1992-319 CZM Section II (5.0)
5.0 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL ZONE HABITATS
5.1 Coastal Habitats and Development
Coastal areas in Florida historically have been among the first
settled, fastest growing, and most densely populated in the
state. This real estate, however, provides more than building
parcels. Perhaps its most important feature is protection for
landward human and native species communities. "Coastal
Barriers" are defined in Florida Administrative Code
(9J-S.003(12)) as:
Barrier islands, spits, peninsulas, or similar land
forms, including the Florida Keys, which front on the
Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, or Straits of Florida,
and which separate estuaries or harbors from the open
waters of the Atlantic ocean, Gulf of Mexico, or straits
of Florida.
Barrier islands serve as coastal Florida's first defense against
storm waves and oceanic flooding. These coastal barriers, seldom
more than a mile wide or greater than ten feet in elevation, are
formed through the dynamic interactions of wind, waves, tides,
and changes in sea level.
Some barrier islands are created when a gradual rise in sea level
overwashes a dune system that fronts a low coastal plain
(mainland). This breach creates a lagoon or bay, separating the
dune system from the mainland, by forming a barrier beach. Beach
sediments are reworked by wind and water so that the barrier
continuously erodes, accretes, changes profile, or migrates with
these natural forces. Severe storms may wash out sections of
barrier islands, creating passes and inlets; conversely, storms
may deposit enough sediment to shoal in and close passes or
inlets. During storms, offshore bars dissipate wave energy
before contact with beaches. In addition, the transfer of sand
within the beach zone assures the existence of the barrier
landform, by maintaining a transitional land-sea interface that
changes at the same pace as changes in sea level.
Barrier systems often form distinct communities within the
maritime zone. This is often a function of elevation, distance
from the surf zone, and protection from wind and salt spray. The
plant assemblages which comprise barrier systems are listed and
described below (adapted from Florida Natural Areas Inventory
1986; Gore, 1984, as adapted from Davis, 1943).
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Foredune/dune
This is the area extending from just landward of the high water
line to the dune crest. The vegetative assemblage consists of
pioneer plants, including trailing vines (railroad vine, beach
bean), sea oats, and mixed halophylic (i.e. salt-tolerant)
grasses and herbs, such as sea rocket, beach elder, and inkberry;
many of these plants have a network of fine roots which stabilize
the dune.
Dune overwash zone
This habitat occurs when storm surges have breached the dune,
depositing a thin, fan-shaped, overburden of sand/shellhash. The
deposit initially is colonized by mixed halophylic herbs and
shrubs, which are adapted to withstand storm surges. If no major
storms occur, the overwash becomes stabilized; larger shrubs and
trees, such as buttonwood or cabbage palm may colonize the area,
and it may succeed to coastal strand or maritime hammock.
Coastal berm
Coastal berms are a series of mounds of sand/shell hash/storm
debris deposited landward of the dune by tidal action or storm
surge. Mixed halophylic herbs such as yucca, lantana, various
cacti, and sea-oxeye daisy often colonize these deposits, with
cabbage palms and buttonwoods as later successors.
strand/coastal shrub thicket
This is the vegetative assemblage located between the dune crest
and the coastal hammock. This habitat is characterized by
cabbage palms, seagrape, prickly pear, and vines such as
nickerbean and coin vine. Often the exotic Australian pine
invades this community.
Coastal hammock
This is a highly diverse plant community located in the more
stabilized back barrier zone. Because the area is more protected
from storms and tidal inundation, plants tend to be less salt-
tolerant. Coastal hammocks are dominated by several species of
temperate or tropical trees, under which a lush shrub layer
exists. The tree canopy consists of cabbage palms and mixed
hardwoods, such as live oaks, gumbo limbo, Jamaica dogwood,
seagrape, and mastic. The shrub layer is comprised predominantly
of tropical species such as marlberry, stoppers, satin leaf, and
wild coffee.
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Coastal barriers in our area are generally low profile shoreline
features, as prevailing winds here do not promote substantial
sand accumulation and dune building (Harvey, et. al., 1984). The
County's barriers may be generally described as having two forms.
In the northern two-thirds of the County, barriers are part of,
or closely associated with, the mainland. They are linear,
oriented north to south, and receive enough wave energy to
maintain open, sandy beach habitats. The southern third of the
County's coast is mostly mangrove forest estuary. This coastal
system has a gradual slope, with low wave energy, supporting
extensive mangrove forests and mangrove islands (Figure 5-1).
Development has occurred almost exclusively in the northern
two-thirds of the County's coastal area. Historically this area
has provided the greatest opportunities for human development,
largely because of its comparatively high elevation. Safety and
good drainage in times of inclement weather perhaps provided
the initial attraction to these areas; however, a lack of
environmental regulation has allowed great latitude in project
design here.
The southern third of the County's coast has been relatively
untouched by shoreline development. Low topography with few
resources available to increase elevation has resulted in an area
that is generally considered as uninhabitable for humans.
Technology has permitted development to progress into low-lying
coastal wetland areas, resulting in communities built in areas
that were mostly mangrove swamp (e.g., Naples Bay, Marco Island).
In recent years, however, State and Federal regulatory agencies
have assumed jurisdiction of coastal wetland areas, and have
placed restrictions, through legislation, on activities in these
habitats. Now, permits for activities that may compromise
the ecology of these coastal systems are very restrictive, so
that development in mangrove areas is unlikely to occur.
General Guidelines for Development:
Objectives 11.3, 11.4, and 11.5 of the Conservation and Coastal
Management Element of the current Growth Management Plan outline
the primary concepts for management of activities on the County's
undeveloped and developed coastal barriers and undeveloped
shorelines. The fundamental theme of Goal 11 and its supporting
Objectives and policies focuses on the proper allowance of human
activity, including development, and minimizing the loss of
function of the natural coastal systems. Policy 11.1.4 of the
Conservation and Coastal Management Element of the Growth
Management Plan lists the following priorities for siting of
coastal development:
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1 areas presently developed
2 disturbed uplands
3 disturbed freshwater wetlands
4 disturbed marine wetlands
5 viable unaltered uplands
6 viable unaltered freshwater wetlands
7 viable unaltered marine wetlands
A primary consideration for the function of coastal barrier
systems and development is the protection of human life and
property. It is important to preserve the integrity of coastal
barriers in order to minimize property loss by erosion or
flooding during storms, and during natural gradual accretion or
migration. However, it is also important to realize the
ephemeral nature of coastal barrier systems, and to consider and
anticipate natural physical changes in local barrier systems.
Therefore, the Growth Management Plan Objectives emphasize the
maintenance, enhancement, restoration, protection, and creation
of natural systems; the limitation of the effects of development;
and the establishment of construction standards that will help to
minimize the impact of manmade structures on beach and dune
systems.
5 . 2 OPEN BEACH
High wave and tide energies maintain open beach areas as rather
austere habitats. Few species are able to tolerate this as a
permanent or preferred niche; however, these areas are critical
or important for certain life stages of many protected species,
or as forage areas for many coastal species. For example,
protected sea turtles and many shore birds, including the least
tern and the black skimmer, require these open areas as nesting
habitat; many terrestrial mammals, shore birds, crustaceans and
near-shore fishes depend on open beaches and their shallow
intertidal waters as forage areas. Plants are not common on
sandy beaches. Their inability to move and accommodate high
energy, shifting beach substrate seems to limit their success in
these areas. On the landward edge of beaches, however, pioneer
species that provide initial sand stabilization on the back
beach, depend on this open, austere character and lack of
competition for successful colonization and reproduction.
Open beach may be identified with description in the Florida Land
Use, Cover and Forms Classification System, including but not
limited to numbers 181, 652, 710 (Florida Department of
Transportation 1985). This method for habitat identification
must be followed to identify all habitats on an aerial photograph
(scale: 1 inch = 200' when available from the County; otherwise 1
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inch = 400'), on all plans for development that require
development plans (CCME Policy 6.4.1, Ordinance 89-49, 89-50,
89-51, 89-52).
A wide beach and a well developed dune system afford natural
protection from the flooding of inland areas during storms.
Unfortunately, because of man's continuous quest for development
along the coastal zones, this protection is constantly
threatened. To protect valuable shoreline properties and
structures, man has implemented artificial stability on barrier
islands by the construction of bulkheads, seawalls, groins, etc.
These measures of shoreline stabilization have had limited
success, but heavy storm damage requires more elaborate and
costly structures or engineering methods.
In the past few decades, coastal engineers have turned to
non-structural shore protection strategies such as beach
renourishment, dune construction, and revegetation on many
barrier island beaches to combat erosion and protect coastal
properties. These shore protection strategies imitate the natural
processes of a natural system. Artificial beach restoration and
periodic beach renourishment, with the implementation and
stabilization of dunes, provide effective devices against storm
surge flooding. Knowledge of barrier island erosion patterns and
sand transport mechanisms is essential for the planning, design,
and management of coastal areas.
5.2.1 Extant Habitat
Collier County's mainland coast and the western shores of its
barrier islands include open sandy beaches from the County line
in the north, southward to the southern end of Marco Island.
Beaches are often no more than 100' wide in this area, and seldom
occur south of Marco, where the coast is dominated by mangrove
forest. Open, active beach areas make up less than one percent
of the County's total land area (Table 5-2).
5.2.2 Preservation ReQuirements
state and Local Protection
The Conservation and Coastal Management Element (CCME) of the
current County Growth Management Plan specifically identifies
"beaches" for protection, conservation, management, and
appropriate use (Goal 11; see Appendix A).
