -P -K ratio and quantity of slow - release nitrogen 16 -2 -8. The first number represents the percentage of nitrogen in the bag, the second refers to phosphorus, and the third number is the amount of potassium. For exam- ple, a 50 -pound bag of 16 -2 -8 is 16 percent nitrogen (8 pounds total); 2 percent phosphorus (1 pound total); and 8 percent potassium (4 pounds total). The remaining weight is usually comprised of inert ingredients. Nitrogen and phosphorus cause the most problems with regard to water pollution. SLOW- • R• Slow- and controlled - release fertilizers provide nutrients to plant roots over an extended period of time. This allows you to fertilize less frequently —and to prevent nutrients from leav- ing your landscape and entering waterways, contributing to harmful algal blooms and other water quality problems. In Florida, any fertilizer that is labeled "slow- release' or "controlled- release" must contain 15 percent or more slow - or controlled - release nitrogen. The label will indicate the percentage of slow- or controlled - release nutrients in the fertilizer, and it's a good idea to look for a fertilizer with higher amounts of slow - release nitrogen. Slow- or controlled - release fertilizers can be applied to your lawn, bedding plants, trees, and any other plants that need nutrients. FERTILIZING LANDSCAPE PLANTS If you're happy with the color and appearance of your landscape plants (shrubs, flowers, trees, etc.), you don't need to fertilize them. Many established plants don't need fertilizer, and many trees will thrive without it. Remember that fertilizer applied to turf will reach the roots of plants nearby, so if you fertilize your lawn, your plants may already be getting all the nutrients they need. Even when plants show signs of nutrient deficiencies, keep in mind that fertilizer might not help —these plants may not be suited for their location or their roots may be damaged in some way. Consider removing high- mainte- nance plants from your landscape and substituting lower - maintenance choices. PALMS & CYCADS Palms and cycads have more complex nutritional require- ments than other landscape plants. The ideal fertilizer for palms and cycads has an analysis of 8- 2 -12 -4 Mg; all of its Palms have special nutritional needs. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping- Publication N, K, and Mg should be in slow- or controlled - release form. Since palms are prone to several potentially fatal micronutrient deficiencies, this fertilizer should also con- tain 1 -2 percent iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), plus trace amounts of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B). Using fertilizers with ratios other than the one given may cause or intensify nutrient deficiencies. FERTILIZING THE LAWN A properly maintained lawn filters stormwater runoff, reduces air temperatures, and helps prevent pollution and stabilize soil. Grass that receives appropriate levels of fer- tilizer -not too little and not too much -might also require fewer cultural or chemical controls for weeds, insects, and diseases, since it grows more vigorously and is strong and healthy On the other hand, fertilizing incorrectly can aggravate pest problems, stimulate excessive growth, and require frequent watering. In addition, when too much nitrogen fertilizer is used on lawns, it can leach through the ground, past the root zones of grass, plants, and trees, and into the aquifer, where almost all of the freshwater used in Florida comes from. It can also be washed off by rainfall directly into surface water or stormwater systems. How much fertilizer should I apply to a lawn? No matter what kind of grass you have or where in the state you live, you should not apply more fertilizer than the rate listed on the label. If using a quick release prod- uct, apply only up to 0.5 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. How much fertilizer that translates to depends on the per- centage of nitrogen in your fertilizer and the size of your landscape. To calculate how much fertilizer to apply to your lawn, use the following table. In the table below, match the size of your lawn to the percentage of nitrogen (N) in your fertilizer to find the amount of fertilizer you need to apply. If you have a bahiagross lawn, apply this amount of fertilizer about twice a year no matter where you live in the state. For centipedegrass, apply about once a year in North Florida and once or twice a year in Central and South Florida. For St. Augustinegrass or zoysiagrass, apply about two or three times a year in North and Central Florida and three or four times a year in South Florida. OF /IFAS recommends soil testing for phosphorus content before any P fertilizer is applied. 'These recommendations assume use of a properly calibrated spreader. See www .yourfloridalawn.ifas.ufl.edu for instructions on calibrating your spreader. THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 6% N 10% N 12% N 15% N 16% N 23% N 27% N 1,000 ft2 16.516s 10 Ibs 8.5 Ibs 6.5 Ibs 6 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 4 I6s 1,100 ft2 18.5 Ibs 11 Ibs 9.5 Ibs 7 Ibs 7 Ibs 5 I6s 416S 1,200 ft2 20 Ibs 12 Ibs 10.5 Ibs 8 Ibs 7.5 Ibs 5 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 1,300 ft2 22 Ibs 13 Ibs 11.5 Ibs 8.5 Ibs 8 Ibs 5.516s 5 I6s 1,400 ft2 23.5 Ibs 14 Ibs 12.516s 9 Ibs 916S 6 Ibs 5 I6s 1,500 ft2 2516s 15 lbs 13.5 Ibs 10 Ibs 9.5 lbs 6.516s 5.5 lbs 2,000 ft2 33.5 Ibs 20 Ibs 17 Ibs 13 Ibs 12 16s 916S 8 Ibs - 2,500 ft2 41.516s 25 Ibs 21 Ibs 16.5 Ibs 15.516s 11 Ibs 9.516s 3,000 ft2 50 Ibs 30 Ibs 25.516s 19.5 Ibs 18 Ibs 1316s 12 Ibs 3,500 ft2 58 Ibs 35 Ibs 30 Ibs 23 Ibs 21.516s 15.5 Ibs 13.5 Ibs 4,000 ft2 6616s 4016S 34 Ibs 26 Ibs 24 Ibs 18 Ibs 16 Ibs 4,500 h2 74 Ibs 45 Ibs 38 Ibs 29.5 Ibs 27.5 Ibs 20 Ibs 17.516s 5,000 ft2 82 Ibs 50 Ibs 42.5 Ibs 33 Ibs 31 16s 22 Ibs 19 Ibs 'These recommendations assume use of a properly calibrated spreader. See www .yourfloridalawn.ifas.ufl.edu for instructions on calibrating your spreader. THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 I , f i I l Measure the areas of your yard to Divide your yard up into a series of rectangles Check the fertilizer tables in this Carefully measure half the amount be fertilized in order to determine and multiply the length times the width to handbook to determine the to be applied by using a container the total square footage. determine the square footage of each area. Add proper amount to apply. and scale. them all together to get the total. MR r ' 14� W Close the holes in your spreader. Load the measured fertilizer from Over the grass, open the holes in Apply the fertilizer to the area in a your container to the spreader. the spreader to the lowest setting. North /South direction. f If you have any fertilizer left over, Load the other half of the fertilizer Apply the second half of the Be sure to sweep up any spilled add it to the second half of the to the spreader. fertilizer in an East /West direction. fertilizer and put it back in the application. package. Follow these steps to fertilize your lawn. In the table below, match the size of your lawn to the percentage of nitrogen (N) in your fertilizer to find the amount of fertilizer you need to apply. If you have a bahiagrass lawn, apply this amount of fertilizer about four times a year no matter where you live in the state. For centipedegrass, apply about twice a year in North Florida and two to four times a year in Central and South Florida. For St. Augustinegrass or zoysiagrass, apply about four to six times a year in North and Central Florida and six to eight times a year in South Florida. OF /IFAS recommends soil testing for phosphorus content before any P fertilizer is applied. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping' Publication 6% N 10% N 12% N 15% N 16% N 23% N 27% N 1,000 R2 8.25 Ibs 5 Ibs 4.25 Ibs 3.25 Ibs 3 Ibs 2.25 Ibs 2 Ibs 1,100 R2 9.25 Ibs 5.5 Ibs 4.75 Ibs 3.5 Ibs 3.5 Ibs 2.5 Ibs 2 Ibs 1,200 R2 10 Ibs 616s 5.25 Ibs 4 Ibs 3.75 Ibs 2.5 Ibs 2.25 Ibs 1,300 R2 11 Ibs 6.5 Ibs 5.75 Ibs 4.25 Ibs 4 Ibs 2.75 Ibs 2.5 Ibs 11400 R2 11.75 Ibs 7 Ibs 6.25 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 3 Ibs 2.5 Ibs A Florida - Friendly Landscaping' Publication 'These recommendations assume use of a properly calibrated spreader. See www .yourfloridalawn.ifas.ufl.edu for instructions on calibrating your spreader. When should I apply fertilizer to a lawn? The warmer parts of Florida have year -round growing sea- sons, while other areas have dormant lawns for parts of the year. Apply fertilizer when grass is actively growing, not when it is dormant. As a general rule of thumb, in North Florida (north of Ocala) and the panhandle, your last fertilizer application should be made in late September. Turfgrasses do not use fertilizer when they are dormant. In Central Florida, your last application can be made in early October. You can tell when grass is dormant because growth will slow significantly or the grass will turn brown. Dormancy is caused by changes in both weather and length of day, so even in South Florida grass can go THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Apply fertilizer only when grass s growing actively. dormant. Consult your county UFAFAS Extension office with questions about the best times to fertilize your lawn, and always comply with local fertilizer ordinances. How do I water -in fertilizer? Most fertilizers need to be watered -in to move fertilizer just below the soil surface to grass roots. This process requires only about 1/4 inch of irrigation water. To find out how long it takes your sprinkler system to deliver this much water, read "Calibrating Irrigation Systems" on page 19. Don't overwater, or you'll increase the potential to move fertilizer past the root zone and into groundwater. 6% N 10% N 12% N 15% N 16% N 23% N 27% N 1,500 ft2 12.5 Ibs 7.5 Ibs 6.75 Ibs 5 Ibs 4.75 Ibs 3.25 Ibs 2.75 Ibs 2,000 ft2 16.75 Ibs 10 Ibs 8.5 Ibs 6.5 Ibs 6 Ibs 4.5 Ibs 4 Ibs 2,500 ft2 20.75 Ibs 12.5 Ibs 10.5 Ibs 8.2516s 7.75 Ibs 5.5 Ibs 4.75 Ibs 3,000 ft2 25 Ibs 15 Ibs 12.75 Ibs 9.75 Ibs 9 Ibs 6.5 Ibs 6 Ibs 3,500 ft2 29 Ibs 17.5 Ibs 15 Ibs 11.5 Ibs 10.75 Ibs 7.75 Ibs 6.75 Ibs 4,000 ft2 33 Ibs 20 Ibs 17 Ibs 13 Ibs 12 Ibs 9 Ibs 8 Ibs 4,500 ft2 37 Ibs 22.5 Ibs 19 Ibs 14.7516s 13.75 Ibs 10 Ibs 8.75 Ibs 5,000 ft2 41 Ibs 25 Ibs 21.25 Ibs 16.5 Ibs 15.5 Ibs 11 Ibs 9.516 'These recommendations assume use of a properly calibrated spreader. See www .yourfloridalawn.ifas.ufl.edu for instructions on calibrating your spreader. When should I apply fertilizer to a lawn? The warmer parts of Florida have year -round growing sea- sons, while other areas have dormant lawns for parts of the year. Apply fertilizer when grass is actively growing, not when it is dormant. As a general rule of thumb, in North Florida (north of Ocala) and the panhandle, your last fertilizer application should be made in late September. Turfgrasses do not use fertilizer when they are dormant. In Central Florida, your last application can be made in early October. You can tell when grass is dormant because growth will slow significantly or the grass will turn brown. Dormancy is caused by changes in both weather and length of day, so even in South Florida grass can go THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Apply fertilizer only when grass s growing actively. dormant. Consult your county UFAFAS Extension office with questions about the best times to fertilize your lawn, and always comply with local fertilizer ordinances. How do I water -in fertilizer? Most fertilizers need to be watered -in to move fertilizer just below the soil surface to grass roots. This process requires only about 1/4 inch of irrigation water. To find out how long it takes your sprinkler system to deliver this much water, read "Calibrating Irrigation Systems" on page 19. Don't overwater, or you'll increase the potential to move fertilizer past the root zone and into groundwater. :EEP MOISTURE IN THE SOIL, HELP CONTROL WEEDS, AND REDUCE STORMWATER RUNOFF A mulch layer around trees, shrubs, and planted beds provides many benefits. In areas that are difficult to mow, irrigate, or otherwise maintain, use mulch to replace turf or groundcovers. Also consider placing mulch in shady areas where many plants don't grow well. THE DIRT r Mulch is a wonderful addition to any landscape, because it: • Buffers soil temperature. Mulch keeps soils and plant roots warmer in winter and cooler in summer. • Helps maintain soil moisture. Mulch slows evapora- tion and reduces the water needs of plants. Properly applied mulch encourages moisture retention and accents the landscape. • Inhibits weed germination and growth. • Adds beauty. Mulch gives planting beds a neat and uniform appearance, and its color and texture can complement plantings. • Helps reduce soil erosion. • Can improve soil. As they decompose, organic materi- als like wood chips, pine needles, leaves, and grass clippings make soil more fertile and improve soil aera- tion, structure, and drainage. Can protect plants. Mulch can help prevent certain plant diseases, and when placed around shrubs and trees (at least 12 inches from the trunk), it reduces the likelihood of damage from trimmers and mowers. CHOOSING A MULCH There are many factors to consider when selecting mulch for your landscape. Depending on your priorities, you could make a decision based on any or all of them: • Cost • Color • Origins of the mulch • Durability • Nutrient content • Texture/Appearance All of the different kinds of mulch available in Florida have benefits and drawbacks. Cypress, melaleuca, and pine bark are the longest lasting types of mulch but don't offer plants many nutrients when they break down. Soil pH may be reduced by pine bark and pine straw, which would be excellent for acid - loving plants like azaleas, but not plants that require high -pH soil. Here's an overview of the most popular mulches: Pine bark is a byproduct of the forest industry. It comes in ground and nugget forms, and has a rich brown color. Pine straw (pine needles) comes from pine plantations, which produce paper and wood products, and is sold in bales. Unlike some mulches, pine needles are not likely to wash away, because they knit together. Fallen leaves (including grass clippings) can be raked up for free in your landscape. This type of mulch is high in nutrients, but decomposes quickly. Melaleuca mulch is made from the invasive exotic trees. The product is cured at a high temperature to kill seeds. Mixed hardwood mulch is produced from scrap lumber, recycled pallets, or tree stems that are too small to be used for paper or wood production. Eucalyptus mulch typically comes from plantations in South and Central Florida where the trees are grown specifically for mulch. They grow quickly, so this mulch is considered renewable. Utility mulch is sold or given away for free by many utili- ty companies. This mulch comes from trimming trees and A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'" Publication other plants that get in the way of power lines, but it can come with weed seeds. Cypress mulch is composed of both wood and bark. Cypress trees, which grow in Florida's forested wetlands, are often harvested for lumber used in fencing, flooring, furniture and other wood products. Cypress mulch is often made from the waste wood generated in the manufacture of these products, but it may also be produced from whole trees cut from wetlands. The Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM Program does not recommend the use of cypress mulch, as its origins may be difficult to determine. Gravel or pebbles can be used as mulch, but they won't contribute to the soil's nutrient and organic content or water - holding capacity. If you choose to use these prod- ucts, make sure to first install a woven ground cloth to keep them from sinking in sandy soils. These mulches last a long time, but will need to be cleared of debris to look their best. GUIDELINES FOR USING MULCH Follow these tips when using mulch in your landscape: • Maintain a 2- to 3 -inch layer around established trees, shrubs, and bedding plants. Coarse materials, such as pine nuggets, may be applied to a depth of 4 inches, but don't allow mulch to accumulate to a greater depth. Adding more mulch can harm plants because THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 mulch intercepts rain and irrigation meant for plants' root systems. • Avoid "volcano mulching." When mulch is piled against the base of a tree, it holds moisture, encouraging rot in the trunk. Mulch piled against the trunks of young trees may also create habitat for rodents that chew the tender bark and can ultimately kill the trees. • Mulch to the drip line or beyond. The mulched area around the tree should be at least 8 feet in diameter. Remember that in a forest environment, a tree's entire root system (which usually extends well beyond the drip line) would be naturally mulched. • Rake old mulch. Some mulches can become matted, preventing water and air from seeping through. Rake it to benefit plantings and refresh the mulch's appearance. Purchasing mulch by the bag is convenient, but it can be costly. Buying mulch in bulk quantities can save you money. Bulk mulch is sold by the cubic yard; each cubic yard contains 27 cubic feet. Remember to apply 3 to 4 inches of mulch for a layer that will be 2 to 3 inches when settled. BRING YOUR YARD TO LIFE BY PROVIDING WATER, FOOD, AND SHELTER FOR BIRDS, BUTTERFLIES, AND OTHER CREATURES Remember to plant for pollinators. Florida is a state renowned for its diverse and unique ecosystems. But rapid development, particularly in coastal areas, is continuing to destroy wildlife habitat. As our com- munities expand, we rightly lament the loss of native birds and other animals. But did you know there is much you can do at home to create a safe haven for these displaced Floridians? By following the simple tips in this chapter, your Florida - Friendly lawn and garden can become a sanctuary for wildlife, as well as part of a migratory passage between one wild space and another. Animals need to move from place to place, just like people. They have trouble traveling in heavily urban and suburban landscapes, but you can help them by joining your Florida- Friendly yard with others in the neigh- borhood to create a "natural corridor " —a safe, traversable route between woodlands, wetlands, or other wild areas. Use a variety of plants in your yard's design to attract many different species of animals, from birds and butter- flies to snakes and squirrels. Your home landscape will become a refuge for critters in need of shade, rest, food, and water. In return, your landscape will become a living, lovely part of Florida. Talk with your neighbors and community organizations about Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM, and encourage others to make their yards as hospitable as yours. TIPS Try a few of these ideas to lure wildlife to your yard: • Provide food. Select plants with seeds, fruit, foliage, or flowers that butterflies, birds, and other wildlife like to eat. Berries, fleshy fruits, nuts, and acorns are all treats for many animals. Firebush supplies food for birds and butterflies. Supply water. Any water you provide will attract wildlife. You could have running water in the form of a natural feature, such as a pond, creek, or other body of fresh water, but a fountain or birdbath will also beckon wildlife. Empty and clean your birdbath every few days. Do not clean it with soap or bleach just physically scrub all surfaces with a brush or scouring -type sponge. Change the water regularly to prevent mosquito breed- ing and bacterial contamination. • Leave snags. Leave snags, which are the trunks of dead trees, in place if they do not create a hazard. Many birds use snags for perching, nesting, and feeding. Snags have great appeal for various woodpeckers. • Manage pets. If you permit pets to harass or kill wildlife, you will only hinder any efforts you make toward attracting wildlife. This is especially true for cats allowed outdoors, so keep your cats inside. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'^^ Publication • Reduce insecticide use. Each time you apply an insecti- cide to your landscape, you reduce insect populations, which form an important food source for birds. Some chemicals can also poison birds and other animals that feed on affected insects. Reduce the amount of mowed lawn area. Unmowed areas can contain more plant species than mowed areas, providing more potential food sources and habitat for wildlife. Reduce the mowed area around your house, especially in low- traffic areas, such as corners of the yard. • Increase vertical layering. Plant a variety of plants in different sizes and heights to provide more cover and feeding opportunities for diverse species of wildlife. To attract specific types of animals or insects to your yard, think about their needs. r AT A small bat house in your yard can provide a roost for bats. An individual bat can eat thousands of insects in a night, and A bat house provides a roost for these nocturnal pollinators. THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Layers of vegetation entice wildlife and add visual interest. bats also serve as important (ollinators for many flowering plants, including fruit trees. B it houses aren't complex struc- tures, and designs are easy t, find in books and on the Internet. Your bat house shou d be tall, shallow, and hung at least twelve to fifteen feet abc ve the ground on the south or southeast side of a tree, pole or building. The site should be fairly open and easy for bats to see. Design planted areas that inc ude a tree canopy, smaller under - story trees and shrubs, grass( s, and flowers. Allow grasses and flowers to go to seed on occc >ion —this is a real draw for birds. BUTTERFLIES A combination of both larval (caterpillar) and nectar plants will attract a variety of butter lies to your yard. Nectar plants provide food for adult butterl ies, while larval plants are food sources for the caterpillar sta ae. If you want to attract butter- flies to your yard, expect a c rtain level of damage to certain plants from hungry caterpilla s. See the plant list online at httpT / /fyn.ifas.ufl.edu for hel ( with choosing species that attract butterflies. CREATE AN EFFECTIVE DEFENSE AGAINST PESTS WF ILE MINIMIZING YOUR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Pest management in the home landscape once relied heavi- ly on the use of chemicals. Today that is changing because of concerns for human health and environmental safety. Scientists now recommend using Integrated Pest Manage- ment (IPM), a strategy that helps gardeners prevent and manage pest problems with as few chemicals as possible. IPM emphasizes smart planning, proper maintenance, and natural or low- toxicity controls in ensuring plants stay healthy and resist insect and disease infestation. AVOIDING PEST PROBLEM! The way that you plant and maintain your yard either dis- courages pests or throws out the welcome mat for them. Follow these tips to prevent pests: • Think before you plant. Plants in locations not suited to them may be stressed and thus more susceptible to pests. • Start early. IPM begins at planting time, with the selec- tion of plants that are pest -free and pest- resistant. • Keep your plants healthy. Using appropriate amounts of water and fertilizer is the best defense against pests. • Conduct regular scouting. Keep an eye on your yard's plants to detect pest problems early, before significant damage occurs. • Go easy on water and fertilizer. Too much of either can cause excessive growth, making plants vulnerable to some insects and diseases. Encourage healthy growth by applying fertilizer and water only when they're needed and in moderate amounts. • Mow to the proper height and prune selectively. Mowing grass too short and severely pruning trees and shrubs weakens them, potentially inviting problems. • Encourage beneficial insects. Learn to recognize the insects in your garden that help manage pests and let them continue their good work! The pictures below are beneficial insects. Assassin bug. Green lynx spider. Ladybug. big -eyed bug. Green lacewing. Parasitic fly. Parasitic wasp. nr "rrTING PEST PROBLEMS Inspecting plants frequently helps detect pest problems early. You can give plants the once -over anytime you water by hand, mow, or do other outdoor chores. Set aside a time twice or more each week to walk through your yard and look at plants. Some small insects complete their life cycles in one week, so a weekly wander through the yard may not be frequent enough. Common plant pests in Florida include aphids, mealy - bugs, scales, whiteflies, thrips, plant- feeding mites, caterpillars, and chinch bugs. Often you will spot evi- dence of a pest's activity before you see the insect itself. If you see chewed or deformed leaves, sooty mold, many ants scurrying up and down plant stems, or discolored "trails" on leaves, you are likely to find a pest lurking somewhere. Detecting small insects and mites can be difficult. One method that works well is to flick the leaves of small branches against a sheet of white paper. Use a ten -power (10X) magnifying glass to search for movement or A Florida- Friendly Landscaping- Publication evidence of pests. Chinch bugs can be collected from lawn thatch using a shop vacuum. Look on the branches and on both the upper- and under- sides of leaves for pests that attach to the plant, such as scales and whitefly nymphs. Sooty mold on leaves is a tell- tale clue to an infestation by what are known as piercing - sucking insects (aphids are one example). These pests pierce the plant with sharp mouthparts and suck the sap. Some piercing- sucking insects secrete a sugary substance called honeydew, on which the black - colored sooty mold fungus grows. Sooty mold doesn't injure a plant directly, but it does block sunlight from leaves, reducing photosyn- thesis. Ants also signal the potential presence of pests, since they feed on honeydew and often protect the insects that produce it. If you see plant damage but few pests, beneficial insects may already be working on your behalf. These may include lady beetles (commonly called ladybugs) and their larvae, lacewings and their larvae, assassin bugs, spiders, parasitic wasps, and parasitic flies (syrphid or hoverfly lar- vae and tachinid flies). Removing by hand and tolerating minor insect damage are responsible ways to manage pests. Tolerate some insect damage and leaf disease on plants. No one can maintain an insect- and disease -free landscape, and a little damage will not hurt your plants. Remember, in order to have the "good guys," such as ladybugs, there must be some "bad guys," or pests, for them to feed on. If a pest problem persists, take a sample of the damaged plant and pest to your county Extension office for identifi- cation and suggestions on how to use IPM techniques. THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 `1EATING PEST PROBLEMS IPM is the best strategy for dealing with pest management, and it relies on the use of chemicals only as a last resort. Check out these IPM techniques. • Remove affected leaves or plant parts. When pests are heavily concentrated on a plant, you can often reduce or eliminate the problem by simply removing the affect- ed leaves or stems. • Pick insects off by hand. This easy step can often defeat infestations of large, slow- moving pests. Dispose of any captured insects so they do not return to feed again. Try one of these methods: • Drop pests into soapy water or isopropyl alcohol. • Place them in the freezer overnight (in a baggy or plastic container). • Crush them and put them in your household trash. • Look for beneficials. If you see a pest outbreak, deter- mine if it's being managed by natural enemies already present. Many beneficial insects prey on pests, and harming them will just help the pests. • Don't treat by default. Plants with aesthetic damage don't necessarily need to be treated. Consider the amount of damage you're willing to accept. Remember that there will always be insects in any healthy land- scape, and don't worry about minor damage. Start with low- impact techniques. Always try the safest alternatives first, such as handpicking insects or pruning affected parts of a plant. If pesticide use does become necessary, choose products that are the least harmful to people, pets, and wildlife. These products include insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, botanicals (e.g., pyrethrum, neem, and rotenone), microbials (e.g., spinosad, abamectin, and Bacillus thuringiensis `Kurstaki'), and entomopathogenic nematodes (small worms that kill insects). Avoid using broad - spectrum insecticides. They're not selective, meaning they also kill beneficials. Instead, choose targeted products, which are designed to harm only specific pests. For example, products that contain an extract of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis `Kurstaki' are used to manage caterpillars without affecting other organisms. • Spot -treat only. Use pesticides to treat only the affected areas of a plant or lawn. Never use blanket applications to treat problems. • Read and follow all label instructions. Be careful and remember that the label is the law! • Apply pesticides during the cooler part of the day. Heat combined with soaps, horticultural oils, and other pesticides can injure plants. Use products only on recommended plants. Always read the label to find out which plants a product can be applied on and which plants are sensitive to the product. If you're unsure about applying a product to a plant, test it on a small area of the plant first. Check for leaf burn in the tested area after one to two days. Phytotoxicity, or chemical injury, often looks like a burn on the edge of leaves. For more information about specific yard pests, diagnos- ing pest problems, and controlling pests, visit http://il2m.ifas.ufl.edu. COMMON LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT Certain pests are considered "key," in that they cause the vast majority of landscape problems. Here is a list of ten common causes of lawn and garden damage. 1. APHIDS Winged or wingless pear- shaped bodies may be green, yel- low, black, red, or multi - colored. Typically found on new growth. Damaged leaves appear yellow, twisted, or distort- ed; ants (which nurture aphids) or sooty mold may also be present. Green peach aphids. Natural Enemies Lady beetle (ladybug) adults and larvae, lacewing larvae, syrphid fly larvae, parasitic wasps. Other Controls Prune infested plant parts or forcefully spray them with water to dislodge the insects. Apply insecticidal soaps or horticultural oils. 2. CATERPILLARS These are the larvae of butterflies and moths. They chew on foliage, creating skeletonized, notched, or ragged leaves. Watch for greenish fecal pellets on leaves or below plants. Caterpillar. Natural Enemies Wasps, predatory stink bugs, big -eyed bugs, birds, lizards. Other Controls Remove by hand (use pliers to remove stinging caterpil- lars), apply Bacillus thuringiensis `Kurstaki' (most effective when caterpillars are small). Note: Most caterpillars only feed on specific host plants. Remember that if you want butterflies you will need to tolerate caterpillar feeding activity. 