CESM Minutes 08/06/2010
August 6, 2010
MINUTES OF THE HEARING OF THE
COLLIER COUNTY SPECIAL MAGISTRATE
Naples, Florida, August 6, 2010
LET IT BE REMEMBERED that the Collier County Special Magistrate, having
conducted business herein, met on this date at 9:00 AM in REGULAR SESSION
in Administrative Building "F," 3rd floor, Collier County Government Complex,
Naples, Florida, with the following persons present:
SPECIAL MAGISTRATE:
Honorable Brenda Garretson
ALSO PRESENT: Jennifer Waldron, Code Enforcement Supervisor
Kerry Adams, Code Enforcement Administrative Secretary
HEARING OF THE COLLIER COUNTY SPECIAL MAGISTRATE
AGENDA
DATE:
August 6, 2010 at 9:00 A.M.
LOCATION:
Collier County Government Center, 3301 East Tamiami Trail, Building F, 3rd Floor, Naples, Florida 34112
NOTE: ANY PERSON WHO DECIDES TO APPEAL A DECISION OF THE SPECIAL MAGISTRATE WILL NEED A
RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS PERTAINING THERETO, AND THEREFORE MAY NEED TO ENSURE THAT A
VERBA TIM RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS IS MADE, WHICH RECORD INCLUDES THE TESTIMONY AND EVIDENCE
UPON WHICH THE APPEAL IS TO BE BASED. NEITHER COLLIER COUNTY NOR THE SPECIAL MAGISTRATE SHALL
BE RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING THIS RECORD.
I. CALL TO ORDER - Special Magistrate Brenda Garretson presiding
A. Hearing rules and regulations
II. APPROV AL OF AGENDA
III. APPROVAL OF MINUTES - July 16,2010
IV. MOTIONS
A. Motion for Reduction/Abatement of Fines
B. Motion for Extension of Time
V. PUBLIC HEARINGS
A. Stipulations
B. Hearings
I. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
SO 172371-CEEX20 1 00008037
TIMOTHY C. JUNTUNEN
DEPUTY PAIGE LONG
CODE OF LAW & ORD., SEe. 130-67
HANDICAPPED SPACE/PARKED ON HASH MARKS
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
PUBLlX, 5604 STRAND BLVD
2. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
3. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
4. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
5. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
6. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
7. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
VIOLA T10N
ADDRESS:
SOI72390-CEEX20100009496
MICHAEL A. NOVAKOWSKI
DEPUTY PAIGE LONG
CODE OF LA W & ORD., SEe. 130-67
HANDICAPPED SPACE/PARKED ON HASH MARKS
WAL-MART, 11225 TAMIAMI TRL
S001226-CEEX20100009816
MABEL MUNGUIA
CORPORAL D. CHRISTIANSEN
CODE OF LA W & ORD., 54-93, SECTION 12
UNREASONABLY LOUD MUSIC HEARD FROM ROADWAY AND BY NEIGHBOR 3
HOUSES AWAY. WARNED ON 6/21/2009 FOR SAME ISSUE, LARGE HOUSE PARTY.
6158 SEA GRASS LANE, NAPLES
PR044683-CEEX20 100008697
PAULA L. BOWINS
PARK RANGER CINDE KAVAN
CODE OF LAW & ORD., SEC. 130-66
FAILURE TO DISPLAY PAID LAUNCH RECEIPT
951 BOAT RAMP
PR044667 -CEEX20 100009901
ALFREDO R. SALINAS
PARK RANGER CYNTHIA GA YNOR
CODE OF LAW & ORD., SEC. 130-66
FAILURE TO DISPLAY PAID PARKING RECEIPT
951 BOAT RAMP
PR044670-CEEX20 1 00009902
ALFREDO R. SALINAS
PARK RANGER CYNTHIA GAYNOR
CODE OF LAW & ORD., SEC. 130-67
FAILURE TO DISPLAY HANDICAPPED STICKER
951 BOAT RAMP
DASl1912-CEEX20100007418
PENELOPE MAROULES
OFFICER PAUL MORRIS
CODE OF LAW & ORD., 2008-51, SEC. 8-1(4)
BARK, WHINE, HOWL, AND CAUSE OTHER OBJECTIONABLE NOISE (BIRD)
164 CORAL VINE DRIVE, NAPLES
2
8. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
9. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA T10N
ADDRESS:
10. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLATIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
11. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
12. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
DAS12199-CEEX20100009666
TRACY FLANIGAN
OFFICER K. ZEITLER
CODE OF LAW & ORD., 2008-51, SEC. 8-I-b
ALLOW DOG TO RUN AT LARGE
50TH AVE NE, NAPLES
CEV20100007074
TIMOTHY STEINER
INVESTIGATOR RENALD PAUL
COLLIER COUNTY LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE 04-41, AS AMENDED, SECTION
2.0 1.00(A) TRAILERS ON SITE WITH INVALID PLATES.
38160640000
6291 COPPER LEAF LANE, NAPLES
CESD20090005153
LUIS EDUARDO VENEGAS
INVESTIGATOR CARMELO GOMEZ
FLORIDA BUILDING CODE, 2007 EDITION, CHAPTER I PERMITS, SECTION 105.1
CONVERSION OF GARAGE INTO ADDED LIVING SPACE
36442760008
5043 28TH PL SW, NAPLES
CEPM20100002536
CHAD A. & CRYSTAL M. SHANNON
INVESTIGATOR JAMES KINCAID
COLLIER COUNTY CODE OF LAWS AND ORDINANCES, CHAPTER 22, ARTICLE VI,
SECTION 22-231 (15), POOL IN BACK YARD WITH GREEN STAGNATE WATER.
25117600268
6654 CASTLELA WN PLACE, NAPLES
CEROW20090019407
MA TTHEW J. RYAN
INvESTIGA TOR JONATHAN MUSSE
COLLIER COUNTY CODE OF LA WS AND ORDINANCES, CHAPTER 110, ROADS AND
BRIDGES, ARTICLE 11 CONSTRUCTION IN RIGHT OF WAY, DIVISION 1 GENERALLY,
SECTION 110-31 (a), PERMIT #20924-E FOR A "REPLACE CULVER AND DRIVEWAY"
EXPIRED ON 1 0-31-04 WITHOUT OBTAINING ALL INSPECTIONS AND APPROVAL.