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Open beach habitats in Collier county are almost all seaward of
the state of Florida Department of Natural Resources' (DNR)
Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) and the County Coastal
Building Setback Line. The CCCL has been established by the
State to identify coastal areas that are most likely to be
influenced by natural coastal processes, and is intended as a
limitation of regulatory authority for DNR. Activities that are
proposed for areas seaward of this line receive a more critical
review by DNR and are more closely regulated on the basis of
impervious surface area, amount of shore-parallel structure,
types of materials used, construction design, etc. In 1975 the
county adopted the State's Coastal Construction Control Line as
the County Coastal Construction Setback Line (Ordinance. 75-19).
The County's ordinance, however, is unlike the state's, as it
prohibits substantial activity, rather than regulation of
activity. Ordinance 80-19 provides exemption for removal of
exotic species, as defined by ordinance, seaward of the CCCL.
All other activities, including those that would:
"construct any structure, make any excavation, remove any
beach material or otherwise alter existing ground
elevations, drive any vehicle on, over or across any sand
dune, or damage or cause to be damaged such sand dune or
the vegetation growing thereon, seaward of said coastal
construction setback line,"
are prohibited by County Ordinance 75-19. Therefore,
preservation of all open beach habitats is required by County
ordinance. However, land alteration activities may occur seaward
of the county Setback Line, if a resolution granting a variance
is approved by the Board of county Commissioners.
In 1989 the State of Florida DNR revised its criteria for
determining the placement of the CCCL, and re-established its
Control Line in Collier county. This realignment moved the
Control Line landward throughout the entire coastal area. This
new line is the State's current regulatory line; the former State
CCCL remains as the County's Building Setback Line (see section
3.0) .
Some of the County's beach habitat occurs in areas with an liST"
zoning classification. This zoning overlay indicates an
approximate boundary for an area that may require special
environmental consideration. Any activities proposed for these
areas require detailed environmental considerations by the
applicant, and a detailed review by the County, during the
development review procedure, per section 9 of the Zoning
Ordinance.
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Federal Regulation
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Environmental Protection
Agency may regulate activities that may result in changes in the
topography of shoreline areas. This authority stems from the
River and Harbor Act of 1899, the Clean Water Act of 1972, as
amended, the Federal Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958,
and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1979.
5.2.3 Guidelines tor Mitiaation
Substantial development is rare on the County's coastal beach
areas. However, for instances in which the appropriate variances
and permits will allow activities on open beach habitats,
mitigation should occur to help preserve or enhance beach or
other associated habitats. Beaches are austere habitats with low
species diversity; biological enhancement that may increase
diversity or productivity in nearby or associated areas should be
given consideration for beach mitigation. The following indicate
orders of preference for activities associated with development
on open beaches.
Order of preference for location of mitigation for activity on
open beach habitats:
1. The same development site
2. An area adjacent to the development site
3. An area in the same coastal management segment
4. An area in the Coastal Area as defined in the
Conservation and Coastal Management Element of
the Growth Management Plan
5. Other area in the County
An order of preference is proposed for habitats in which
activities should occur for mitigation of beach habitat
destruction. Enhancement of areas with human disturbance is
preferred in every case; preservation or natural enhancement of
areas designated as "ST" (Ordinance 82-2, Section 9.1) or Natural
Resource Protection Areas (NRPAs) as outlined in the Conservation
and Coastal Management Element of the County Growth Management
Plan should be given priority:
1. Open beach habitat
2. Dune or strand habitat
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3. Coastal hammock habitat
4. Mangrove forest habitat
5. Other native habitat
Order of preference of activities for mitigation of beach habitat
destruction are:
1. preservation
2. Restoration of like habitat
3. Removal of exotic species and replacement with
appropriate native species
4. Habitat enhancement by planting appropriate
native species
5.2.4 Development Standards
Opportunities for Development
Limitations by regulatory agencies and the ephemeral nature of
sandy beaches has resulted in few structural improvements on the
county's beaches. Development activities that are appropriate in
beach areas, if properly permitted, include:
Public accesses (Objective 11.2, CCME)
Natural areas for recreation (Policy 11.2.3, CCME)
Passive recreation structures and access crossovers
(policies 11.2.1, 11.3.6, 11.5.4, CCME)
Beach restoration and preservation where appro-
priate (Policy 11.4.1,11.4.5,11.5.8, CCME)
construction for public access (11.5.9, CCME,
undeveloped coastline)
Construction for protection and restoration of
beach resources (11.5.9, CCME, undeveloped coastline)
Construction in cases of demonstrated land use-
related hardship or safety concerns, as specified
in the 1985 Florida Coastal Zone Protection Act
(11.5.9, CCME, undeveloped coastline)
Preservation or replacement of native vegetation on
site (11.5.10, CCME, undeveloped coastline)
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Projects that include dune stabilization, restoration
improvements, removal of exotic vegetation, as
appropriate (11.5.12, CCME, undeveloped coastline)
Approved and permitted beach nourishment
Projects that consider implications of a potential
rise in sea level (11.6.4, CCME)
Development activities that are not appropriate for open beach
habitat include:
Deep water ports (Policy 11.1.2, CCME)
Any structure seaward of the Coastal Construction
Line, as established in 1985 (Policy 11.3.6,
CCME - under barriers; 11.4.7 developed barriers;
11.5.4, undeveloped shoreline)
structural beach and dune stabilization (11.5.8, CCME,
undeveloped shoreline)
Development that exceeds the lowest density provided in
the Future Land Use Element of the Growth Management
Plan (Policy 11.3.8, CCME - undeveloped barrier)
Bridges, causeways, paved roads, or marinas (11.3.10),
CCME undeveloped barrier)
Shoreline hardening structures (11.3.11, CCME - under
barriers; 11.5.8, undeveloped shoreline)
Substantial alteration of natural grade, except as part
of an approved beach or dune restoration program
(11.3.14, CCME - undeveloped barrier)
Shoreline hardening except where necessary to protect
existing structures (11.4.2, CCME developed barrier)
Any activities that would result in man-induced
shoreline erosion (11.4.3, CCME, developed barrier;
11.5.3 undeveloped shoreline)
Any activity that may interfere with sea turtle nesting
(11.4.8, CCME, developed barrier; 11.5.10, undeveloped
shoreline, Ord. 88-52)
Seawall construction on the Gulf of Mexico, except in
cases of extreme hardship (11.4.9, CCME developed
barrier)
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Vehicle traffic except for emergency or approved
maintenance purposes, or as approved by permit as
authorized with the "Vehicle on the Beach" Ordinance
(11.4.10, CCME, developed barrier; 11.5.5, undeveloped
shoreline)
For repair or reconstruction of shore-parallel
engineered stabilization structures, permits will be
issued only after consideration of the following minimum
review criteria where appropriate:
1. All damaged seawalls will be replaced with, or
fronted by, riprap
2. Repaired structures will be redesigned or relocated
landward to align with adjacent structures (11.4.12,
CCME, developed barriers)
Any activity that would threaten the stability of the
beach or dune (11.5.6, CCME, undeveloped coastline)
There shall be no shore armoring except in cases of
public safety (11.5.9, CCME, undeveloped shoreline)
Development standards
Construction on open beach areas will conform with all current
federal, State and local requirements. Structures will be no
greater than ten feet high and the total amount of shore-parallel
structure shall not exceed five percent of the total linear
shoreline of the property.
5.3 DUNE AND STRAND
Dune and strand shoreline habitats ordinarily occur landward of
open beaches. These habitats develop as areas of greater sand
accretion landward of the mean high water line; dune formation is
largely caused by prevailing winds, but accretion of sands may
also occur through action by tides or other water flow.
Dune areas are usually not affected by tidal inundations and
their associated kinetic energies, so that they remain stable
enough to allow recruitment and establishment of several plant
species. These plants hold the beach sands together with their
roots, and above ground produce greater surface area and higher
topographic profile. This augments the accretion process by
slowing wind (or water), so that sediment loads are deposited in
or near the strand plant community. By holding these sediments in
the substrate, dune profiles grow and allow colonization of other
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plant species. Ultimately, a large barrier system with an entire
suite of habitats may result from this accretion. However, the
ephemeral nature of these systems often does not allow the
development of large, diverse barrier systems. In some areas,
such as the Atlantic Coast of the state, strong prevailing
onshore winds maintain substantial dune systems; in our area the
prevailing winds are offshore so that large dunes are not common
(Figure 5-2).
Dune and strand habitat may be identified with description in the
Florida Land Use, Cover and Forms Classification System,
including but not limited to numbers 181, 652, 710 (Florida
Department of Transportation 1985). This method for habitat
identification must be followed to identify all habitats on an
aerial photograph (scale: 1 inch = 200' when available from the
County; otherwise 1 inch = 400'), on all plans (CCME Policy
6.4.1, Ordinance 89-49, 89-50, 89-51, 89-52). Table 5-3 lists
vascular plant species that are commonly found inhabiting dune
and strand habitat.
The formation and stability of a dune is affected by the presence
of dune vegetation. Natural vegetation is the stabilizing
ingredient that acts as a dynamic sand binder, enabling the
establishment and growth of a stable dune. When there is a lack
of vegetation, the dune migrates back and forth in response to
the direction of the blowing wind. Natural dunes grow along the
coast as a result of the trapping of blowing sand by the roots,
rhizomes, and stems of dune vegetation. The specialized nature
of the dune plants allows many of them to survive the harsh
conditions of the environment such as salt spray, inundation, and
hot summer temperatures. Natural and man-induced destruction of
dune vegetation eliminates the effectiveness of their protective
power. Natural destruction can be caused by severe storm damage,
disease, drought, and over-grazing by insects.