3. CHINCH BUGS Chinch bugs only feed on St. Augustinegrass, often in stressed areas in full sun or near pavement. Adults are 1/5 -inch long, black with white patches on wings. Young nymphs are smaller, reddish, and have a white stripe across their backs. Injured turf yellows and dies. Chinch bug. Natural Enemies Big -eyed bugs, earwigs, and a species of parasitic wasp. Other Controls Fertilze correctly. Maintain St. Augustinegrass at height of 3 inches in sun and 4 inches in shade. Spot -treat infestations with insecticides labeled for chinch bugs. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping- Publication s1: "T.01.11 White, soft - bodied insects 1/16- to 1/8 -inch long. Bodies and egg masses covered by powdery white wax. Attack leaves, twigs, and roots. Sooty mold or ants may also be present. tAealybug Natural Enemies Lady beetles, lacewing larvae. Other Controls Spray with horticultural oil or insecticidal soap. If that fails, apply a systemic insecticide (i.e., imidacloprid) to the root system. Soil systemics may take several weeks to work. 5. MOLE CRICKETS Velvety brown, 1/2 inch long, feed on turfgrass and veg- etable roots. Flattened front legs adapted for burrowing. Mole crickets affect all grasses, but prefer bahiagrass and bermudagrass. Injured turf may be spongy and thinning, with 3/4 inch, round holes that are signs of tunneling. Infestation usually occurs in the same area each year. Test for infestation by flushing area with soapy water (1 -2 table- spoons soap in a gallon of water). Crickets will surface within 3 -5 minutes if present. Mole crickets. Natural Enemies Parasitic wasp (Larra bicolor), red -eyed fly (Ormia deple- ta), insect - parasitic nematodes (Steinernema scapterisci), and birds. M THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Other Controls For chronic infestation, consider replacing turf with trees, shrubs, or groundcovers. If necessary, spot -treat infesta- tions in May or June with insecticides labeled for mole cricket control. 6. PLANT- FEEDING MITES Tiny (1/32 -inch) red, yellow, or green with oval bodies. Some spin loose webs on foliage. Mites reproduce rapidly in hot weather. Injuries to plants look like light - colored dots, giving leaves a dull, gray - green, speckled appearance. Texas citrus mite. Natural Enemies Lady beetles, predatory mites. Other Controls Spray undersides of foliage with water, then alternate with soap and oils if necessary. 011111101411101 M1 Vary in size, shape, and color. Soft scales and armored scales are the most common. Soft scales produce honey- dew (sugary secretion), which promotes sooty mold and attracts ants. The armored scale body is hidden under a waxy covering. Mature scales are stationary and feed on leaves, twigs, stems, and fruit. "Crawlers" (the immature, mobile stage) are the most vulnerable life stage and, there- fore, easiest to control. Green scales. Natural Enemies Lady beetles, parasitic wasps. Other Controls Scrape scales off plant tissue. See other controls for mealy - bugs. 8. SOD WEBWORMS Gray -green caterpillars with brown spots on each segment. These lawn- damaging pests chew on grass blades, causing short, ragged patches in the lawn. They feed at night and hide by day. A soap flush may verify their presence. Sod webworms. Natural Enemies Spiders and numerous other beneficials that live in lawns. Control Apply products containing Bacillus thuringiensis. 9. THRIPS Tiny (1/32 -inch) winged insects that scar leaves, buds, and flower petals to drink sap from wounds. Injured plant may be dull gray with curling, distorted leaves or browning flowers. Thrips. Natural Enemies Predaceous thrips, predatory mites. Other Controls Apply horticultural oils and/or insecticidal soaps. 10. WHITEFLIES Adults look like tiny white moths on plants. They take flight when leaves are disturbed. Eggs are on leaf undersides. Nymphs (the stage of whitefly that feeds on Plants) are oval, flat, transparent -to- greenish in color, and may look like scales. They are stationary and are located on undersides of leaves. Ants or sooty mold may be present. Citrus whitefly. Natural Enemies Fungi (most effective in humid weather), parasitic wasps, lady beetles. Other Controls Spray with insecticidal soap. Follow with horticultural oils, if necessary. Be aware that several species are resistant to insecticides. PLAINT DISEASES Many organisms, including viruses, fungi, and bacteria, can cause diseases in plants. Diseases can be specific to certain plants, but identifying them can still be extremely difficult. Often, home gardeners mistake environmental or maintenance problems for diseases. For example, Spanish moss, lichens, and ball moss are not parasites that should be killed or removed; they are merely harmless plants themselves. Another common misdiagnosis in coastal areas is mistaking saltwater damage for disease. Irrigating plants with salty well water can cause yellowing around the edges of leaves and leaf -drop starting from the bottom part of the plant's canopy. When a plant does have a disease, the problem may be merely cosmetic rather than truly damaging to the plant. Examples are minor leaf spots or other damage to select leaves. Such minor aesthetic concerns are no cause for alarm or treatment. There are serious diseases, however, that can damage or kill plants they affect. Examples are mushroom root rot on landscape plants, A Florida-Friendly Landscaping'' Publication bacterial wilt on vegetables, and take -all root rot on turf. Such diseases can seriously damage the plant's appearance or growth. Because diseases are difficult to identify, do not assume a disease is in the works just because of a plant's appearance. Use a magnifying glass to look for insect pests that may be causing the damage. Also analyze maintenance practices for causes related to visible symptoms. If you still suspect a disease, contact your county Extension office for advice on how to collect and submit plant samples for disease diagnosis and recommendations on the least toxic methods of treatment. M THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK 2009 Bacterial wilt. RE -USE YOUR YARD WASTE TO SAVE MONEY AND ENRICH YOUR SOIL Landscape maintenance activities like mowing, pruning, and raking generate yard waste that you can compost or mulch, recycling valuable nutrients. It's easy to recycle yard waste. MOWING Leave clippings on the lawn — they'll decompose, returning nutrients to the turf. Use a mulching mower blade to cut grass into smaller pieces, speeding decomposition. You can also use clippings as mulch or compost. PRUNING Pruning is selectively removing parts of a plant to improve plant health, control growth, or enhance fruiting, flower- ing, or appearance. Prune shrubs and other small plants using one of three techniques: thinning, heading back, or hedging. Follow the steps below, and then shred the resulting cuttings to add to the compost pile or use as mulch. You can also toss the cuttings behind a shrub to decompose. _.. A f Reduction cut Remove this Branch bark ridge B Keep this Proper pruning enhances plant health. • Keep it healthy. Remove all dead, diseased, or injured branches. • Keep it clean. If pruning a diseased plant, dip pruning shears and saws in alcohol to keep from spreading the problem. • Keep it uniform. Remove branches that cross or touch each other and any that look out of place. • Keep it minor. Hire an arborist certified by the International Society of Arboriculture to prune trees taller than about 15 feet. Correct pruning makes trees more resistant to hurricane damage. If you are unsure about proper tree pruning techniques, con- sider hiring an arborist —a specialist in the care of trees —to prune your trees. Look for someone who is certified by the International Society of Arboriculture. Certification indicates that the arborist has been trained through continuing educa- tion administered by the ISA. To find an ISA- certified arborist in your area, check out the International Society of Arboriculture Florida Chapter's Web site, http: / /floridaisa.org, and search by ZIP code. Pruning trees can be a technical, detailed, and dangerous process. Learn more about it online at hm2:// gardeningsolutions .ifas.ufl.edu. Hire a certified arborist if you are unsure about proper pruning techniques. Use these simple steps as a guideline for every pruning job you tackle: Remove all dead, diseased, or injured branches. Dip pruning shears and saws in alcohol to prevent spread- ing diseases between plants. Remove branches that cross or touch each other and any that look out of place. If a shrub is too tall, heading and thinning may both be necessary. Don't use hedge shears, but cut each branch individually to different lengths with hand pruners. This maintains a neat informal shrub with a natural shape. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping- Publication Keep pruning chores to a minimum: • Select slow- growing plants • Place plants far enough from walkways, driveways, or buildings to allow them to reach maturity without encountering obstructions that require hauling out the pruners. • Forget the clipped, formal look. Soft, flowing, natural lines are attractive and easy to maintain. Many new Floridians avoid having deciduous trees in their yards because they believe that fallen leaves require raking. But deciduous trees reduce energy costs by shading a house in summer and, after leaves fall, by allowing sunshine to heat a house in winter. Rake up leaves and pine needles and use them as mulch or add them to the compost pile. Or permit leaves to remain under trees to form a self - mulching area. Leaves add nutri- ents to soil as they decompose. If aesthetics are an issue, plant shrubs under trees to avoid raking. The shrubs will benefit from decomposing plant litter and help to hold ves in place so they won't clutter the I dscape. COMPOSTING A common misconception about plant care is that all plants require fertilizer. Plants do need nutrients, but they might not need added fertilizer. That is because as organic matter decomposes, nutrients are released into the soil in a form that plants can utilize. A great way to supply some of these key nutrients to plants while recycling yard waste is by adding compost, which you can make from yard or kitchen waste. As compost decom- poses in soil, it releases essential nutrients. Add generous amounts of composted material frequently to soil to help create the perfect medium for sustained plant health. Adding compost to soil can: • Improve soil structure, texture, and aeration. • Increase the water - holding capacity of soil. • Help loosen compacted soils. • Promote soil fertility and stimulate root development , I THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 • Create a favorable environment for microorganisms, earthworms, and insects that are nature's "soil builders." Composting can be as simple as placing leaves, grass clippings, and small cuttings behind shrubs or in a hidden corner of the yard and letting nature take its course. Homemade or manufactured compost bins allow you to easily incorporate kitchen waste, such as vegetable and fruit scraps, eggshells, and coffee grounds. Numerous types of compost bins are commercially available, and many are attractive. Gardening magazines, catalogs, and garden centers are good sources for composting products. For more information about composting, visit httl2:// eardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu. Place your compost oin in a convenient location. Follow these tips for successful composting: • Try using a bin. They're not necessary, but they help keep piles neat, retain heat and moisture, and prevent complaints from neighbors. The minimum recommend- ed size is 1 cubic yard (3 feet square by 3 feet high). • Decide when you want it. Composting can take as little as four to six weeks or as long as one to two years, depending on the size and type of material in the pile and the amount of attention you give it. Add water as you build the pile. Proper moisture is necessary for microorganisms to decompose the materi- al. Covering the pile retains moisture and prevents the decomposing material from getting too soggy when it rains. You should not be able to squeeze water from the material produced at the bottom of the pile. • Combine different materials in the pile, such as grass clippings and leaves, to achieve the right proportions of carbon and nitrogen for effective composting. • Always bury kitchen waste inside the pile to discourage pests and to prevent odor from rotting fruit and vegetables. Never place meat, animal fat, or dairy prod- ucts in a compost pile. • Turn or stir the pile with a pitchfork or shovel on a weekly basis for faster composting. Stabbing the pile with a length of pipe or rake handle will also help aer- ate and mix the material. Compost is both an easy way to reduce the amount of waste you send to the landfill and a cheap way to get nutrients for your garden. The key is balancing "green," or nitrogen -rich, materials with "brown," or carbon -rich, materials (plus some air and moisture). Here are some items you can compost. All of them will decompose faster when chopped up. GREEN Grass clippings Weeds Fruit and vegetable scraps Eggshells Plant trimmings Farm animal manure BROWN Fallen leaves Twigs and fallen branches Wood chips and sawdust Tea bags Coffee grounds and filters Paper towels Pine needles Dryer lint Cornstalks and corn cobs Shredded newspaper and cardboard Never compost pet waste or animal fats like meat, grease, and cheese. They can create odor problems and attract pests. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'^' Publication THE FLORIDA YARDS &NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK 2009 FILTER RAIN THROUGH YOUR LANDSCAPE TC PROTECT WATERWAYS AND REPLENISH THE AQUIFER A rainstorm can wash exposed soil, landscape debris, oil, fertilizers, and pesticides off your landscape —all of which then become a part of stormwater runoff. Ultimately, every yard and neighborhood is connected to water resources. This connection may be immediate and obvious, like in a waterfront community, or gradual and unnoticed, through the flow of storm drains, ditches, streams, rivers, and groundwater. Either way, the decisions you make in your lawn and garden actually directly influence the health of Florida's waters. HOW WATER WORKS No matter where you are in Florida, chances are there's a body of water nearby —a river, lake, creek, or canal. These surface waters are actually connected to Florida's groundwa- ter supplies through sinkholes, springs, drainage basins, and other pathways. Groundwater comes from the aquifer, an underground cave system made of porous limestone called karst. It is the source of almost all of the water we use in our daily lives, both in our homes and in our yards. Because Florida's groundwater is so close to the surface, the health of our groundwater is directly linked to the health of our visible water bodies, and the ways we maintain our landscapes can have a powerful impact on both groundwa- ter and surface waters. Pollutants can enter water bodies through stormwater runoff, which is rain that flows off roads, roofs, gutters, and yards into stormwater drains, retention ponds, and surface water bodies. As it travels to the nearest body of water, stormwater runoff can pick up contaminants from landscapes such as excess fertilizer and pesticides. The nitrogen and phosphorus found in fertilizers fuel the excessive growth of algae, which smother natural vegetation, deplete oxygen, and kill fish. Nitrogen and phos- phorus can also cause invasive weeds to flourish, changing Florida's natural plant communities. Common household pesticides and fertilizers can also run off into our water sup- ply, potentially damaging aquatic life and harming people. A healthy, properly maintained lawn and landscape can absorb and/or filter stormwater runoff, helping to protect Florida's waters. Following Florida - Friendly Landscaping"m guidelines will reduce pollution coming from the landscape KEEP IT IN THE GROUND One of the basic concepts of a Florida - Friendly yard is that the rain that falls in your yard should soak into your yard. After all, rainfall is an excellent water source for your land- scape, and reducing runoff reduces impacts to waterways. But retaining rainfall long enough for it to percolate through soil is challenging in neighborhoods built on compacted fill soils. Consider these ways to reduce the amount of rainfall that runs off your yard. Keep in mind that you may need to get permission from your homeown- ers' association before adding any of these features. RAIN GARDE'' Rain gardens are an easy and attractive way to reduce the amount of stormwater runoff that leaves your landscape. These shallow areas are planted with grasses and other plants to filter water before letting it flow naturally into the ground. Water kept within a landscape this way returns to the aquifer, helping to replenish Florida's water supplies. Rain gardens work best when they're placed at the bottom of downspouts or in places where water tends to puddle. They're especially good for diverting runoff from paved sur- faces but can also be placed in turf areas. They can be any size or shape, and can attract wildlife. Rain gardens filter stormwater runoff before it soaks into the ground. The plants you choose for your rain garden should thrive in wet conditions, but also be drought tolerant for the times between rains. DOWNSPOUTS If your roof has rain gutters, aim the down- spouts at a porous sur- face so water can soak into soil. If the soil is compacted, you can improve drainage by periodically aerating it. To prevent water from pooling Direct downspouts to porous areas, including rain gardens. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping' Publication next to your home's foundation, extend downspouts further out into the yard and create a depressed area to collect storm -water for infiltration. See the "Rain Gardens" section of this chapter for more information about helping stormwater drain into your landscape. POROUS SURFACES Whenever possible, use bricks, gravel, turf block, mulch, pervious (permeable) concrete, or other porous materials for walkways, driveways, and patios. These materials allow rainwater to seep into the ground, helping to recharge Consider using mulch or other porous materials for walkways. groundwater and filter pollutants and reducing the amount of runoff from your yard. In some cases these porous materials may even cost less to install than con- crete or asphalt. EARTH SHAPING Swales (small dips in the ground) and berms (raised earthen areas) located perpendicular to the slope can help capture or slow runoff that would otherwise rush from your yard, Swales encourage stormwater to soak into the ground. giving it time to soak into the ground. In a waterfront yard, use a berm - and -swale combination, placed above the high water line and parallel to the shoreline, to reduce stormwater runoff. Add a maintenance -free zone of native wetland plants to the swale to make your yard more waterfront - friendly. I THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Berms also help slow runoff. Minor alterations to the lay of the land won't require per- mits or engineers, but any major earthwork should have a professional touch and will require regulatory review. Always check with your local Florida Department of Environmental Protection office and other local govern- mental agencies before making any changes to shorelines. RAIN BARRELS & CISTERNS When it rains in Florida, it often pours. Wouldn't it be great if you could save some of that rain and use it on a dry day to water your plants? Rain barrels are a great way to lessen your impact on our natural resources. Rain barrels can capture a significant amount of water and can have a tangible effect on your water bill — especially when two or more rain barrels are connected together. Best of all, they're fairly easy to find in stores and to make! Installing a spigot on a rain barrel makes it easy to fill a watering can for handwatering plants. A rain barrel can also be hooked up to seep irrigation systems. Your rain barrel can (and should) be made mosquito -proof with a tight- fitting lid and mesh screen, and can be painted or hidden by foliage or a trellis to make it more attractive. Contact your county Extension office to see if they offer workshops on how to make a rain barrel. The Internet also has a lot of information about buying or making rain barrels. Cisterns also catch rain, but can hold hundreds or thou- sands of gallons and require more engineering than rain barrels. Keep in mind that your community or county may require a permit for cisterns. Cisterns can be located above or below ground. HELP PRESERVE FLORIDA'S WATERWAYS, PLANTS, AND WILDLIFE Florida is covered with water. The state boasts over 10,000 miles of rivers and streams, about 7,800 lakes, more than 700 freshwater springs, and the second - longest coastline in the United States. Even if you do not reside on a water- front, the land you live on is directly connected to a nearby water body. That's because no matter where you live, sur- face water that leaves your landscape as runoff (either due to rain or over - watering), together with any fertilizers and pesticides in that runoff, will eventually drain into a water body. The contributing drainage area is called a watershed. All watersheds are ultimately connected to each other and to the underground aquifer that supplies most of Florida's drinking water. So what you do in your yard has further - reaching consequences than you might imagine. If you live on the waterfront, the information in this chapter can help you create a landscape that is beautiful, functional, and environmentally sound. But you should consider the water- front wherever you live. MAINTAINING YOUR WATERFRONT PROPERTY Waterfront property owners have firsthand knowledge of the special value that lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and lagoons contribute to Florida's quality of life. Florida - Friendly waterfront living also involves unique challenges and responsibilities, some of which are outlined here. SHORELINE VEGETATION The land along the water's edge is called the riparian zone and is often a wetland. Some cities and counties require homeowners to establish a buffer zone to protect this area. A 10- foot -wide maintenance -free zone protects a water body from fertil- izer and pesticide runoff. If there is no buffer zone along your waterfront, add Florida - Friendly, low- maintenance plantings to help filter out pesticide and fertilizer runoff from adjacent lawns and landscaped areas. Shoreline vegetation attracts native wildlife and reduces erosion. It can also help beautify your property, dissipate noise from passing boats and other watercraft, and protect your privacy. For your freshwater shoreline, select native aquatic plants such as softstem bullrush, giant bullrush, common arrow- head, pickerelweed, and maidencane. Remove invasive exotic species like water hyacinth, purple loosestrife, hydrilla, and water chestnut. SEAWALLS AND RIP RAP While shoreline vegetation has benefits, many waterfront homes have man -made structures bordering the water instead of a riparian zone with plants. These structures can also help minimize shoreline erosion. They include seawalls (sea- facing walls on a steeply sloped shoreline exposed to high wind and waves), rip rap (loose, large stones), and gabions (rectangular metal baskets filled with rock). Seawalls can help minimize shoreline erosion but may cause other problems. Natural edges with native aquatic plants can help filter runoff before it enters the water body. But these structures can cause other problems. Seawalls, for example, can cause erosion on adjoining properties. Consider inquiring into your city and county ordinances A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'^^ Publication to determine whether removal of these structures is an option. When such structures are necessary, look for ways to encourage native vegetation in and along them, especial- ly rip rap and gabions. YOUR MAINTENANCE -FREE ZONE Whether you live on a natural or man -made water body, it's important to designate a "maintenance -free zone" of at least 10 feet between your landscape and the riparian zone. This area helps to protect the water from runoff. Don't mow, fertilize, or apply pesticides in the maintenance -free zone. Select plants that will do well without fertilization or irrigation after establishment. If your landscape already fea- tures a buffer zone that's larger than 10 feet, you don't need to create an additional maintenance -free zone. OTHER MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS Don't let grass clippings get washed into the water body; their high nutrient content can cause pollution. Also, pick up all pet wastes deposited in your landscape. Pet wastes contain not only lots of nutrients, but also many harmful bacteria. CLEARING AND CONSTRUCTION Waterfront property is often protected by local or state reg- ulations. A permit may be required for activities as diverse as removing vegetation; extending a fence; building any structure; or developing walking, cycling, or vehicular paths. Before building anything on or clearing anything from your property, make sure you contact the Department of Environmental Protection or your local city or county offices or departments related to land development, build- ing, and planning. ands are tran on E :osy` ms between land and water Bogs, cypress domes, me 1groves, swamps, wet prairies, and marshes are all type of wetlands. Some of these wet- lands are enormous, like the Florida Everglades. Others may be small and contai ied entirely on one property. Wetlands play a critical ole in reducing flood damage by storing stormwater when it surges and releasing it slowly over time. Wetlands are nvaluable in keeping water clean by acting as filters for pc llutants, silt, and sediment. Fish, birds, and wildlife deper J upon wetlands for food, nesting grounds, migratory stop! , and shelter. Wetlands are also valuable to the Florida e onomy, as they support commer- cial fisheries and tourist- >ased wildlife watching. Florida has the largest concentration of freshwater springs in the world. Floridians and visitors enjoy the recreational opportuni- ties afforded by many springs, including diving, snorkeling, tubing, and canoeing. Springs alsc serve as important habitats for many fragile plant and wildlife species, and are considered "windows into the aquifer," becau!�s the water they pump out comes from the underground source of most of Florida's drinking water. But like other water bodies, Fl >rida springs are threatened by population growth, urban sprawl, groundwater withdrawals, and the use of fertilizers, pesticid( s, and other potential pollutants. Excess nutrients cause algae and vegitation blooms in Florida springs. Unpolluted springs offer wildlife f )bitat and recreational opportunity. THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Keeping stormwater onsite allows it to soak into the ground and recharge aquifers. STORMWATER PONDS AND CANALS Many Floridians live near man -made water bodies called stormwater ponds and canals. These structures are created to prevent flooding, manage stormwater, and improve water quality in urbanized areas. Stormwater ponds and canals are just as important to protect as our natural water bodies because all of Florida's waterways are connected, Stormwater management ponds can be beautiful and educational amenities. and anything that enters a man -made water body could eventually enter our natural water system. Stormwater ponds and canals can be more than function- al. With a little help from you, they can serve as a home for birds, fish, plants, and frogs and become a neighbor- hood amenity. Work with your neighborhood association or your neighbors to create an area that not only improves the environment, but also contributes to your quality of life. just make sure you talk to your water man- agement district before making any modifications, because you'll probably need to get a permit change. Consider these strategies to enhance stormwater ponds and canals: • Plant flood - tolerant species that are known to help reduce contaminants in water. • Plant a wide variety of plants to increase biodiversity and attract a wider range of wildlife and insects. • Add landscaping to make it look like a natural wetland. • Build boardwalks and trails so neighbors can enjoy plants and wildlife. • Add varied water depths to an existing pond to create diverse habitats. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'^" Publication Water -eps through the ground and recharges the mwonl nee surficial Artesian well Rowing from aquifer. Some svaler makes it into the confined linseslone aquifer. conl'med aquifer. Red Ine indicates potentiouletric surface of confined aquifer. Welland Water Table Water Table well (roil) uncollfined Spring (discharge areal aquifer Unconfined Surftlial Aquifer confusing Unit collRmed Aquier (1111les4olle) Large pipe wlk-d a cunduil dissolved in the limestone This fealure Iransniis large volumes of waler. Keeping stormwater onsite allows it to soak into the ground and recharge aquifers. STORMWATER PONDS AND CANALS Many Floridians live near man -made water bodies called stormwater ponds and canals. These structures are created to prevent flooding, manage stormwater, and improve water quality in urbanized areas. Stormwater ponds and canals are just as important to protect as our natural water bodies because all of Florida's waterways are connected, Stormwater management ponds can be beautiful and educational amenities. and anything that enters a man -made water body could eventually enter our natural water system. Stormwater ponds and canals can be more than function- al. With a little help from you, they can serve as a home for birds, fish, plants, and frogs and become a neighbor- hood amenity. Work with your neighborhood association or your neighbors to create an area that not only improves the environment, but also contributes to your quality of life. just make sure you talk to your water man- agement district before making any modifications, because you'll probably need to get a permit change. Consider these strategies to enhance stormwater ponds and canals: • Plant flood - tolerant species that are known to help reduce contaminants in water. • Plant a wide variety of plants to increase biodiversity and attract a wider range of wildlife and insects. • Add landscaping to make it look like a natural wetland. • Build boardwalks and trails so neighbors can enjoy plants and wildlife. • Add varied water depths to an existing pond to create diverse habitats. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'^" Publication Whether you want to improve water quality in your neighborhood or just make the waterways n your area more attractive, if you're interested in doing more with waterfronts in your community, ask your neighborhood association about some of these things. • Are Florida-Friendly Landscaping TM practices being used in neighborhood common areas? • Have neighborhood canals, stormwater ponds, or other artificial water bodies been enhance 1 with aquatic plants? Are the plants appropriate for the site? • Are swales and berms being used to help clean and filter runoff before it reaches water bodi :s? • Are there dry basins in our neighborhood? if so, how are they being maintained? Can Floric -i- Friendly Landscaping TM prac- tices be implemented? • Can stormwater ponds be improved to provide wildlife habitat and recreational opportunitie! .'• THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 There are many reasons for Florida homeowners to convert an existing landscape to a Florida - Friendly Landscape. A Florida - Friendly Landscape is ecologically sound and cost effective. But it's often impractical to make the changeover immediately. Converting your yard to a Florida - Friendly Landscape can be done most effectively in about three years and seven steps. THE STEP -BY -STEP PROCESS First, develop a conceptual master plan on paper. Before going any further, if you are under the jurisdiction of a homeowner's association that has landscaping standards, present this plan to them. Florida law forbids prohibitions on Florida - Friendly Landscaping, not regulating its form and appearance to maintain property values and neighbor- hood standards. Then complete your master plan and have it formally approved, if necessary. Second, remove a portion of the sod to plant trees. Trees should be planted first because they require more time to reach a size that will provide shade and mulch (leaf litter) for other plants. Third, install any patios, walkways, or decks (hardscapes) and any underground irrigation supply lines. Heavy equipment and materials used in the construc- tion of hardscapes should be used before planting to avoid crushing the plants. The final steps in the conversion are removing the rest of the sod in small sections and installing microirrigation, if needed, and the plants and mulch. THE FLORIDA - FRIENDLY MXJER PLAN Before converting to a Florida - Friendly Landscape, create a Florida - Friendly Master Landscape Plan. This is a complete plan for your yard that includes all elements in precise locations and takes into account the nine Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM principles. To create the Master Plan, conduct a site inventory and analysis to determine the opportunities and constraints of your yard. Pay attention to soil type, existing vegetation, shade patterns, drainage patterns, views, and utility loca- tions. Homeowners should also consider their needs and wants and any requirements of their homeowners associa- tion, if applicable. Draw the Master Plan to scale, including property bound- aries from a certified survey, the location of the house and any existing hardscape, and the location of any trees or plants that will remain on site. Complete the Master Plan by adding all proposed plants, hardscapes, and specified construction materials. Design principles to consider in the Master Plan include: • Organization: Create outdoor "rooms" by using path- ways, hardscapes, and plants to divide and organize spaces. Use turf or other groundcovers to buffer mulched areas from down -slope impervious surfaces. • Proportion: Keep the size of the plants proportional to the house and yard. • Repetition: Repeat plant materials for a unified and cohesive look, with just enough variety for interest. • Variety: Make the yard interesting by having variation in plant sizes (especially heights), color, texture, and shape. • Composition: Group and arrange plants in overlapping masses based on the size, form, color, and growing requirements. • Emphasis: Use dramatically different plants as focal points to attract attention. See the UFAFAS EDIS publications ENH 1110 http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP374 and ENH1112 http: / /edis.ifas.ufl.edu /EP375 for more information. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'^' Publication FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION For references on the information contained in this book and links to additional resources on each of the nine Florida- Friendly Landscaping" principles, including many articles on the EDIS Web site (Electronic Data Information Source of UFAFAS Extension), go to httl2:Hfyn.ifas.ufl.edu and follow the link to the FYN Handbook. You can also visit http: //FloridaYards.org for more information on Florida - Friendly Landscaping or contact your county's UFAFAS Extension office and ask for the Florida Yards & Neighborhoods program. See http://directory.ifas.ufl.edu/ Dir /searchdir ?pageID= 3 &p1 =05 or check the government pages in your phone book to find your county's Extension office. USEPA GREENSCAPES: htLp://www.el2a.gov/el2awaste/conser-ve/rrr/greenscaves/ owners.htm FDEP Nonpoint Source Management: htLp://www.del2.state.fl.us/water/nonl2oint/pubs.htm Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Pest Control: htLp://www.flaes.orgLaes-ent/index.html The Florida - Friendly Landscaping TM Program is indebted to the following individuals and organiz, tions for contributing photos and graphics to the production of this book. Michelle Atkinson Timothy Broschat Philip Busey Lyle Buss James Castner Paul Choate Mark Clark Wilbur Dankers Jim DeValerio Terry DelValle Michael Dukes Audrey Durr Florida Geological Survey Theresa Friday Georgia Gelmis Ed Gilman THE FLORIDA YARDS & NEIGHBORHOODS HANDBOOK • 2009 Debbe Hooper Carrie Stevenson Bill Kern Michael Thomas Kenneth Langeland Laurie Trenholm Kathy Malone Bryan Unruh H. Means Ondine Wells Brian Niemann Linda Seals Joe Sewards WIWI In 2008, the FYN Homeowner program, FYN Builder & Developer program, and the GI -BMP program were brought together under the umbrella of the Florida- Friendly LandscapingTM Program. All subprograms of the Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM Program are consistent in their messages and scientific recommendations. FDEP assists with grant funding and environmental oversight. Academic oversight is through the OF /IFAS Center for Landscape Conservation and Ecology (CLCE) in Gainesville. Additional funding is provided through individual cities, counties, and water management districts. In the early 1990s, the FYN program began in 4 counties in the Sarasota and Tampa Bay areas in response to nutrient inputs from stormwater runoff being identified by the National Estuary programs as a leading cause of seagrass depletion. The Sarasota /Manatee area was working with the concept of a low impact Florida Yards program for individual homeowners. This idea merged with the Hillsborough /Pinellas Tampa Bay Neighborhoods program which was promoting low impact neighborhoods at about the same time with similar program content. The result was immediately recognized as a regional success and was quickly expanded with DEP grant support to 14 additional counties in the Indian River Lagoon, Northeast Florida and St. Marks /Wakulla River watersheds. By 1998, it became obvious that oversight and planning for the program needed to be centralized which led to establishing the statewide FYN office in Gainesville. Expansion and enhancement of the program has steadily continued with over 48 counties now providing some level of FFL programming activity. Shortly after the FYN homeowners program was established in southwest Florida, builders and developers were recognized as an audience that required special emphasis. New development in the planning stages provides an extraordinary opportu- nity to influence landscaping practices on a large scale. Once again, the Sarasota Bay area took the lead and established a pilot program to offer FYN assistance to this target group. As with the homeowners program, the builder and developer pro- gram was a success that expanded to a regional scale in southwest Florida and eventually became a statewide FFL element. The Green Industries Best Management Practices manual and the associated program is geared toward training the lawn care /landscape worker who may use equipment, chemicals, or formulations not readily available to the homeowner. The program began in 2000 when the Green Industry Alliance approached DEP and IFAS with a request to develop BMPs for the lawn care industry. CREATE A FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE Yards and landscapes can be a positive asset to Florida. You can design and maintain your own Florida - Friendly Landscape by following the simple practices in this book. You will learn the b isics of designing a landscape featuring carefully selected plants suited to Florida's unique climate, natural conditions, and wildlife. We offer you cost - saving tips that, if implemented properly, will help you reduce water fertilizer, and pesti- cide use. There is also a helpful section for waterfront homeowners addressing the spe :ial concerns of shore- line landscape management. Whether you are starting from scratch with a new landscape or considering changes t) an existing yard, the Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Handbook offers helpful concepts, tools, and techniques for creating your own Florida - Friendly yard. We hope you enjoy the publication and look forward to assisting you in creating an aesthetically pleasing landscape that will also help to protect Florida's natural resot rces. �ooWOTECTION FLOR A A FLORIDA- FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING"' PUBLICATION Florida - Friendly Landscapes protect Florida's unique natural resources by conserving water, reducing waste and pollution, creating wildlife habitat, and preventing erosion. Any landscape can be Florida - Friendly if it is designed and cared for according to the nine Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM principles, which encourage individual expression of landscape beauty. In 2009, the Florida Legislature found that the use of Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM and other water use and pollution prevention measures to conserve or protect the state's water resources serves a compelling public interest and that the participation of homeowners' associations and local governments is essential to the state's efforts in water conser- vation and water quality protection and restoration. Make your landscape a Florida - Friendly Landscape — do your part to create a more sustainable Florida! SERVICES Florida Yards & Neighborhoods is brought to Floridians by the University of Florida/IFAS Extension Service and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, in cooperation with the five Water Management Districts. UF/IFAS Extension offers the public the following services in every county in the state at either no charge or for a minimal fee: Workshops and classes Plant and landscape advice based on current University of Florida research Official yard recognition program The program also offers online resources, including numerous publications, a tutorial for custom landscape design, and a plant database. FLORIDA- FRIENDLY LANDSCAPINGTM PROGRAM OFFICE Phone: (352) 273 -4518 Web site: httpalfyndfas.ufl.edu Please visit our Web site to find your county Extension office. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to the following individuals for helping to produce this document: Adrian Hunsberger David Sandrock Gary Knox Kim Gabel Alison Fox Dean Rusk Georgia Gelmis Larry Williams Angela Maraj Doug Caldwell Glenn Acomb Marguerite Beckford Barbra Larson Ed Gilman Heather Ritchie Mary Duryea Bart Schutzman Eileen Tramontana Jane Morse Michael Scheinkman Brian Niemann Emily Eubanks Jessica Sullivan Michael Thomas Chris Dewey Erick Smith Jim Moll Patty Connolly Claudia Larsen Erin Alvarez Joan Dusky Rick Schoellhorn Crysta Gantz Esen Momol Jyotsna Sharma Sandy Wilson Dan Culbert Gail Hansen Kathy Malone Sarah Graddy Stephen Brown Sydney Park Brown Sylvia Durrell Teresa Watkins Terril Nell Terry DelValle Tom MacCubbin Tom Wichman Wendy Wilber Copyright 2010, University of Florida. This publication was funded in part by FDEP with a Section 319 Nonpoint Source Management Program Grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. DISCLAIMER: The mention of a specific product or company is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of that product or compar INTRODUCTION: ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS What Is a Florida - Friendly Landscape? ............................2 Form Follows Function ..................... .............................23 The Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM Program ................2 Plant Matchmaking ........................... .............................23 Landscape Design & Plant Selection .. ..............................2 Wet versus Dry ................................................................ 23 Howto Use this Book ........................ ..............................2 Wind -Wise Plantings ......................... .............................23 Madein the Shade ............................. .............................23 THE NINE FLORIDA - FRIENDLY The Lowdown on Turfgrass ............... .............................23 LANDSCAPING TM PRINCIPLES Natives versus Non - Natives ............... .............................23 #1: Right Plant, Right Place ................ ..............................3 Soil Conditions ................................................................ 23 #2: Water Efficiently .......................... ..............................3 Plant Selection ................................... .............................23 #3: Fertilize Appropriately .................. ..............................3 Plant Sorting .................................................................... 24 #4: Mulch ............................................ ..............................3 Choosing a Landscape Maintenance Service ..................24 #5: Attract Wildlife .............................. ..............................3 #6: Manage Yard Pests Responsibly .... ..............................3 LANDSCAPE PLANNING WORKSHEET ....................25 #7: Recycle .......................................... ..............................3 #8: Prevent Stormwater Runoff .......... ..............................4 FIVE COMMON GARDENING MISTAKES ................28 #9: Protect the Waterfront .................. ..............................4 FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING TM DESIGNING YOUR PLANT LIST FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE Introduction ....................................... .............................29 Introduction ........................................ ..............................5 Key to Symbols and Abbreviations ... .............................31 What if I Live in a Planned Community? ........................5 Large Trees ......................................... .............................32 Design Scenarios: Medium Trees ..................................... .............................38 ScenarioA: Front Entry ................ ..............................6 i Small Trees ......................................... .............................42 ScenarioB: Along Walls .............. ..............................8 Large Shrubs .................................................................... 50 Scenario C: Along Sidewalks ..... .............................10 Small Shrubs .................................................................... 64 ScenarioD: Under Windows ....... .............................12 Vines ................................................................................ 67 Scenario E: Along Fences ............. .............................14 Groundcovers .................................................................. 70 Scenario F: Under Trees ............... .............................16 Grasses ............................................... .............................74 Scenario G: Utilities ..................... .............................18 Palms & Palm -Like Plants ................. .............................76 Scenario H: Standing Water ......... .............................20 Ferns ................................................................................ 81 Perennials........................................... .............................83 CONVERTING YOUR YARD Annuals ............................................. .............................95 TO A FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE Turfgrass ............................................. .............................99 Overview of the Step -by -Step Process ............................21 The Florida - Friendly Master Plan ..... .............................21 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TheSeven Steps ................................. .............................21 References ...................................................................... 100 Photo Credits ..... ............................... ............................100 A Florida- Friendly Landscaping'^" Publication WHAT IS A FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE? A Florida - Friendly Landscape is a quality landscape that is designed, installed, and maintained according to the nine Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM principles. The nine prin- ciples seek to reduce environmental impact from landscap- ing by properly applying water, fertilizer, and pesticides, creating wildlife habitat, preventing erosion, recycling yard waste, and employing other practices based on University of Florida research. Not all Florida - Friendly Landscapes look alike. A wide variety of forms, styles, and types are available to the designer. Florida- Friendly Landscapes may incorporate both native and non - native plants. One Florida - Friendly yard may use a rain garden to filter stormwater runoff, while another may attract pollinators with specific nectar plants. But if cared for according to the nine principles, a Florida - Friendly Landscape can produce aesthetically pleasing, low- maintenance results that may add value to your property while helping to protect the state's natural resources. THE FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING TM PROGRAM Preserving and protecting Florida's water resources is the focus of the Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM (FFL) Program, which promotes the nine principles with public outreach and education statewide. The FFL Program is a joint venture of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) and the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF /IFAS). The FFL Program works in cooperation with the state's five water management districts and other agencies and organiza- tions to achieve the common goals of water conservation and water quality protection. LANDSCAPE DESIGN & PLANT SELECTION So, how do plant selection and landscape design con- tribute to saving water and preventing pollution? The first Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM principle — "Right Plant, Right Place " — involves designing a landscape efficiently and choosing plants that fit the site. This helps reduce maintenance inputs, including irrigation, fertilization, mowing, and application of pesticides, which in turn low- ers the risk of pollutants finding their way into ground or surface waters. Keeping excess nitrogen and phosphorous out of the water improves the health of water bodies and by extension the whole ecosystem. This guide will help you to create a landscape that works with the natural environment, rather than against it. Such a landscape, if maintained correctly, will require less money, time, and effort on your part, while still looking healthy and beauti- ful. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK The Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM Guide to Plant Selection and Landscape Design is intended as a compan- ion to The Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Handbook (4th ed., 2009). The Handbook is available through your county Extension office or online at httl2:Hfyn.ifas.ufl.edu/. The Handbook describes in detail the nine Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM (FFL) principles that are the bedrock of the FFL Program. This guide is intended for homeowners who want to take the next step and design their own Florida - Friendly Landscapes. Included in this book is information on landscape design strategies, a landscape planning worksheet, and the FFL Plant List containing many of the UFAFAS- recommended Florida - Friendly plants for each region of the state. n FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING'" GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN • 2010 The nine Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM principles are the cornerstone of the Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM Program. Based on UFAFAS science, the principles teach homeowners, builders and developers, landscape mainte- nance professionals, and other Florida citizens how to implement environmentally sound design and maintenance techniques in their landscapes. The principles are outlined briefly here. For more detailed information, please refer to the FFL state office Web site (htt ). / /fyn.ifas.ufl.edu) or to The Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Handbook. PRINCIPLE #1: RIGHT PLA I N,T. RIGHT PLACE Plants well- suited to their site need less irrigation and fertilizer and are more resistant to pest infestation. Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM principles encourage the selection of the right plant for the right place, helping you create a healthy, attrac- tive landscape that works with the natural ecosystem rather than against it. Match plants with site conditions based on USDA zone, water and light requirements, soil conditions, salt and wind tolerance, and other factors. The FFL Plant List can help you make the right plant selections for your landscape. PRINCIPLE #3: FERTILIZE APPROPRIATELY If fertilization is needed, use OF /IFAS- recommended rates and application schedules to get a healthier lawn and gar- den. Fertilizing at the correct times and in the correct amounts not only supplies plants with the nutrients they need, it helps prevent fertilizer runoff and leaching that can get into our water supplies and interfere with ecosystem and human health. Fertilizing at the rates recommended by OF scientists helps avoid the excessive growth, pest problems, and higher water requirements that over - fertilization causes. �t t Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM methods recommend using mulch to protect against soil erosion, maintain soil moisture, inhibit weed growth, improve soil structure and aeration, and reduce pesticide use. A Florida - Friendly Landscape will feature one of the types of mulch recommended in The Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Handbook in its planting beds. PRINCIPLE #5: ATTRACT WILDLIFE Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM encourages Floridians to make their yards attractive to birds, bees, bats, and other creatures displaced by rapid urban development. Supply berry bushes, a bird bath, or a bat house; increase verti- cal layering to provide habitat; manage household pets and reduce insecticide use —all these tricks can welcome wild visitors in need of refuge. Many of these will return the favor by eating pest insects and helping to pollinate your garden! PRINCIPLE YARD PESTS RESPONSIBLY The Florida- Friendly LandscapingTM Program advocates a more holistic approach to pest control than merely spray- ing chemicals. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) creates an effective defense against yard pests while minimizing environmental impact. IPM emphasizes smart planning, proper maintenance, and natural or low- toxicity controls to ensure that plants stay healthy and resist disease and insect infestation. Chemical treatments may still be neces- sary in some cases, but use of toxic materials will be minimized by this approach. A Florida- Friendly Landscape recycles yard waste generated by activities like mowing, pruning, and raking. Use these leftovers as mulch or compost, returning valu- able nutrients to your landscape. Save money and enrich your soil by composting grass clippings, weeds, and plant trimmings and using the compost as an amendment. A Florida- Friendly Landscaping " Publication A Florida - Friendly Landscape uses porous pavers, rain barrels or cisterns, rain gardens, and swales and berms to keep rainwater on site and allow it to percolate into the ground or be captured for later use. Reducing the amount of runoff and the chance for rainwater to wash quickly into storm drains — carrying yard clippings, fertilizer, pesti- cide, dirt, oil, and other toxins —is the goal of managing stormwater runoff. PRINCIPLE #9: PROTECT THE WATERFRONT Implementing Florida - Friendly LandscapingTm design and maintenance methods helps protect water bodies from pol- lution. If you live on a lake, bay, river, or other water body, keep fertilizers, pesticides, and other toxins away from the water by preserving a 10 -foot maintenance -free zone between your landscape and the water. Do not mow, fertilize, or apply pesticides in that area. Even if you do not live immediately on the waterfront, the pesticides and fertilizers you apply in your landscape affect the health of local water bodies through a drainage system called the watershed. The choices you make at home have much far- ther- reaching consequences than you might imagine. FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPWG "" GUiDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN s 2010 Florida - Friendly Landscapes are all based on the same nine principles. But Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM encourages individual expression of beauty. As long as you apply the principles described in The Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Handbook, your landscape can be Florida - Friendly and as individual as you want. WHAT IF 1 LIVE IN A PLANNED COMMUNITY? Check with your homeowner association before you make changes to your landscape. HOAs, usually have a land- scape review board and can regulate the appearance and types of plantings in your yard, as long as they do not prohibit you from installing and maintaining Florida - Friendly Landscapes. If you live in a community with codes, covenants and restrictions that could be more Florida - Friendly, encour- age your association to adopt all or part of the model Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM restrictions, found at httl2:Hfyn.ifas.ufl.edu /. The Florida- Friendly LandscapingTM Program has a num- ber of "success stories" which highlight water and costs savings for communities that adopt Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM and maintenance practices. Visit the Web site at http: / /fyn.ifas.ufl.edu /. DESIGN SCENARIOS The following eight design scenarios represent select areas of your home landscape —front entry, under win- dows, utility boxes, etc. Each of these scenarios was cho- sen because of common landscape design issues that con- front a homeowner in these areas. In each scenario, you will be shown a challenging land- scape situation and learn what could be done to design a solution in a more Florida - Friendly manner. Be aware that the graphics show the improved landscapes at an early stage after plant installation. The plants will grow and eventually fill in more of the mulched area. A Florida-Friendly Landscaping- Publication 0 0 0 0 0 O Hou 0 se O 0 0000 0 00 00 Driveway Turf Sidewalk Existing Landscape To create a visually welcoming front entry through the use of color, texture, or fra- grance. Be sure to choose plants that are in scale with the size of your lot and house. Plant Characteristics to Look For: • Low - growing, compact plants • Colorful • Medium or coarse texture • Bold forms • Simple growth habit Design Solutions: • Place low /small plants next to the walk- way to reduce trimming needs • Place interesting plants at natural view points • Use small trees to provide a sense of scale and visual interest • Use colorful or fragrant plants to engage the senses • Use curved planting beds to draw the viewer's eye through the landscape FLORIDA- FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING "' GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN 2010 SOLUTION 1 With Trees SOLUTION 2 Without Trees O O O O OHouse LW 0 'MG Myc M Q Tall shrub SOLUTION 2 Without Trees A Florida- Friendly Landscaping'' Publication 9 O O O O OHouse 0 Q Tall shrub 0 Low plants adjacent j to sidewalk Interesting plants at natural view points Sidewalk A Florida- Friendly Landscaping'' Publication 9 SCENARIO B: ALONG WALLS Two design options (With trees, Without trees) House Turf Fence Existing Landscape • Blank wall is not visually pleasing • Bare walls act as a heat sink during the summer To break the monotony of blank walls through the use of properly sized foundation plant- ings. Small trees can be used to provide cool- ing benefits as well. Plant Characteristics to Look For: • Low- or medium - height shrubs • Soft /fine texture • Loose foliage • Flexible branches Design Solutions: • Place root ball at least 3' from wall to allow for air flow and maintenance access • Choose plants with a tidy growth habit and be aware of their mature size to reduce trimming needs • Choose plants that are color - compatible with the wall • Consider planting small trees to provide shade and cooling benefits • Use slightly taller plants between windows to break the monotony of a uniform hedge • Use shrubs with soft /fine texture and flexi- ble branches for easy pruning and to reduce injury when accessing the wall for maintenance FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING'"" GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN 2010 With Trees SOLUTION 2 Without Trees A Florida- Friendly Landscaping" Publication SCENARIO C: ALONG SIDEWALKS Two design options (Turf buffer, Raised edging) Existing Landscape O • Turf is in poor condition To reduce trimming and maintenance needs adjacent to the sidewalk. A 4' turf strip or raised edging can be used to keep mulch from washing onto the sidewalk. Plant Characteristics to Look For: • Low growing • Compact growth habit • Does not attract biting or stinging insects Design Solutions: • Reduce trimming and edging needs by placing plants with clean, compact growth habits closest to walkways or by using a turf strip of at least 4' adjacent to the sidewalk • If a turf strip is not used, consider a raised edging to keep mulch off sidewalks • Avoid plants that attract biting or stinging insects • Use plants with interesting textures and colors for close viewing FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING ' GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN - 2010 SOLUTION 1 Turf Buffer Strip SOLUTION 2 Raised Edging A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'' Publication SCENARIO De UNDER WINDOWS Two design options (No screening, Light screening) I O Turf O 00 1V1 s IN. o ? House sidewalk Existing Landscape • Dense plant blocks