62841200007
569 I 04TH AVE N, NAPLES
3
13. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
14. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
15. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
16. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
17. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
CEPM20100005355
OLGA NIKOLAKOPOULOS
INvESTIGA TOR CARMELO GOMEZ
COLLIER COUNTY CODE OF LA WS AND ORDINANCES, CHAPTER 22, BUILDING AND
BUILDING REGULATIONS, ARTICLE VI PROPERTY MAINTENANCE CODE, SECTION
22-231 (15), POOL WATER BLACK.
23971640000
1412 MONARCH CIRCLE, NAPLES
CEPM20090017757
JUAN CARLOS AYALA & ERICKA PEREA
INVESTIGATOR CAROL SYKORA
COLLIER COUNTY CODE OF LA WS, CHAPTER 22, ARTICLE VI, SECTION 22-243.
ABANDONED AND DILAPIDATED STRUCTURE ON MOBILE HOME ZONED
PROPERTY.
00766600003
17027 BLUE HERON DRIVE, NAPLES
CEPM20100002802
GABRIELA GUZMAN
INVESTIGATOR JOSEPH MUCHA
COLLIER COUNTY CODE OF LAWS AND ORDINANCES, CHAPTER 22, ARTICLE VI,
SECTION 22-231, SUBSECTIONS 1,9, 12b, 121, 120, 12p, 19, AND 20, VACANT MOBILE
HOME WITH SEVERAL PROPERTY MAINTENANCE VIOLATIONS.
00765000002
17034 LOCKHART DRIVE, NAPLES
CESD20090016653
JOHN MILLS
INVESTIGATOR AZURE SORRELS
COLLIER COUNTY LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE 04-41, AS AMENDED, SECTION
1O.02.06(B)(I)(a) A METAL STORAGE SHED PLACED ON THE PROPERTY WITHOUT
FIRST OBTAINING A BUILDING PERMIT.
68344080003
105 MOON BAY STREET, NAPLES
CEV20090017598
JOHN MILLS
INVESTIGA TOR AZURE SORRELS
COLLIER COUNTY LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE 04-41, AS AMENDED, SECTION
2.0 J .OO(A) AND SECTION 2.0 1.00(B)UNLlCENSED/INOPERABLE RECREATIONAL BOAT
TRAILER IS IMPROPERLY PARKED ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY.
68344080003
105 MOON BAY STREET, NAPLES
4
18. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLATION
ADDRESS:
C. Emergency Cases:
VI. NEW BUSINESS
CEPM20090012924
MARY & DAMIANO BAVARO
INVESTIGATOR PATRICK BALDWIN
COLLIER COUNTY CODE OF LA WS AND ORDINANCE, CHAPTER 22, ARTICLE VI,
SECTION 22-231(15), SWIMMING POOL WATER IS BLACK, FILLED WITH ALGAE AND
STAGNATING.
69060108488
14131 FALL CREEK CT, NAPLES
A. Motion for Imposition of Fines:
I. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
2. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
CENA20090005196
STEVEN F. CAMACHO
INVESTIGATOR AZURE SORRELS
COLLIER COUNTY CODE OF LA WS, CHAPTER 54, ARTICLE VI, SECTIONS 54-181 AND
54-179. LITTER CONSISTING OF BUT NOT LIMITED TO: BROKEN FURNITURE,
APPLIANCES, BUCKETS, PILES OF WOOD AND ALUMINUM, ROPE, COOLERS, PAINT,
TOOLS, AND A WOODEN BOAT FILLED WITH VEGETATION DEBRIS SCATTERED
THROUGHOUT FRONT, SIDE, AND REAR YARDS.
66680480000
217 GOOD LAND DRIVE EAST, NAPLES
CENA20090007984
JULIAN H. CAMACHO
INVESTIGATOR AZURE SORRELS
COLLIER COUNTY CODE OF LAWS, CHAPTER 54, ARTICLE VI, SECTION 54-181 AND
SECTION 54-179. LITTER CONSISTING OF BUT NOT LIMITED TO: BUCKETS, SPA,
COOLERS, BROKEN FURNITURE, PILES OF WOOD AND METAL, APPLIANCES,
VEGETATION DEBRIS, PAINT, TOOLS, TIRES, AND OTHER DEBRIS SCATTERED
THROUGHOUT VACANT LOT.
66680280006
338 PETTIT DRIVE, GOODLAND
5
3. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLATION
ADDRESS:
4. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
5. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
6. CASE NO:
OWNER:
OFFICER:
VIOLA TIONS:
FOLIO NO:
VIOLA TION
ADDRESS:
VII. OLD BUSINESS
CEV20090007995
JULIAN H. CAMACHO
INVESTIGATOR AZURE SORRELS
COLLIER COUNTY LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE 2004-41, AS AMENDED, SECTION
2.0 1.00(A). SEVERAL TYPES OF TRAILERS AND RECREATIONAL CAMPER LOCATED
ON PROPERTY ARE UNLICENSED AND/OR INOPERABLE.
66680280006
338 PETTIT DRIVE, GOODLAND
CEPM20080010842
JOHANN & AST A MARTI
INVESTIGA TOR JOSEPH MUCHA
COLLIER COUNTY CODE OF LA WS AND ORDINANCES, CHAPTER 22, ARTICLE VI,
SECTION 22-231, SUBSECTION 2-5,8-11, 12(b), 12(c), 12(i)-12(m), 12(0), 12(p), 12(r), 19
AND 20. RENTAL PROPERTY WITH SEVERAL MINIMUM HOUSING VIOLATIONS.