Man's contribution to dune destruction includes pedestrian
traffic, off-road vehicles, and real estate development. Removal
of the vegetation creates a weakness in the dune system, making
it vulnerable to wind erosion and leading to the reduction of
dune elevations. Efforts should be exercised to educate the
public as to the fragile nature of dune systems. Revegetation
programs have been instituted in many coastal areas for increased
shoreline protection.
Advantaqes of Reveqetation
vegetated dunes provide a valuable habitat for wildlife,
including many species of birds, mammals, insects, and reptiles.
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Terns and gulls use the vegetated dune area as their primary
nesting site because of the isolation and protection from
predators.
The most important aspect of a healthy, vegetated dune is that it
provides protection for upland properties. A continuous coastal
dune acts as a flexible barrier to the landward property. Where
there is an adequate sand supply, a vegetated dune provides
protection more effectively and at a lower cost than a seawall or
bulkhead.
Another important aspect is that the dune provides for the
preservation of the beach itself, by acting as a storage/suPPly
house to nourish the beach during storm attack. Storm waves
(short, steep erosional waves) remove sand from the dunes during
a storm, and temporarily store the sand in offshore bars. This
allows the beach profile to adjust to the storm energy. After
the storm, calm seas (flat, low energy waves) return the sand to
the beach, and eventually aeolian processes (blowing winds which
move sand) transport the sand back into the dunes. In the
absence of a vegetated dune, sand for storm profile adjustments
must come from the shore behind or from the beach itself.
Disadvantaqes of Reveqetation
Building and revegetating a dune is costly and labor intensive.
Market demand for dune materials is erratic and therefore
seedlings are not readily available. Should a dune fail either
by storm or by plant death, the whole process must be repeated.
Dune design has to be carefully engineered and planned or beach
erosion could actually be accelerated. For example, if sand for
building the dune is graded from the adjacent beach, it changes
the beach profile and therefore its equilibrium. Design beach
and dune height, slope, width, and length must all be calculated
and taken into account prior to dune construction and
revegetation.
5.3.1 Extant Habitat
Stabilization of the barrier island is increased by the
seeding-in, growth, and maturation of coastal vegetative
communities. Strand inhabitants are adapted to the harsh
conditions of salt spray, windblown sand, and sporadic inundation
by salt water and sand; some plant assemblages may even depend
upon disturbance by storms in order to remain as such (Harvey et
al., 1984). Many plants found in this zone are characterized by
thick, fleshy leaves which indicate water-conserving,
drought-tolerant properties. In Collier County, the dune strand
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is located mainly on barrier islands such as Keewaydin, and the
unnamed islands which front Clam Ba~, Little Hickory Bay, and
Venetian Bay.
The most commonly found noxious exotic plant species found in the
dune and strand habitats of Collier County is the Australian pine
(Casuarina eouisetifolia). Australian pines have shallow,
extensive root systems that accelerate dune erosion. Because of
their high growth rate and lack of natural predators, they
outcompete native trees and shade out dune understory. It was
previously reported that 13% of Collier county's coast has become
invaded by monotypic stands of this species, while 25% of the
shoreline exhibits various stages of transition between a healthy
dune system vegetated by native vegetation and one that is
dominated by Australian pines (Harvey et al., 1984).
Dune and strand habitats have received relatively little
protection until recently. As desirable human habitats, they have
largely been replaced with residences and other associated
development. Much residential development has occurred in the
County's dune and strand systems, despite the unstable nature of
coastal barriers (see also: Coastal Zone Management Reports
1983-1988). This instability is mediated somewhat in coastal
strand systems by dune elevation and substrate binding by
resident plants. It has been reported that at least 50%, and in
some cases, up to 90%, of the open beach and dune and strand
areas have been lost by coastal land development practices
(Harvey et al., 1984). Dune and strand habitat is a thin,
transitional zone between open beach and more dense landward
habitats. It has probably never accounted for a large amount of
the county's discrete habitat areas, and now makes up much less
than one percent of the County's total land area (Table 5-2).
As the area's popularity continues to grow, greater numbers of
people are visiting the beach. Vegetated dune systems are easily
degraded by foot and vehicular traffic on the beach. Furthermore,
the general populace seems to find an unvegetated beach more
aesthetically and recreationally pleasing than a vegetated beach
(see "section 7.10: Big Marco Pass"). This has led to the
widespread practice of beach raking, where motorized vehicles
remove dune vegetation from the sand.
5.3.2 Preservation Requirements
Local protection
Dune and strand habitats in Collier County are mostly landward of
the county Building Setback Line, but seaward of the state
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Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL). Therefore, much of
this habitat may receive regulatory review by the State DNR, but
may not require a County CCCL variance (see "4.2.2 Open Beach,
Preservation Requirements"). POlicies 6.4.6 and 6.4.7 in the
Conservation and Coastal Management Element of the County Growth
Management Plan, require preservation of native habitats in the
coastal area, so that some areas of dune and strand vegetation
may be required for preservation through the Development review
procedure.
State and Federal Reoulation
State and Federal protection of dune and strand habitat areas is
essentially the same as the protection that is outlined in the
section on Open Beach habitat (see "Section 4.2, Open Beachll);
however, some exceptions are more specific to this area,
including:
1. The State of Florida DNR Coastal Construction Control Line
(CCCL) (Figure 5-3). Dune and strand habitats are generally
seaward of the CCCL, and are subject to those restrictions
(Chapter 161, F.s.). However, in some areas, these habitats
are landward of the CCCL and are not Subject to those
restrictions.
2. Destruction of certain plant species and their habitats may
be regulated by State agencies. For example, Chapter
370.041, F.S., protects sea oats (Uniola paniculata) and sea
grapes (Coccoloba Uvifera); alteration of mangroves may
require approval by Florida Department of Environmental
Regulation (F.s. 403, F.A.c. 17-321) and County Development
Services' environmental review (See Section 4.5: Mangrove and
Back Bay Systems).
3. Wetland habitats. Many of the plant species that are common
in strand habitats are listed by the State DER as indicators
of wetland habitats (17-3.022, F.A.C.). If the strand area
is determined to be part of a wetland within DER
jurisdiction, activities there may require State permitting
through that agency.
5.3.3 Guidelines for Mitiaation
Much residential development has occurred in the County'S dune
and strand systems, despite the unstable nature of coastal
barriers (See also: Coastal Zone Management Reports 1983-88).
This instability is mediated somewhat in coastal strand systems
by dune elevation and substrate binding by resident plants.
Therefore, to help maintain the integrity of coastal systems, it
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is important to maintain barrier topography and native plant
communities. By conserving intact, healthy coastal barrier
systems, the county may help to insure natural, efficient
protection to coastal property owners from inevitable damage by
storms. Mitigation for appropriately permitted activities in
coastal strand areas should be focused on maintenance and
enhancement of natural coastal barrier stability, especially in
strand habitats. The following indicate orders of preference of
activities that may be associated with coastal barrier dune and
strand development.
The order of preference for location of mitigation for activity
on dune and strand habitats is:
1. The same development site
2. An area adjacent to the development site
3. An area in the same coastal management segment
4. An area in the Coastal Area as defined in the
.Conservation and Coastal Management Element of the Growth
Management Plan
5. other area in the County
The order of preference for habitats in which activities should
occur for mitigation of dune and strand habitat destruction has
been established. Enhancement of areas with human disturbance is
preferred in every case; natural enhancement of areas designated
liST" (Ordinance 82-2, section 9.1) or Natural Resource Protection
Areas (NRPAS) as outlined in the Conservation and Coastal
Management Element of the County Growth Management Plan should be
given priority:
1. Dune and strand habitat
2. Coastal hammock habitat
3. Open beach habitat
4. Mangrove forest habitat
5. other native habitat
The order of preference of activities for mitigation of dune and
strand habitat destruction is:
1. Preservation of dune and strand habitat
2. Restoration of dune and strand habitat
3. Removal of exotic species and replacement with
appropriate native species
4. Habitat enhancement by planting appropriate native
species; topographic changes only if needed.