rear window • No plant material around front window To frame windows with plant material to add visual interest and curb appeal. Alternately, plant material can be used to provide light screening of windows to prevent passersby from seeing in through the windows. Plant Characteristics to Look For: • Medium height • No thorns or stiff leaves • Loose foliage • Flexible branches Design Solutions: • Avoid blocking views by choosing plants with medium height and compact growth habits • Choose shrubs with a tidy growth habit and allow enough room to access win- dows for cleaning and hanging storm shutters • Avoid stiff, thorny plants that would pre- vent exiting from windows in an emer- gency situation • Be aware of the mature size of plants and choose appropriately • Use small trees with low canopies if shade or screening is desired FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING'"' GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN ®2010 SOLUTION 1 No Screening Medium height shrub Low shrubs `t Turf House p Sidewalk SOLUTION 2 Light Screening A Florida- Friendly Landscaping'" Publication SCENARIO ALONG Three design .. Partial screening, Full screening) Fence Turf Existing Landscape • Bare fence is not visually pleasing • View from yard needs screening (ex: neighbor's unsightly yard, road, etc.) To turn an unsightly view into a visually pleasing one through the use of colorful vines and evergreen plants. Be sure to choose appropriately sized plants for your design intent. Plant C iaracteristics to Look For: • Dense foliage • Upright form • Evergreen • Fast growing • Vining Desigr, Solutions: • Choose hardy vines with colorful blooms or pleasant fragrance to hide the fence • Choose fast - growing plants with dense growth habits for screening and privacy • Select evergreen plants for year -round privacy and color • Use plants with appropriate height to block unwanted views FLORIDA- FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING" GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN ® 2010 SOLUTION I With Vines SOLUTION 2 With Partial Screening SOLUTION 3 With Full Screening A Florida-Friendly Landscaping" Publication SCENARIO Two design options (Op r Dense shade) (DO 0 00 0 C)o oo 0 00 �O C)o 0 House (DO 00 0 0 0 0 0 Turf 0 0 000 009 Sidewalk Existing Landscape • Turf is in poor condition • Plants are too close to trunk • Mulch area is too small .arc To create a plant bed that will thrive in shady conditions where turfgrass will not. Allowing an area to be self - mulched by falling leaves is an excellent low- maintenance solution. Plant Characteristics to Look For: • Shade tolerant • Shallow roots • Groundcover with spreading growth habit Design Solutions: • Use plants that look good alongside fallen leaves • Install small plants to avoid root damage to the tree • In dense shade where plant options are limited, consider allowing fallen leaves to create a self - mulching bed FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING'"' GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN d 2010 SOLUTION 1 Open Canopy SOLUTION 2 Dense Shade A Florida- Friendly Landscaping"^ Publication SCENARIO Coe UTILITIES Two design options (Full blend, Partial blend) cxisnny LUnuawNc FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING'" GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN ®2010 • Full Blend SOLUTION 2 Partial Blend A Florida - Friendly Landscaping- Publication SCENARIO H: STANDING WATER One design option (Rain garden) (i) O Existing Landscape SOLUTION 1 Rain Garden • Water is slow to drain and collects in low areas • Compacted soil To turn low wet areas into rain gardens that will collect and filter rain water. Rain gardens can be attractive features in dry times as well if appro- priate plant and material selections are made. Plant CE,aracteristics to Look f=or: • Ability to survive prolonged wet conditions Also able to tolerate dry conditions (when water is absent) Design Solutions: • Consider having the low area(s) excavated by a professional and use the excess soil to create berms around the rain garden • Use plants that will survive wet (or dry) con- ditions for long periods of time • Line the bottom of the rain garden with rocks and boulders to provide visual interest during dry periods Water flow w \ � Rock lining later -_-_j flow y, • FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING'" GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN ® 2010 Water flow A Florida - Friendly Landscape is ecologically sound and cost effective. If you get the chance to design a landscape from scratch, you can go Florida - Friendly all at once. But sometimes it is not practical for a homeowner with an established landscape to make the changeover to a Florida - Friendly design immediately. Converting an estab- lished yard to a Florida - Friendly Landscape can be done most effectively in about three years and seven steps. OVERVIEW OF THE STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS First, develop a master plan on paper. Second, install any patios, walkways, or decks (hardscapes). Heavy equipment and materials used in the construction of hardscapes should be used before planting to avoid crushing the plants. Third, prepare areas to plant trees. Trees should be planted before other plants because they require more time to reach a size that will provide shade and mulch (leaf litter). The final steps in the conversion involve working in small sections and installing plant beds and mulch in phases. THE FLORIDA - FRIENDLY MASTER PLAN Whether you are designing a landscape from scratch or converting to a Florida - Friendly Landscape, create a Florida- Friendly Master Landscape Plan. This is a com- plete plan for your yard that includes all elements in pre- cise locations and takes into account the nine Florida - Friendly Landscaping TM principles. To create the master plan, you may find it helpful to use the Landscape Planning Worksheet provided in this guide or a similar form. Conduct a site inventory and analysis to determine the opportunities and constraints of your yard. Pay attention to soil type, existing vegetation, shade patterns, drainage patterns, views, and utility locations. Homeowners should also consider their needs and wants. Draw the master plan to scale, including property bound- aries from a certified survey, the location of the house and any existing hardscape, and the location of any trees or plants to remain on site. Complete the master plan by adding all proposed plants, hardscapes, and specified con- struction materials. If applicable, check with your HOA before beginning the design process, and be sure to obtain final approval from the responsible committee. Use the nine FFL principles, design elements, and funda- mentals of design described in this guide to create outdoor "rooms" by using pathways, hardscapes, and plants to divide and organize spaces. Also consider the following: • Proportion: Keep the size of the plants proportional to the house and yard. • Variety: Make the yard interesting by having variation in plant sizes (especially heights), color, texture, and shape. Composition: Group and arrange plants in overlapping masses based on the size, form, color, and growing requirements. Emphasis: Use dramatically different plants as focal points to attract attention. THE SEVEN STEPS The seven -steps described below illustrate the phased process of converting a landscape, including the addition of new hardscape, trees, and Florida- Friendly plant mate- rial to a typical development landscape. If all steps are followed, the final product will be a Florida - Friendly Landscape created over a three -year period. STEP 1: DEVELOP A MASTER PLAN Include some of the following elements in your Florida - Friendly Master Landscape Plan: • Turf areas, plant beds, and mulch areas • Entertainment and circulation areas such as pathways, decks, and patios • Trees and shrubs (placed for energy efficiency and as screens/buffers for views) • Plantings to screen A/C units 8r utilities • Concealed work/trash area • Wildlife habitat plantings • Garden shed/compost bin • Cisterns /rain barrels (located by downspouts) • Rainwater collection areas (low spots or rain gardens) STEP 2: INSTALL HARDSCAPES (PATIOS, WALKWAYS, DECKS, POOLS, ETC.) • Call before you dig. State law requires that you call the free Utility Locator Service at 811 at least two full business days before you dig. httl2://www.callsunshine.co • Install all new hardscapes at the same time to save money by not destroying plants later. • Use porous pavers, concrete or gravel, to allow stormwater drainage. • Use durable materials and, whenever possible, use reclaimed, reprocessed, or recycled- content materials (EDIS pub 1110/EP374). A Florida-Friendly Landscaping' Publication • Minimize the movement of trucks and equipment in the yard to avoid soil compaction. • If using underground irrigation, install the system before installing plants. STEP 3: CREATE NEW TREE BEDS • Mark the edge of the new tree bed with a rope. • Remove sod or other plant material and till to aerate soil in tree bed area. • Put down a 2 -3" -thick layer of Florida - Friendly mulch to protect the soil. STEP 4: INSTALL TREES • Choose healthy trees appropriate for your climate and conditions (wind, moisture, soil, etc.), and use proper installation techniques (EDIS pub ENH856 /EP 112). • Wind proof by grouping trees together and locate to provide selective shade. • Call to locate underground utility lines before digging. • Install any new trees located near proposed hardscape after the hardscape is installed (Step 2). STEP 5: PREPARE (PHASE I) PLANT BEDS • Consult the master plan to decide where to install the first planted area. Your choice will be determined by your needs. • Remember to leave clear access to the backyard if you do the front yard first. • Use boundaries such as walkways, fences, or house cor- ners to determine the extent of the planted area. STEP 6: INSTALL (PHASE 1) PLANT BEDS • Relocate existing plants as indicated on the master plan and space relocated and new plants accordingly. • Use proper installation practices for planting (EDIS pub ENH856 /EP112). • If you are not installing the plants, hire landscape con- tractors certified in Florida - Friendly Green Industry Best Management Practices (GI- BMPs). • Mulch newly installed plants to control weeds and reduce runoff (EDIS pub ENH103/MG251). • Follow a UFAFAS- recommended irrigation schedule until plants are established (EDIS pub ENH857/EP113) and then reduce irrigation as needed. STEP 7: REPEAT STEPS 5 & 6 FOR ADDITIONAL PHASES OF PLANT BEDS • Additional phases of Plant Beds are determined by your needs. For Phase II , you may choose to plant the area that is contiguous to the Phase I plants, or you may decide to plant another area of the garden that is used often or for a different purpose. • Follow the procedures used in Phase I to prepare beds and install the Phase II plants. If a temporary irrigation system was used in Phase I, the system can be relocated to use in Phase II. • Remember the plants in Phase II will initially be small- er than the plants in Phase I, but they will quickly catch up and fill in the space. • You may want to choose less visible areas for the last phase(s). • Again, follow the procedure used in previous phases I and II to prepare and install additional beds. • Remember the plants in later phases will be smaller than the plants in the earlier phases, but they will also quickly catch up. • Maintain the yard with Florida - Friendly Landscapinem principles described in The Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Handbook and in this publication. If you are not main- taining the landscape, hire a landscape contractor who is certified in the GI -BMPs. FLORIDA- FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING"' GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN Q 2010 Florida - Friendly Landscape design combines art and sci- ence to create functional, attractive, and ecologically sound surroundings that complement a home or other structure. But Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM guidelines need not restrict your choices of color, texture, and style. Here are some tips to bear in mind when planning your landscape. FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION Landscape designers often recommend grouping plants into masses to unify the design of plant beds. Groups of plants are visually pleasing, and this technique also pro- vides environmental benefits. Trees planted in groups pro- vide more atmospheric cooling than the same number of evenly spaced, isolated trees and are much better protect- ed in high winds. In addition, trees planted in combina- tion with appropriate shrubs and groundcovers form effec- tive windbreaks and wildlife habitat. PLANT MATCHMAKING Turfgrasses and landscape plants have different water, fer- tilizer, and maintenance needs. Group plants in beds according to water requirements to conserve water and make maintenance easier. WET VERSUS DRY Many drought - tolerant plants thrive in elevated dry spots or in windy areas but can quickly succumb to root dis- eases and pest problems if planted in areas that tend to stay wet. Drought - tolerant plants do well in exposed areas and along the unshaded southern or western walls of buildings, but you should place plants adapted to wet soils in low spots, along waterways, and in areas with poor drainage. WIND -WISE PLANTINGS Florida winter winds tend to blow from the north or northwest. A solid fence or a row of evergreens on the north side of a house forms a barrier against cold winter winds, which can dry and damage plants. In the summer, winds typically originate in the south, so allow cooling breezes in your outdoor living spaces by keeping tall bar- riers away from the southern edge of your landscape. Since Florida is frequently in the path of hurricanes, choose trees that are known for sturdiness in high winds. MADE IN THE SHADE Position trees and shrubs strategically to help cool or heat your home. Plant deciduous shade trees on the south, east, and west sides of a house to cast shade in summer and allow warming in winter. Tree shade can significantly reduce air conditioning costs. An air - conditioning system's outdoor compressor /condenser unit uses less energy when it is shaded from direct sun during the day, but be careful not to block the unit's airflow. If the warm discharge air cannot escape, the intake air temperature rises, causing the unit to operate less efficiently. THE LOWDOWN ON TURFGRASS Healthy lawns cool and clean the air by absorbing carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen, and collecting dust and dirt. They filter stormwater runoff and reduce erosion, glare, and noise. But the many benefits of grass are only realized when it's cared for and used properly. Grass thrives in sunny areas, but most types do not grow well in dense shade. In shady spots, plant shade - tolerant groundcovers instead of turf. NATIVES VERSUS NON- NATIVES A common misconception is that Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM principles dictate the use of only plant species native to Florida. In fact, the FFL Program encour- ages a mix of natives and non - natives, depending on what plants are right for that particular location. "Right Plant, Right Place" governs the selection of plants, bearing in mind the soil, light, water, wind, and other conditions at that site. Do not forget to consider plant colors, textures, and bloom times. See the IFAS Assessment of Non - native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas (http: / /plants.ifas.ufl.edu/ assessment/conclusions.html) for a list of invasive species that should be removed where possible and never planted. SOIL CONDITIONS It is important to know your soil type before selecting plants for the site. Your landscape may have different soil types in different areas. A soil test can tell you the pH of your soil and what amendments may be used, such as compost or manure, to improve or alter your soil condi- tions. If your soil is compacted, as is frequently the case on new home sites, you should loosen and amend your soil as you add planting beds for optimum root health. PLANT SELECTION The choice of plants determines how much maintenance a landscape requires and also how long it lasts. Use these steps as a guide to selecting the right plants for the right places in your Florida - Friendly yard. • Choose low- maintenance plants suited to your site. • Welcome wildlife. • Group high- maintenance plants together for greater visual impact and easier care. • Eliminate invasive plants. • Buy quality plants. • Consider the mature size of the plant. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping " Publication • Avoid monocultures and aim for a mosaic of trees, shrubs, grasses, and groundcovers. • Plan turf areas to be functional and low- maintenance. • Use groundcovers on slopes where grass is difficult to maintain. • Choose slow - growing plants that will last longer and create less work. • Consider wind tolerance. • Think of maintenance requirements. PLANT SORTING If you are renovating your landscape, it is wise to keep some of the plants you already have. Follow these simple guidelines to sift through your botanical choices. • Keep healthy plants. • Discard tightly spaced plants. • Retain trees with long life spans. • Save clusters of trees and the plants growing beneath them. • Remove unsuitable plants. • Relocate plantings out from under eaves. CHOOSING A LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE SERVICE If you lack the desire or ability to do your own landscape work, you may decide to hire a professional maintenance company. Look for companies whose employees have obtained a certificate of completion in the Florida - Friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries (GI- BMPs). These profes- sionals will know how to care for your landscape in a Florida - Friendly manner. In many areas of Florida this train- ing is already mandatory; by January 1, 2014, all commercial fertilizer applicators must have this certificate of completion and the accompanying license from the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS). FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING'"' GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN � 2010 This worksheet can be used for both new and established landscapes. By following these steps, you will be on your way to a thriving, low- maintenance landscape suited to your climate and needs. 1. Decide why you want to landscape. Most homeowners think of landscaping as a way to add beauty to their home or to improve their property's resale value. Other reasons to landscape are more specific, such as enhancing or screening a view, creating a microclimate, or attracting wildlife. You may need a play area for your children, or perhaps you would like to entertain family and friends outdoors. Your passion may be raising vegetables or simply savoring a lovely view. Before you begin, think about how you will use your landscape. Write down as many ideas as possible. It is much easier to remove elements from your plan than it is to add them down the line. 2. Obtain a soil analysis. Soil plays a big part in any landscape project, influencing what plants will thrive in your yard. Determine your soil's texture (sandy to clay), and have it tested to determine the pH —the level of acidity or alkalinity. This information will help you decide which plants are best suited to the conditions of your yard. Soil texture: pH Any exceptions? (For example, the place where you want to put a planting bed may have more acidic soil than other areas in the landscape.) 3. Draw a site plan. You can use a pencil, ruler and graph paper, or computer software to draw your site plan. Do not worry about getting the scale just right. If you have a survey of your property, you can copy it and draw on the copies. Draw your house and existing trees, shrubs, and other plants you want to keep. If you already have an irrigation system, be sure to note its location and various zones. Include permanent features such as utilities, hardscapes like the driveway, and water sources like spigots. See the sample site plan provided for guidance. Lawn Waterline JJ _ _ Existing tree to remain Lawn Patio Driveway Water House AC unit Lawn epressed area Lawn Lawn — --{�— — — — North All existing plant material shown on site plan to remain A Florida - Friendly Landscaping" Publication 4. Inventory your landscape. Walk around your property with your site plan, noting conditions and features that make your yard unique. Does your site call for plants that are tolerant of cold, wind, full sun, shade, drought, occasional flooding, or salt spray? Be sure to make note of any particularly good views that could be enhanced or bad views that need to be screened. See the sample site inventory & analysis provided for guidance. Winter Winds _Poor drainage Wet sods t North - 1 2 1 - Summer Breezes What kinds of conditions does your landscape have? 5. Draw an activity diagram. On a clean copy of your site plan, sketch the locations where activities will take place (refer to your answers for step 1). Make sure to consider views. Is there a spot you regularly look at that you want to enhance with plants that attract birds or butterflies? Are there structures or equipment, such as a utility box or shed, which you would like to hide? See the sample activity diagram provided for guidance. Plant trees on North side jar mock cold winter wind, r BQ 4 5eatng Area e Pam Location Patio III Play A. -a D—ewny tl—T—j HOu5e le Ram Compost Bin Location Buffer Garden Provide shade on Rain Garden I southern exposure \ T North FLORIDA- FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING"' GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN « 2010 6. Create a landscape plan. Your landscape plan will be guided by the site inventory and analysis and activity maps discussed in steps 4 and 5. Based on these other two diagrams, determine the types of plants you want in different locations. Do not worry about choosing specific plants yet just identify where you want trees, shrubs, groundcovers, flowering plants, and grass areas. See the sample landscape plan provided in the next section for guidance. THE FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN Sae lawn area forfiraon and maintarance Use a variety of cdors L, and textures Group bedding I plants in r c,5es Use water cae,a'Hrig plants Fronde a focal pant Use micno,nn on in plant beds Vary the height and shape of plants for interest Right plart, nght place for fight and mosture Include name and LdWYI non -natve plants Screen utdibes with plants under trees and in plart b..ds Plant buffer to protect water body (rapture stonnwater with a rain garden n North Now that you have a plan, you can choose plants suited for the conditions in your landscape using the Florida - Friendly LandscapingTM Plant List beginning on page 29. A Florida-Friendly Landscaping^^ Publication Avoid these five common mistakes for a more Florida - Friendly Landscape. 1. OVERWATERING: WATERING TO THE POINT OF RUNOFF OR LEACHING Problem: Creates pest and disease problems, wastes water, and can wash pollutants into water bodies. Solution: Do not water if it has rained in the past 24 hours, or if rain is forecast in the next 24 hours. Check your irrigation system regularly, make sure you apply only moderate amounts of water, and ensure that your rainfall shutoff device is working. 2. OVERPLANTING: DESIGNING A LANDSCAPE WITH MORE PLANTS THAN CAN BE ADEQUATELY SUSTAINED Problem: Can result in cramped plants more prone to disease. Crowded plantings can also interfere with sidewalk and driveway access and block views from windows. Solution: Design landscapes with the plants' mature sizes in mind. If landscapes must look "full" quickly, use plants that are already at mature or nearly mature size. 3. OVERPRUNING: REMOVING MORE FOLIAGE OR BRANCHES FROM A PLANT THAN IS HEALTHY FOR IT Problem: Can weaken trees and shrubs, making them more suscep- tible to insect or disease problems. Solution: Never remove more than 30 percent of the foliage from an ornamental plant or shrub at one time. Know the right time of year to prune your plant, and use plants that are the right size for the location. A. FERTILIZING INAPPROPRIATELY: APPLYING MORE FERTILIZER THAN NECESSARY, APPLYING THE WRONG KIND OF FERTILIZER, OR APPLYING IT AT THE WRONG TIME OF YEAR Problem: Can cause pollution if washed into ground or surface water, causing fish kills and unhealthy algal blooms. Can also burn plant roots. Solution: Fertilize only when needed, using a fertilizer containing slow - release nitrogen. For turf, do not exceed the rate of 1 lb. total N per 1,000 sq. ft. of lawn at each application. Use compost and other soil amendments to supply plant nutrients instead of fertilizing. "Weed and feed" products are not recommended. 5. USING PESTICIDES INCORRECTLY: APPLYING MORE THAN THE RECOMMENDED AMOUNT OF PESTICIDES, APPLYING THE WRONG PESTICIDES, OR APPLYING THEM TOO OFTEN Problem: Can cause insects to develop resistance to the chemicals and may harm beneficial garden insects. Solution: Use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for an environ- mentally friendly approach to pest management. Avoid overwatering and fertilizing inappropriately to help keep pests from becoming a problem. FLORIDA- FRIENDLY LANDSCAPINGT" GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN � 2010 The plants on this Florida- Friendly Plant List are considered by OF /IFAS horticulture specialists to be well adapted to growing in Florida landscapes. The plants on this list are not the only plants that can be used in Florida. Contact your county's OF /IFAS Extension office to determine if a plant not on the list is suitable for your region. When planted under appropriate soil, light, and climatic conditions, most plants on the list generally require little maintenance compared with other plants. Each plant's preferred growing conditions (soil pH, soil texture, relative drought tolerance, soil drainage /moisture, light range, light optimum, and salt tolerance) are included here as a guide to choosing plants for your specific site conditions. Additional information is given on growth rate, mature height and spread, flowering color and season, value to wildlife, wind resistance and other characteristics helpful for plant selection and maintenance. Many plants listed as Annuals are considered Perennials in some areas of the state and vice versa. The microcli- mate and the amount of care given to the plants will ultimately determine their staying power in the landscape. See the key to symbols and abbreviations used in the tables for details. Remember to always put the right plant in the right place by matching each plant's needs with the environmental conditions found at the site. There may be variation in some characteristics, especially in the region (north, central or south) of Florida in which plants will grow. Check with your county's OF /IFAS Extension office to confirm the appropriateness of specific plants (look in the government pages of your phone book or see http : / /solutionsforyourlife.ufl.edu /map for your county's contact information). t M ♦ ♦ E41 L Find out and write down the conditions of the bed or other area you want to plant: The region of the state you live in. (Check the map on page 2 and remember that if you live close to the border of a region, all of the plants listed for that region may not do well in your area and some of the plants that do well in the next region may do well in your area.) The amount of light the site receives. (Check at various times throughout the dais and through the seasons.) Soil pH and texture. The pH ranges given in the legend are not absolute, but rather for guidance as to the optimum pH conditions. Some plants may do well if the pH is slightly higher or lower than those listed. (Take samples and obtain a soil test through your county's Extension office.) Soil moisture (Is it in a high, dry area or a low area where water frequently accumulates? To check drainage, dig a small hole, add water and see how quickly the water drains — if water stands for more than 24 hours, consider it a wet site.) Exposure to salt spray or salty irrigation water. • Size of area for plants. (Are there height restrictions such as a window nearby or power lines above? Is the width of the area limited ?) 2. Determine the type of plant you want (tree, shrub, etc.) and go to that category on the list. 3. Narrow down the list by choosing plants that match the region, light, soil conditions and moisture at the site. A Florida - Friendly Landscaping " Publication 4. Further narrow your list to those plants that will fit the site based on mature height and spread. 