61481640002
1888 AIRPORT ROAD SOUTH, NAPLES
CEV20100002334
ROBERT HOOVER REV TRUST
INvESTIGA TOR CAROL SYKORA
ORDINANCE(S) 04-41, AS AMENDED, THE COLLIER COUNTY LAND DEVELOPMENT
CODE; SECTION 2.0 1.00(A). RECURRING VIOLATION OF UNLICENSED/INOPERABLE
VEHICLES STORED OUTSIDE ON ESTATES ZONED PROPERTY.
37348360006
1280 25TH ST SW, NAPLES
2007070651
JAMES M. POTEET
INVESTIGA TOR AZURE SORRELS
COLLIER COUNTY ORDINANCE 2004-58, SEC(S) 12. ALLOWING A DANGEROUS AND
HAZARDOUS BUILDING TO EXIST ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY WITHOUT
MAINTENANCE, CREATING A THREAT TO THE SAFETY AND WELFARE OF BOTH
THE OCCUPANTS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC OF COLLIER COUNTY.
68342680007
71 ISLE OF ST. THOMAS, NAPLES
A. Motion to Amend Previously Issued Order:
B. Motion to Rescind Previously Issued Order:
6
VIII. CONSENT AGENDA
A. Request to Forward Cases to County Attorney's Office as Referenced in Submitted Executive Summary.
B. Request for Special Magistrate to Impose Nuisance Abatement Liens on Cases Referenced in Submitted
Executive Summary.
IX. REPORTS
X. NEXT MEETING DATE: September 3,2010 at 9:00 A.M. located at the Collier County Government Center, 3301 East
Tamiami Trail, Building F, 3rd Floor, Naples, Florida
XI. ADJOURN
7
August 6, 2010
I. CALL TO ORDER
The Honorable Special Magistrate Brenda Garretson called the Hearing to order at
9:00 AM. All those testifying at the proceeding did so under oath.
A. Special Magistrate Garretson outlined the Rules and Regulations for the Hearing.
The Special Magistrate noted that, prior to conducting the Hearing, Respondents
were given an opportunity to speak with their Investigating Officer(s) for a
Resolution by Stipulation. The goal is to obtain compliance without being
punitive.
RECESS: 9:17 AM
RECONVENED: 9:38 AM
II. APPROVAL OF AGENDA
Jennifer Waldron, Code Enforcement Supervisor, noted the following changes:
(a) Under Item III, "Approval of the Minutes," the following Minutes were
ADDED:
. Intersection Safety Program Hearing Minutes for August 2, 2010
(b) Under Item IV (B), "Motion for Extension of Time," the following case was
ADDED:
. Case #CEAU 20090008537 - BCC vs. Anton Karaba and Eva Karabova
(c) Under Item V (A), "Public Hearings," a STIPULA TION was reached in the
following case:
. Agenda #10, Case #CESD 20090005153 - BCC vs. Luis Eduardo Venegas
(d) Under Item V (B), "Hearings," the following cases were WITHDRAWNby the
County:
. Agenda #1, Case #SO 172371 - CEEX 20100008037 - BCC vs. Timothy
C. Juntunen
· Agenda #5, Case #PR 044667 - CEEX 20100009901- BCC vs. Alfredo R.
Salinas
· Agenda #6, Case #PR 044670 - CEEX 20100009902 - BCC vs. Alfredo R.
Salinas
· Agenda #8, Case #DAS 12199 - CEEX 20100009666 - BCC vs. Tracy
Flanigan
· Agenda #9, Case #CEV 20100007074 - BCC vs. Timothy Steiner
· Agenda #13, Case #CEPM 20100005355 - BCC vs. Olga Nikolakopoulos
· Agenda #14, Case #CEPM 20090017757 - BCC vs. Juan Carlos Ayala &
Ericka Perea
· Agenda #16, Case #CESD 20090016653 - BCC vs. John Mills
· Agenda #17, Case #CEV 20090017598 - BCC vs. John Mills
2
August 6, 2010
(e) Under Item V (C), "Emergency Cases." the following case was ADDED:
. Case #CEPM 20100009984 - BCC vs. Albert Houston, Sr.
(1) Under Item VI (A), "Motion for Imposition of Fines," the following case was
WITHDRA WN by the County:
. Agenda #4, Case # CEPM 20080010842 - BCC vs. Johann & Asta Marti
(g) Under Item VII (B), "Motion to Rescind Previously Issued Order," the
following case was ADDED from the Intersection Safety Program:
. Notice #1361000094263 - BCC vs. Karyn M. Zarlenga
The Special Magistrate approved the Agenda as amended, subject to changes made
during the course of the Hearing at the discretion of the Special Magistrate.
III. APPROVAL OF MINUTES - July 16,2010 and August 2, 2010
The Minutes of the Special Magistrate Hearing held on July 16,2010 were reviewed by
the Special Magistrate and approved as submitted.
The Minutes of the Intersection Safety Program Hearing held on August 2,2010 were
reviewed by the Special Magistrate and approved as submitted.
IV. MOTIONS
A. Motion for Reduction/Abatement of Fines: None
B. Motion for Extension of Time:
Case #CEAU 20090008537 - BCC vs. Anton Karaba and Eva Karabova
The County was represented by Code Enforcement Investigator Azure Sorrels.
The Respondents were not present.
Violations: Collier County Land Development Code 2004-41, as amended,
Section 5.03.02(A) and Florida Building Code, 2004 Edition,
Chapter 1, Section 105.1
Wooden fence built on property without a valid Collier County Building
Permit
Folio No: 48600000705
Violation address: 12243 Fuller Lane, Naples 34113
The Special Magistrate noted Respondent, Eva Karabova, submitted a document
entitled "Reaction on the Order" dated July 25, 2010, and read the following.
"L Eva Karabova, am askingfor more time, about 3 months,
to react to your Order from the letter we received on July 16,
2010 because my husband is not home and I don't know what
to do. "
3
August 6, 2010
The Order was entered on July 15,2010 and the Respondents were present for the
initial Hearing.
Investigator Sorrels stated the Respondents have not contacted her.
The Special Magistrate DENIED the Respondents' Motion for an Extension of
Time due to lack of legal basis.