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5.3.4 Development Standards
Opportunities for Development
Development in dune and strand areas has historically been
undertaken with little understanding of these habitats. The
function of these habitats in substrate accumulation and
stabilization should be considered and promoted whenever
possible. Properly permitted development in dune and strand
habitats may include:
Public accesses (Objective 11.2, CCME)
Natural areas for recreation (Policy 11.2.3,
CCME)
Passive recreation structures and access
crossovers (Policies 11.2.1, 11.3.6, 11.5.1,
11.5.4, CCME)
Dune stabilization, restoration and preservation
where appropriate (Policies 11.4.1, 11.4.4
11.4.5, 11.5.8, CCME)
Public acquisition of properties to preserve
natural functions (Policy 11.3.6)
Publicly funded projects that will not sub-
stantially alter the natural characteristics
and natural function of the undeveloped coastal
barrier system (Policy 11.3.4)
Projects that preserve or replace all native
vegetation on site; projects that remove all exotic
vegetation on site and replace it with
appropriate native species (Policies 11.3.9, 11.5.12)
Native vegetation as landscaping (Policy 11.4.6)
Developments that are realigned landward to match
existing structures (Policy 11.4.12)
Non-structural dune stabilization (Policy 11.5.8)
Development activities that are not appropriate for dune and
strand habitats include:
On undeveloped coastal barriers:
Construction seaward of the Coastal Construction
Control Line (Policy 11.3.6)
Development that exceeds the lowest density pro-
vided in the Future Land Use Element of the Growth
Management Plan (Policy 11.3.8)
Bridges, causeways, paved roads or marinas. (Policy
11.3.10)
Substantial alteration of natural grade (Policy
11.3.14)
II -123-
On developed coastal barriers:
Activities that would result in increased
shoreline erosion (Policy 11.4.3)
Construction seaward of the Coastal Construction
Control Line as established by the Coastal Zone
Protection Act of 1985 (Policy 11.4.7)
Seawall construction on the Gulf of Mexico (Policy
11.4.9)
Vehicular traffic except as permitted (Policy 11.4.10)
On undeveloped shorelines:
Activities that result in shoreline erosion
(Policy 11.5.3)
Construction seaward of the Coastal Construction
Control Line (Policy 11.5.4)
Vehicular traffic except as permitted (Policy
11.5.5)
Activity that threatens the stability of dunes
(Policy 11.5.6)
Activity that may interfere with sea turtle re-
production (Policy 11.5.10)
Development Standards
Development in coastal areas may be limited by physical
constraints common to barrier systems. Often coastal properties
are linear, with a large amount of shoreline per acre. Coastal
habitats are similarly arranged, often as long, thin, biological
communities parallel to the shoreline. These features produce
upland areas that have severe constraints for residential or
other development. Because of these constraints, significant
reduction of native habitats is virtually guaranteed when
development occurs. Upland habitats are either used for
development, or are thoroughly fragmented by these activities.
Physical limits on coastal development often produce development
designs that may destroy or fragment significant areas of the
dune and strand habitat, which promotes accretion and
stabilization of many coastal barriers. The State of Florida
Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has established limits for
development seaward of the Coastal Construction Control Line,
that include a 60% limit to the amount of shore-parallel
structure. Much of the area within this restriction is dune and
strand habitat; to help insure coastal barrier stability,
development will destroy no more than 50% of this habitat.
II -124-
5.4 COASTAL HAMMOCKS
Hammocks are habitats vegetated predominantly by trees and shrubs
that exist at elevations somewhat higher from surrounding areas,
forming unique "habitat iSlands". These habitat islands contain
biotic, topographic, hYdrologic, and edaphic (soil) elements
distinctly different from surrounding habitats.
Many coastal hammocks are dominated by tropical hardwood species
such as gumbo limbo, Jamaica dogwoOd, mastic, and others, and are
thus also known as tropical hardwood hammocks. Other upland
coastal hammocks are dominated by cabbage palms, oaks, and/or bay
trees. Hydric hardwood hammocks may also be located within the
Coastal Zone, and are dominated by wetland hardwood species such
as, but not limited to, red maple, swamp bay, sweet bay, laurel
oak, or water oak. Coastal hammocks generally develop on
elevations higher than surrounding areas. Thus, prehistoric shell
midden mounds are sites for many of the most diverse tropical
hammocks in the county.
A unique component of hammock systems is the epiphytic (air
plant) community. Many epiphytes are protected by state, federal,
and international regulatory agencies. Other protected species
found in hammock communities are the Florida tree snail, gopher
tortoise, and the Florida panther. Raccoons, white-tailed deer,
and spotted skunk are among the vertebrates that utilize hammock
systems as forage areas.
Hammock systems have value as unique habitats with high species
diversity, and are habitat islands for many rare and protected
species. Additionally, those coastal hammocks eXisting on
prehistoric shell mounds have archaeological valUe. Coastal
hammocks are sensitive to development and are slow to recover.
This is mainly due to the high complexity and diversity in these
systems. For this same reason, sUccessful hammock creation is
extremely difficult. Coastal hammock habitats should be left
intact or used for passive recreational and/or aesthetic elements
in development.
Coastal hammocks may be identified with description in the
Florida Land Use, COver and Forms Classification System,
inCLuding but not limited to, numbers 426, 427, 428, 433, 438,
(Florida Department of Transportation, 1985). This method for
habitat identification must be followed to identify all habitats
on an aerial Photograph (sCale: 1 inch = 200' when available from
the County; otherwise 1 inch: 400'), on all plans for
development that require development plans (CCME Policy 6.4.1,
Ordinance 89-49, 89-50, 89-51, 89-52). Table 5-4 lists vascular
plant species that are cOmmonly found inhabiting coastal
hammocks.
II -125-
5.4.1 Extant Habitat
coastal hammocks may be found along the entire length of the
coastal zone in Collier County. These areas are attractive for
development since they are typically found on elevated soils. Due
to extensive development within the City of Naples, there is
little chance that any substantial intact hammocks still exist
there. There are approximately 872 acres of coastal hammock
habitat, making up 0.06% of the total land area of the county
(Table 5-5).
5.4.2 preservation Reauirements
Due to the diverse nature of coastal hammocks, various
site-specific regulatory activities may be appropriate.
These may include coastal management considerations, wetland
regulations, and endangered and threatened species protection.
Local Protection
The conservation and Coastal Management Element (CCME) of the
current County Growth Management Plan (GMP) maintains that
representative hammock habitats should remain intact (section II,
Chapter 4.5). The CCME identifies hardwood hammocks as
appropriate habitats for protection, conservation, and
appropriate use (Goal 6; see Appendix A). Development activities
in coastal hammock habitats may require review by the county
Development Services Division under the Special Treatment (ST)
section of the Zoning ordinance (Ordinance 82-2, section 9.1),
Tree protection Ordinance (Ord. 75-21) and the Environmental
Impact statement Ordinance (Ord. 77-66). Coastal hammocks seaward
of the State of Florida Department of Natural Resources (FDNR)
Coastal construction control Line (CCCL) and the County Coastal
Building Setback Line are protected in the same manner as
previously outlined (Section 4.2.2 of this document).
State and Federal Requlations
Coastal hammocks seaward of the FDNR CCCL are regulated under
Chapter 161, Florida Statutes, as previously described in this
chapter. Coastal hydric hammocks may be considered
jurisdictional wetlands by the Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation (FDER), South Florida Water Management
District (SFWMD), and/or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE). proposed development projects in these areas would then
be subject to permitting requirements by those agencies, in
accordance with Chapters 403 and 373, Florida Statutes, and the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, respectively.
II -126-
As previously stated, Coastal hammocks provide habitat for
various protected species of flora and fauna. The Florida Game
and Fresh Water Fish Commission (FGFWFC) and the U.s. Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS) regulate activities affecting these
species, pursuant to Chapter 372, F.s., and the Endangered
Species Act, respectively.
5.4.3 GUidelines tor Mitiaation
Coastal hammocks are complex systems which provide nesting and
forage habitat for a wide variety of protected and unprotected
species. Because they are so complex, and may be climax systems
dominated by mature hardwood trees, it is difficult to create a
viable hammock system. Intact hammock habitats should remain as
undisturbed as practicable, within the regulations set forth by
federal, state, and local agencies. Considerations should be
taken for the "island habitat" function of hammocks, in which
species depending on these types of habitats for various survival
functions migrate among them. The value of a particular hammock
as a component of a "critical ecological corridor", then, is
specific to its location, surrounding habitats, and the migration
and/or dispersal patterns of its resident species. In
consideration of the rare, unique, and endangered character of
coastal hammock habitats that have been outlined, the fOllowing
orders of preference may be considered for determining activities
that may compensate for habitat destruction beyond the
recommended amount permitted for coastal tropical hammocks.
A. Geographic Locations of Habitat Mitigation
The order of preference for location of habitat mitigation for
activity in coastal hammock habitats is:
1. The same development site
2. An area adjacent to the development site
3. An area in the same coastal management segment
4. An area in the Coastal Area as defined in the CCME of
the GMP
5. Other area in the county
B. Habitat Locations of Habitat Mitigation
Restoration of areas with human disturbance is preferred in every
case; natural restoration of areas designated "ST" (Ordinance
82-2, Section 9.1) or Natural Resource Protection Areas (NRPA)
as outlined in the CCME of the County GMP should be given
priority. The order of preference for habitats in which
activities should occur for mitigation of coastal hammocks are as
follows:
II -127-
1. coastal hammock habitat
2. Dune and strand habitat
3. Open beach habitat
4. Mangrove forest habitat
5. other native habitat
c. Mitigation Activities
The order of preference of activities for mitigation of coastal
hammock habitat destruction is:
1. Habitat preservation
2. Restoration of like habitat
3. Removal of exotic species and replacement with
appropriate native species
4. Habitat enhancement by planting appropriate native
species, with topographical modifications, if
necessary
Important: Mitigation activities for a proposed project will only
be considered once the project is shown to have minimized
negative impacts to the natural environment as much as possible,
and is in compliance with existing state and federal regulations.
Where the relative value of the expected results of the
mitigation activities is less than the value of the undisturbed
project site, the project shall be denied. Mitigation activities
that are completed before project commencement shall be
encouraged in every case to insure a higher rate of project
compliance.