5. Consider the need for salt tolerant plants, if applica- ble, and any additional factors you are interested in, such as wildlife value or flower color and season. For further assistance, contact the Florida Yards & Neighborhoods or horticulture program at your county's UFAFAS Extension office. This list is meant as a guide to start choosing plants appropriate for your conditions. The absence of a plant from this list does not imply that it is not well adapted to Florida landscape conditions. This list will be updated periodically. Please check with your county's UFAFAS Extension office for future updates. For additional information and fact sheets on many of the plants on this list, see also httn7Hhort.ifas.ufl.edu/wood - FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING`" GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN « 2010 FLORIDA REGION ZONES: Region (includes Florida regions in which plant will grow): N/AIIYC JIAIUJ: Yes = Florida native No = Not a Florida native USDA COLD HARDINESS ZONES: Includes Florida zones only. USDA cold hardiness zones are listed to the right of the Florida Region zones. W Var. = Native status depends on species selection GROWTH RATE HEIGHT AND SPREAD: Growth rate = Slow or Fast (if no rate is given the plant does not grow exceptionally fast or slow.) Q = mature height in feet r* = mature spread in feet SOIL I�H 1GIVES THE RANGE TOLERATED BY THE PLANT ►: • 0 0 0 = Acid 4.5 -5.5 0 • • o = Slightly acid to slightly alkaline 6.0 -7.2 • • o o = Acid to slightly acid 4.5 -6.5 0 • • • = Slightly acid to alkaline 6.0 -8.0 • • • o = Acid to slightly alkaline 4.5 -7.2 • • • • = Tolerates any soil pH 4.5 -8.0 o • o o = Slightly acid 6.0 -6.8 SOIL TEXTURE: C/L = clay loam S/L = sandy loam S = sandy S/C = sandy clay any = any texture SOIL MOISTURE: = well drained 46 = wet 46 = medium drained to wet = medium drained n � = well drained to medium drained � 46 = well drained to wet DROUGHT TOLERANCE: High, Medium, Low, or None (Note: Both drought tolerance and soil moisture tolerance should be considered, and they are not the same. For example, a plant may toler- ate wet soils and also have high drought tolerance, and another plant may prefer well drained soils but have low drought tolerance.) LIGHT RANGE AND LIGHT OPTIMUM: = Full Sun Partial Shade =Shade SALT TOLERANCE: H = High M = Medium L -N = Low to None WILDLIFE: 14= Attracts butterflies -I(= Attracts hummingbirds 0 = Optimum light conditions U = Unknown _7f= Attracts other birds A Florida - Friendly Landscaping'" Publication Carya spp. Hickories, Pecan C 8b -9a I Yes 50 -1004 25 -70�* 0000 Any O High -� L -N edible fruit (C. illinoinensis); white /yellow, spring flowers; high wind resistance for C. floridana, medium to high for C. glabra and C. tomentosa, low for C. illinoinensis; susceptible to nests tseruta nigra River Birch C 8 -9a I Yes 40 -504 25 -35-:> 0000 Any 1 * Low I� ®I i r Chorisia specioso Floss -silk Tree C S 9b -11 No Fast 1 35 -504 40 -55=, 0000 Any 0 High L -N rapid grower first few years; deciduous, pink /white, five - petaled fall through winter flow- ers; large roots form at base just beneath soil needs soil space for root expansion; grows best with high soil moisture; chlorosis develops in alkaline soil; toler- ates periodic flooding but not long periods of drought; medi- um to high wind resistance Conocarpus erectus Buttonwood, Silver Buttonwood S 1 O 11 I Yes 5 -5W 15 -20=�> 0000 Any ( ) High El white /cream, spring flowers; susceptible to pests high wind resistance; provides cover and nesting for wildlife Bucida buceras Black Olive, Oxhorn Bucida, S 1 Ob-I 11 No Fast 45 -604 35 -50-> 00•• Any High white, spring flowers; messy fruit and leaves; medium -low wind resistance; susceptible to pests; caution - may be invasive in South Florida Ficus ourea Strangler Fig S l Ob- 111 Yes Fast 40 -604 30 -50=1 0000 Any High IIrn W not for small areas; spreading canopy shades parks, large yards; may start as epiphyte, killing host tree (often encircling cabbage palm); fallen fruits may be messy; medium -low wind resistance, can be difficult to distinguish from inva- sive species; susceptible to pests Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash C- 8 -9 1 Yes 50 -1004 30 -70=> ••00 Any AMedium --P-'l ,tea, L -N good for shaded areas; medium to low wind resistance; susceptible to pests; does best in rich, organic soils Lirioclenciron tulipifera Tulip Poplar, Tulip Tree, Yellow Poplar 8 -9a I Yes 80 -1004 40 -80b ••00 Any O Medium =ti L -N yellow /orange, spring through summer flowers; susceptible pests and diseases; newly transplanted trees susceptible to leaf yellowing and drop w/o enough moisture; low wind resistance Nyssa sylvatica Tupelo, Black Gum 8b -9a I Yes Slow 65 -754 25 -35b ••00 Any 0 • High howy fall color; white, nconspicuous spring flowers; nedium to high wind resistance Lysiloma latisiliquum Wild Tamarind, khama Lysiloma S 1 Ob- 111 Yes Fast 40 -604 30 -45b 0••• Any O High H small, white /pink, spring through summer flowers; medium to high wind resistance °ersea americona kvocado C S 9b- 111 No Fast 35 -404 25 -35-:> ••00 Any Medium U L N many cultivars for edible fruit; low wind resistance; susceptible to pests >lia virginiana and cvs. Bay Magnolia C 8 -9 1 Yes 1,40-60 20 -50-�, ••00 Any ♦ None - L -N white, spring flowers; small red seeds provide food for wildlife; medium -high wind resistance oinus elliottii var. denso >outhern Slash Pine C S 9-111 Yes Fast 75 -1004 35 -50b ••00 Any 0 # High �►�`` I H flammable - in wildfire prone areas, plant minimum 30' from buildings; medium to low wind resistance; seeds provide food for wildlife; tolerates occasionally wet soil; declines if roots and surround- ing areas are compacted or dis- turbed; susceptible to pests {"Y p I ?ti Magnolia grandifloro and cvs. Southern Magnolia C 8 -9 1 Yes 40 -804 15 -40* •••0 Any O Medium fit` ��• H white /cream, fragrant, summer flowers; attractive red seeds provide food for wildlife; tolerates occasionally wet soil; high wind resistance; leaves and fruit require frequent cleanup; attrac- tive pyramidal growth habit; susceptible to scale >lia virginiana and cvs. Bay Magnolia C 8 -9 1 Yes 1,40-60 20 -50-�, ••00 Any ♦ None - L -N white, spring flowers; small red seeds provide food for wildlife; medium -high wind resistance oinus elliottii var. denso >outhern Slash Pine C S 9-111 Yes Fast 75 -1004 35 -50b ••00 Any 0 # High �►�`` I H flammable - in wildfire prone areas, plant minimum 30' from buildings; medium to low wind resistance; seeds provide food for wildlife; tolerates occasionally wet soil; declines if roots and surround- ing areas are compacted or dis- turbed; susceptible to pests Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Northern Slash Pine C; 8 -9 1 Yes Fast 75 -1004 35 -50-�, ••00 Any 0 ♦ High H flammable — in wildfire prone areas, plant minimum 30' from buildings; medium to low wind resistance; seeds provide food for wildlife; tolerates occasionally wet soil; declines if roots and surround- ing areas are compacted or dis- turbed; susceptible to pests Pinus glabrc Spruce Pine 8 -9a I Yes Slow 30 -604 25 -40=1 ••00 Any O. Medium =� L -N flammable - in wildfire prone areas, plant minimum 30' from buildings; low wind resistance; declines if roots and surround- ing areas are compacted or disturbed 'inus taecia .oblolly Pine C 8 -9b I Yes Fast 50 -804 30 -35b ••00 Any OMedium M If flammable - in wildfire prone areas, plant minimum 30' from buildings; fast growing; 3 -6" cones; susceptible to pests and diseases Quercus austrina Bluff Oak C 8 -9 No 40 -604 35 -50b •••0 Any 0 High L -N provides food for wildlife; underused tree that is well adapted to Florida Quercus shumardii Shumard Oak 8 -9a I Yes 55 -804 40 -50� •••0 Any High M " � provides food for wildlife; tolerates occasionally wet soil; medium to high wind resistance Quercus falcata Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak, Turkey Oak C 8 -9a I Yes 40 -754 60 -804 60 -70b •••0 Any O O High I 3W M W low wind resistance; provides food for wildlife Quercus michouxii Swamp Chestnut Oak C 8 -9 1 Yes 50 -604 40 -60,* ••00 CA 0 Low I awl =ti L -N provides food for wildlife; tolerate: occasionally wet soils; in wet soils rot may be a problem; best in full sun but tolerates shade when young; tolerant of urban condi- tions; medium to high wind resist- ance; may slow growth of under - story plants Simaroubo glauca Paradise Tree S 1 Ob- 111 Yes 30- 504 25 -30b •••• Any OMedium H yellow, summer flowers . medium to high wind resistance; don't plant near sidewalks and driveways (surface roots) V Swietenia mahagoni West Indian Mahogany S 1 ob- 111 Yes Fast 40 -754 40-60-> •••• Any O High H medium to high wind resist- ance; tolerates occasionally wet soil; susceptible to webworms Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt WiIdliFe Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Avicennia germinans Black Mangrove C S 9a -1 1 Yes 20 -304 10 -20b ••• • S ♦ None white, year -round flowers attract bees; very good for salty shorelines with full sun; produces pneumatophores (breathing roots) that protrude around base of tree c% Bursera simaruba Gumbo Limbo S 1 Ob -1 1 Yes I 30 -454 20 -504 25 -40b 0••• Any O High M II susceptible to pests if stressed; high wind resistance r ON Caesalpinia spp. and cvs. Poinciana C S 9 -11 1 No 8 -354 10 -35�- 0••0 S/L �� � Medium �O1E1 M choose species adapted to region; do not confuse with Delonix regia; flowers vary Carpentaria acuminate Carpentaria Palm S" lob-ill No Fast 1 35 -404 8 -10-> 0••0 Any Medium 1 -1071 L N white /cream, spring through fall flowers; tolerates occasionally wet soil; can cause skin irritation Chrysophyllum oliviforme Satinleaf S l ob -1 1 I Yes Slow I 30 -454 18 -25b ••00 Any O� High II =�• H fragrant flowers; provides food for wildlife; edible fruit; medium to high wind resistance PIS � Coccoloba diversifolia Pigeonplum S 10a-111 Yes Fast 1 30 -404 10 -20b 09 90 S High H white, summer flowers; edible fruit; susceptible to weevils; provides food for wildlife; compact crown makes it good for small areas; medium to high wind resistance; bark peels and becomes showy with age Cordia sebestena Geiger Tree tolerant of salt or brackish water; orange, year -round flowers; foliage may be damaged by geiger beetles; damaged by severe freezes; high wind resistance Crataegus spp Hawthorn C 8 -9 1 Var. 20 -354 15 -40b 0090 Any O # 46 High # L -N 7f provides food and cover for wildlife; flowers vary; best for North Florida; many species and cultivars 'icus citrifolia ihortleaf Fig, Nild Banyan Tree S 1 Ob- 111 Yes Fast 25 -504 30 -40b Any High M !dible fruit; lacks aerial roots, >ut still requires adequate room or root development; don't )lant in drainfields due to aggressive roots; can be diffi- ult to distinguish from invasive pecies 1 -. Cupressus arizonica var. arizonica Arizona Cypress L evergreen; green foliage with silver /gray shimmer; good as specimen or windbreak Ilex Xattenuata and cvs. East Palatka Holly may have severe disease problems in central parts of the state; provides pollen for bees S lob -11 I No Slow 1 25-304 20 -25b 0999 Any 0 High F- `` H tolerant of salt or brackish water; orange, year -round flowers; foliage may be damaged by geiger beetles; damaged by severe freezes; high wind resistance Crataegus spp Hawthorn C 8 -9 1 Var. 20 -354 15 -40b 0090 Any O # 46 High # L -N 7f provides food and cover for wildlife; flowers vary; best for North Florida; many species and cultivars 'icus citrifolia ihortleaf Fig, Nild Banyan Tree S 1 Ob- 111 Yes Fast 25 -504 30 -40b Any High M !dible fruit; lacks aerial roots, >ut still requires adequate room or root development; don't )lant in drainfields due to aggressive roots; can be diffi- ult to distinguish from invasive pecies 1 -. Cupressus arizonica var. arizonica Arizona Cypress L evergreen; green foliage with silver /gray shimmer; good as specimen or windbreak Ilex Xattenuata and cvs. East Palatka Holly may have severe disease problems in central parts of the state; provides pollen for bees Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife "W, Persea palustris Swamp Bay C S 8 -10 1 Yes 20 -304 20 -30b ••00 Any • Medium = =�� L -N Medium purple fruit; good wetland plant Tabebuia chrysotricha Yellow Trumpet Tree, Golden Trumpet Tree C S 9B- 111 No 25 -354 25 -35-�, ••• • Any �0 Medium ;l I M yellow, spring flowers; medium to low wind resistance Poclocarpus gracilior Weeping Fern Pine, Weeping Podocarpus C S 9b -11 I No Slow 30 -504 25 -35-�, •••0 Any 0 Medium =� L -N grows slower in full shade; high wind resistance i.L. i Tabebuia heterophylla Pink Trumpet Tree C S 9B -11 I No 20 -304 15 -25=�, 0000 Any �0 High I M -H pink /white, spring through summer flowers; medium to low wind resistance; susceptible to holopothrips tolerates occasionally wet soil; provides food for wildlife Tabebuia impetiginosa Purple Trumpet Tree C S 9b -11 No 12 -184 10 -15=�, 0000 Any High �O -` M showy, pinkish - purple, spring flowers; medium to low wind resistance i Zanthoxylum clava - herculis Hercules' Club C 8 -9b I Yes 15 -304 10 -20=, 0••0 CA Low U deciduous; spines; host plant for Giant Swallowtail butterfly; white, spring flowers � r Quercus lyrata Overcup Oak C 8 -9a Yes 30 -404 30 -40b •••0 Any 0 Medium T -N tolerates occasionally wet soil; provides food for wildlife Tabebuia impetiginosa Purple Trumpet Tree C S 9b -11 No 12 -184 10 -15=�, 0000 Any High �O -` M showy, pinkish - purple, spring flowers; medium to low wind resistance i Zanthoxylum clava - herculis Hercules' Club C 8 -9b I Yes 15 -304 10 -20=, 0••0 CA Low U deciduous; spines; host plant for Giant Swallowtail butterfly; white, spring flowers Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife e " 'g r Acacia farnesiana Sweet Acacia C S 9- 111 Yes Slow 10 -254 15 -25b 0000 S/C 0 High M also known as Acacia smallii, yellow, year -round flowers; thorny; tolerates occasionally wet soil; provides food and cover for birds and insects; don't plant next to sidewalk 1 Arenga engleri Formosa Palm, Dwarf Sugar Palm C S 9a -11 No Slow 1 6 -104 10 -16b 0000 Any O None L -N red /orange /green, spring flowers; grows in clusters Aesculus pavia Red Buckeye, Florida Buckev( 8 -9a I Yes 15 -204 15 -25b 0000 Any 0 Medium M attractive bark; red, spring flowers; tolerates occasionally wet soil; poisonous seeds Baccharis halimifolia Groundsel Bush, Sea Myrtle, Salt -bush C S 8 -10 Yes 8 -124 6 -12=� 0000 Any 0 • Medium M feathery, white, fall flowers; poisonous seeds; useful for wet sites such as retention ponds and ditches; can spread from seed Aralia spinosa Devil's Walkingstick C 8 -9a 1 Yes 10 -254 6 -10b 0000 Any 0 Medium also known as Angelica spinosa; small, white, spring through summer flowe s; purplish berries provide food for wildlife; sharp thorns; tolerates occasionally wet soil; can sucker to produce a thicket Ardisia escallonioicles Marlberry, Marbleberry C" S 9- 111 Yes 10 -204 3 -12-> 0000 SA O High H fragrant, white, year -round flowers; attractive foliage; round purple fruit provide food for wildlife mostly in fall and winter; good for screens and hedges �_amanara spp. ana cvs. Powderpuff C S 916-11 No Fast 1 10 -154 8 -15b 0000 Any O High =� L -N pink /white, fall through spring flowers; only Calliandra haematocepholo assessed as not a problem Callistemon spp. Bottlebrush C S 8b -11 No 6 -304 6 -15b 0••0 SA O High M red, spring through summer flowers; medium to low wind resistance; attracts beneficial insects; only C. citrinus, C. rigidus, C. viminalis assessed as not a problem Camellia japonica Camellia many cvs. with a variety of flower colors; up to 6 inches, in winter through spring; suscepti- ble to scales, aphids, chewing insects and fungus; requires acid soil and has problems if pH is too high Cephalotaxus harringtonia Japanese Plum Yew, Harrington Plum Yew C 8 -9 No Slow 1 3 -104 5 -10�- • • 0 0 S OMedium L -N dark green foliage; suitable for use as a hedge or specimen plant Chamaerops humilis European Fan Palm clumping palm; yellow, summer flowers; pest sensitive; very cold hardy; low maintenance com- pared to other palms; petioles with sharp teeth Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife MOW ,., „-Ir Chionanthus retusus Chinese Fringetree 81 No Slow 15 -304 10 -12-:, • • 0 0 S ♦ Medium L -N white, spring through summer flowers; grows very slowly, usually 4 to 10 inches per year, but can grow a foot per year if given rich, moist soil and appropriate fertilization Cordia boissieri White Geiger, Texas Olive C S 9a-1 11 No Slow 15 -204 10 -15-�, 0 • • • Any O High white, year -round flowers Chionanthus virginicus Fringetree C 8 -9 1 Yes Slow 12 -204 10 -15=, 0000 Any 0 !� Medium L -N showy, white, spring flowers; flowers best in sun; pest sensitive; tolerates occasionally wet soil; medium to high wind resistance Corpus florida Flowering Dogwood prefers deep, rich, well— drained sandy or clay soils and has a moderately long life; roots rot in soils without adequate drainage; susceptible to pests and disease Coccoloba uvifera Seagrape C S 9-111 Yes 3 -354 10 -50-�, •••0 S O High �ir1` H deciduous with continual leaf drop; fragrant, white, spring flowers; provides food for large wildlife; susceptible to weevils; grows as shrub on coastal dunes and as tree inland; medium to high wind resistance 0� j.. Cyrilla racemiflora Titi, Swamp Cyrilla, Leatherwood C 8b -10a `w fir. 4,• }':. 4 Fast 1 10 -304 6 -15 ••00 Any ! Medium � l g '' • A, Chionanthus virginicus Fringetree C 8 -9 1 Yes Slow 12 -204 10 -15=, 0000 Any 0 !� Medium L -N showy, white, spring flowers; flowers best in sun; pest sensitive; tolerates occasionally wet soil; medium to high wind resistance Corpus florida Flowering Dogwood prefers deep, rich, well— drained sandy or clay soils and has a moderately long life; roots rot in soils without adequate drainage; susceptible to pests and disease Coccoloba uvifera Seagrape C S 9-111 Yes 3 -354 10 -50-�, •••0 S O High �ir1` H deciduous with continual leaf drop; fragrant, white, spring flowers; provides food for large wildlife; susceptible to weevils; grows as shrub on coastal dunes and as tree inland; medium to high wind resistance 0� j.. Cyrilla racemiflora Titi, Swamp Cyrilla, Leatherwood C 8b -10a Yes Fast 1 10 -304 6 -15 ••00 Any ! Medium � l white, spring through summer flowers; wetland plant; good for edges of retention ponds; attractive to bees Dodonaea viscose S 8-11 1 Hopbush, Varnish Leaf 20 -304 30 -35�-- C S 9-11 1 Yes O 10 -184 6 -15=, ••• • SA High ICI H yellow, summer through fall flowers; showy, colorful fruit Eriobotrya japonica Loquat C S 8-11 1 No 20 -304 30 -35�-- •••• Any O Medium M white, fall through winter flowers; medium to low wind resistance; susceptible to pests caution - may be invasive in Central and South Florida Forestiera segregate = lorida Privet C S 8b- 111 Yes 4 -154 3 -12b 0••• 1 SA O � High semi-evergreen to evergreen; yellow, early spring flowers; great hedge plant; provides food for wildlife; flowers attract insects lex clecidua 'ossumhaw 8 -9a I Yes Slow 10 -154 10 -15=, •••• Any O High U small, white, spring flowers; small orange /red fruit provide food for wildlife; be sure to purchase female trees for fruit production evergreen, yellowish -white or greenish -white flowers Myrcianthes fragrans Simpson's Stopper, Twinberry C '5 9b -11 I Yes 6 -304 15 -20b 0000 Any 0 # . I High U =;� H edible fruit; white, fragrant, year -round flowers; red berries provide food for wildlife; tolerates occasionally wet soil; needs little attention once established Plumeria rubra Frangipani, Nosegay, Templetree S 1Ob -11 I No Slow 20 -254 20 -25b 0000 Any O High Poclocarpus macrophyllus and cvs Podocarpus ragrant, showy, spring through all flowers; susceptible to rangipani caterpillar; needs :old- protected spot if grown in ventral Florida dark green, evergreen leaves; small, purple, fruit on females provide food for wildlife; high wind resistance; mildly suscepti- ble to pests and diseases; some magnesium deficiency on sandy soils Oleo europaea Olive C S 8-111 No Slow 25 -504 35 -50b 0000 SA Medium M hakes a great landscape plant; -equires a pollinator to fruit -unus angusti{olia hickasaw Plum C 8 -9 1 Yes 1112-204 15 -20 •••0 Any High M vnus campanulata iiwan Cherry 8-9a No 112-204 15 -2& ••00 Any S/L Mediun �• U Quercus geminates Sand Live Oak, Small Sand Live Oak C S 8 -1 Oa I Yes 35 -504 45 -60-�, 0••0 S/L 0 High H bite, winter flowers; reddish small pink, late winter flowers; white, spring flowers, purple high wind resistance; good in lums provide food for wildlife; small fruit provides food for plums provide food for wildlife; dune areas; provides food for tedium to high wind resist- wildlife; susceptible to tent edible fruits, ranging from very wildlife; FNGLA Plant of the nce; can sucker to produce a caterpillar tart to sweet; susceptible to tent Year 2008 ticket caterpillars; can sucker to pro- ' ZA Tabebuia aurea Silver Trumpet Tree, Yellow Tab S 10 -11 No 115-254 10 -15=> • • • • Any O High LW M yellow, winter through spring flowers; flowers emerge after leaves drop; not wind resistant Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki Awabuki Viburnum C S 8 -1Ob I No Slow 1 15 -204 15 -20b • • • 0 Any nMedium t I LN also known as Viburnum awabuki; fragrant, small white, spring flowers; red /black fruit provides food for wildlife; takes well to pruning; used for hedges; susceptible to pests and disease Tecoma scans Yellow Elder, Yellow Trumpetbush C S 9b -11 I No Fast 1 10 -204 8 -15,:> 0009 Any Medium I* It L -N evergreen; bell- shaped, fragrant, yellow summer through winter flowers; produces non - edible brown fruit; FNGLA Plant of the Year, 2005 4cacia farnesiana Sweet Acacia C S 9-111 Yes Slow 10 -254 15 -25- 0••0 S/C A High 7f I also known as Acacia smallii; yellow, year -round flowers; thorny; tolerates occasionally wet soil; provides food and cover for birds and insects; don't plant next to sidewalk dramatic foliage and form; evergreen, silver /gray to blue -green foliage; showy, green -brown fruit; sharp spines choose species adapted to climate Aralia spinosa Devil's Walkingstick C 8 -9a Yes 10 -254 6 -10=, 0••0 Any OMedium L -N also known as Angelica spinosa; small white, spring through summer flowers; purplish berries provide food for wildlife; spiny stems; toler- ates occasionally wet soil Asimina spp. 'awpaw C S 8-101 Var. 15 -204 15 -20b 0 0 0 0 S OMedium L -N deciduous; species needs vary choose based on conditions; flowers vary; larval food plant for zebra swallowtail butterfly; does not transplant well Baccharis halimifolia Groundsel Bush, Sea Myrtle, Salt -bush C S 8 -10 1 Yes 8 -124 6 -12b Any O• Medium n F M feathery, white, fall flowers; poisonous seeds; useful for wet sites such as retention ponds and ditches; can spread by suckers from roots Berberis thunbergii Japanese Barberry, Crimson Pygmy fall color; white, spring flowers; good hedge or barrier plant; persistent red fruit; susceptible to disease Calycanthus floridus Carolina Allspice, Eastern Sweetshrub C S 8 -1 Oa I Yes Slow 6 -94 6 -12-::, Any n Medium good screen; red, spring through summer flowers with strawberry -like fragrance; does best in rich, organic soil Camellia japonica Camellia C 8-91 No Slow 10 -204 10 -20=, 0000 Any Medium F L N many cultivars; flowers up to 6 inches, in winter through spring, color variable; susceptible to pests and diseases; requires acidic soil and has problems if pH is too high Camellia sasanqua Sasanqua, Sasanqua Camellia some groundcover cultivars available; fall through winter flowers, color variable; suscepti- ble to pests; requires acidic soil and has problems if pH is too high Japanese Plum Yew, Harrington Plum Yew dark green foliage; suitable for use as a hedge or specimen plant Capparis cynophallophora Jamaica Caper Tree, Mustard Tree S 10-111 Yes Slow 6 -204 6 -15� 0000 Any O High `� H purple /white, spring flowers W Cestrum aurantiacum Orange Jessamine C S 9-111 No Fast 1 4 -104 6 -8b 0000 Any OMedium M yellow /orange, spring through summer flowers Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, 5 Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Codiaeum variegatum Croton S lOb -11 I No 3 -84 3 -bb Any Low L -N wide variety of leaf color and shape; white /yellow, summer flowers; susceptible to pests Conocarpus erectus Buttonwood, Silver Buttonwood white /cream, spring flowers; silver leaved form more suscep- tible to sooty mold and insect problems; do not plant in marl soil; high wind resistance; provides cover for wildlife S lob-ill Yes C S 9 -11 Yes 5 -504 15 -20b 0••• Any O O High 'r►t` _� H H deciduous with continual leaf drop; fragrant, white, spring white /cream, spring flowers; silver leaved form more suscep- tible to sooty mold and insect problems; do not plant in marl soil; high wind resistance; provides cover for wildlife Cordyline spp. & cvs. except Cordyline guineensis Ti plant S 10-1 11 No Fast 1 3 -104 2 -4b 0••0 Any Varies ��Trl V growing conditions vary by species; flowers vary, cold sensitive; check with your local Extension office before final species selection Crataegus spp. Hawthorn C 8-91 Var. 20 -354 15 -40=, 0000 Any High =� L -N provides food and cover for wildlife; flowers vary; best for north Florida; many species and cultivars Coccoloba uvifera Seagrape C S 9 -11 Yes 3 -354 10 -50=> • • • 0 S O High 'r►t` _� H deciduous with continual leaf drop; fragrant, white, spring flowers; provides food for large wildlife; susceptible to weevils; grows as shrub on coastal dunes and as tree inland; medi- um to high wind resistance Cordyline spp. & cvs. except Cordyline guineensis Ti plant S 10-1 11 No Fast 1 3 -104 2 -4b 0••0 Any Varies ��Trl V growing conditions vary by species; flowers vary, cold sensitive; check with your local Extension office before final species selection Crataegus spp. Hawthorn C 8-91 Var. 20 -354 15 -40=, 0000 Any High =� L -N provides food and cover for wildlife; flowers vary; best for north Florida; many species and cultivars Hamelia patens Firebush, Scarletbush C 5 9-111 Yes Fast 5 -201 5 -8b t••• Any 0 Medium Drange /red, year -round lowers; susceptible to pests; oliage usually more attractive n shade but flowers best in iun; tolerates occasionally wet oil; dies back in freezes but eturns w Hydrangea macrophylla Hydrangea, Bigleaf Hydrangea French Hydrangea C 8 -9a No 6 -104 6 -10=, Any nMedium fIL -NI ,vhite /pink /purple, spring hrough summer flowers; susceptible to pests; tolerates xcasionally wet soil Itea virginica Virginia Willow, Virginia Sweetspire C 8 -9 1 Yes Slow 1 3 -84 2 -4=> •••0 SQL O � Medium white, spring through summer flowers; grows well in wet areas such as detention ponds, swales and canals Ilex cornuta and cvs Chinese Holly, Horned Holly C 8-91 No 15 -254 15 -25- ••00 Any O High M susceptible to tea scale, especially in cool, shady areas; fruit provides food for wildlife; important source of pollen for bees Ilex X'Mary Nell' Mary Nell Holly C 8 -9 Yes 10 -204 10 -15b •••0 SAC OMedium M white, spring flowers; important source of pollen for bees Itea virginica Virginia Willow, Virginia Sweetspire C 8 -9 1 Yes Slow 1 3 -84 2 -4=> •••0 SQL O � Medium white, spring through summer flowers; grows well in wet areas such as detention ponds, swales and canals Ilex cornuta and cvs Chinese Holly, Horned Holly C 8-91 No 15 -254 15 -25- ••00 Any O High M susceptible to tea scale, especially in cool, shady areas; fruit provides food for wildlife; important source of pollen for bees Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Jatropho integerrima Peregrina C S 9b -1 1 I No 8 -154 5 -10�, f •• • Any High L -N scarlet, year -round flowers; poisonous; susceptible to pests and disease; sensitive to frost Ligustrum japonicum and cvs. Ligustrum, Japanese Privet C S 8 -lOb I No 8 -129 15 -25> 0900 Any O High Uj ,vhite, summer flowers; usceptible to pests and Diseases; used as hedge; thins at bottom unless in full sun i„ Murraya paniculata Orange Jessamine, Orange Jasmine, Chalcas C S 9b -1 1 I No Slow 1 8 -124 8 -15b 9999 Any O High L -N white, fragrant, year -round flowers; good container plant; often used as a hedge; provides food for wildlife; susceptible to pests Musa slap. Banana C 5 9b -11 I No Fast 7 -304 10 -15b • • • • Any • Low =rn`� L -N edible fruit; showy purple or orange flowers; needs regular watering; susceptible to dis- ease, pests, and frost Osmanthus americanus Wild Olive, Devilwood C 8b 9 Yes 15 -254 10 -15=, 0••0 Any 0 � • Medium H " white, fragrant, spring flowers provides food for wildlife Nerium oleander Dleander load, low maintenance plant Dr coastal areas; susceptible to )leander caterpillar; poisonous Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife r Philodendron cvs Philodendron Pittosporum tobira cvs Pittosporum Podocarpus macrophyllus and cvs. Podocarpus C S 8b -11 I No Slow 1 30-404 20 -25� •••0 ••00 S/C O� High _7 H select species based on site conditions; check with your local Extension office before final species selection dark, glossy leaves; white, fragrant, spring flowers Dark green, evergreen leaves; small, purple, fruit on females provide food for wildlife; high wind resistance; mildly suscepti- ble to pests and diseases; some magnesium deficiency on sandy soils Rhododendron canescens Pinxter Azalea C S 8 -10a I Yes Slow 1 8 -124 6 -10=> ••00 Any O Medium L -N pink /white, spring flowers; prefers well drained soil that retains moisture cvs. I Azalea C 8 -10 1 Var. Slow 1 3 -124 3 -10b 0000 Any OMedium -� FL- choose species based on site conditions; flowers vary Severinia buxifolia Boxthorn dense, low- branching, compact, evergreen; small, oval, glossy, dark green leaves; slender, thorny branches; small, fra- grant, white, spring through summer flowers; susceptible to freeze damage r' Tabernaemontana clivaricata Crape Jasmine, Pinwheel Flower C S 9b -11 I No Fast 6 -104 3 -6=> 0000 Any O Low =� L -N vergreen, white, ruffle- edged, immer flowers that are agrant at night; susceptible to ests and diseases A Fibouchina granulosa ' urple Glory Tree S 1 Ob-1 11 No Fast 1 15 -204 15 -20-� 0000 SA 0 Medium n evergreen; dark green, velvety leaves; purple, year -round flow ers Tibouchina urvilleana 'rincess Flower, glory Bush, Lasiandra C S 9b- 111 No Fast 10 -154 10 -15-* 0000 S/L High =I��1 I L -N evergreen; dark green, velvety, leaves; purple, year -round flow- ers; FNGLA Plant of the Year in 2005 Viburnum odoratissimum Sweet Viburnum C S 8b -1Oa No 15 -304 15 -25-:, 0000 Any 0 Medium lael 11 L -N V -If white, spring flowers; suscepti ble to pests and disease; often grown as a hedge; thins in shaded sites Yucca slop Yucca C S 8 -11 1 Var. No 3 -304 3 -15b •••0 Any 0 High =� M choose species based on site conditions; white, spring through summer flowers Viburnum suspensum Sandankwa Viburnum C S 8 -10 No 6 -124 6 -12=> •••• Any O Low M pink /white, winter through spring flowers Vitex agnus- castus Chaste Tree MC S 8-111 No Fast 10 -204 15 -20b 0••0 Any 0 High =� M deciduous; multi- stemmed shrub; purple, summer flowers provides food for wildlife T = -s choose species based on site conditions; flowers vary; susceptible to freeze damage Acalypha hispicla Zhenille Plant, Red -hot Cattail C S 10 -11 No Fast 4 -64 6 -8�1 •••O Any Medium ,0 -TOW L N upright, course - textured shrub; red, showy flowers during warm months droop in cattail - like, pendant clusters up to 18 inches in length; susceptible to pests especially in partial �k,A. Gamolepis spp. Bush Daisy W finely- divided leaves with fern -like appearance; yellow, year -round flowers Mahonia fortunei Fortune's Mahonia, Chinese Mahonia, Holly Grape 8b -9 I No Slow 1 3 -54 3 -5b •••o Any n Medium also known as Berberis fortunei; yellow year -round flowers; well suited as foundation plant c north or east side of a building Malpighia coccigera Miniature Holly S I Ob-I 11 No Slow 2 -54 4 -6-:�, Any OMedium M pink, spring through summer flowers; red berries; sensitive tc pests ,emi- evergreen shrub; vhite /pink /lavender /blue lowers after summer rains; )refers dry, hot sites; doesn't ike fertilizer or compost "ar Lantana clepressa Weeping Lantana, Pineland Lantana IS C S 8 -11 Yes Fast 1 3 -64 3 -6=, 0 * 0 0 S/L OMedium H small, yellow, year -round flowers; susceptible to pests; berries are poisonous Malpighia coccigera Miniature Holly S I Ob-I 11 No Slow 2 -54 4 -6-:�, Any OMedium M pink, spring through summer flowers; red berries; sensitive tc pests ,emi- evergreen shrub; vhite /pink /lavender /blue lowers after summer rains; )refers dry, hot sites; doesn't ike fertilizer or compost Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, 5 Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife u t Rosmarinus spp Rosemary Sabal etonia Scrub Palmetto C S 9 -11 1 Yes Slow 4 -64 4 -6b ••• • S/L O High = M small, white, spring through summer flowers; small, black berries in summer through fall provide food for wildlife; long - lived; difficult to transplant evergreen herb with aromatic needle -like leaves; flowers vary z z " Russelia equisetiformis Firecracker Plant, Coral Plant C S 9b- 111 No 3 -54 6 -12b 0••0 Any �O ] High �C�II I M multi- branched shrub; rush -like stems; red year -round flowers; susceptible to pests Russelia sarmentosa Firecracker Plant C S 8b -11 I No Fast 3w x Spiraea spp. Reeve's Spirea, Bridal Wreath C 8 -9 No 3 -54 3 -4�* 0••0 Any 0 Medium = L -N deciduous; white, spring flow- ers; check with your local Extension office before final species selection z z " Russelia equisetiformis Firecracker Plant, Coral Plant C S 9b- 111 No 3 -54 6 -12b 0••0 Any �O ] High �C�II I M multi- branched shrub; rush -like stems; red year -round flowers; susceptible to pests Russelia sarmentosa Firecracker Plant C S 8b -11 I No Fast 3 -44 2 -4=> 0000 S/L OMedium U red, summer flowers; provides food for wildlife Bougainvillea cvs. Bougainvillea C S 9b -11 I No Fast 4 -404 15 -40-> •••O S/L High evergreen, shrubby vine; pink /yellow /orange, year - round flowers; large spines; susceptible to freeze damage Campsis raclicans Trumpet Creeper, Trumpet Vine C S 8 -10a I Yes Fast 1 1 -404 1 -40=> Any Medium U =� ,may I L N brilliant orange, summer flowers Ficus pumila Creeping fig dense grower; needs no support to adhere to walls, which may cause maintenance problems; well suited for groundcover, and hanging basket use Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Ipomoea spp. (natives only) Morning Glory C S 8-111 Yes Fast 10 -204 10 -40b 0••0 Any n A High -z- I M I lower color varies; can spread :asily; provides food for wildlife Passiflora incarnate Maypop, Passion Vine IV C S 8b -11 Yes Fast 5 -104 5 -10b Any High M evergreen; pink /purple, summer through fall flowers; larval food plant of zebra longwing, gulf fritillary, and variegated fritillary butterflies; tolerates occasionally wet soil i Trachelospermum jasminoicles Confederate Jasmine, Star Jasmine IV C S 8 -10 No Fast 1 -404 1 -40b Any O Medium LW L -N white, fragrant, showy, spring flowers; susceptible to diseases r 4 r: Petrea volubilis Queen's 1. m evergreen; purple, spring flowers Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife purple /blue, spring through summer flowers; spreads quick- ly; many cultivars; susceptible to disease Anthericum sanderi St. Bernard's Lily C S 8 -11 1 No Fast 1 1 1/24 1/2 1 b 0000 Any O Medium F- *1 u white, spring flowers Arachis glabrata Perennial Peanut C S 8-111 No Slow 1 1/2 -11 1 -8=�, 0000 S High 1 yellow /orange, summer through fall flowers; no nitrogen fertilizer needed; may spread aggressively; withstands foot traffic; damaged by frost in North and Central Florida Ardisia japonica Japanese Ardisia C 8-91 No 1/2 -14 1 -3-> 0000 Any Low u shiny, leathery, dark green leaves; pink /white, 5- petaled, spring flowers; small, red, winter fruit OM Rd Dyschoriste oblongifolia Twin Flower, Oblongleaf Snakeherb C S 8 -11 1 Yes Fast F/2 -14 1 -11/2 0000 Any O High =Q. L -N lavender, year -round flowers; commonly used as groundcov- er; larval food plant for com- mon Buckeye Hedera canariensis Algerian Ivy, Canary Ivy M1 Hedero helix English Ivy C 8-91 No Fast 1 1 -24 2 -5=> •••0 Any ��M��edium l�l L-N bold leaves provide dark green mat of foliage; tenacious aerial roots guide the plant up tree trunks, walls, or trellises; rapid growth rate; watch for aggres- sive spread Ipomoea spp. (natives only) Sweet Potato Vine, Railroad Vine, Varies C S 8-11 1 Yes Fast 10 -204 10 -40b 0••0 Any High fill '� M flower color varies; can spread easily; provides food for wildlife Juniperus conferta and cvs Shore Juniper C 8-91 No Slow 1 -24 6-10b 0000 S High I flammable - in wildfire prone areas, plant minimum 30' from buildings; must be in full sun and well drained soils; used for dune stabilization; susceptible to diseases distinctive, red leaf stems; beautiful, thick, leathery foliage; rapid growth rate, watch for aggressive spread; rich groundcover in the shade Juniperus horizontalis and cvs. Creeping Juniper, Horizontal Juniper C 8a -9a No t/2 -14 8 -10=> 0000 Any O High n M plants become thin in partial shade; does not tolerate water- logged conditions; susceptible to pests and diseases Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife q >. Lantana montevidensis Trailing Lantana C S 9-111 No Fast 1 -34 4 -8b 0000 Any OMedium .