V. PUBLIC HEARINGS
A. Stipulations:
10. Case # CESD 20090005153 - BCC vs. Luis Eduardo Vene2;as
The Hearing was requested by Code Enforcement Investigator Carmelo Gomez who
was present.
The Respondent was present earlier, but left before the Case was heard.
Violations: Florida Building Code, 2007 Edition, Chapter 1 Permits, Section 105.1
Conversion of garage into added living space
Folio No: 36442760008
Violation address: 5043 28th Place SW, Naples
A Stipulation was entered into by the Respondent on August 6, 2010.
Investigator Gomez stated the Respondent agreed to the terms of the Stipulation.
Finding the Notice of Hearing was properly served, the Respondent was found
GUILTY of the alleged violation and ordered to obtain all inspections and a
Certificate of Completion under Demolition Permit #2010040438 on or before
October 6,2010 or afine of $200. 00 per day will be imposedfor each day the
violation remains thereafter, unless altered by a subsequent Stipulation or Order of
the Special Magistrate.
If the Respondent has not complied by the deadline, the County is authorized to
abate the violation by contractor bid-out and assess the costs to the Respondent.
Ifnecessary, assistance may be requestedfrom the Collier County Sheriff's Office
to enforce the terms of the Stipulation.
The Respondent was ordered to pay the Operational Costs incurred by Code
Enforcement during the prosecution of the case in the amount of $112.29 on
or before September 6, 2010.
The Respondent is to notify Code Enforcement within 24 hours of abatement of
the violation and request the Investigator petform a site inspection to confirm
compliance.
Total Amount Due: $112.29
4
August 6, 2010
B. Hearings:
3. Case #SO 01226 - CEEX 20100009816 - BCC vs. Mabel MUDlwia
The Hearing was requested by the Respondent who was present.
Collier County Sheriff's Office Deputy Corporal D. Christiansen was also present.
Violations: Code of Law & Ord., 54-93, Section 12
Unreasonably loud music heard from roadway and by neighbor three
houses away. Warned on 06/2112009 for the same issue -large house
party.
Violation address: 6158 Sea Grass Lane, Naples
The Respondent resides at 6158 Sea Grass Lane, Naples, Florida.
A pool party was held at the Respondent's home on July 18,2010. She was advised
by the Deputy that the music was too loud and was issued a "ticket." She stated she
should have received a warning first as she had the previous year. She contended the
music was not too loud.
Cpl. Christiansen stated the complaint was made by a neighbor residing at 6130 Sea
Grass Lane which is three houses away from the Respondent's property. The
neighbor stated his windows were vibrating from the bass and had been constant
since 2:00 PM that day. The Officer stated he heard the music and felt the vibrations
as he approached the Respondent's home.
The party started at 4:00 PM and the complaint was made at 9:00 PM.
The Special Magistrate stated the Ordiance did not provide for "warnings" to be
given before a Citation is issued.
Finding the Notice of Hearing was properly served, the Respondent was found
GUILTY of the alleged violation and ordered to pay a civilflne in the amount of
$100.00 plus an administrativefee of $5. 00 on or before September 6,2010.
The Respondent was ordered to pay the Operational Costs incurred by Code
Enforcement during the prosecution of the case in the amount of $50.00 on
or before September 6,2010.
Total Amount Due: $155.00
7. Case #DAS 11912 - CEEX 20100007418 - BCC vs. Penelope Maroules
The Hearing was requested by the Respondent who was present.
Collier County Domestic Animal Services Officer Paul Morris was also present.
Several witnesses appeared on behalf of both parties.
Violations: Code of Law & Ord., 2008-51, Sec. 8-1(4)
Bark, whine, howl, and cause other objectionable noise (bird)
Violation address: 164 Coral Vine Drive, Naples
5
August 6, 2010
The Respondent resides at 164 Coral Vine Drive, Naples, Florida, and received a
Citation in May 2010. She stated she was on vacation when the complaints were
made and asserted her birds were locked inside her house with the doors and windows
closed. She further stated several DAS officers had come to her house on ten
previous occasions but she was not cited for excessive or loud noise during any of
their visits.
Maryann Marks, the "sitter, " submitted an Affidavit describing the birds behavior
while she caredfor them. Other Affidavits were submitted by five neighbors attesting
they were not disturbed by the birds.
The Respondent cited from Section 8(h) of the Ordinance as follows:
"It is unlawful for the owner of an animal to allow or permit his/her
animal to bark, whine, howl, or cause other objectional noise which
is offensive and of such duration of time so as to create a nuisance. "
The Respondent noted the Ordinance did not define "duration of time," and requested
the Citation be dismissed due to misrepresentation of the situation by the complaining
party. There was never continuous noise from her birds.
The Special Magistrate noted the Respondent and the County had submitted Affdavits
and asked each if they would allow her to consider the Affidavits because the
documents were, technically, hearsay. There was agreement.
Maryann Marks appeared as a witness for the Respondent.
She resides on Bayshore Drive in Naples, works with the Respondent, and cared for
the birds while the Respondent was on vacation.
. When she arrived at the Respondent's home, it was quiet.
. The two birds "talked to her" for approximately 1 to 1 12 hours.
. She placed the birds on the lanai in order to clean their cages and stated
"They may have squawked once or twice during the time I was there."
Officer Morris stated the Citation was issued based upon the Affidavits received by
Domestic Animal Services. He stated there were witnesses who would apprear.
Daniel Wilkins appeared as a witness for the Respondent.
He resides with the Respondent and stated the birds can be animated at times as "part
of their nature" but the squawking was not constant or continuing. He admitted he
finds screeching annoying and he and the Respondent do everything possible to
control the birds. The birds are not outside after approximately 7:00 PM.
The Respondent stated she has had birds at her home for the past fifteen years. She
was concerned about the complaints and asked surrounding neighbors if the birds
"bothered" them but no one has complained.
6
August 6, 2010
Officer Morris called Ilse Kastner, who resides at 163 Flame Vine Drive, as the first
witness for the County.