5.4.4 Development standards
Opportunities for Development
Development of coastal hammocks is generally desirable to the
developer due to the greater elevations usually found there.
considerations for the ecological value of these unique and
complex systems should be given whenever possible. Development
in areas that exhibit signs of disturbance by previous human
activity and/or a high degree of infestation by exotic
vegetation, and those that are not functioning as part of a
critical ecological corridor (CEC) will be given preference over
development in undisturbed, natural habitats functioning as part
of a CEC. wetland, or hydric, coastal hammocks will be given
greater protection, in accordance with the recommendations for
wetland habitats in the CCME. Properly permitted development in
coastal hammock habitats may include:
II -128-
Public accesses (Objective 11.2, CCME)
Natural areas for recreation (Policy 11.2.3,
CCME) .
Passive recreation structures and access
crossovers (Policies 11.2.1, 11.3.6, 11.5.1,
l1.5.4, CCME)
Hammock restoration and preservation
where appropriate (Policies 11.3.9, 11.4.1,
11.5.8, 6.1.6, 6.4.2, 6.4.7, CCME)
Public acquisition of properties to preserve
natural functions (Policies 11.3.4, 11.3.7, 11.5.8,
CCME)
Publicly funded projects that will not sub-
stantially alter the natural characteristics
and natural function of the undeveloped coastal
barrier system (Policy 11.3.4, CCME)
Projects that preserve or replace all native
vegetation on site; projects that remove all exotic
vegetation on site and replace it with
appropriate native species (Policies 11.3.9, 11.5.12,
6.4.3, CCME)
Native vegetation as landscaping (Policies 6.5.1, 11.4.6,
CCME)
Developments that are realigned landward to match existing
structures (Policy 11.4.12, CCME)
Development within hydric hammocks that cluster
development to maintain the largest contiguous wetland
area, designed to disturb the least amount of native
vegetation and to preserve the predevelopment hydroperiod
(Policy 6.2.13, CCME)
Development activities that are not appropriate for coastal
hammock habitats include:
On undeveloped coastal barriers:
Construction seaward of the CCCL (Policy 11.3.6, CCME)
Development that exceeds the lowest density pro-
vided in the Future Land Use Element of the Growth
Management Plan (Policy 11.3.8, CCME)
Bridges, causeways, paved roads or marinas. (Policy
11.3.10, CCME)
Substantial alteration of natural grade (Policy
11.3.14, CCME)
II -129-
On developed coastal barriers:
Activities that would result in increased shoreline
erosion (Policy 11.4.3, CCME)
Construction seaward of the CCCL as established by the
Coastal Zone Protection Act of 1985 (Policy ll.4.7, CCME)
- Development activities that cause an unacceptable net loss
of habitat and function (Objectives 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, CCME)
On undeveloped shorelines:
Activities that result in shoreline erosion (Policy
11.5.3, CCME)
Construction seaward of the CCCL (Policy 11.5.4, CCME)
Vehicular traffic except as permitted (Policy 11.5.5,
CCME)
Activity that threatens the stability of dunes (Policy
11.5.6, CCME)
Activity that may interfere with sea turtle reproduction
(Policy 11.5.11, CCME)
Development activities that cause an unacceptable net
loss of habitat and function (Objectives 6.2, 6.3, 6.4,
CCME)
Development Standards
Development of coastal hammocks seaward of the CCCL should be
limited to projects that destroy no more than 50% of this habitat
(GMP) to help insure coastal barrier stability. Development of
coastal hammocks landward of the CCCL should preserve at least
50% of the habitat to allow the area to remain as an intact,
functioning habitat. The use of the area for such activities as
passive recreation, foot and bike paths, low density residential,
green space, and undisturbed landscape elements is a preferred
type of activity.
5.5 XERIC SCRUB
xeric scrub areas exist on high, sandy dune ridges. These ridges
are remnant shorelines formed by higher sea levels that occurred
during the Pleistocene geologic era. Collier County contains the
southernmost extension of this habitat and its resident species,
including turkey oak, sand pine, and gopher tortoise. These
habitats are predominantly vegetated by such trees as sand pine,
slash pine, and scrub oak. Rosemary, spike moss, and prickly pear
are commonly found as groundcover or understory; unvegetated
sandy areas, or sand covered by a lichen layer are common. Plants
II -130-
found in xeric scrub areas are well adapted to tolerate limited
water, sterile soil, intense sunlight, and high air and soil
temperatures. Protected animal species found in xeric scrub areas
include the Florida scrub jay, gopher tortoise, Florida gopher
frog, the eastern indigo snake, and three species of scarab
beetles. Many other species found in xeric scrub are endemic to
those habitats (i.e., found only in those habitats).
Xeric scrub may be identified with description in the Florida
Land Use, Cover and Forms Classification System, including but
not limited to numbers 413, 421, 432 (Florida Department of
Transportation, 1985). This method for habitat identification
must be followed to identify all habitats on an aerial Photograph
(scale: 1 inch = 200 when available from the County; otherwise 1
inch = 400'), on all plans for development that require
development plans (CCME Policy 6.4.1, Ordinance 89-49, 89-50,
89-51, 89-52). Table 5-6 lists vascular plant Species that are
Commonly found inhabiting xeric scrub.
5.5.1 Extant Habitat
Xeric scrub habitats are found on the high dune ridge areas along
old U.S. Highway 41, which is the approximate location of one of
the prehistoric dune crests. The majority of Collier County'S
xeric scrub habitats have been developed as urban and suburban
Naples. However, undeveloped areas of this habitat type still
exist within the County. This is due, in part, to recent efforts
by the County to preserve portions of xeric scrub habitats within
development projects; these are used as amenities such as green
space or natural landscape areas. There are approximately 546
acres of xeric scrub habitat making up 0.04% of the total land
area of the County (Table 5-5).
Local Protection
5.5.2 Preservation Reauirements
The CCME of the 1989 County Growth Management Plan suggests that
xeric scrub areas are prime habitats for pUblic acquisition and
preservation. Protection is recOmmended because this habitat type
is very unique, because very few sizable areas within the County
remain intact, and because it is the habitat for many of the
protected species and most of the endemic taxa in Florida
(Section 4.4.4, CCME).
The CCME also identifies xeric scrub as appropriate habitat for
protection, conservation, and appropriate use (Goal 6, Policy
6.1.1). Development activities in xeric scrub habitats may
require review by the Board of County Commissioners under the
II -131-
Special Treatment (ST) Zoning Ordinance (Ord. 82.2, section
9.1), Tree Protection Ordinance (Ord. 75-21), and the
Environmental Impact Statement Ordinance (Ord. 77-66). Xeric
scrub areas that may exist seaward of the FDNR CCCL and the
County Coastal Building Setback Line are protected in the same
manner as previously outlined (Section 4.2.2 of this document).
State and Federal Requlations
xeric scrub areas provide a habitat for various protected species
of flora and fauna. The Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish
commission (FGFWFC) and the U.S. Fish and wildlife Service
(USFWS) regulate activities affecting these species, pursuant to
Chapter 372, F.S., and the Endangered Species Act, respectively.
5.5.3 Guidelines for Mitiaation
Preservation, restoration, and/or creation of xeric scrub habitat
is encouraged as mitigation for development. The plants that are
found in xeric scrub habitats are well adapted to dry, infertile
conditions. Because they are native, these plants are also
largely resistant to most endemic plant diseases and insect
pests. Using these species in landscaping will thus help conserve
water and reduce the need for fertilizers and pesticides. This,
in turn, will have a positive effect on the quality of the
stormwater run-off, reducing contamination problems of surface
and ground water. In consideration of the rare, unique, and
endangered character of xeric scrub habitat that has been
outlined, the following orders of preference may be considered
for determining activities that may mitigate for habitat
destruction beyond the recommended amount permitted for xeric
scrub habitat.
A. Geographic Locations for Mitigation
The order of preference for location of mitigation for activity
in xeric scrub areas is:
1. The same development site
2. An area adjacent to the development site
3. An area in the same coastal management segment
4. An area in the Coastal Area as defined in the CCME of the
GMP
5. Other area in the county
B. Habitat Locations of Mitigation
The order of preference for habitats in which activities should
occur for mitigation of xeric scrub are as follows: restoration
of areas with human disturbance is preferred in every case;
II -132-
natural restoration of areas designated "ST" (Ordinance 82-2,
Section 9.1) or Natural Resource Protection Areas (NRPAs) as
outlined in the CCME of the County GMP should be given priority:
1. Xeric scrub habitat
2. Dune and strand habitat
3. Coastal hammock habitat
4. Open beach habitat
5. Mangrove habitat
6. Other native habitat
C. Mitigation Activities
The order of preference for mitigation of xeric scrub habitat
destruction is:
1. Habitat restoration
2. Restoration of like habitat
3. Removal of exotic species and replacement with appropriate
native species
4. Habitat enhancement by planting appropriate native species,
with topographical mOdifications, if necessary.
Important: Mitigation activities for a proposed project will only
be considered once the project is shown to have minimized
negative impacts to the natural environment as much as possible,
and is in compliance with existing State and federal regulations.
Where the relative value of the expected results of the
mitigation activities is less than the value of the undisturbed
project site, the project shall be denied. Mitigation activities
that are completed before project commencement shall be
encouraged in every case to insure a higher rate of project
compliance.