- H white /pink /lavender, summer through fall flowers; susceptible to pests and diseases F C >� Liriope muscari and cvs. Liriope, Monkey Grass, Lily Turf, Border Grass in C 8 9 No 1 -24 1 -2=�, 0000 Any 0 Medium F* I M purple, summer flowers; forms a solid groundcover in a few years; variegated cultivar is damaged by frost; susceptible to pests P wua Ophiopogon japonicus and cvs Mondo Grass, Dwarf Lilyturf, Dwarf Liriopoe C S 8 -111 No Slow t/2 -14 1/2 -2=> 0090 Any 0 Medium =Q� M white, summer flowers; dark green, grass -like mounds; tolerates some foot traffic 'm W perennial; pink powderpuff flowers; FNGLA Plant of the Year Nephrolepis biserrata Giant Sword Fern C S 9- 111 Yes 1 -44 1 -4b 0000 CA Medium L -N should not be confused with the exotic invasive fern Nephrolepis cordifolia; may spread beyond small gardens and become difficult to control; looks best in full shade Rumohra acliantiformis Leatherleaf Fern, Seven Weeks Fern C S 9b -11 I No 1 -34 4 -5=�, 0.90 Any Medium L -N evergreen fern with triangular - shaped, dark glossy green leaflets s kunthii Shield Fern robust fern with graceful light green foliage; may spread beyond small gardens and become difficult to control Zamia floriclana Coontie, Florida Arrowroot, Florida Zamia IN C S 8b -11 1 Yes Slow 1 -54 3 -5b Any O High H W small palm -like perennial plant; Florida's only native cycad; sole larval food plant for atala but- terfly; susceptible to pests and cold damage in the 20's Trachelospermum jasminoicles Confederate Jasmine, Star Jasmine C S 8b-10 No Fast 1 -34 1 -30b Any OMedium L -N white, fragrant, showy, spring flowers; susceptible to diseases Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Anclropogon spp. Bluestein Grass C 8-91 Var. Fast 3 -104 3 -7b ••• • Any High I perennial bunch grass; species need vary; check with Extension office before making final selection; silver /white /pink, fall flowers Aristida stricta var. beyrichi W i reg rass also known as Aristida beyrichiona; tan, year -round flowers; provides food and cover for wildlife; depends on regular summer burning to stimulate flowering and seed production Chasmanthium latifolium River Oats, Northern Sea Oats, Indian Wood -oats IN 8 -9a I Yes Fast 2 -54 2 -4=> ••00 Any Medium L -N fall color; tan /bronze, summer through fall flowers; larval food plant for Gemmed Satyr butterfly 3 1 t a Miscanthus sinensis Zebra Grass, Eulalia Grass C S 8 -11 No 1 -94 3 -5=> •••0 Any 0 Medium H dies to the ground in winter in North Florida; excellent specimen plant; susceptible to pests and disease Cymbopogon citratus Lemongrass S 10 -11 1 No Fast 4 -64 4 -6=�, •••0 Any OMedium L WSJ U scented leaves remain green most of the year, turning dark red in fall and winter; dies to the ground in winter in North Florida Chasmanthium latifolium River Oats, Northern Sea Oats, Indian Wood -oats IN 8 -9a I Yes Fast 2 -54 2 -4=> ••00 Any Medium L -N fall color; tan /bronze, summer through fall flowers; larval food plant for Gemmed Satyr butterfly 3 1 t a Miscanthus sinensis Zebra Grass, Eulalia Grass C S 8 -11 No 1 -94 3 -5=> •••0 Any 0 Medium H dies to the ground in winter in North Florida; excellent specimen plant; susceptible to pests and disease Spartina spp. Cordgrass IN C Fast 1 3 -44 3 -5b •0.0 S O ♦ High H marsh grass; fine - textured, wire leaves form a fountain pattern; tan, summer flowers; species needs vary, choose based on site conditions; check with your local Extension office prior to species selection iI ! pl 1 Yes 1 -34 1 -3=, 0000 Any O High Panicurn virgatum • • Panic Grass tan, summer flowers ui *V CA Tripsacum dactyloides and cvs. Fakahatchee Grass, Gamma Grass C S 8 -11 1 Yes 4 -64 4 -6-, •••0 Any 0 Medium M cream /orange /red /yel low, spring through summer flowers; tolerates flooding and standing water; larval food plant for Byssus Skipper butterfly ichizachyrium scoparium ittle Blue Stem Grass C 8 -9 1 Yes 1 -34 1 -3=, 0000 Any O High U medium -sized bunchgrass; lavender /blue stem; good for restoring damaged wildland recreation areas; provides food and cover for wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Acoelorrhaphe wrightii Paurotis Palm, Saw Cabbage Palm S 10-111 Yes Slow 15 -304 10 -15=, 0000 Any OMedium F* =�`� M yellow /white, spring flowers; forms dense clump so provide plenty of space; susceptible to manganese deficiency; tolerates occasionally wet soil Carpentaria acuminate Carpentaria Palm S 10P 1 I No Slow 35 -404 8 -10b 0 • • 0 Any Medium 02■ white /cream, spring through fall flowers; tolerates occasion ally wet soil; can cause skin irritation Arenga engleri Formosa Palm, Dwarf Sugar Palm C S 9a -1 1 No Slow 1 8 -104 12 -16=, 0••0 Any O None ,FLN dark, olive -green leaves often twist, giving a slight spiraling appearance; red /orange/ green, spring flowers; red to deep purple fruit Caryota mitis Fishtail Palm S 1 Ob -1 11 No 15 -254 10 -15=, 0000 Any O Medium multi- stemmed clumps; light green leaflets shaped like fish's tail fin; caution - may be inva- sive in South Florida .� y Bismarckia nobilis Bismarck Palm S 1Oa -11 1 No 40 -704 15 -20=> 0••0 Any 0 High M stiff, waxy, blue- green fronds; white /cream flowers _. :w -eratozamia kuesteriana C S 8-111 No Slow 4 -54 3 -4b 0000 Any O High emergent growth on some orms has a reddish color Chamaerops humilis European Fan Palm Dioon edule Dioon, Chamal, Mexican Sago IN C S 8 -11 1 No Slow 1 1 -84 4 -6b ,... Any High M leaflets very sharp; can tolerate adverse conditions for periods; susceptible to pests clumping palm; yellow, summer flowers; susceptible to pests; very cold- hardy; petioles with sharp teeth Howea forsterana Kentia Palm, Sentry Palm S 10-111 No 15 -254 6 -10b 0••0 SQL n I Medium �a I L -N white, summer flowers; suscepti- ble to diseases Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Yellow Butterfly Palm S 10a -11 I No 15 -254 6 -10=, 0••0 Any High �►'`� I M also known as Dypsis lutescens; tolerates occasionally wet soil; high wind resistance; suscepti- ble to pest and K deficiency Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife A Ravenea rivularis Majesty Palm S 10a-111 No 50 -804 10 -15=, 0000 CA n High M feather - leafed with symmetrical, smooth, flared trunk; creamy white, summer flowers Pseuclophoenix sargentii Buccaneer Palm, Sargent's Palm S I Oa- 111 Yes Slow 10 -404 10 20-> 0000 Any High ISVI yellow, summer flowers; produces grape -sized red fruit; endangered in Florida Ptychosperma elegans Alexander Palm, Solitary Palm, Solitaire Palm S 10a -11 1 No Slow 1 15 -254 6 -10b 0000 SA High L -N white, summer flowers; resistant to lethal yellowing; high wind resistance; caution - may be invasive in South and Central Florida Rhapis humilis Slender Lady Palm C S 9b -11 I No 5 -74 6 -10=, 0••0 S/L 0 Medium =� M J� slender stems; drooping leaf segments; forms densely packed clumps; susceptible to pests r 2 1 Saba/ etonia Scrub Palmetto C S 9 1 1 Yes Slow 4 -64 4 -6=> •••• S/L O High I TOM M small, white, spring through summer flowers; small, black berries in summer through fall provide food for wildlife; long - lived; difficult to transplant Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt WiIdliFe Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Washingtonia robusta Washington Palm C 9a -11 No 160-904 10 -15=> 0900 Any O High M too tall for most home land- scapes; caution — may be invasive in South Florida t �y 's ANA Zamia floridana Coontie, Florida Arrowroot, Florida Zamia C S 8b -11 I Yes Fast 1 1 -54 3 -5b Any High iE =S?��I ,tea H small palm -like perennial plant; Florida's only native cycad; sole larval food plant for atala hair - streak butterfly; susceptible to pests and cold damage in the 20's f t Wodyetia bifurcate. Foxtail Palm S 10-11 1 No Slow 1 20 -304 8 -20b 0990 Any 0 Medium M pale green, arching fonds with leaflets radiating from leaf stem, giving appearance of bottlebrush or (oxtail, white, spring flowers; colorful clusters of red to orange /red fruit t �y 's ANA Zamia floridana Coontie, Florida Arrowroot, Florida Zamia C S 8b -11 I Yes Fast 1 1 -54 3 -5b Any High iE =S?��I ,tea H small palm -like perennial plant; Florida's only native cycad; sole larval food plant for atala hair - streak butterfly; susceptible to pests and cold damage in the 20's Acrostichum danaeifolium Leather Fern C S 9-11 1 Yes 8-104 8 -10-�, 90.0 Any • Low FM large fern; good for wet sites in shaded landscape; prolonged sunlight, especially in the sum mer, can burn foliage Dicksonia antarctica Tasmanian Tree Fern, Australian Tree Fern C S 9-111 No Slow 20 -504 6 -20b ••00 S/L O Low �� / - L-N does not tolerate prolonged freezing or direct sun FAi Adiantum capillus - veneris Southern Maidenhair Fern, Venus' Hair Fern S 10 -11 1 Yes Slow 1 2 -34 2 -3-, 0000 Any O Low L -N fine - textured, delicate, fern with light grey - green, soft foliage; tolerates occasionally wet soil Didymochlaena truncatula Mahogany Fern, Tree Maidenhair Fern S 10 No Slow 3 -44 4 -6-�> 0000 Loam O Low U requires moist soil; do not let dry out between waterings Cyrtomium falcatum Holly Fern hardy fern; forms underground stems, persisting for many years, and spreads widely (forms dense clumps); grows in full sun if in moist conditions evergreen fern; good low - maintenance groundcover; susceptible to pests Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife ,.. £�.� -ms's• ' , . t ti Thelypteris kunthii Southern Shield Fern C S 8-11 Yes Fast 2 -3f 2 -4b o••• Any O 4� Medium L -N robust fern with graceful light green foliage; may spread beyond small gardens and become difficult to control Acrostichum Leather Fern C S 9-111 Yes 8 -104 8 -10b 0 0 0 Any ♦ Low I� M large fern; good for wet sites in shaded landscape; prolonged sunlight, especially in the sum- mer, can burn foliage L —` r' yiR � Ajugo reptans Bugleweed, Carpet Bugleweed C 8 -9a No Fast 1 -2b 0000 Any OMedium =� L -N .irple /blue, spring through immer flowers; spreads sickly; many cultivars; sceptible to disease purple /white, summer flowers; deciduous Alp, nia spp. Shell Ginger, Shell Flower IM C S 8-111 No Fast 1 6 -124 3 -5b 0000 S/C O Low M green and yellow variegated leaves; white, fragrant flowers borne in drooping clusters; will not flower if freezes back species neeas vui y, aI — based on conditions; red/ yellow flowers; self -seeds each year; sap may irritate; susceptible to pests and A,Props- nrovides food for Caladium Xhortulanum Caladium C S 8 -11 1 No Fast 1 1 -24 1 -2b 0000 Any OMedium L -N good container plant; attractive foliage (red /rose /pink /white/ silver /bronze /green); leaves die back in the fall; goes dormant; susceptible to pests and diseases Conradina spp. False Rosemary, Scrub Min Beach Rosemary C 8-91 Yes Fast 1 1 -34 1 -3,, 0000 Any O High 11W blue, year -round flowers; used in beach landscaping -rinum spp. :rinum Lily C S 8P 11 Var. 3 -64 3 -6- 0••0 Any Medium ill M many cultivars; fragrant, spidery, year -round flowers vary; poisonous; susceptible to pests and diseases Dianella spp. Flax Lily C S 8-111 Var. Fast 1 1 -24 1 -2b • • • 0 Any O High U blue /yellow flowers; strappy leaves Crossandra spp. Firecracker Flower S 101 No Fast 1 1/2 -44 1 -3-, 0••0 S/L ,-77 Medium k0 til L -N species needs vary, choose based on conditions, flowers vary; can be used as annual in North and Central region Curcuma spp Curcuma, Hidden Lily C S 8P 11 No Fast 1 1 -64 1-4-�, 0••0 Any 0 Medium t011 L -N L�' F urple /white /pink, year -round pink /yellow, spring flowers flowers; susceptible to pests, diseases, and freezes )idymochlaena truncatula Mahogany Fern, 'ree Maidenhair Fern S 10 No Slow 1 3 -4 _' 4 -6=> ••00 Loam O � � requires moist soil; do not let dry out between waterings Cuphea hyssopifolia Mexican Heather, False Heather C S 8b 1 1 No 1 -24 2 -3� 0••0 Any O High M Curcuma spp Curcuma, Hidden Lily C S 8P 11 No Fast 1 1 -64 1-4-�, 0••0 Any 0 Medium t011 L -N L�' F urple /white /pink, year -round pink /yellow, spring flowers flowers; susceptible to pests, diseases, and freezes )idymochlaena truncatula Mahogany Fern, 'ree Maidenhair Fern S 10 No Slow 1 3 -4 _' 4 -6=> ••00 Loam O � � requires moist soil; do not let dry out between waterings Dryopteris spp. Autumn FP; n C S 8 -11 Va, Slow 1 1 -44 1 -4b ••00 Any 0 Medium =� L -N dark green fern with delicate appearance; fronds appear reddish when young; choose species based on growing conditions Dyschoriste oblongifolia Twin Flower, Oblongleaf Snakeherb C S 8 -11 1 Yes Fast t/2 -14 1 11 /2b 0••0 Any O High I TOW FLN W lavender, year -round flowers; commonly used as groundcover -laveria linearis del lowtop S l Oa -1 1 I Yes Fast 2 -44 2 -4b Any 0 High COW M W howy clusters of yellow disk haped, year -round flowers; rows in soils with poor nutrient ontent; provides food for but - �rflies Euryops spp Bush Daisy C S, variable I No 3 -64 3 -6=, 0••0 Any O High W1 =��, M species needs vary, choose based on conditions; reseeds readily; resprouts from base in spring; flowers vary I W yellow /orange /red, summer flowers; rounded clumps of soft hairy, divided leaves Hedychium spy;., hybrids and cvs. Butterfly Lily, Butterfly finger C S 8b 11 Na -- Fast 4 -84 2 -4-�, 0090 S/L O Low II ,, M white /yellow /red, spring flowers; thrives in boggy soils `E A Heliotropium angiospermum Scorpion Tail C S 8 -11 1 Yes 1 -24 1 -2-�> 0909 Any O High L -N evergreen; white, year -round flowers; seedlings volunteer readily Hemerocallis spp. Daylily C S 8-101 No Fast 1 1 -34 1 -2=> •••o F Any (� I Medium I H many cultivars; summer flowers vary; susceptible to diseases Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife .4:... , r Liatris spp. Blazing Star C S 8 -1Ob I Var. 34 1/2 -1 �* 0••0 Any 0 Medium =� L -N lavender /pink /white, summer through fall flowers white /blue, spring through fall flowers requires night temperature of 45° F to stay green; susceptible to pests; may be less attractive during winter dormancy Pachystachys lutea Golden Shrimp Plant C S 9b -11 I No 2 -34 2 -3-:> 0000 Any O Low F- R1` L -N yellow, spring through fall flowers )dontonema strictum respike C S 8b- 111 No 2 -0 2 -3b 0000 SA J Medium - rbaceous perennial; red, fall rough winter flowers Pentas lanceolata Pentas, Starflower C- S 8b -11 No Fast 1 2 -44 2 -3-�, 0000 Any OMedium M many cultivars; red /pink /white /lilac, summer flowers; susceptible to freeze damage Philodendron spp. and cvs Philodendron C S 8b- 111 No Fast 7 1 -124 2 -15b 0000 Any O ♦ Medium L -N select species based on site conditions; check with your local Extension office before final species selection Scientific Common Reg /Native G, H, S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Plumbago auriculata cvs. Plumbago C S 9-111 No Fast 610`_' 8 -10b ••00 Any 0 Medium L -N blue /white, year -round flowers; susceptible to pests and freezes Sisyrinchium angustifolium Blue -eyed Grass blue, spring flowers 7--1 ' 4 f Fast ImFi •••0 r' Any 0 Medium Solenostemon scuttellarioides Solidago slop. Goldenrod Sphaeropteris cooperi S rekelia formosissima p Coleus Australian Tree Fern Aztec Lily, Jacobean Lily, C S 811 No St. James Lily C- S 8 -10 Var. C S 8 -1Ob No Fast 1 -3Q 1 -3b 2 -6Q 1/2 -2b Fast 1 24 1 2b 0••0 Any 0000 S VIO, 0••0 SA Low O High 0 Low L -N • ® H �• =�� M purple, summer flowers; many cultivars; 'Hurricane Louise' was yellow, summer through fall flowers; some species form also known as Alsophila red, spring through summer FNGLA Plant of the Year in large colonies; Solidago oduro cooperi; single- trunked, giant fern flowers 2005; susceptible to pests and is the Florida native diseases Stokesia laevis Stokes' Aster blue /white, summer flowers; many cultivars Zephyronthesspp. Rain Lily, Zephyr Lily C S 8 -11 1 Var. Fast 1 1/2 -1 Q 1/2 -1 b •••0 Any 0 Medium T -M white /yellow /pink /red, spring through fall flowers; susceptible to pests Zingiber zerumbet Pine Cone Ginger C S 8 -11 No 4 -74 4 -b- •••O Any /� A Medium M red, fragrant, fall flowers; tolerates occasionally wet soil Ageratum sap. Ageratum C S' 8 -11 1 No 1/2' 14 1/2' 1 0 * 0 0 Any Low L -N many cultivars; purple /white, year -round flowers 1_i IL 1 Angelonia angush Angelonia white and /or blue, summer flowers Calendula spp. Pot Marigold Celosia spp. Celosia yellow /orange, winter through spring flowers many cultivars; summer flowers vary f ,z F ®r L -N evergreen; summer through fall flowers vary; susceptible to pests, diseases, and freezes C S 8-111 No 1/2 -1 � 1/2 -1 b •••o Any 0 Medium L -N purple /white /pink, winter flowers; tolerates light frost Pachystachys lutea Golden Shrimp Plant C S 9b -1 1 I No 2 -34 2 -3=> 0••0 Any O Low n = L -N yellow, spring through fall flowers Rudbeckia hirta Black -Eyed Susan C 8 -9 1 Yes Fast 1/2-11/24 I=> 2 -34 1 -2=> 0.0 0 O Any OMedium # =� L -N large, yellow- orange to red- dish- orange, summer flowers; does not tolerate prolonged, wet weather Pentas lanceolate Pentas, Starflower C S 8b-I 11 No Fast 1 2 -44 2-3b 0••0 Any OMedium F* I M many cultivars; red /pink/ white /lilac, summer flowers; susceptible to freeze damage Solenostemon scuttellarioides Coleus Petunia Xhybrida Petunia C- S 8 -11 1 No Fast 1/2-11/24 I=> 0••0 Any O Low # M many flower colors, in fall through spring; can be grown as perennial in South Florida; susceptible to pests and diseases purple, summer flowers; many cultivars; 'Hurricane Louise' was FNGLA Plant of the Year in 2005; susceptible to pests and diseases Rudbeckia fulgida Rudbeckia in C 8 -9 1 Yes Fast 34 3=, 0••0 SA Low =� L -N showy, daisy -like flower; produces masses of golden color all summer ithonia rotundiflora Aexican Sunflower C S 8-101 No Fast 5 -64 3 -4b 0••0 Any High Worange, summer flowers Scientific Common Reg /Native G,H,S Soil pH, Txt Soil Mst, Drgt Light /Best Salt Wildlife Torenia fournieri Wishbone Flower C S 8-11 No t/2-1 x/24 1 -1 � /2b 0000 S/L O Low L -N lavender /pink /blue /white, spring through fall flowers; susceptible to pests M MOWING HT: Mowing turf below the recommended height can stress the grass and subject it to invasion by weeds. LEAF: Fine, Medium, Coarse, Fine - Medium, Coarse - Medium (Relative measure of leaf blade width. Texture is merely a visual preference.) MAINT, LEVEL: Low, Medium, High, Medium -High (Amount of fertilization, irrigation, and mowing required.) SOIL RH: Any, Acid (Ideal soil pH and texture for healthy turf.) DROUGHT TOLERANCE: Low, Medium, High (Measure of how well the turf will survive extended dry periods without irriga- tion or rainfall after it has been properly established.) SALT: Low, Medium, High, None (Ability to thrive when subjected to salt stress from irrigation water, saltwater intrusion, or salt spray from the ocean.) SHADE: Low, Medium, High (Ability to thrive when exposed to shade.) ESTABLISHMENT METHODS: Sod, Sprigs, Plugs, Seed (A quality lawn can be established by any method listed if the site is properly prepared and maintained.) Scientific Common Mw Ht /Leaf /Mnt Lv Soil pH /Drgt /Slt /Sh Estob. Methods Scientific Common Estab. Methods Eremochloo ophiuroides Centipedegrass 1.5 -2 in. I M Low Acid I Medium I L I M Sod, sprigs, plugs, seed adapted to North Florida and the Panhandle; low wear tolerance; low nematode tolerance I Any I Low I M I V I Sod, sprigs, plugs adapted to entire state; low wear tol- erance; medium nematode tolerance; shade tolerance varies depending on cultivar selection REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Black, R.J. and E. F. Gilman. 2004. Landscape Plants for the Gulf and South Atlantic Coasts. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 230 pp. Broschat, T.K. and A.W Meerow. 1999. Betrock's Reference Guide to Florida's Landscape Plants. Betrock Information Systems, Inc., U.S.A. 428 pp. Dehgan, B. 1998. Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 638 pp Floridata Plant Profiles. 2005. http: //Floridata.com Florida Department of Environmental Protection. 2008. Florida Green Industries Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources in Florida. Florida Department of Environmental Protection and University of Florida. 2009. Florida friendly Landscape Guidance Models for Ordinances, Covenants, and Restrictions. Florida Department of Environmental Protection and University of Florida. 2009. Florida Yards and Neighborhoods Handbook. Haehle, R. G. and J. Brookwell. 2004. Native Florida Plants. Taylor Trade Publishing, New York. 400 pp. Meerow, A.W. 1999. Betrock's Guide to Landscape Palms. Betrock Information Systems. Hollywood, FL. 138 pp. Nelson, G. 2003. Florida's Best Native Landscape Plants. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 411 pp. Osorio, R. 2001. A Gardener's Guide to Florida's Native Plants. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 345 pp. USDA, NRCS. 2005. The Plants Database, Version 3.5 (http: //plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge LA 70874 -4490 USA. Watkins, J., T.J. Sheehan, and R.J. Black. 2005. Florida Landscape Plants, Native and Exotic, 2nd Ed. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 468 pp. University of Florida Environmental Horticulture Department, Woody Ornamental Landscape pages by Ed Gilman. 2009. htLp://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody.html Bowden, Robert. Small Trees: Arenga engleri, Magnolia figo, Prunus campanulata, Tabebuia aurea. Large Shrubs: Agarista populifoiia, Agave spp., Aloysia virgata, Barleria micans, Callicarpa americana, Cestrum aurantiacum, Erythrina herbacea, Galphimia glauca, Gardenia jasminoides, Malvaviscus arboreus, Philodendron selloum, Psychotria nervosa, Rhododendron cvs., Sabal minor, Severinia bux folia, Tabernaemontana divaricata, Thunbergia erecta, Viburnum suspensum. Small Shrubs: Aloe spp., Malpighia coccigera, Pyracantha coccinea, Sabal etonia, Spiraea spp. Vines: Aster carolinianus, Aristolochia spp., Bignonia capreolata, Hedera canariensis, Hedera helix, Petraea volubilis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Wisteria frutescens. Groundcovers: Anthericum sanderii, Arachis glabrata, Evolvulus glomeratus, Hedera canariensis, Hedera helix, Juniperus conferta, Trachelospermum asiaticum, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Zamia pumila. Grasses: Chasmanthium iatifolium, Panicum virgatum, Paspalum quadrifarium, Thysenolanea maxima, Tripsacum dactyloides. Palms and Palm -Like Plant, Arenga engleri, Chamaedorea spp., Licuala grandis, Ptychosperma macarthurii, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis humilis, Sabal etonia, Sabal minor, Zamia pumila. Perennials: Agave spp., Aloe spp., Alpinia spp., Angelonia angustifolia, Belamcanda chi - nensis, Bromeliaceae genera, Bulbine frutescens, Crossandra spp., Curcuma spp., Dianella spp., Dietes Mdoides, Echinacea purpurea, Evolvulus glomeratus, Gaura lind- heimeri, Gloriosa spp., Hedychium spp., Helianthus debilis, Hippeastrum spp., Iris hexagona, Justicia spicigera, Kaempferia spp., Leonotis leonurus, Pachystachys lutea, Plectranthus spp., Rudbechia hirta, Solenostemon scuttellaroides, Stohesia laevis, Zephyranthes spp. Annuals: Amaranthus spp., Angelonia angustifolia, Calendula spp., Justicia spicigera, Pachystachys lutea, Petunia Xhybrida, Rudbechia hirta, Solenostemon scuttellaroides, Torenia fournieri, Viola spp., Zinnia hybrids. Brown, Stephen. Small Trees: Baccharis halimffolia, Sophora tomentosa. Large Shrubs: Acrostichum danaeifolium, Allamanda nerifolia, Baccharis halmifolia, Jasminum nitidum. Groundcovers: Ernodea littoralis, Scaevola plumieri Grasses: Cymbopogon citratus. Ferns: Acrostichum danaeifolium, Blechman serrulatum. Perennials: Acrostichum danaeifolium, Blechnum serrulatum, Heliotropium angiosper- mum, Hymenocallis spp. Caldwell, Doug. Medium Trees: Elaeocarpus decipens. Davis, Jim. Perennials: Euryops spp. Delvalle, Terry. Grasses: Schizachyrium scoparium. Durr, Audrey. Medium Trees: Avicennia germinans. Ferns: Sphaeropteris cooperi. Friday, Theresa. Perennials: Neomarica gracilis. Gelmis, Georgia. Large Trees: Quercus virginiana. Palms and Palm -Like Plants: Trachycarpus fortunei. Perennials: Sphaeropteris cooperi Gillman, Ed. Large Trees: Acer barbatum, Acer rubrum, Betula nigra, Bucida buceras, Carya spp., Chorisia speciosa, Conocarpus erectus, Ficus aurea, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus car - oliniana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Gordonia lasianthus, Halesia caroling, Juniperus vir- giniana, Liquidambar styracii lua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Litchi chinensis, Lysiloma latisiliquum, Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia virginiana, Nyssa sylvatica, Persea ameri- cana, Pinus clausa, Pinus elliottii var densa, Pinus glabra, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, Piscidia piscipula, Platanus occidentalis, Quercus acutissima, Quercus alba, Quercus aus- trina, 2uercus falcata, Quercus michauxii, Quercus nuttallii, Quercus shumardii, Simarouba glauca, Swietenia mahagoni, Taxodium spp., Ulmus alata, Ulmus americana, Ulmus crassifolia, Ulmus parvifolia. Medium Trees: Bursera simaruba, Caesalpinia spp, Carpentaria acuminata, Carpinus caroliniana, Cassia fistula, Cercis canadensis, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Cocoloba diver - sifolia, Cordia sebestena, Crataegus spp., Cypresses arizonica var. arizonica, Ficus citri- folia, Illex Xattenuata, Ilex cassine, Ilex opaca, Ilex rotunda, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Juniperus silicicola, Lagerstroemia indica, Ostrya virginiana, Persea borbonia, Podocarpus gracilior, Quercus lyrata, Rhizophora mangle, Tabebuia chrysotricha, Tabebuia heterophylla, Tabebuia impetiginosa. Small Trees: Acacia farnesiarw, Aesculus pavia, Aralia spinosa, Ardisia escallonoides, Butia capitata, Callistemon spp., Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, Canella winter - ana, Capparis cynophallophora, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cornus florida, Eriobotrya japonica, Eugenia spp., Forestiera segregata, Ilex X`Nellie R. Stevens', Ilex cornuta, Ilex decidua, Ilex vomitoria, Jatropha integerrima, Ligustrum japonicum, Magnolia Xsoulan- giana, Musa spp., Myrcianthes fragrans, Myrica cerifera, Olea europa, Osmanthus amer- icanus, Parhinsonia aculeata, Plumeria rubra, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Prunes angusti- John, Primus umbellata, Quercus geminata, Raphiolepis spp., Senna polyphylla, Sideroxylon spp., Tecoma stans, Viburnum obovatum, Viburnum odoratissimum, Viburnum odoratissiumu var awabuhi, Viburnum rufidulum. Large Shrubs: Abelia Xgrandiflora, Acacia farnesia, Acca sellowiana, Aralia spinosa, Ardisia escallonioides, Asimina spp., Brugmansia Xcandida, Brunfelsia grandiflora, Buddleia lindleyana, Calliandra haematocephala, Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, LTi I FLORIDA - FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING" GUIDE TO PLANT SELECTION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN ® 2010 Capparis cynophallophora, Carissa macrocarpa, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cephalotaxus harringtonia, Chrysobalanus icaco, Citharexylum spinosum, Coccoloba uvifera, Cocculus laurifolius, Codiaeum variegatum, Conocarpus erectus, Cordyline spp., Cratazgus spp., Duranta erecta, Eugenia spp., Fatsia japonica, Forestiera segregata, Halesia diptera, Hamamelis virginiana, Hydrangea macrophylla, Hydrangea quercifolia, Ilex cornma, Ilex vomitoria, Ilea virginica, Jatropha integerrima, Juniperus chinensis, Ligustrum japonicum, Loropetalum chinense, Mahonia bealei, Murrya paniculata, Musa spp., Myrcianthes fragrans, Myrica cerifera, Nerium oleander, Osmanthus americanus, Philodendron cvs., Podocarpus gracilior, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Rhamnus caroliniana, Senna polyphylla, Strelitzia nicolai, Tecoma stans, Tibouchina urvilleana, Tibouchina granulosa, Vaccinium arboreum, Viburnum obovatum, Viburnum odoratissimum, Viburnum odoratissimum var awabuki, Yucca spp. Small Shrubs: Breynia disticha, Caesalpinia spp., Ixora coccinea, Mahonia fortunei, Strelitzia reginae. Vines: Allamanda cathartica, Bougainvillea cvs., Campsis radicans, Gelsemium semper- virens, Lonicera sempervirens. Groundcovers: Ajuga reptans, Aspidistra elatior, Dryopteris spp., Liriope muscari, Zamia furfuracea. Grasses: Miscanthus sinensis, Spartina spp., Tripsacum floridana. Palms and Palm -Like Plants: Acoelorrhaphe wrightti, Bismarckia nobilis, Butia capitata, Carpentaria acuminata, Caryota mitis, Chamaerops humilis, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Coccothrinax argentata, Howea forsterana, Livistona spp., Nolina recurvata, Phoenix spp., Pseudophoenix sargenth, Ravenea rivularis, Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Roystonea regia, Sabal palmetto, Serenoa repens, Thrinax morrisii, Thrinax radiata, Washingtonia robusta, Wodyetia bifurcata, Zamia furfuracea. Ferns: Dryopteris spp. Perennials: Agapanthus afrtcanus, Ajuga reptans, Asimina spp., Aspidistra elatior, Caladium Xhortulanum, Cuphea hyssopifolia, Dryopteris spp., Heliconia spp., Impatiens spp., Justicia brandegeana, Justicia carnea, Liriope muscari, Musa sop., Philodendron cvs., Stachytarpheta spp. Annuals: Ageratum spp., Caladium Xhortulanum, Celosia spp., Impatiens spp., Justicia brandegeana, Justicia carnea. Gasper,Joaquim. Large Shrubs: Nerium oleander- inset. Girin, Bruno. Annuals: Viola Xwittrockiana. Granson, Sandy. Small Trees: Calliandra spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Myrciaria cauliflora. Large Shrubs: Lyonia fenuginea, Suriana maritima. Small Shrubs: Acalypha hispida, Brunfelsia americana, Carissa macrocarpa, Gamolepis spp., Lantana depressa, Leucophyllum frutescens, Rosmarinus spp. Vines: Ficus pumila, Thunbergia alata. Grasses: Andropogon spp. Ferns: Pteridium aquilinum. Perennials: Begonia semperflorens, Hemerocallis spp., Lantana involucrata, Pteridium aquilinum. Annuals: Begonia semperflorens, Monarda punctata. Green, Tim. Ferns: Dicksonia antarctica. Perennials: Dicksonia antarctica. Jacinto, Valter. Large Shrubs: Jasminum mesnyi. Karekar, Kapil. Perennials: Haemanthus multiflorus. Keisotyo. Small Trees: Podocarpus macrophyllus (inset). Large Shrubs: Podocarpus macrophyllus (inset). Kenpei. Large Shrubs: Heptapleurum arboricolum, Hydrangea arborescens, Ternstroemia gymnan- thera. Small Shrubs: Raphiolepis spp. Groundcovers: Junipents horizontalis, Ophiopogon japonicus. Kern, Bill. Medium Trees: Persea palustris. Small Trees: Cyrilla racemiflora, Sophora tomentosa (inset). Large Shrubs: Cyrilla racemijlora, Senna bicapsularis. Small Shrubs: Lyonia lucida. Larsen, Claudia. Large Shrubs: Calycanthus floridus, Rhododendron canescens. Groundcovers: Glandularia tampensis, Lantana montevidensis. Grasses: Eragrostis ellunth. Perennials: Conradina spp., Coreopsis spp., Flaveria linearis, Gaillardia pulchella, Heiianthus angustifolius, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Solidago spp. Annuals: Coreopsis spp. Murray, Ann. University of Florida/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Ferns: Osmunda cinnamomea. Perennials: Iris virginica, Osmunda cinnamomea. Niemann, Brian. Small Trees: Ilex X`Mary Nell'. Large Shrubs: Berberis julianae, Clethra alnifolia, Ilex X`Mary Nell', Osmanthus fra- grans, Pittosporum tobira. Vines: Decumaria barbara. Groundcovers: Mimosa strigillosa. Pagnier, Veronique. Vines: Mandevilla cvs. Pellegrini, Mark. Groundcovers: Ardisia japonica. Quillia, Oliver. Vines: Passiflora incarnata (inset). Ramey, Vic. University of Florida/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Small Trees: Cornus foemina. Large Shrubs: Rhododendron austrinum. Groundcovers: Nephrolepis biserrata. Fems: Nephrolepis biserrata. Richard, Amy. University of Florida/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Groundcovers: Nephrolepis exaltata. Ferns: Nephrolepis exaltata. Schumaker, Paul. Groundcovers: Ipomoea spp. Shebs, Stan. Groundcovers Rumohra adiantiformis. Grasses: Aristida stricta var. beyrichiana. Ferns: Rumohra adiantiformis. Storch, Hedwig. Perennials: Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Sullivan, Jessica. Medium Trees: Elaeocarpus decipens, Zanthoxylum clava- herculis. Tau'olunga. Vines: 2uisqualis indica. Taylor, Kim. Large Shrubs: Hamelia patens. Wasowski, Sally and Andy. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Groundcovers: Thelypteris kunthii. Ferns: Thelypteris kunthii. Wichman, Tom. Large Shrubs: Bambusa spp., Hibiscus spp. Vines: Millettia reticulata. Groundcovers: Vinca major. Palms and Palm -Like Plants: Ceratozamia hildae, Ceratozamia kuesteriana, Dioon edule. Perennials: Amorphophallus spp., Asclepius spp., Lycoris spp. Wilber, Wendy. Annuals: Tithonia rotundiflora. Wildes, Carolyn. Small Shrubs: Russelia sarmentosa. Yasalonis, Anne. Small Trees: Illicium spp. Large Shrubs: Illicium spp., Jasminum multiflorum. Small Shrubs: Russelia equisetiformis. Vines: Jasminum multiflorum. Groundcovers: Dyschoriste oblongifolia. Perennials: Conradina spp. (inset), Dyschoriste oblongifolia. •� r FIIVAITOIUrO Yards and landscapes can be a positive asset to Florida. You can design and maintain your own Florida - Friendly Landscape by following the simple practices in this book. You will learn the basics of designing a landscape featuring carefully selected plants suited to Florida's unique climate, natural conditions, and wildlife. We offer you cost - saving tips that, if implemented properly, will help you reduce water, fertilizer, and pesti- cide use. There is also a helpful section for waterfront homeowners addressing the special concerns of shore- line landscape management. Whether you are starting from scratch with a new landscape or considering changes to an existing yard, the Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Handbook offers helpful concepts, tools, and techniques for creating your own Florida - Friendly yard. We hope you enjoy the publication and look forward to assisting you in creating an aesthetically pleasing landscape that will also help to protect Florida's natural resources. Florida- Landscaping"PROGRAM "NOW" FLOR A 5 -)q -11 (f AGENDA ITEM TITLE: Tf� 1z�"� >''�' AGENDA ITEM NUMBER: PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY I PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD -ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME: 17'� r o) ;.6c' ADDRESS: �jyr.,:..� )teg �• ( XtS rL 3�) 14�' REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: �s� ; 4 s DOJ°�w'' OTHER�;\vslg U (- -t.A 5LJ Loc.. COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. __ '^% Ce%m V^110 (- t-1MMFNTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. AGENDA ITEM TITLE: / �` AGENDA ITEM NUMBER: PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY °I r PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME:'_ �'��� !J Y '.� ADDRESS: J 't `' REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: ! OTHER: COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. YOU ARE LIMITED TO THREE (3) MINUTES FOR YOUR COMMENTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. AGENDA ITEM TITLE: 1 - A • T62�t" I I -a-e `/- 0,""A" --� `L((2 AGENDA ITEM NUMBER : I A PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME: e4 , vC � ADDRESS: 2-� 6L -to REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: OTHER: l COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. YOU ARE LIMITED TO THREE (3) MINUTES FOR YOUR COMMENTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. AGENDA ITEM TITLE: �14 77� 1 k , c � PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY ITEM NUMBER PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME: J' ADDRESS: REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: OTHER: COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. YOU ARE LIMITED TO THREE (3) MINUTES FOR YOUR COMMENTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. AGENDA ITEM PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AGENDA ITEM NUMBER PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. %I f� NAME: 4 ADDRESS: REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: r�i�'r'CUr�f`F� �� �' /�� S�� ��l OTHER: COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. VP111 Amc I 111AITCr%Tel Tumcc I'll RAmmTCC Cno V^1to I"fN1ARACAITC Apan ADC Tn AIInoccC nKII V Tu= i�uAio AGENDA ITEM TITLE: 6�c:�ii��x ✓t PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AGENDA ITEM NUMBER PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME: ANY' C4 t-� k ' ` -y_ K '� ADDRESS: f ` S U 7y l 't� I ) V� U`z ,ry REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: � i`�Qsea ya- 1nt4 . o� 'swlc..- OTHER: COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. YOU ARE LIMITED TO THREE (3) MINUTES FOR YOUR COMMENTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. AGENDA ITEM TITLE: t -'( ( zE"t-41 K)zc' PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY ITEM NUMBER: C/ T PLACE COM LETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME: C�i�� l (X/(/ ADDRESS4�Z/]jZ %i REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: OTHER: COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT — it D ^n nn RAinn rrrc+ AKIn 0—i M� n MI-Mn — AI-K— ATH _ _ IA/ LIAr. —II T... -..—1 n�... I.. nnnw r. _ -T - - -. - - .. -. AGENDA ITEM TITLE: AI. O' A; PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY Q AGENDA ITEM NUMBER PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME: ADDRESS: REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: OTHER: COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4TH FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. YOU ARE LIMITED TO THREE (3) MINUTES FOR YOUR COMMENTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. AGENDA ITEM TITLE: Li AGENDA ITEM NUMBER: PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME: %� �- ADDRESS: REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: '7rSU9 "f rT 0 OTHER: COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. YOU ARE LIMITED TO THREE (3) MINUTES FOR YOUR COMMENTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. SV- PL2010 -1995 Walmart Sign Variance April 18, 2011 5/19/2011 Collier County Planning Commission Public Hearing Advertising Requirements M Please publish the following Advertisement and Map on April 29, 2011, and furnish proof of publication to the attention of Nancy Gundlach, Principal Planner in the Land Development Services Department, Zoning Services Section, 2800 North Horseshoe Drive, Naples, Florida 34104. The advertisement must be two columns wide x 10 inches long in standard size, and the headline in the advertisement must be in a type no smaller than 18 point. The advertisement must not be placed in that portion of the newspaper where legal notices and classified advertisements appear. DEPARTMENT: LAND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES [Zoning Review Section] FUND & COST CENTER: 131 - 138326- 649100 -00000 PURCHASE ORDER NUMBER: 4500096189 Account Number: 068779 NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9 :00 A.M., Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commissioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart, a Resolution of the Board of Zoning Appeals of Collier County, Florida, relating to Petition Number SV- PL2010 -1995, granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4 of the Land Development Code concerning the number of permissible wall signs and granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4.a concerning the maximum sign display area, which signs are located at 9885 Collier Boulevard in Section 3, Township 50 South, Range 26 East, Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP, Principal Planner] (insert map) All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Individual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Expert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organization should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a permanent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accommodation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assistance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Management Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Commissioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman COLLIER BLVD. MIXED USE CITYGATE INTERSTATE - 75 COMMERCE 35 (DRI) CENTER 36 33 SHERWO D 34 Y WHITE LAKE BERKSHIRE GREEN PARK p a INDUSTRIAL PARK LAKES HERON SARECINO pip (DRI) (DRI) roFlNO � a^ );AT 0 0`' (S.R. 84) a TOLL GATT= ALLIGATOR ALLEY RADIO ROAD C.R. 856 COMMERCIAL PLAZA DRI) Ck M INTERSTATE - 75 LD 1 -75 /COLLIER o Y WOOD IDE BOULEVARD TOLL 0 z F TWELVE LANES WEST T COMMERCIAL PLAZA TOLL CENTER R.V. z Z a LAKES C ERCE PLAZA ag a Q CEN R 2 4 4� 3 1 v Q WILDWO D m ESTATE ,�� ,� CEDAR m Lo HAMMOCK FOREST GLEN O� � OF NAPLES w PROJECT 0 LOCATION o NAPLES HERITAGE m COOK NAPLES GOLF AND COUNTRY CLUB PROPERTY HERITAGE TAORMINA GOLF SAN Q RESERVE AND MARINO TOLL- RATTLESNAKE Q COUNTRY NAPLES NATIONAL (DRI) (P) m CLUB GOLF CLUB 12 9 11 Q 10 z Q U) Teresa L. Polaski From: GundlachNancy [NancyGundlach @colliergov.net] Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 4:03 PM To: Minutes and Records Cc: Lorenz, William; Bellows, Ray; Patricia L. Morgan; RodriguezWanda; NeetVirginia Subject: Advertisement Request: SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart Sign Variance Attachments: Naples Daily News Ad RT 4- 18- 11.rtf; SVPL1 01 995(2x3) 4- 18- 11.pdf Good afternoon, Please process the attached for the May 19, 2011 CCPC and send me a copy of the final document. Sincerely, Nancy Nancy Gundlach, AICP, RLA Principal Planner Growth Management Division Department of Land Development Services 2800 North Horseshoe Drive Naples, FL 34104 telephone: 239 -252 -2484 nancygundlachncollier og v.net Under Florida Law, e- rr:ail addresses are public; records, if you do not want your e -mail address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic mail to this entity. Instead, contact this office by telephone or in writing. Acct #068779 April 25, 2011 Attn: Legals Naples News Media 1100 Immokalee Road Naples, FL 34110 Re: SV- PL2010 -1995: Walmart WMAP Dear Legals: Please advertise the above referenced notice (w /map) Friday, April 29, 2011 and send the Affidavit of Publication, in triplicate, to this office. Thank you. Sincerely, Teresa Polaski, Deputy Clerk P.O. #4500096189 April 19, 2011 Collier County Planning Commission Public Hearing Advertising Requirements Please publish the following Advertisement and Map on April 29, 2011, and furnish the Affidavit of Publication, in TRIPLICATE, to the Board Minutes and Records Department. The advertisement must be two columns wide x 10 inches long in standard size, and the headline in the advertisement must be in a type no smaller than 18 point. The advertisement must not be placed in that portion of the newspaper where legal notices and classified advertisements appear. DEPARTMENT: LAND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES [Zoning Review Section] FUND & COST CENTER: 131 - 138326- 649100 -00000 PURCHASE ORDER NUMBER: 4500096189 Account Number: 068779 NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M., Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commissioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart, a Resolution of the Board of Zoning Appeals of Collier County, Florida, relating to Petition Number SV- PL2010 -1995, granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4 of the Land Development Code concerning the number of permissible wall signs and granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4.a concerning the maximum sign display area, which signs are located at 9885 Collier Boulevard in Section 3, Township 50 South, Range 26 East, Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP, Principal Planner] (insert map) All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Individual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Expert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organization should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a permanent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accommodation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assistance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Management Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Commissioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman COLLIER BLVD. MIXED USE CITYGATE INTERSTATE - 75 COMMERCE 35 (DRI) CENTER 36 33 SHERWO D 34 x WHITE LAKE BERKSHIRE GREEN PARK 0 ¢ INDUSTRIAL PARK LAKES HERON SARECINO m JAJ (DRI) (DRI) TOFlNO -�r a n LUG o �" ALUGAT (S.R. 84) ALLEY Y a TOLL GATE ALLIGATOR ALLEY RADIO ROAD C.R. 856 w COMMERCIAL PLAZA (DRI) M 7 INTERSTATE - 75 Ck LD 1 -75 /COLLIER z o w Y WOOD IDE BOULEVARD TOLL F TWELVE LANES WESTP T COMMERCIAL PLAZA CENTER R.V. EAST TOLL o Z z LAKES CO ERCE PLAZA g < a CEN R 3 0 WILDWO ESTATE ,� CEDAR rn HAMMOCK m FOREST GLEN p w OF NAPLES PROJECT M U � 0 LOCATION U NAPLES HERITAGE m COOK NAPLES GOLF AND COUNTRY CLUB PROPERTY HERITAGE TAORMINA GOLF 7SAN RESERVE AND TOLL- RATTLESNAKE COUNTRY NAPLES NATIONAL (DRI) (P) m CLUB GOLF CLUB 12 10 z Teresa L. Polaski To: Legals NDN Subject: SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmrt Attachments: SV- PL2010 -1995 (CCPC).doc; SV- PL2010 -1995 CCPC.doc; SVPL101995 Map CCPC.pdf Legals, Please advertise the attached Display Ad w /Map on Friday, April 29, 2011. Thanks Teresa L. Polaski, BMR Clerk III Minutes and Records Department 239 - 252 -8411 239 - 252 -8408 fax (Teresa.Polaski@col lierclerk.com) Teresa L. Polaski From: Sent: To: Subject OK Legals NDN [legals @naplesnews.com] Monday, April 25, 2011 9:22 AM Teresa L. Polaski RE: SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart 2mefy Pagan 9Vapfes 'Daily News GegaCDept Jnirect Line: 239 -213 -6061 Fa.� L ine: 239-263-4703 Send notices to: legals(@-naplesnews.com Teresa L. Polaski From: Legals NDN [legals @naplesnews.com] Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 11:18 AM To: Teresa L. Polaski Subject: RE: SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart Attachments: 231182547.pdf AD # 231 - 182546 COST: $912.00 ATTACHED please REVIEW notice & send your APPROVAL via EMAIL. Should you have any questions, changes or corrections, please contact me via EMAIL. No verbal changes or approvals accepted by phone, via email ONLY. Emely Fagan 9Vaples Daily 9Vews Legal Dept Direct .Dine: 239- 213 -6061 Tax. Line: 239-263-4703 Send notices to: legalsCEDnaplesnews.com PUBLIC NOTICE PUBLIC NOTICE NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M., Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commis- sioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: SV- PL2010 -1995. Walmart, a Resolution of the Board of Zon- ing Appeals of Collier County, Florida, relating to Petition Number SV- PL2010 -1995, granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4 of the Land Development Code concerning the number of permissible wall signs and granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4.a concerning the maximum sign display area, which signs are located at 9885 Collier Boule- vard in Section 3, Township 50 South, Range 26 East, Col- lier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP, Principal Planner] INTERSTATE 75 COII�DW' WYYERGE }I GTYWIE }3 IDRI) 33 MHTE LANE RNNISIRYL PARK KRNSHRE LANES (dR) GREEN [nox (DRI) qIO ¢¢ k, �. 15. R. eal ADIO C.R. ROAD 858 y / .l 10L1 GlE DOYYERPAE PLAZA DM L2ATOR ALLEY Ti ! � I -T! /�� INTERSTATE -TS TDIl LAIt6 LANES MESTP T GD GONG p VA T_ PLAZA L NEAR ¢ Z 1 FOREST KEN aP xAnES PROJECT ESTATE r U g LOCATION YAR TOLL— RATRESNANE @ )(P) 11 12 PR�Tr 1AORYI NA E]ERK 9 r HERITAGE taT CWNTLY aAIB NAPLES N TA E caLT AND caumr cwR NAPLES NAMINAL DOLE auR 10 All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Indi- vidual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Ex- pert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organiza- tion should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a perma- nent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accom- modation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assis- tance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Manage- ment Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Com- missioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman Teresa L. Polaski To: WandaRodgriquez @colIiergov.net; NeetVirginia; GundlachNancy Cc: Minutes and Records Subject: SV- PL2010 -1995 Attachments: SV- PL2010 -1995 (CCPC).doc; SV- PL2010 -1995 CCPC.doc; SVPL101995 Map CCPC.pdf Please review. Thanks Teresa L. Polaski, BMR Clerk III Minutes and Records Department 239- 252 -8411 239 - 252 -8408 fax ( Teresa .Polaski@collierclerk.com) Teresa L. Polaski From: Teresa L. Polaski Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 8:09 AM To: 'NeetVirginia'; ' WandaRodgriquez @colliergov.net' Subject: CCPC Advertisements sent on Wed 4/19 Just an FYI... The Clerk's Office will be closed tomorrow in observance of Good Friday. If you are able to review those ads and give me an ok so I can send them to NDN. I need an ok to send them before Monday. Thanks DOA- PL2010 -274, Heritage Bay DRI SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart BD- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Teresa L. Polaski, BMR Clerk III Minutes and Records Department 239 - 252 -8411 239- 252 -8408 fax (Teresa.Polaski@col lierclerk.com) Teresa L. Polaski From: GundlachNancy [NancyGundlach @colliergov.net] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 10:09 AM To: Teresa L. Polaski Subject: RE: SV- PL2010 -1995 Hi Teresa, FYI- the ad is approved by me. Sincerely, Nancy From: GundlachNancy Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 20113:42 PM To: Teresa L. Polaski Subject: RE: SV- PL2010 -1995 Hi Teresa, The attachments look good to go- Thanks for your help- Nancy Nancy Gundlach, AICP, RLA Principal Planner Growth .Management Division Department of Land Development .Services 2800 North Horseshoe Drive Naples, FL 34104 telephone: 239 -252 -2484 nancygundlach@colliergov.net From: Teresa L. Polaski [mailto: Teresa .Polaski @collierclerk.coml Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 20113:08 PM To: WandaRod riguezOcolliergov.net; NeetVirginia; GundlachNancy Cc: Minutes and Records Subject: SV- PL2010 -1995 Please review. Thanks Teresa L. Polaski, BMR Clerk III Minutes and Records Department 239 - 252 -8411 Teresa L. Polaski From: GundlachNancy [NancyGundlach @colliergov.net] Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 1:59 PM To: Teresa L. Polaski Subject: RE: SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart Hi Teresa, The add looks good. Nancy Nancy Gundlach, AICP, RLA Principal Planner Growth Management Division Department of 1 and Development Services 2800 North Horseshoe Drive Naples, FL 34104 telephone: 239-2152-2484 nancygundlach a,colliergov.net From: Teresa L. Polaski Imailto: Teresa .Polaski @collierclerk.coml Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 1:15 PM To: GundlachNancy Subject: FW: SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart From: Legals NDN [mailto:legals naplesnews.coml Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 11:18 AM To: Teresa L. Polaski Subject: RE: SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart � e AD # 231 - 182546 COST: $912.00 ATTACHED please REVIEW notice & sent your APPROVAL via EMAIL. Should you have any questions, changes or corrections, please contact me via EMAIL. NAPLES DAILY NEWS Published Daily Naples, FL 34110 Affidavit of Publication State of Florida Counties of Collier and Lee Before the undersigned they serve as the authority, personally appeared Kim Pokarney, who on oath says that she serves as the Accounting Manager of the Naples Daily News, a daily newspaper published at Naples, in Collier County, Florida; distributed in Collier and Lee counties of Florida; that the attached copy of the advertising, being a PUBLIC NOTICE in the matter of PUBLIC NOTICE was published in said newspaper 1 time in the issue on April 29, 2011 Affrant further says that the said Naples Daily News is a newspaper published at Naples, in said Collier County, Florida, and that the said newspaper has heretofore been continuously published in said Collier County, Florida; distributed in Collier and Lee counties of Florida, each day and has been entered as second class mail matter at the post office in Naples, in said Collier County, Florida, for a period of 1 year next preceding the first publication of the attached copy of advertisement; and affiant further says that he has neither paid nor promised any person, firm or corporation any discount, rebate, commission or refund for the purpose of securing this advertisement for publication in jhe saidy�,wspaper. ( Signature of affiant) Sworn to and subscribed before me This 3rd day of May, 2011 (Signature of not public) 1118", �n KAROL E KANGAS - - Notary Public - State of Florida .oP My Comm. Expires Jui 29, 2013 Commission # GD 912237 NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M., Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commis- sioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: SV- PL2010 -1995. Walmart, a Resolution of the Board of Zon- ing Appeals of Collier County; Florida, relating to Petition Number SV- PL2010 -1995, granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4 of the Land Development Code concerning the number of permissible wall signs and granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F4.a concerning the maximum sign display area, which signs are located at 9885 Collier Boule- vard in Section 3, Township 50 South, Rarrge 26 East, Col- lier County, Florida., [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP, Principal Planner] RSTA 75 BLro. COLLECP C CM 36 JJ J4 ap,. --AL P LESNE o�) ENOH ioPo tsn.u) N oio Ao 0 4 uucnron nuev irrreAS,nrE�s � 4 +L- PROJECT Bs,�,E LOCATION 4 MCwB � CCLE u,B ca S I q A WO tOLL- M111EWNZ NM) (P) CLUB T N GIXFNCLUBNIl 12 9 a 10 All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Indi- vidual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Ex- pert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organiza- tion should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a perma- nent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accom- modation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled; at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assis- tance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Manage- ment Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Com- missioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman No. 231182547 _ April 29, 2011 PTTRLIC NOTICE PUBLIC NOTICE NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M., Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commis- sioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: SV- PL2010- 1995. Walmart, a Resolution of the Board of Zon- ing Appeals of Collier County, Florida, relating to Petition Number SV- PL2010 -1995, granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4 of the Land Development Code concerning the number of permissible wall signs and granting a variance from Section 5.06.04.F.4.a concerning the maximum sign display area, which signs are located at 9885 Collier Boule- vard in Section 3, Township 50 South, Range 26 East, Col- lier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP, Principal Planner] JJ RiPo�i GREEN A1 RE (D") 0Z Mo no 0 a1LEp mow. LENIFR 334 y < R 'pSyS 3F � W NWSIH,"L vMK cawicaa,u nuA ow 36 (S.N -w) AuiaAroR A €. xnac ce _75 /CWR rai cm-I& RrreRSrArE -�s rai 3% a wcES % zv. 2 wzA T" a NNO K s GE N Pte: PROJECT U LOCATION 4 NEnµca TOW � M - . 