She stated she and her guests were sitting on her lanai at the end of March when she
observed the white bird, screeching and "talking," had walked over to her driveway
and sat there until the Respondent retrieved it. On another occasion, she was
unloading groceries on a Friday evening and saw the white bird walk into her garage.
The Respondent again retrieved it. Mrs. Kiastner stated it is not fair to subject
everyone to the noise made by the birds who spend a great deal of time on the
Respondent's lanai. She stated her property backs up to the Respondent's property.
The Respondent asked Mrs. Kastner if she ever called to complain about the noise
and Mrs. Kastner responded negatively.
Joe Ascolese, who resides at 159 Flame Vine Drive, testified for the County:
. The noise has been an ongoing problem since 1998, and he has appeared
before Judge Turner for the same situation.
. The duration of the noise has ranged from two blasts to an hour of constant
screeching at any point from 7 :00 AM until dusk.
. The Respondent's lanai is approximately 35 feet from Mrs. Kastner's house
and his property is to the left of Mrs. Kastner.
. During one event, the bird crashed into his house and laid on the grass until
it was retrieved by the gentleman approximately ten minutes later.
. The Respondent's birds are allowed to wander.
. The screeching has been measured at 63.2 decibels - it is so loud that he
cannot keep his doors or windows open.
. There was a Code Enforcement ruling in 2001 and the situation became a
problem again.
The Respondent asked the witness ifhe ever called to complain about the noise.
Mr. Ascolese stated he handled things through Code Enfocement and the police.
Eleanor Donahoe, who resides at 167 Flame Vine Drive, testified:
. Her property abuts the Respondent's property in the back.
. The neighbors across the street from the front of the Respondent's house
may not hear the same noise as those in the rear of the property.
. The noise level is disturbing and annoying..
When asked by the Respondent if she had ever called, the witness stated she did call
the Respondent approximately eight years earlier. Ms. Donahoe left three voice
messages. When the problem continued, she knocked on the Respondent's front door
but no one answered. She called Animal Control concerning the most recent
incidents.
Gordon Rama, who resides at 167 Flame Vine Drive, testified:
. He has lived at the residence for approximately one year.
· The duration has lasted longer than one hour up to an entire evening for each
occurrence.
· The severity of noise can be heard from one-quarter of a mile away.
7
August 6, 2010
. He is a retired automotive engineer with experience in noise abatement and
estimated the decibels to be over 60 which is quite loud.
The Special Magistrate noted due to the number of Affidavits to be read and considered,
she would take the case under advisement and rule at a later time.
The Respondent reiterated the birds are kept inside her house except for a few times
when they are allowed outside with supervision.
VI. NEW BUSINESS
A. Motion for Imposition of Fines:
6. Case #2007070651 - BCC vs. James M. Poteet
The County was represented by Code Enforcement Investigator Azure Sorrels.
The Respondent was present.
Violations: Collier County Ordinance 2004-58, Sec(s). 12
Allowing a dangerous and hazardous building to exist on residential
property without maintenance, creating a threat to the safety and welfare
of both the occupants and the general public of Collier County.
Folio No: 68342680007
Violation address: 71 Isle of St. Thomas, Naples
The Respondent resides at 71 Isle of St. Thomas, Naples, Florida.
Investigator Sorrels stated the violations were abated as of April 21, 2009.
Fines have accrued at the rate of $1 00.00 per day for the period from June 17, 2008
through Apri121, 2009 (309 days) for a total fine amount of$30,900.00.
Previously assessed Operational Costs of$338.58 have been paid.
Abatement costs incurred by the County in the amount of $4,632.50 have been paid.
The total amount due to date is $30,900.00.
The Investigator stated the Respondent received grants through the County's Housing
and Human Services Department. She presented photographs of the Respondent's
home taken in 2007 and contrasted them with the new home in which he and his
family presently live. She stated the process of submitting paperwork and additional
documentation was time consuming, and fines continued to accrue.
The Special Magistrate DENIED the County's Motion for Imposition of Fines.
RECESS: 11:51 AM
RECONVENED: 11:07 AM
8
August 6, 2010
V. PUBLIC HEARINGS
B. Hearings:
2. Case #SO 172390 - CEEX 20100009496 - BCC vs. Michael A. Novakowski
The Hearing was requested by the Respondent who was not present.
Collier County Sheriff s Office Deputy Paige Long was present.
Violations: Code of Law & Ord., Sec. 130-67
Handicapped space/parked on hash marks
Violation address: Wal-Mart, 11225 Tamiami Trail
The Notice of Hearing was sent via Certified Mail on July 22,2010.
Deputy Paige observed the Respondent's motorcycle was located between two cars
which were parked in Handicapped Parking spaces. The motorcycle was parked in
the hash marked (striped) area adjacent to a Handicapped Parking spot and blocked
access to a car on the right, making it difficult for the vehicle's owner to use his
walker. She introduced two photographs which were marked as County's Composite
Exhibit "A" and admitted into evidence.
The Special Magistrate ruled the Respondent was in violation.
Finding the Notice of Hearing was properly served, the Respondent was found
GUILTY of the alleged violation and ordered to pay a civilfine in the amount of
$250.00 plus an administrativefee of $5. 00 on or before September 6,2010.
The Respondent was further ordered to pay the Operational Costs incurred by Code
Enforcement during the prosecution of the case in the amount of $50.00 on or
before September 6, 2010.
Total Amount Due: $305.00
4. Case #PR 044683 - CEEX 20100008697 - BCC vs. Paula L. Bowins
The Hearing was requested by the Respondent who was not present.
Collier County Park Ranger Cinde Kavan was present.
Violations: Code of Law & Ord., Sec. 130-66
Failure to display paid launch receipt
Violation address: 951 Boat Ramp
The Notice of Hearing was sent via Certified Mail on July 22,2010 and delivered on
July 24, 2010.
Park Ranger Kavan observed a vehicle that did not display a paid launch receipt at the
951 Boat Ramp and issued a Citation.. She introduced two photographs which were
marked as County's Composite Exhibit "A" and admitted into evidence.