5.5.4 Development Standards
Opportunities for Development
Xeric scrub areas are desirable to the developer for development
because of their relatively high elevations and dry conditions,
and are thus rapidly disappearing. Serious consideration should
be given to their protection and the protection of their resident
species. Properly permitted development in xeric scrub areas may
include:
Public accesses (Objective 11.2, CCME)
Natural areas for recreation (Policy 11.2.3, CCME)
Passive recreation structures and access crossovers
(Policies 11.2.1, 11.3.6, 11.5.1, 11.5.4, CCME)
II -133-
xeric scrub restoration and preservation where appropriate
(Policies 11.3.9, 11.4.1, 11.5.8, 6.1.6, 6.4.2, 6.4.7,
CCME)
Public acquisition of properties to preserve natural
functions (Policies 11.3.4, ll.3.7, 11.5.8, CCME)
Publicly funded projects that will not substantially
alter the natural characteristics and natural function of
the undeveloped coastal barrier system (Policy 11.3.4,
CCME)
Projects that preserve or replace all native vegetation on
site; projects that remove all exotic vegetation on site
and replace it with appropriate native species (Policies
11.3.9, 11.5.12, 6.4.3, CCME)
Native vegetation as landscaping (Policies 6.5.1, 11.4.6,
CCME)
Development activities that are not appropriate for coastal xeric
scrub areas include:
On undeveloped coastal barriers:
Development that exceeds the lowest density provided in
the Future Land Use Element of the Growth Management Plan
(Policy 11.3.8, CCME)
Bridges, causeways, paved roads or marinas (Policy
11.3.10, CCME)
Substantial alteration of natural grade (Policy 11.3.14,
CCME)
Development activities that cause an unacceptable net loss
of habitat and function (Objective 6.4, CCME)
On developed coastal barriers:
Activities that would result in increased shoreline
erosion (Policy 11.4.3, CCME)
Development activities that cause an unacceptable net loss
of habitat and function (Objective 6.4, CCME)
On undeveloped shorelines:
Activities that result in shoreline erosion (Policy
11.5.3, CCME)
Vehicular traffic except as permitted (Policy 11.5.5,
CCME)
Activities that may interfere with sea turtle reproduction
(Policy 11.5.11, CCME)
Development activities that cause an unacceptable net loss
of habitat and function (Objective 6.4, CCME)
II -134-
Development standards
Development of coastal xeric scrub landward of the CCCL should
preserve a minimum of 80% as an intact, functioning habitat. The
use of the area for such activities as passive recreation, foot
and bike paths, and green space, is preferred.
5.' MANGROVE AND BACK BAY SYSTEMS
Mangrove forests, fringes, and islands are found in intertidal
areas along low energy coastlines. They often exhibit a
tolerance to a wide range of salinities, occurring along
hypersaline lagoons and flats, and the lower reaches of rivers.
Mangrove habitats are usually associated with an estuary or
lagoon, designated as a "back bay". The back bay is typically a
well-protected waterbody surrounded by mangroves, marshes, or
dune systems, and connected to the ocean by one or more inlets.
The most waterward zone of the mangrove wetland is usually
dominated by red mangroves, with their extensive prop root
systems. Moving landward, red mangroves generally give way to
black mangroves, with their associated pneumatophores (vertical
root projections) that allow gas exchange in anoxic substrates.
White mangroves, and buttonwoods, often occur as the most
landward of the mangrove tree associates. In certain cases, such
as in areas that have been previously disturbed by human
activities, this zonation may not be evident. Well developed
mangrove systems exhibit low plant species diversity, with sparse
understory vegetation. Understory plant species may include sea
purslane, sea-oxeye daisy, saltwort, and glasswort. Brazilian
pepper is a common exotic invader into disturbed mangrove
wetlands.
Mangrove forests, along with their associated back bays, are
among the most productive habitats known. The high productivity
is driven by a detritus-based ecosystem, in which leaf litter and
other vegetative materials are decayed and enriched by bacteria
and other decomposing organisms. These form the base of an
extensive food web that includes at least 90% of the commercially
important fish and shellfish species in Florida. The shallow
protected back bays often serve as obligate nursery and breeding
grounds for these species. other organisms that depend on
mangrove/back bay systems include many protected species, such as
the West Indian manatee, bottlenose dolphin, American crocodile,
American alligator, Florida panther, eastern indigo snake, and a
wide variety of protected avifauna. The latter includes the white
ibis, roseate spoonbill, southern bald eagle, magnificent
frigatebird, osprey, and various herons and egrets.
II -135-
Many species of invertebrates including various shrimp, crabs,
jellyfish, hydroids, encrusting sponges and corals, echinoderms,
gastropods, oysters, tunicates, and polychaete worms, are
commonly found in the mangrove back bay areas.
In addition to the commercial, recreational, and aesthetic value
inherent in mangrove systems, and the protection these systems
afford to many protected species, they have great value as
shoreline stabilizers. Mangrove trees stabilize the substrate via
their prop roots or subterranean roots with pneumatophores. These
structures also trap debris, promote sediment deposition, and
provide areas of attachment for sediment (shell) producing
organisms. Shorelines fringed with mangroves are also more
resistant to erosion caused by boating activities. The dense
tangle of mangrove roots, branches, and trunks also serve to
reduce wave energy, protecting inland structures from damage by
coastal storms.
Mangrove habitats may be identified with description in the
Florida Land Use, Cover and Forms Classification System,
including but not limited to number 612 (Florida Department of
Transportation, 1985). This method for habitat identification
must be followed to identify all habitats on an aerial photograph
(scale: 1 inch = 200 when available from the County; otherwise 1
inch = 400'), on all plans for development that require
development plans (CCME Policy 6.4.1, Ordinance 89-49, 89-50,
89-51, 89-52). Table 5-7 lists vascular plant species that are
commonly found inhabiting mangrove habitats.
5.6.1 Extant Habitat
Much of the historic mangrove areas have been destroyed by past
development. However, greater protection by federal, State, and
local governments have reduced further major losses of this
habitat through direct means. Indirect losses of mangrove
wetlands continue to occur through drainage practices and
pollution. Extensive mangrove wetlands exist within the Rookery
Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and Cape Romano/Ten
Thousand Islands Aquatic Preserve along the southwestern
boundaries of the county. Smaller mangrove forests and fringes
exist throughout the coastal region of Collier County. Narrow
fringes in residential areas may not function as viable mangrove
habitats, but do afford some natural shore protection and water
quality control. There are approximately 83,614 acres of mangrove
wetlands, making up 6.08% of the total land area of the county
(Table 5-5).
II -136-
5.6.2 Preservation ReQUirements
Mangrove wetlands and their associated waters are protected under
wetland resource, water management, and coastal management
regulations.
Local Protection
state and federal regulatory agencies restrict growth and
development in mangrove wetlands. The CCME of the 1989 County
Growth Management Plan recognizes that the County should
participate in these regulatory activities and develop ordinances
to further protect these habitats (Section A, Chapter 4.8) The
CCME identifies mangrove wetlands and associated waters as
habitats to be protected (Goals 2 and 6; see Appendix A).
Development activities in mangrove and back bay habitats may
require review by the County Development Services Division under
the ST section of the Zoning Ordinance (Ordinance 82-2, Section
9.1), Tree Protection Ordinance (Ord. 75-21) and the
Environmental Impact Statement Ordinance (Ord. 77.66). Coastal
mangrove wetlands seaward of the FDNR CCCL and the County Coastal
Building Setback Line are protected in the same manner as
previously outlined (Section 4.2.2 of this document).
State and Federal Requlations
Mangrove habitats seaward of the FDNR CCCL are regulated under
Chapter 161, F.S., as previously described in this chapter.
Mangrove areas may be considered jurisdictional wetlands by the
FDER, SFWMD, and/or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Proposed
development projects in these areas would then be subject to
permitting requirements by those agencies, in accordance with
Chapters 403 and 373, F.S., and the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, respectively.
Mangroves located within State of Florida state Lands or Aquatic
Preserves are subject to further regulation by the FDNR, pursuant
to Chapters 253 and 258, F.S. Mangrove trees themselves are
protected under section 403.931, F.S. and F.A.C. Rule 17-321. As
previously stated, mangrove wetlands provide habitat for various
protected species of flora and fauna. The FGFWFC and the USFWS
regulate activities affecting these species, pursuant to Chapter
372, F.S., and the Endangered Species Act, respectively.
5.6.3 Guidelines for Mitiqation
Protection of mangrove and back bay habitats is essential to
preserve the County's commercial and recreational fisheries,
maintain water quality, protect shoreline integrity, and provide
II -137-
habitat for many valuable and protected species. An example of
mitigation may be the planting of mangrove seedlings for limited
mangrove removal at another site. However, the disturbance of a
viable, mature mangrove forest cannot be completely mitigated
because of the complex functions that such a system performs.
Therefore, compensatory activities that are proposed to offset
the negative impacts created by a development or drainage project
may not be appropriate. In consideration of the rare, unique, and
endangered character of mangrove habitat that has been outlined,
the following orders of preference may be considered for
determining activities that may mitigate for habitat destruction
beyond the recommended amount permitted for mangrove and back bay
habitat.
A. Geographic Locations for Mitigation
The order of preference for location of mitigation for activity
in mangrove wetlands is:
1. The same development site
2. An area adjacent to the development site
3. An area in the same coastal management segment
4. An area in the Coastal Area as defined in the CCME of the GMP
5. Other area in the county
B. Habitat Locations of Mitigation
Enhancement of areas with human disturbance is preferred in every
case; natural enhancement of areas designated liST" (Ordinance
82-2, Section 9.1) or NRPA as outlined in the CCME of the County
GMP should be given priority. The order of preference for
habitats in which activities should occur for mitigation of
mangrove wetlands are as follows:
1. Mangrove wetland habitat
2. Coastal hammock habitat
3. Dune and strand habitat
4. Open beach habitat
5. Other native habitat
C. Mitigation Activities
The order of preference of activities for mitigation of mangrove
habitat destruction is:
1. Habitat preservation
2. Restoration of like habitat
3. Removal of exotic species and replacement with appropriate
native species
II -138-
4. Habitat enhancement by planting appropriate native species,
with topographical modifications, if necessary .