1pl- MT9E4lA# M.) (1) Hoer MA t NA owr OLIN "E tt tz k 9 2 To All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Indi- vidual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Ex- pert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organiza- tion should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a perma- nent part of the record and'will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made; which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accom- modation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assis- tance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Manage- ment Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail,East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Com- missioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman Naples Daily News • Friday, April 29, 2011 .13A &I C/ PL2010 -1685 05/19/2011 Vanderbilt Bela Boat Dock Ext ID Teresa L. Polaski From: k3undlachNancy [NancyGundlach @colliergov.net] Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 11:37 AM To: Minutes and Records Cc: Lorenz, William; Bellows, Ray; Patricia L. Morgan; RodriguezWanda; NeetVirginia Subject: Naples Daily News Ad for Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock 1685 Attachments: NDN Ad for May 19 CCPC RT 4- 19- 11.rtf Good morning, Please process the attached and acknowledge receipt at your earliest convenience. Also, please provide confirmation of approval prior to processing. Please note, I will send the 2x3 map under a separate e-mail. (It will not attach — computer is squirrely right now). Thank you. Sincerely, Nancy Nancy Gundlach, AICP, RLA Principal Planner Growth Management Division Department of Land Development Services 2800 North Horseshoe Drive Naples, FL 34104 telephone: 239 -252 -2484 nancygundlach ,colliergov.net Under Florida Lave, e-mail addresses are public records. If you do not want your e-mail address released in response to a public records request, do not se nd electronic mail t o this entity. Instead, contact this office by telephone or in writinc. April 19, 2011 Collier County Planning Commission Public Hearing Advertising Requirements Please publish the following Advertisement and Map on April 29, 2011, and furnish proof of publication to the attention of Nancy Gundlach, Principal Planner in the Land Development Services Department, Zoning Services Section, 2800 North Horseshoe Drive, Naples, Florida 34104. The advertisement must be two columns wide x 10 inches long in standard size, and the headline in the advertisement must be in a type no smaller than 18 point. The advertisement must not be placed in that portion of the newspaper where legal notices and classified advertisements appear. Please reference the following on ALL Invoices: DEPARTMENT: LAND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES [Zoning Review Section] FUND & COST CENTER: 131 - 138326- 649100 -00000 PURCHASE ORDER NUMBER: 4500096189 Account Number: 068779 NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M., Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commissioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: BD- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Extension, a Resolution of the Collier County Planning Commission relating to Petition number BD- PL2010 -1685 for an 86 -foot boat dock extension over the maximum 20 -foot limit in Section 5.03.06.E of the Collier County Land Development Code for a total protrusion of 106 feet to accommodate a 6 -slip docking facility for 30 -foot vessels for the benefit of portions of Lot XIII, Block A and portions of Lots XI and XII, Block B, Unit No. 1, Conner's Vanderbilt Beach Estates Subdivision in Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP] (insert map) All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Individual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Expert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organization should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a permanent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accommodation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assistance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Management Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Commissioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman VANDERBILT 1 BEACH ESTATES O 0 NAPLES - IMMOKALEE ROAD (C.R.846) COVENTRY GRANA A w SQUARE SHOPP S W r C) 2 9 �U m QNAPLES Z PARK > Wel CREEKSIDE COMMERCE PARK r —NAPLES ' DAILY NEWS PROJECT LOCATION MIRALIA PAVILION LAKE MERCATO PAVILION O im VANDERSILT BEACH � 32 ROAD Z U 33 � PELICAN g BAY g (DRI) Q J 27 Q O im � Z U PELICAN � MARSH (DRI) w J O O C� PINE RIDGE 34 Acct #068779 April 25, 2011 Attn: Legals Naples News Media 1100 Immokalee Road Naples, FL 34110 Re: BD- PL2010 -1685 Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Ext. w /MAP Dear Legals: Please advertise the above referenced notice (w /map) Friday, April 29, 2011 and send the Affidavit of Publication, in triplicate, to this office. Thank you. Sincerely, Teresa Polaski, Deputy Clerk P.O. #4500096189 April 19, 2011 Collier County Planning Commission Public Hearing Advertising Requirements Please publish the following Advertisement and Map on April 29, 2011, and furnish the Affidavit of Publication, in TRIPLICATE, to the Board Minutes and Records Department. The advertisement must be two columns wide x 10 inches long in standard size, and the headline in the advertisement must be in a type no smaller than 18 point. The advertisement must not be placed in that portion of the newspaper where legal notices and classified advertisements appear. DEPARTMENT: LAND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES [Zoning Review Section] FUND & COST CENTER: 131 - 138326- 649100 -00000 PURCHASE ORDER NUMBER: 4500096189 Account Number: 068779 NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M., Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commissioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: BD- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Extension, a Resolution of the Collier County Planning Commission relating to Petition number BD- PL2010 -1685 for an 86 -foot boat dock extension over the maximum 20 -foot limit in Section 5.03.06.E of the Collier County Land Development Code for a total protrusion of 106 feet to accommodate a 6 -slip docking facility for 30 -foot vessels for the benefit of portions of Lot XIII, Block A and portions of Lots XI and XII, Block B, Unit No. 1, Conner's Vanderbilt Beach Estates Subdivision in Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP] (insert map) All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Individual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Expert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organization should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a permanent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accommodation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assistance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Management Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Commissioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman NAPLES- IMMOKALEE ROAD (C.R.846) COVENTRY GRANA A CREEKSIDE w SQUARE SHOPP S COMMERCE PARK � > .-. 29 NAPLES DAILY NEWS U VANDERBILT m 28 27 BEACH Q NAPLES Q ESTATES Z PARK O > PROJECT Y p� LOCATION U PELICAN u- MARSH MIRALIA PAVILION (DRI) w cl" LAKE p PAVILION MERCATO O O (D VANDERBILT SEA CH 34 32 ROAD 33 o PELICAN v� PINE BAY RIDGE (DRI) Q Teresa L. Polaski To: WandaRodgriquez @colliergov.net; NeetVirginia; GundlachNancy Cc: Minutes and Records Subject: BD- PL2010 -1685 Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Extension Attachments: BD- PL2010 -1685 (CCPC).doc; BD- PL2010 -1685 CCPC.doc; BDPL101685(2x3)CCPC .pdf Please review prior to sending to NDN. Thanks Teresa L. Polaski, BMR Clerk III Minutes and Records Department 239 - 252 -8411 239 - 252 -8408 fax (Teresa.Polaski @col lierclerk.com) Teresa L. Polaski From: Teresa L. Polaski Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 8:09 AM To: 'NeetVirginia; ' WandaRodgriquez @colliergov.net' Subject: CCPC Advertisements sent on Wed 4/19 Just an FYI... The Clerk's Office will be closed tomorrow in observance of Good Friday. If you are able to review those ads and give me an ok so I can send them to NDN. I need an ok to send them before Monday. Thanks DOA- PL2010 -274, Heritage Bay DRI SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart BD- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Teresa L. Polaski, BMR Clerk III Minutes and Records Department 239 -252 -8411 239 - 252 -8408 fax (Teresa.Polaski@col lierclerk.com) Teresa L. Polaski From: GundlachNancy [NancyGundlach @colliergov.net] Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 3:40 PM To: Teresa L. Polaski Subject: RE: BD- PL2010 -1685 Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Extension Hl Teresa, it looks good to me. I am just double checking, might you know who is sending the ad to the Naples Daily News? Thanks, Nancy Nancy Gundlach, AICP, RLA Principal Planner Growth Management Division Department of Land Development Services 2800 North Horseshoe Drive Naples, FL 34104 telephone: 239 -252 -2484 nancygundlach(a),colliergov.net From: Teresa L. Polaski Imailto: Teresa .Polaskiacollierclerk.coml Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 20113:05 PM To: WandaRodg rig uezCoi)colIiergov .net; NeetVirginia; GundlachNancy Cc: Minutes and Records Subject: BD- PL2010 -1685 Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Extension Please review prior to sending to NDN. Thanks Teresa L. Polaski, BMR Clerk III Minutes and Records bepartment 239 - 252 -8411 239 - 252 -8408 fax ( Teresa .Polaski @collierclerk.com) Please visit us on the web at www.collierclerk.com This electronic communication is confidential and may contain privileged information intended solely for the named addressee(s). It may not be used or disclosed except for the purpose for which it has been sent. If you are not the intended recipient, you must not copy, distribute or take any action induced by or in reliance on information contained in this message. Unless expressly stated, opinions in this message are those of the individual sender and not of the Office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Collier County. If you have received this communication in error, please notify the Clerk's Office by emailing helpdeskocollierclerk.com quoting the sender and delete the message and any attached documents. The Collier County Clerk's Office accepts no liability or responsibility for any onward transmission or use of emails and attachments having left the Coil ierClerk.com domain. Under Florida Law, e-mail addresses are public records. If you do not want your e-mail address released in response to Teresa L. Polaski From: GundlachNancy [NancyGundlach @colliergov.net] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 10:10 AM To: Teresa L. Polaski Subject: RE: CCPC Advertisements sent on Wed 4/19 Both ads are approved by me- Thanks for double checking- Nancy Nancy Gundlach, AICP, RLA Principal Planner 239 -252 -2484 From: Teresa L. Polaski jmailto: Teresa .Polaski(a)collierclerk.coml Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 10:03 AM To: GundlachNancy Subject: FW: CCPC Advertisements sent on Wed 4/19 I know you ok'd one but could you check the other as well. Thanks From: Teresa L. Polaski Sent: Thursday, April 21, 20118:09 AM To: 'NeetVirginia'; 'WandaRodgriquez @colliergov.net' Subject: CCPC Advertisements sent on Wed 4/19 Just an FYI... The Clerk's Office will be closed tomorrow in observance of Good Friday. If you are able to review those ads and give me an ok so I can send them to NDN. I need an ok to send them before Monday. Thanks SV- PL2010 -1995, Walmart BD- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Teresa L. Polaski, BMR Clerk III Minutes and Records Department 239 -252 -8411 239- 252 -8408 fax (Teresa.Polaski @col lierclerk.com) Please visit us on the web at www.collierclerk.com This electronic communication is confidential and may contain privileged information intended solely for the named addressee(s). It may not be used or disclosed except for the purpose for which it has been sent. If you are not the intended recipient, you must not copy, distribute or take any action induced by or in reliance on information contained in this message. Unless expressly stated, opinions in this message are those of the individual sender and not of the Office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Collier County. If you have received this communication in error, please notify the Clerk's Office by emailing helodesk(acollierclerk.com Teresa L. Polaski To: Legals NDN Subject: DB- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Attachments: BD- PL2010 -1685 (CCPC).doc; BD- PL2010 -1685 CCPC.doc; BDPL101685(2x3)CCPC .pdf Legals, Please advertise the attached Display Ad w /Map on Friday, April 29, 2011. Thanks Teresa L. Polaski, BMR Clerk III Minutes and Records Department 239 - 252 -8411 239 - 252 -8408 fax (Teresa.Polaski @col lierclerk.com) Teresa L. Polaski From: Legals NDN [legals @naplesnews.com] Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 11:03 AM To: Teresa L. Polaski Subject: RE: DB- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Attachments: 231182545.pdf (VANDERBI'LT) AD # 231 - 182545 COST: $912.00 ATTACHED please REVIEW notice & send your APPROVAL via EMAIL. Should you have any questions, changes or corrections, please contact me via EMAIL. No verbal changes or approvals accepted by phone, via email ONLY. Emely Fagan Napfes Daify News .Legal Dept Direct .Line: 239 - 213 -6061 Fax,, .Line: 239-263-4703 Send notices to: legals(d)-naplesnews.com PUBLIC NOTICE PUBLIC NOTICE NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M., Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commis- sioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: BD- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Extension, a Resolution of the Collier County Planning Commission relat- ing to Petition number BD- PL2010 -1685 for an 86 -foot boat dock extension over the maximum 20 -foot limit in Section 5.03.06.E of the Collier County Land Development Code for a total protrusion of 106 feet to accommodate a 6 -slip docking facility for 30 -foot vessels for the benefit of portions of Lot XIII, Block A and portions of Lots XI and XII, Block B, Unit No. 1, Conner's Vanderbilt Beach Estates Subdivision in Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP] NAPLES- IMMOKALEE ROAD (C. R. 846) COVENTRY CRANA A CE w SHOPP 5 COMMERCE SQUARE _ PARK 29 g' NAPLES F ¢ DAILY NEWS VANDERBILT m U 28 27 BEACH w NAPLES ESTATES S PARK PROJECT 6 LOCATION PELICAN MARSH w MIRAUA PAVILION (DRI) w � LAKE p L. MERCATO '+] PAVILION 0 VANDERBILT BEAC 34 32 H ROAD k 33 f F p PELICAN y 5 PINE BAY :5 RIDGE (DR[) < r All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Indi- vidual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Ex- pert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organiza- tion should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a perma- nent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accom- modation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assis- tance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Manage- ment Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Com- missioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman No. 231182545 April 29. 2011 NAPLES DAILY NEWS Published Daily Naples, FL 34110 Affidavit of Publication State of Florida Counties of Collier and Lee Before the undersigned they serve as the authority, personally appeared Kim Pokarney, who on oath says that she serves as the Accounting Manager of the Naples Daily News, a daily newspaper published at Naples, in Collier County, Florida; distributed in Collier and Lee counties of Florida; that the attached copy of the advertising, being a PUBLIC NOTICE in the matter of PUBLIC NOTICE was published in said newspaper 1 time in the issue on April 29, 2011 Affiant further says that the said Naples Daily News is a newspaper published at Naples, in said Collier County, Florida, and that the said newspaper has heretofore been continuously published in said Collier County, Florida; distributed in Collier and Lee counties of Florida, each day and has been entered as second class mail matter at the post office in Naples, in said Collier County, Florida, for a period of 1 year next preceding the first publication of the attached copy of advertisement; and affiant further says that he has neither paid nor promised any person, firm or corporation any discount, rebate, commission or refund for the purpose of securing this advertisement for publication in the sav4ewspaper. ( Signature of affiant) Sworn to and subscribed before me This 3rd day of May, 2011 -R ww l_- (Signature of notary public srot'�YP6a <'y KAROL E KANGAS Notary Public • State of Florida My Comm. Expires Jul 29, 2013 Commission # DD 912237 NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby given that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M. Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commis- sioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: BD- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Extension, a Resolution of the Collier County Planning Commission relat- ing to Petition number BD- PL2010 -1685 for an 86 -foot boat dock extension over the maximum 20 -foot limit in Section 5.03.06.E of the Collier County Land Development Code for a total protrusion of 106 feet to accommodate a 6 -slip docking facility for 30 -foot vessels for the benefit of portions of Lot XIII, Block A and portions of Lots XI and XII, Block B, Unit No. 1, Conner's Vanderbilt Beach Estates Subdivision in Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP] All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Indi- vidual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Ex- pert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organiza- tion should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a perma- nent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accom- modation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assis- tance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Manage- ment Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101 Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Com- missioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark. Strain, Chairman No.231182545 _ I April 29. 2011 NAPLES- IMMOKALEE ROAD (C.R. 846) COVENTRY GRANA A CREEKSIDE " SQUARE SHOPP S COMMERCE ARK✓ $ NAPLES 29 H 2 DAILY NEWS VANDERBILT m ti 28 27 BEACH ESTATES W NAPLES PARK < ^ > PROJECT x s LOCATION PELICAN MARSH W MIRALIA PAVILION (DRI) W LAKE p '•] PAVILION MERCATO 8 VANDERBILT BEACH qC� 34 K 33 ^ ti o PELICAN E PINE BAY < RIDGE (DR[) < All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Indi- vidual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Ex- pert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organiza- tion should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a perma- nent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accom- modation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assis- tance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Manage- ment Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101 Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Com- missioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark. Strain, Chairman No.231182545 _ I April 29. 2011 PUBLIC NOTICE PUBLIC NOTICE NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Notice is hereby givers that a public hearing will be held by the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC) at 9:00 A.M., Thursday, May 19, 2011 in the Board of County Commis- sioners meeting room, third floor, Collier Government Center, 3299 East Tamiami Trail, Naples FL., to consider: BD- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Extension, a Resolution of the Collier County Planning Commission relat- ing to Petition number BD- PL2010 -1685 for an 86 -foot boat dock extension over the maximum 20 -foot limit in Section 5.03.06.E of the Collier County Land Development Code for a total protrusion of 106 feet to accommodate a 6 -slip docking facility for 30 -foot vessels for the benefit of portions of Lot XIII, Block A and portions of Lots XI and XII, Block B, Unit No. 1, Conner's Vanderbilt Beach Estates Subdivision in Collier County, Florida. [Coordinator: Nancy Gundlach, AICP] NAPLES- IMMOKALEE ROAD (C. R. 846) COVENTRY SHOPP S COMMERCE ✓ SQUARE PARK 2v 9 DAILY NEWS VANDERBILT m V 28 27 BEACH W NAPLES ESTATES 6 m PARK PROJECT LOCATION PELICAN MARSH MIRAUA PAVILION (DRI) C LAKE PAVILION MERCATO O MA-ERB j 34 32 BEACH ROAD k 33 r p PELICAN < PINE BAY RIDGE (DRI) a All interested parties are invited to appear and be heard. Indi- vidual speakers will be limited to 5 minutes on any item. Ex- pert witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes each. Persons who have been authorized to represent a group or organiza- tion should limit their presentation to ten minutes. Persons wishing to have written or graphic materials included in the CCPC agenda packets must submit said material a minimum of 10 days prior to the respective public hearing. Written comments must be filed with the Department of Zoning and Land Development Review prior to Thursday, May 19, 2011, in order to be considered at the public hearing. All materials used in presentation before the CCPC will become a perma- nent part of the record and will be available for presentation to the Board of County Commissioners, if applicable. If a person decides to appeal any decision made by the Collier County Planning Commission with respect to any matter considered at such meeting or hearing, he will need a record of that proceeding, and for such purpose he may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the proceedings is made, which record includes the testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based. If you are a person with a disability who needs any accom- modation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assis- tance. Please contact the Collier County Facilities Manage- ment Department, located at 3335 Tamiami Trail East, Suite 101, Naples, FL 34112 -5356, (239) 252 -8380, at least two days prior to the meeting. Assisted listening devices for the hearing impaired are available in the Board of County Com- missioners Office. Collier County Planning Commission Collier County, Florida Mark Strain, Chairman N0.231182545 April 29, 2011 22A • Friday, April 29, 2021 • Naples Daily News 0 Eno AGENDA ITEM TITLE: 4 N d '' 6� A e-A f &' `tt D ": �— 9Yt • AGENDA ITEM NUMBER: '� PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. p NAME: / %1.(c, e ADDRESS: REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: OTHER: COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. AGENDA ITEM TITLE: PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AGENDA ITEM NUMBE qp PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. ` NAME. , . f, � . , ADDRESS: REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: OTHER: `�� •'' COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. YOU ARE LIMITED TO THREE (3) MINUTES FOR YOUR COMMENTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. AGENDA ITEM TITLE: ( %,t�,{J�E��/L i f��1(' 1=f L =�1Js' /mil% AGENDA ITEM NUMBER: PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME: 1J7 (�/��� �— ADDRESS: REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: OTHER: ,!'4EL COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. A.— A-- Tr% APVIMCC0 nA11 v Tug r1. mo AGENDA ITEM TITLE: � Ztyka2.J i Wit' �l « AGENDA ITEM NUMBER: T70 PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. -I-; NAME: _j U /'f A) '64 A/u�'` ADDRESS: REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: OTHER:�Z -/� COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE NO. 07 -24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. YOU ARE LIMITED TO THREE (3) MINUTES FOR YOUR COMMENTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. AGENDA ITEM TITLE: A-loe I LT bC_� J�UJ4T�� GK L-x sl 6K) AGENDA ITEM NUMBER: 400e PLACE COMPLETED FORM ON THE TABLE PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY 0 LEFT OF THE DIAS IN THE BOARD ROOM PROR TO THE SUBJECT BEING HEARD. NAME: KA I \Q gRj( �j ADDRESS: I U REPRESENTING: PETITIONER: � d K)A-PLE51 3 4 l o& r OTHER: �Nc =1'+ I�,(�� l I ANTS oTS��p c l l 4 COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE No. 07-24 REQUIRES THAT ALL LOBBYISTS SHALL, BEFORE ENGAGING IN ANY LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ADDRESSING THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, REGISTER WITH THE CLERK TO THE BOARD AT THE BOARD MINUTES AND RECORDS DEPARTMENT, 4T" FLOOR, W. HARMON TURNER BUILDING, 3301 EAST TAMIAMI TRAIL, NAPLES, FL. YOU ARE LIMITED TO THREE (3) MINUTES FOR YOUR COMMENTS AND ARE TO ADDRESS ONLY THE CHAIR. From 9110 d05,ft CV: 11anea Gunddctch, Principal Planner �mar�'l: nanc��undlach @colli�r�o� n�� 239 -252 -2484, eolU r eount;t GCvOrnmt;nt Grot"th MCK"C950mmint DIVUILon Dt;pewun ;nt CV liand DQTt;lopmt;n,A 00A d to 2800 11orth HorsOshot; DriAre 11a[pdts, Florida 34104 Date: June 16, 2011 To: Minutes and Records Re: BDE- PL2010 -1685, Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock Message: Attached please find a copy of the approved Resolution for BDE- PL2010- 1685, Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock. Please record the resolution and return the original document to me. Thank you. Il CCPC RESOLUTION NO. 11- La RESOLUTION OF THE COLLIER COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION RELATING TO PETITION NUMBER BD- PL2010 -1685 FOR AN 80 -FOOT BOAT DOCK EXTENSION OVER THE MAXIMUM 20 -FOOT LIMIT IN SECTION 5.03.06.E OF THE COLLIER COUNTY LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE FOR A TOTAL PROTRUSION OF 100 FEET TO ACCOMMODATE A 6 -SLIP DOCKING FACILITY FOR 28 -FOOT VESSELS FOR THE BENEFIT OF PORTIONS OF LOT XIII, BLOCK A AND PORTIONS OF LOTS XI AND XII, BLOCK B, UNIT NO. 1, CONNER'S VANDERBILT BEACH ESTATES SUBDIVISION IN COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA. WHEREAS, the Legislature of the State of Florida in Chapter 125, Florida Statutes, has conferred on all counties in Florida the power to establish, coordinate and enforce zoning and such business regulations as are necessary for the protection of the public; and WHEREAS, the County pursuant thereto has adopted a Land Development Code (LDC) (Ordinance 04 -41, as amended) which establishes regulations for the zoning of particular geographic divisions of the County, among which are provisions for granting extensions for boat docks; and WHEREAS, the Collier County Planning Commission (CCPC), being duly appointed, has held a properly noticed public hearing and has considered the advisability of an 80 -foot extension over the maximum 20 -foot limit provided in LDC Section 5.03.06.E to allow for a 100 -foot boat dock facility in the Residential Tourist Zoning District within the Vanderbilt Beach Residential Tourist Overlay for property hereinafter described; and WHEREAS, the CCPC has found as a matter of fact that satisfactory provision and arrangement have been made concerning all applicable matters required by LDC Section 5.03.06.E; and WHEREAS, all interested parties have been given the opportunity to be heard by this Commission at a public hearing, and the Commission has considered all matters presented. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COLLIER COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION OF COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA, that: Petition Number BD- PL2010 -1685, filed on behalf of Vanderbilt Beach LLC by Tim Hall of Turrell, Hall & Associates, with respect to the property hereinafter described as: See Attached Exhibit "A" Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock / BD- PL2010 -1685 Page 1 of 2 Revised 05/20/11 be and the same is hereby approved for an 80 -foot extension of a boat dock over the maximum 20- foot limit to allow for a 100 -foot boat dock facility as shown on the Proposed Site Plan attached as Exhibit "B ", in the zoning district wherein said property is located, and subject to the Conditions of Approval attached as Exhibit "C ". BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that this Resolution be recorded in the minutes of this Commission and filed with the County Clerk's Office. This Resolution adopted after motion, second and majority vote. Done this 1 "J Y 1 day of , 2011. ATTEST: Nick Casalanguida, Deputy iiYetrator Growth Management /Planning & Regulation Division Approved as to form and legal sufficiency: , x k ao- Heidi Ashton -Cicko Assistant County Attorney Section Chief, Land Use /Transportation Attachment: Exhibit A — Legal Description Exhibit B — Proposed Site Plan Exhibit C — Conditions of Approval CP \10- CPS - 01059\22 COLLIER COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA Mark Strain, Chairman Vanderbilt Beach Boat Dock / BD- PL2010 -1685 Page 2 of 2 Revised 05/20/11 It' OR! 2737 PG! 2672 1111 Sehadak "A". A atrtQ or Pamei of Lad arum Vauderitaa Lgaa■, in Soouoo 32, Towmimp 49 Swmdk Rmp 23 Car, wk" i; mOR yattiWhtty t�iQdlOd foiiaws: 12ro■s t1,e gurltt stkiioe career as lie fiat itiet at Seelioa 116 aasd TowvaLip a'sl Raow, rm Soudwwly aloes dw 8amt liaa of said Sa-tiow 6l.s %et; T6eeoe rtre Mmlhw+ederly at as 800 of 79no, North io Waal with said Sotxiaa Um tot 7,234.5 6M along the -, m -iee d dw dtt of -way for a County rod dea r I ed in and coeveyed by deed receded is Deed Hook 13 at Pass 122-, Tutu= dadlat 72'06' l0' r4U aed r NottitWeserly S;mS the Wederly tide da 70 foot wide road rift- af-way for 1356.59 tea Theam N a 1*33,3(r E 70.0o lea w the East line raid add nSk ci way aid the PLACE OF BEGI)Nl O Mw= aidg rind Hart rids- of -wsy, N 1'2/'30" W IOO.OD tad; Tbmm N 81'33'30" E 149.39 ka to the face of a ooec"e bm&hftd and t app+mtim k Mm NO treat lm (1.3 N.G.V.D, comm live) m oNervfed at 21, 1993: 7Usce Southerly atoes &e face et n Onopt Ott11tb=d mw as WK"im" mm W1b mitt Um (1,3 -N.G._ .L). line) m ob6med tt hmfliry 21.1993 100.00 beet to s it b=ring N 19- 33'311" E from Ox PLACE OF SEGl1YNINiG' k�,K 149.49 IM to the Place of ftMtint Beams arc bawd oc those shown a the prat a(jf W- CCooaar'a PmWk Record, of CoUier Couwy. norid.. / U/ T%c above doscr*wd Parcel u a portion of Beach EF.mbAw of a Pw warkM "sot hero Fbritia i A dtsip or Pmsnet of and on the sh av of 2f Masks, in de arib d ar bum. Ftoa the qttr w wain corral oa the Emit lion 33 is rigid 69.3 fed: T'bmm ttm Nwdiametty 1u m of iD K oi-way for a Comxy rood dacnbod is anti mft7od hkwdnveocrty almg the Wes" side of a 70 foot wide rued nmt, as rt m" m HUD" 31 PtlZta 9 and 9 0f t and Soak b'w acILot xa, Htoa a, Unit Ne.1 Caaotx's Vaodab ,1 Peers a and 9 d the Public Reco do at Coln' Coun o�� ` + � T Soudl Rama 23 EasL wbKh is atone pwbcttla Me Sots aloes the East time of said Secthm f On 1me for 7,334.5 feet, dear the ctmkdioe of the rig 1S at Pale 121. Tbeaae detlea 72'06'W h& mad r W'90( 1356.391ka trod the PLACE OF 1SEGINNM: 71mm amfimlift does the WAY mile of mW read rift -at -wear, N !`24 X30' W 100.00 fat; T3esm s 3 1'35'30" W 291 foot mm OF t to the atptroairamte mama high .rater line (1.3 N.G. V.D. cos ma line) as obse:vad at henry 21. 1923, T =m= So.rther+y mks tee app,.,i.n liviii"{i9 f be (1.5 N.G. V.D. MOW Iim) U ablemed hettety 21.1523. 100 feet sate or len to a l6e grins 9 1141 111W W fmm t Ph" of DgOffi ft T kW N 81'33'30" E 279 feet More or Mess to the Puce of &tmft DUFMP tlf Ol" "lip W" va lk Pia of Veit ft1, 'Q m w'i YUtrM 13th UW a maWM in H9 80d 1. Pairs I ad 9 off F%*Aic Rt conts of Coteier county. F1orjdL TU abovo descr'i'ed f'a'cet is a portion of Lot xm, Brock A. unit No. i. Conna*s VaodaWt Beach Estates of a Parcel markW "cot iacludcd t6ea plat" m rsoorded is Plat Book 3. Pae t 9 sad 9 of the Public Reoords of C,oi1rer County, Fronde. Rod of Scbedwk "A ". Exhibit A a m m tl 0 PROPE TY BOUNDA 1 EXIS ING BUILDII SITE ADDRESS: 9468 GULFSHORE DR NAPLES, FL 34108 I- EXISTING SEAWALL/ PROPERTY LINE FIRE HYDRANT V DERBILT II fl GOON RIPARI 11211 pN LINE I N OSED DOCK _ RIPAR ►AN 1-INE N V D z 5D 1oo sc;wE 9N2 r SLIP MATRIX: <> (6) 25' -30' SLIPS NOTES: - THESE DRAWINGS ARE FOR PERMITTING PURPOSES ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION USE. - ALL DATUM SHOWN HEREON IS REFERENCED TO MLW - APPLICANT OWNS APPX, 100 LF OF SHORELINE - TOTAL PROTRUSION FROM MHWL: 100 FT - TIDAL DATUM: MLW= -0.4' NGVD, MHW= +1.4' NGVD. - PROPOSED OVERWATER STRUCTURE: APPX. 500 SF - TOTAL OVERWATER STRUCTURE: APPROX 500 SF - SURVEY COURTESY OF "BBLS SURVEYORS AND MAPPERS, INC. SURVEY DATED: 11 -2002 Turrell, Hall & Associates, Inc. F L O R I D I A N CLUB DOCKS DESIGNED: T.T.T. REVISION: TAB NAME: 11 RO LINE DRAWN BY JS 01 -25 -2011 - VJZ I SHEET 1 05 OF 07 Marine& Environmental Consulting AKA VANDERBILT BEACH BOAT DOCKS CREATED: 07 -31 -2007 04-04-2011 - VJZ I SCALE: ASSHOWN 3584 Exchange Ave. Suite B. Naples. EL 34104 -3732 PROPOSED DESIGN JOB NO.: 0246 05-20 -2011 - VJZ Email :tunaLturrell- associates.com Phone: (239)643-0166 Fax:(239)643 -662 SECTION -32 TOWNSHIP -48S RANGE -25E 1I PROPE TY BOUN 1 EXIS ING BUIL SITE ADDRESS: 9468 GULFSHORE DR NAPLES, FL 34108 M \J I r', �i V DERBILT III fl GOON N 0 2� g0 Ir00 u i i SC; (CE 9N =7- V E 49 ,M1 A 6e 6, ¢ n' ✓ — M1 y: he b re TURBIDITY CURTAIN b6 b� �M1 fo' 96 1 J b �. EXISTING SEAWALL/ PROPERTY LINE '41 41 ¢� �0 ¢9 b 65 5 ,6 RIP p A LINE .� s� RIAN it 'OIL FAREA 1�1 NOTES: — THESE DRAWINGS ARE FOR PERMITTING PURPOSES ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION USE. < ALL DATUM SHOWN HEREON IS REFERENCED TO MLW < APPLICANT OWNS APPX. 100 LF OF SHORELINE TOTAL PROTRUSION FROM MHWL: 100 FT v TIDAL DATUM: MLW= -0.4' NGVD, MHW= +1.4' NGVD. < PROPOSED OVERWATER STRUCTURE: APPX. 500 SF < TOTAL OVERWATER STRUCTURE: APPROX 500 SF < DREDGE VOLUME TO -4.5 FT. MLW: APPROX. 140 CY < SURVEY COURTESY OF "BBLS SURVEYORS AND MAPPERS, INC. " SURVEY DATED: 11 -2002 REVISION: 09 -1 52010 - VJZ 01- 252011 - VJZ 04-04 -2011 - VJZ TOWNSHIP -48S TAB NAME: RO DREDG SHEET: 06 OF 07 SCALE: AS SHOWN RANGE -25E CONDITION FOR APPROVAL FOR BD- PL2010 -1685 1. Docks in connection with access via the Vanderbilt lagoon may not be used for the berthing or mooring of boats in excess of forty -eight (48) hours. 2. Red lights shall be installed on each corner of the end of the dock. EXHIBIT C