9
August 6, 2010
Finding the Notice of Hearing was properly served, the Respondent was found
GUILTY of the alleged violation and ordered to pay a civilfine in the amount of
$30.00 plus an administrativefee of $5. 00 on or before September 6, 2010.
The Respondent was further ordered to pay the Operational Costs incurred by Code
Enforcement during the prosecution of the case in the amount of $50.00 on or
before September 6, 2010.
Total Amount Due: $85.00
C. Emergency Hearings:
Case #CEPM 20100009984 - BCC vs. Albert Houston. Sr.
The Hearing was requested by Code Enforcement Investigator Kitchell Snow.
The Respondent was not present.
Violations: Collier County Code of Laws and Ordinances Chapter 22, Buildings
and Building Regulations, Aritcle VI, Property Maintenance Code,
Sections 22-231, 12(b), 12(d), 12(P), 12(c), 12(i), 12(1), and 8
Vacant/abandoned unsecured structure used for prostitution and drug
activity with numerous Property Maintenance Violations to include, but
not limited to, leaks in the roof, exposed above-ground sewer pipes,
broken windows interior and exterior walls in poor condition
Folio No.: 66930160009
Violation address: 433 Carver Street, Immokalee, FL 34143
The Notice of Hearing was posted at the property and Courthouse on August 5, 2010.
Investigator Snow and Collier County Sheriffs Office Lt. Drew Lee investigated the
site.
Investigator Snow submitted several photographs which were marked as County's
Composite Exhibits "B" and "C" and admitted into evidence as for the Civil case.
Lt. Lee submitted 16 photographs which were marked as County's Composite Exhibit
"A" and admitted into evidence for the Criminal case.
Both described a run-down building with broken windows, lacking sanitary facilities,
filled with trash and bio-hazardous materials, and located in close proximity to an
elementary school. The structure has been used recently for criminal activities
including prostitution and drug use.
Invesitgator Snow stated there was "no redeeming value in maintaining the structure."
Finding the Notice of Hearing was properly served, the Respondent was found
GUILTY of the alleged violation and ordered to obtain a Collier County Boarding
Permit and board the structure on or before August 8,2010 or afine of $250.00 per
day will be imposed for each day the violation remains thereafter, unless altered by
a subsequent Stipulation or Order of the Special Magistrate.
10
August 6, 2010
The Respondent was further ordered to obtain either a Collier County Building
Permit, all required inspections and a Certificate of Completion to repair the
damage or a Collier County Demolition Permit, all required inspections, and a
Certificate of Completion to completely remove the structure on or before
August 20,2010 or afine of $250.00 per day will be imposedfor each day the
violation remains thereafter, unless altered by a subsequent Stipulation or Order of
the Special Magistrate.
If the Respondent has not complied by the deadline, the County is authorized
to abate the violation by contractor bid-out and assess the costs to the property
owners.
Ifnecessary, assistance may be requestedfrom the Collier County Sheriff's Office
to enforce the provisions of the Order.
The Respondent was ordered to pay the Operational Costs incurred by Code
Enforcement during the prosecution of the case in the amount of $112.73 on
or before September 6, 2010.
The Respondent is to notify Code Enforcement within 24 hours of abatement of
the violation and request the Investigator perform a site inspection to confirm
compliance.
Total Amount Due: $112.73
The Special Magistrate questioned the necessity to offer an option to the Respondent
to board the structure.
Investigator Snow stated the County would abate the violations by demolition at the
end of the fourteen-day period.
B. Hearings:
11. Case #CEPM 20100002536- BCC vs. Chad A. & Crystal M. Shannon
The Hearing was requested by Code Enforcement Investigator James Kincaid who
was present.
The Respondents were not present.
Violations: Collier County Code of Laws and Ordinances, Chapter 22, Article VI,
Section 22-231 (15)
Pool in back yard with green stagnate water.
Folio No: 25117600268
Violation address: 6654 Castle1awn Place, Naples
The Notice of Hearing was posted at the property and Courthouse on July 19,2010.
Investigator Kincaid introduced two photographs taken on February 25, 2010 which
were marked as County's Composite Exhibit "A" and two photographs taken on
August 5, 2010 which were marked as County's Composite Exhibit "B" and both
were admitted into evidence.
11
August 6, 2010
Finding the Notice of Hearing was properly served, the Respondents were found
GUILTY of the alleged violation and ordered to either:
(1) chemically treat the pool water to kill the algae and provide bi-weekly
treatments to maintain clean pool water on or before the close of business on
August 9,2010 or afine of $250. 00 per day will be imposedfor each day the
violation remains thereafter, unless altered by a subsequent Stipulation or Order of
the Special Magistrate;
-OR-
(2) chemically treat the pool water and cover the pool to prevent the intrusion of
rain water, pursuant to HUD standards, on or before the close of business on
August 9,2010 or afine of $250.00 per day will be imposedfor each day the
violation remains thereafter, unless altered by a subsequent Stipulation or Order of
the Special Magistrate.
If the Respondents have not complied by the deadline, the County is authorized
to abate the violation by contractor bid-out and assess the costs to the property
owners.
Ifnecessary, assistance may be requestedfrom the Collier County Sheriff's Office
to enforce the provisions of the Order.
The Respondents were ordered to pay the Operational Costs incurred by Code
Enforcement during the prosecution of the case in the amount of$112.20 on
or before September 6, 2010.
The Respondents are to notify Code Enforcement within 24 hours of abatement of
the violation and request the Investigator perform a site inspection to confirm
compliance.
Total Amount Due: $112.20
12. Case #CEROW 20090019407 - BCC vs. Matthew J. Rvan
The Hearing was requested by Code Enforcement Investigator Jonathan Musse who
was present.
The Respondent was not present.
Violations: Collier County Code of Laws and Ordinances, Chapter 110, Roads and
Bridges, Article II Construction in Right of Way, Division 1 Generally,
Section 1l0-31(a)
Permit #20924-E for a "replace culvert and driveway" expired on 10-31-
2004 without obtaining all inspections and approval.