Important: Mitigation activities for a proposed project will only
be considered once the project is shown to have minimized
negative impacts to the natural environment as much as possible,
and is compliance with existing state and federal regulations.
Where the relative value of the expected results of the
mitigation activities is less than the value of the undisturbed
project site, the project shall be denied. Mitigation activities
that are completed before project commencement shall be
encouraged in every case to insure a higher rate of project
compliance.
5.6.4 Development standards
Opportunities for Development
Development in mangrove wetlands is not generally desirable due
to low elevations, periodic or regular inundation, instability of
substrate material, and greater governmental regulation. However,
these habitats are often located on very attractive water bodies
and may encourage development, as they have in the past. Commonly
desired activities include mangrove clearing to obtain increased
visual and/or boat access to adjacent waters, for the
construction of docks, marinas, and other water-dependent
structures, and for mangrove removal along shorelines to be
replaced by seawall or riprap revetments.
Development in areas that exhibit signs of disturbance by
previous human activity and/or a high degree of infestation by
exotic vegetation, will be given preference over development in
undisturbed, natural habitats.
Properly permitted development in mangrove wetland habitats may
include:
Public accesses (Objective 11.2, CCME)
Natural areas for recreation (Policy 11.2.3, CCME)
Passive recreation structures and access crossovers
(Policies 11.2.1, 11.3.6, 11.5.1, 11.5.4, CCME)
Mangrove restoration and preservation where appropriate
(Policies 11.3.9, 11.4.1, 11.5.8, 6.1.6, 6.2.7, 6.2.10,
CCME)
Public acquisition of properties to preserve natural
functions (Policies 11.3.4, 11.3.7, 11.5.8, CCME)
Publicly funded projects that will not substantially alter
the natural characteristics and natural function of the
undeveloped coastal barrier system (Policy 11.3.4, CCME)
II -139-
Projects that preserve or replace all native vegetation on
site; projects that remove all exotic vegetation on site
and replace it with appropriate native species (Policies
11.3.9, 11.5.12, CCME)
Native vegetation as landscaping (Policies 6.5.1, 11.4.6,
CCME)
Creation of new mangrove wetlands from disturbed upland
sites, for mitigation credit (Policy 6.2.5, CCME)
Development activities that are not appropriate for mangrove
wetland habitats include any projects that are not in compliance
with other local, state, and federal regulations, and:
On undeveloped coastal barriers:
Construction seaward of the CCCL (policv 11.3.6. CCME\
Development that exceeds the lowe~t density pro~id~d in
the Future Land Use Element of the Growth Management Plan
(Policy 11.3.8, CCME)
Bridges, causeways, paved roads or marinas (Policy
11. 3 . 10, CCME)
Substantial alteration of natural grade (Policy 11.3.14,
CCME)
Development activities that cause an unacceptable net loss
of habitat and function (Objective 6.2, CCME)
On developed coastal barriers:
Activities that would result in increased shoreline
erosion (Policy 11.4.3, CCME)
Construction seaward of the CCCL as established by the
Coastal Zone Protection Act of 1985 (Policy 11.4.7, CCME)
Development activities that cause an unacceptable net loss
of habitat and function (Objective 6.2, CCME)
On undeveloped shorelines:
Activities that result in shoreline erosion (Policy
11.5.3, CCME)
Construction seaward of the CCCL (Policy 11.5.4, CCME)
Vehicular traffic except as permitted (Policy 11.5.5,
CCME)
Activity that threatens the stability of dunes (Policy
11.5.6, CCME)
Activity that may interfere with sea turtle reproduction
(Policy 11.5.11, CCME)
Development activities that cause an unacceptable net loss
of habitat and function (Objective 6.2, CCME)
II -140-
Development Standards
Development within mangrove wetlands should be restricted to
areas that exhibit considerable previous disturbance by human
activities and/or exotic vegetation infestation. All development
projects within mangrove wetlands should include appropriate
compensatory plans. The use of the area for such activities as
passive recreation, boardwalks, observation platforms, limited
visual access, small boat docks and fishing piers, green space,
and undisturbed landscape elements is preferred.
5.7 SEAGRASS MEADOWS
Seagrass meadows are subtidal shallow water marine habitats
composed of plant species with tropical affinity. Seagrass
communities in Collier County are most often populated with Cuban
shoal grass (Halodule wriqhtii), turtle grass (Thalassia
testudinum), and manatee grass (Svrinqodium filiforme). The most
commonly found species of seagrass in this area is Halodule
wriqhtii. This species exhibits the greatest environmental
tolerance. It is the most abundant seagrass between neap high and
neap low tide lines, probably because it can withstand higher
temperatures and a greater degree of exposure than other
seagrasses. Shoal grass can tolerate a greater range of
salinities than any other seagrass except widgeon grass (Ruppia
spp.). It also occurs in more turbid waters than waters in which
turtle grass or manatee grass are able to survive.
Seagrass beds are usually found in calm back bay areas of the
estuary system. Seagrass meadows are highly productive biological
communities that tolerate only warm, clear marine waters, and are
biotic indicators of high water quality and healthy marine
biological systems. Besides the actual seagrass material,
epiphytic organisms (e.g., diatoms, bryozoans, and hydroids) grow
on the leaves and provide food for higher marine invertebrate and
vertebrate species. Seagrass meadows also provide habitat for
burrowing and other benthic organisms, including polychaetes,
oligochaetes, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, tunicates and
sponges. In addition, the configuration of the grasses aids in
the accumulation of detritus along the bottom, which is then held
in place by the grass blades and their root systems. The detritus
forms the basis of a food web in which bacteria transform the
material into forms that are more usable for higher organisms.
Many commercially valuable species depend on the use of seagrass
beds for part or all of their life cycle, including pink shrimp,
snook, mullet, redfish, pompano, spotted seatrout, and others. It
II -141-
is estimated that up to 90% of the commercial fisheries in the
southwest Florida region may depend on the presence of coastal
grassbeds.
Several protected animal species also depend on the presence of
seagrass beds. For example, maintenance of the existing West
Indian manatee population in this area directly depends on
seagrass preservation, since these meadows provide most of their
forage material. As herbivorous marine mammals, manatees have
presumably evolved from terrestrial mammalian stock; this
ancestral population developed dietary habits in response to land
plants available during its evolutionary development. These were
angiosperm (flowering) plants similar to those presently eaten by
grazing mammals. Manatees are still physiologically similar to
their ancestors, and have similar dietary requirements.
Seagrasses provide the major source of angiosperm plant material
in the marine environment, and are therefore essential to the
survival of these mammals.
Seagrass habitats may be identified with description in the
Florida Land Use, Cover and Forms Classification System,
including but not limited to numbers 911, 9111, 9112, 9113
(Florida Department of Transportation, 1985). This method for
habitat identification must be followed to identify all habitats
on an aerial photograph (scale: 1 inch = 200 when available from
the County; otherwise 1 inch = 400'), on all plans for
development that require development plans (CCME Policy 6.4.1,
Ordinance 89-49, 89-50, 89-51, 89-52).
5.7.1 Extant Habitat
Seagrass meadows occur in shallow, clear, low wave energy
environments. Small to moderate sized beds can be found scattered
along the entire coastline, usually in the back bay estuary
systems. Extensive seagrass meadows occur in outer Clam Bay and
on cape Romano shoals. The majority of seagrass areas in the
county have been damaged by propeller and hull scars from boats,
as well as by man-altered drainage patterns and shoreline
development. The most notable seagrass area that has not been
damaged by boater activity is that of Outer Clam Bay. Access
into this bay is limited because Clam Pass is non-navigable.
outer Clam Bay should remain off-limits to power-driven vessels
to help protect the integrity of the seagrasses (Figure 5.7-1).
The presence of seagrass beds in the vicinity of any proposed
development project should be ground-truthed prior to project
approval by the County Development Services Administrator or
designee.
II -142-
5.7.2 preservation Reauirements
Local Protection
The CCME of the 1989 county Growth Management Plan states that
existing seagrass beds must be protected, and that efforts must
be made to allow for the establishment, growth, and maturation of
seagrasses throughout the estuarine areas of the county.
Furthermore, the CCME states that policies should be produced to
restrict activities in seagrass meadows. It identifies seagrass
meadow habitat as a naturally functioning submerged marine
wetland, in which there shall be no net loss (Objective 6.6,
CCME). Development activities in or affecting seagrass beds will
require review by the Collier County Board of County
Commissioners under the ST Zoning Ordinance (Ord. 82.2, section
9.1) and the Environmental Impact statement Ordinance (Ord.
77-66).
state and Federal Protection
Activities in or affecting seagrass beds are regulated by the
FDER, pursuant to Chapter 403, F.S. All submerged lands in
Florida are considered to be under state ownership, unless
specifically deeded to another party. These submerged lands are
within the jurisdiction of the FDNR pursuant to Chapter 253, F.S.
Threatened and endangered species, such as the West Indian
manatee, and their habitats, are protected by the FGFWFC and the
USFWS, pursuant to Chapter 372, F.S., and the Endangered Species
Act, respectively.