Folio No: 62841200007
Violation address: 569 104th Ave N, Naples
The Notice of Hearing was posted at the property and Courthouse on July 19, 2010.
Investigator Musse introduced a copy of Permit #20924- E which was marked as
County's Exhibit "A" and two photographs which were marked as County's
Composite Exhitib "B" and admitted into evidence.
12
August 6,2010
He noted the property was vacant and in the foreclosure process.
Finding the Notice of Hearing was properly served, the Respondent was found
GUILTY of the alleged violation and ordered to obtain a Collier County Right-of-
Way Permit, all required inspections, and a Certificate of Completion on or before
September 6, 2010 or a fine of $100.00 per day will be imposed for each day the
violation remains thereafter, unless altered by a subsequent Stipulation or Order of
the Special Magistrate.
If the Respondent has not complied by the deadline, the County is authorized
to abate the violation by contractor bid-out and assess the costs to the property
owner(s).
Ifnecessary, assistance may be requestedfrom the Collier County Sheriff's Office
to enforce the provisions of the Order.
The Respondent was ordered to pay the Operational Costs incurred by Code
Enforcement during the prosecution of the case in the amount of $112.29 on
or before September 6,2010.
The Respondent is to notify Code Enforcement within 24 hours of abatement of
the violation and request the Investigator perform a site inspection to confirm
compliance.
Total Amount Due: $112.29
15. Case #CEPM 20100002802 - BCC vs. Gabriela Guzman
The Hearing was requested by Code Enforcement Property Maintenance Specialist
Joseph Mucha who was present.
The Respondent was not present.
Violations: Collier County Code of Laws and Ordinances, Chapter 22, Article VI,
Section 22-231, Subsections 1,9, 12b, 121, 120, 12p, 19, and 20
Vacant mobile home with several property maintenance violations.
Folio No: 00765000002
Violation address: 17034 Lockhart Drive, Naples
The Notice of Hearing was posted at the property and Courthouse on July 21, 2010.
Investigator Mucha introduced 31 photographs taken on February 17,2010 which
were marked as County's Composite Exhibit "A" and admitted into evidence. He
stated seven individuals were living in the structure and five were unrelated. The
owner's brother stated he would demolish the mobile home in March but the
violations remain.
Finding the Notice of Hearing was properly served, the Respondent was found
GUILTY of the alleged violation and ordered to hire a licensed General Contractor
to obtain all required Permits, inspections, and a Certificate of Occupancy or
Completion to either repair the violations cited in the Property Maintenance
Inspection Report or to demolish the structure on or before September 6, 2010 or a
13
August 6, 2010
fine of $250.00 per day will be imposed for each day the violation remains
thereafter, unless altered by a subsequent Stipulation or Order of the Special
Magistrate.
If the Respondent has not complied by the deadline, the County is authorized
to abate the violation by contractor bid-out and assess the costs to the property
owner(s).
Ifnecessary, assistance may be requestedfrom the Collier County Sheriff's Office
to enforce the provisions of the Order.
The Respondent was ordered to pay the Operational Costs incurred by Code
Enforcement during the prosecution of the case in the amount of $112.82 on
or before September 6, 2010.
The Respondent is to notify Code Enforcement within 24 hours of abatement of
the violation and request the Investigator perform a site inspection to confirm
compliance.
Total Amount Due: $112.82
RECESS: 12:00 PM
RECONVENED: 12:10 PM
18. Case #CEPM 20090012924 - BCC vs. Mary & Damiano Bavaro
The Hearing was requested by Code Enforcement Investigative Supervisor Cristina
Perez who was present on behalf of Investigator Patrick Baldwin.
The Respondents were not present.
Violations: Collier County Code of Laws and Ordinance, Chapter 22, Article VI,
Section 22-231 (15),
Swimming pool water is black, filled with algae and stagnating.
Folio No: 69060108488
Violation address: 14131 Fall Creek Ct, Naples
The Notice of Hearing was posted at the property and Courthouse on July 27, 2010.
Supervisor Perez stated the owners moved out of state, and the property is vacant.
She introduced two photographs taken on August 7,2009 and August 5, 2010 by
Investigator Patrick Baldwin. The photographs were marked as County's Exhibits
"A" and "B" and were admitted into evidence. The violation has not been abated.
Finding the Notice of Hearing was properly served, the Respondents were found
GUILTY of the alleged violation and ordered to either:
(1) chemically treat the pool water to kill the algae and provide bi-weekly
treatments to maintain clean pool water on or before the close of business on
August 9,2010 or afine of $250. 00 per day will be imposedfor each day the
violation remains thereafter, unless altered by a subsequent Stipulation or Order
of the Special Magistrate;
14
August 6, 2010
-OR-
(2) chemically treat the pool water and cover the pool to prevent the intrusion of
rain water, pursuant to HUD standards, on or before the close of business on
August 9,2010 or afine of $250.00 per day will be imposedfor each day the
violation remains thereafter, unless altered by a subsequent Stipulation or Order
of the Special Magistrate.
If the Respondents have not complied by the deadline, the County is authorized
to abate the violation by contractor bid-out and assess the costs to the property
owners.
Ifnecessary, assistance may be requestedfrom the Collier County Sheriff's Office
to enforce the provisions of the Order.
The Respondents were ordered to pay the Operational Costs incurred by Code
Enforcement during the prosecution of the case in the amount of $112.3 8 on
or before September 6,2010.
The Respondents are to notify Code Enforcement within 24 hours of abatement of
the violation and request the Investigator perform a site inspection to confirm
compliance.
Total Amount Due: $112.38
VI. NEW BUSINESS
A. Motion for Imposition of Fines:
1. Case #CENA 20090005196 - BCC vs. Steven F. Camacho
The County was represented by Code Enforcement Investigator Michele McGonagle.
The Respondent was not present.
Violations: Collier County Code of Laws, Chapter 54, Article VI, Sections 54-181
and 54-179.
Litter consisting of but not limited to: broken furniture, appliances,
buckets, piles of wood and aluminum, rope, coolers, paint, tools, and a
wooden boat filled with vegetation debris scattered throughout front,
side, and rear yards.
Folio No: 66680480000
Violation Address: 217 Good1and Drive East, Naples
The Notice of Hearing was sent via Certified Mail on July 23,2010 and delivered on
July 29,2010. The property and Courthouse were posted on July 19,2010.
Investigator McGonagle stated the violations have not been abated.
Fines have accrued at the rate of $50.00 per day for the period from July 8, 2010
through August 6, 2010 (30 days) for a total fine amount of$1,500.00.
Previously assessed Operational Costs of $112.38 have not been paid.
The total amount due to date is $1,612.38.
15
August 6,2010
The Special Magistrate GRANTED the County's Motion for Imposition of Fines in
the total amount of $1,612.38 and notedfines continue to accrue.
2. Case #CENA 20090007984 - BCC vs. Julian H. Camacho
The County was represented by Code Enforcement Investigator Michele McGonagle.
The Respondent was not present.
Violations: Collier County Code of Laws, Chapter 54, Article VI, Section 54-181
and Section 54-179.
Litter consisting of but not limited to: buckets, spa, coolers, broken
furniture, piles of wood and metal, appliances, vegetation debris, paint,
tools, tires, and other debris scattered throughout vacant lot.
Folio No: 66680280006
Violation address: 338 Pettit Drive, Goodland
The Notice of Hearing was sent via Certified Mail on July 23, 2010 and delivered on
July 29,2010. The property and Courthouse were posted on July 19,2010.
Investigator McGonagle stated the violations have not been abated.
Fines have accrued at the rate of $50.00 per day for the period from July 8, 2010
through August 6,2010 (30 days) for a total fine amount of$1,500.00.
Previously assessed Operational Costs of$112.38 have not been paid.
The total amount due to date is $1,612.38.
The Special Magistrate GRANTED the County's Motion for Imposition of Fines in
the total amount of $1,612.38 and notedfines continue to accrue.
3. Case #CEV 20090007995 - BCC vs. Julian H. Camacho
The County was represented by Code Enforcement Investigator Michele McGonagle.
The Respondent was not present.
Violations: Collier County Land Development Code 2004-41, as amended,
Section 2.01.00(A).
Several types of trailers and recreational camper located on property are
unlicensed and/or inoperable.
Folio No: 66680280006
Violation Address: 338 Pettit Drive, Good1and
The Notice of Hearing was sent via Certified Mail on July 23,2010 and delivered
on July 29,2010. The property and Courthouse were posted on July 19,2010.
Investigator McGonagle stated the violations have not been abated.
16
August 6, 2010
Fines have accrued at the rate of$50.00 per day for the period from July 8, 2010
through August 6,2010 (30 days) for a total fine amount of$1,500.00.
Previously assessed Operational Costs of$112.38 have not been paid.
The total amount due to date is $1,612.38.
The Special Magistrate GRANTED the County's Motion for Imposition of Fines in
the total amount of $1,612.38 and notedfines continue to accrue.
5. Case #CEV 20100002334 - BCC vs. Robert Hoover Rev Trust
The County was represented by Code Enforcement Investigator Carol Sykora.
The Respondent was not present.
Violations: Ordinance(s) 04-41, as amended, the Collier County Land Development
Code; Section 2.01.00(A).
Recurring Violation: Unlicensed/inoperable vehicles stored outside on
Estates zoned property.
Folio No: 37348360006
Violation address: 1280 25th St SW, Naples
The Notice of Hearing was posted at the property and Courthouse on July 22,2010.
Investigator Sykora stated the violations have not been abated.
The Respondent claimed he owned only one vehicle, but the Investigator saw several
vehicles on the property and noted the vehicles were still unlicensed..
Fines have accrued at the rate of$100.00 per day for the period from May 22,2010
through July 16,2010 (55 days) for a total fine amount of$5,500.00.
Fines were stayed from July 16,2010 through August 6, 2010.
Previously assessed Operational Costs of $112.64 have not been paid.
The total amount due to date is $5,612.64.
The Special Magistrate ruled the fines had been stayed for the purpose of allowing
the Respondent to comply. Since he did not, she assessed fines for the period from
July 16, 2010 through August 6, 2010 (20 days) in the amount of $2,000.00.
The Special Magistrate GRANTED the County's Motion for Imposition of Fines in
the total amount of $7,612.64 and notedfines continue to accrue.
VII. OLD BUSINESS
A. Motion to Amend Previously Issued Order: None
B. Motion to Rescind Previously Issued Order:
]7
August 6, 2010
(from Intersection Safety Program Hearing)
Notice #1361000094263 - BCC vs. Karyn M. Zarlen2:a
The County was represented by Code Enforcement Supervisor Jennifer Waldron.
The Respondent was not present.
Supervisor Waldron stated the County requested to rescind the Order due to a mis-
communication between American Traffic Solutions and the Respondent.
The Special Magistrate GRANTED the County's Motion.
VIII. CONSENT AGENDA
A. Request to Forward Cases to County Attorney's Office as referenced in the
submitted Executive Summary.
The Special Magistrate reviewed the cases cited in the Executive Summary and
GRANTED the County's Request.
B. Request for Special Magistrate to Impose Nuisance Abatement Liens on Cases
referenced in the submitted Executive Summary.
The Special Magistrate reviewed the cases cited in the Executive Summary and
GRANTED the County's Request.
IX. REPORTS
None
X. NEXT HEARING DATE
September 3, 2010 at 9:00 AM, located at the Collier County Government Center,
Administrative Building "F," 3rd Floor, 3301 East Tamiami Trail, Naples, Florida.
There being no further business for the good of the County, the Hearing was adjourned by
Order of the Special Magistrate at 12:34 PM.
COLLIER COUNTY SPECIAL MAGISTRATE
HEARING
Brenda Garretson, Special Magistrate
The Minutes were approved by the Special Magistrate on
as presented _, or as amended
18