5.7.3 Guidelines for Mitiqation
Protection of submerged seagrass beds is essential to preserve
the County's commercial and recreational fisheries. Seagrass bed
protection is also a necessary component in the protection and
recovery plans of several threatened and endangered species. For
example, recovery and maintenance of the existing West Indian
manatee population in Collier County directly depends on the
preservation of seagrass meadows, which are considered to be
critical manatee habitat.
Due to the difficulty of reconstructing viable, functioning
seagrass areas, and to the critical nature of these habitats for
various important wildlife species, grassbed destruction cannot
be mitigated. The FDER discourages mitigation activities for
projects that will negatively impact seagrasses, for these
reasons. Therefore, among projects that may negatively impact
existing seagrass beds, only those that are necessary to public
health, safety, and welfare shall be considered. In consideration
II -143-
of the rare, unique, and endangered character of seagrass bed
habitat that has been outlined, the following orders of
preference may be considered for determining activities that may
mitigate for negative impacts on this habitat.
A. Geographic Locations for Mitigation
The order of preference for location of mitigation for
activities affecting seagrasses is:
1. The same development site
2. An area adjacent to the development site
3. An area in the same coastal management segment
4. An area in the Coastal Area as defined in the CCME of
the GMP
5. Other area in the County
B. Habitat Locations of Mitigation
Enhancement of areas with human disturbance is preferred in every
case; natural enhancement of areas designated "ST" (Ordinance
82-2, section 9.1) or NRPA as outlined in the CCME of the County
GMP should be given priority. The order of preference for
habitats in which activities should occur for mitigation of
impacts on seagrass beds are as follows:
1. Seagrass bed habitat
2. Other submerged habitat
3. Mangrove wetland habitat
4. Dune and strand habitat
5. Open beach habitat
6. Other native habitat
c. Mitigation Activities
The order of preference of activities for mitigation of seagrass
bed habitat destruction is:
1. Habitat preservation
2. Restoration of like habitat
3. Removal of exotic species and replacement with appropriate
native species;
4. Habitat enhancement by planting appropriate native
species, with topographical modifications, if necessary
Important: Mitigation activities for a proposed project that is
expected to have a negative impact on existing seagrass bed areas
will only be considered if the project is necessary to public
health, safety, and welfare; if the project is shown to have
II -144-
minimized negative impacts to the natural environment as much as
possible, and if it is in compliance with existing state and
federal regulations. Where the relative value of the expected
results of the mitigation activities is less than the value of
the undisturbed project site, the project shall be denied.
Mitigation activities that are completed before project
commencement shall be encouraged in every case to insure a higher
rate of project compliance.
5.7.4 Development Standards
Opportunities for Development
Development in the vicinity of seagrass bed areas is not
desirable due to the rare, unique, and endangered character of
this habitat. Development projects which may negatively impact
seagrass beds include dredging and filling; marina, dockage, and
boat ramp facilities; bridge projects; and construction of
bulkhead structures along shorelines. Furthermore, upland
development adjacent to waterbodies containing seagrass beds may
have a negative impact on these areas through seepage of sewage
and drainage of storm water run-off into the waterbody. Any such
proposed project in the vicinity of existing grassbeds should
include a seagrass and water quality management plan in its
development scheme.
II -145-
TABLE 5-1. SOME COUNTY ORDINANCES SPECIFIC TO COASTAL HABITATS
Ordinance
provisions
75-19
Adopts state CCCL as building
setback line
80-19
Allows exotic removal from
beaches
82-2
"Special Treatment" zoning on
many areas
88-52
Protection of sea turtles
89-11
Regulation of specific activi-
ties on public beaches
II -146-
Habitats
Affected
Beach strand
some hammocks
Beach strand
some hammocks
Some beach &
strand-many
hammocks-all
mangroves
Beaches -
some strand
Beaches
TABLE 5-2: COASTAL BARRIER HABITATS IN COLLIER COUNTY
Table 5-2. Approximate areas of native habitats in coastal
barriers in Collier County; percentages are based on a total
County area of 2008 sq.mi. (Collier County Growth Planning
Department). Areas are estimated from RED I Map 1988 aerial
photographs and Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission,
Plant Communities for Landsat Habitat Mapping. Areas that appear
to be dominated by exotic species, and areas that are developed
often contain little or no dune, strand, or hammock habitat
areas. These were not included in the estimates.
Approximate Percent Area
Habitat Acreaqe in County in County
Beach 314 0.020
Dune/Strand 143 0.003
Coastal Hammock 69 0.064
Mangrove Forest 146568 6.078
II -147-
TABLE 5-3: BEACH AND STRAND HABITAT: PARTIAL LIST OF
VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES
Avicennia germinans
Baccharis angustifolia
Baccharis halimifolia
Batis maritima
Borrichia frutescens
Caesalpinia bonduc
Cakile edentula
Canavalia maritima
casuarina litorea
Cenchrus spp.
coccoloba uvifera
Conocarpus erectus
Cyperus spp.
Dalbergia ecastophyllum
Distichlis spicata
Eragrostis spp.
Eustachys petraea
Forestiera segregata
Helianthus debilis
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Ipomoea alba
Ipomea indica
Ipomea pes-caprae
Iva frutescens
Iva imbricata
Juncus roemerianus
Laguncularia racemosa
Limonium carolinianum
Lycium carolinianum
Monanthochloe littoralis
Myrica cerifera
Oenothera humifusa
Opuntia spp.
Paspalum spp.
Pithecellobium unguis-cati
Rhabdadenia biflora
Rhizophora mangle
Salicornia virginica
Samolus ebracteatus
Scaevola plumieri
T(FDA)
Scaevola sericea
Black mangrove
Saltbush
Saltbush
Saltwort
Sea ox-eye
Nickerbean
Sea rocket
Beach Bean
Australian pine
Sandspur
Sea grape
Buttonwood
Sedges
Coin vine
Saltgrass
Lovegrasses
Eustachys
Florida privet
Beach sunflower
Tree hibiscus
Moonflower
Morning glory
Railroad vine
Marsh elder
Beach elder
Needle rush, Black rush
White mangrove
Sea lavender
Christmasberry
Keygrass
Wax myrtle
Evening primrose
Prickly pear
Paspalum
Cat claw
Rubbervine
Red mangrove
Glasswort
Pimpernel
Inkberry
Left-handed flower, Half-flower
II -148-
sesuvium portulacastrurn
Spartina spp.
Sophora tomentosa
suriana maritima
E(FDA)
Thespesia populnea
Uniola paniculata
lE = Endangered
T = Threatened
Sea purslane
Cordgrasses
Necklace pod
Bay cedar
Seaside mahoe
Sea oats
C1 = A candidate for federal listing, with enough substantial
information on biological vulnerability and threats to
support proposals for listing (USFWS).
C2 = A candidate for listing, with some evidence of
vulnerability, but for which not enough data exist to
support listing (USFWS).
SSC = Species of Special Concern
CE = Commercially Exploited
II = Appendix II Species (CITES)
FDA = Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
(list published in Preservation of Native Flora of Florida
Act, section 581.185-187, Florida Statutes).
USFWS = united States Fish and wildlife Service (list published
in List of Endangered and Threatened wildlife and Plants,
50 CFR 17.11-12).
CITES = Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of wild Fauna and Flora.
1 (Source: Wood, D. 1991- Official Lists of Endangered and
Potentially Endangered Fauna and Flora in Florida. FGFWFC) .
II -149-
TABLE 5-4: TROPICAL HAMMOCK HABITAT: PARTIAL LIST OF
VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES
Abrus precatorius
Agave decipiens
Ardisia escallonioides
Borrichia frutescens
Brassia actinophylla
Bumelia celastrina
Bumelia reclinata
Bumelia tenax
Bursera simaruba
Callicarpa americana
Capparis cyanophallophora
Capparis flexuosa
capraria biflora
Cardiospermum microcarpum
Carica papaya
cassytha filiformis
Casuarina litorea
Catharanthus roseus
Celtis iguanaea
E(FDA)
Cereus pentagonus
T(FDA), II (CITES)
Cereus sp.
Cheilanthes microphylla
E(FDA)
Chiococca alba
chrysobalanus icaco
Chrysophyllum oliviforme
E(FDA)
cissus sicyoides
cissus trifoliata
Coccoloba uvifera
Cocos nucifera
T(FDA)
Commelina diffusa
Conocarpus erectus
Crinum americanum
Dalbergia sissoo
Dipholis salicifolia
Dodonaea viscosa
Encyclia tampensis
T(FDA), II(CITES)
Erythrina herbacea
Eugenia axillaris
Eugenia foetida
II -150-
Ficus aurea
Ficus citrifolia
Forestiera segregata
Galactia regular is
Gossypium hirsutum
E(FDA)
Hamelia patens
Heliotropium curassavicum
Hymenocallis latifolia
Ipomoea alba
Ipomoea indica
Iresine diffusa
Kalanchoe pinnata
Kalanchoe sp.
Lantana camara
Lantana involucrata
Lycium caolinianum
Mangifera indica
Mastichodendron foetidissimum
Mentzelia floridana
Momordica charantia
Morinda royoc
Myrcianthes fragrans
Myrica cerifera
Myrsine, see Rapanea
Nectandra (Ocotea) coriacea
Nephrolepis exaltata
Opuntia humifusa (compressa)
T(FDA) , II (CITES)
Opuntia stricta
T (FDA), II CITES
parthenocissus quinquefolia
Passiflora suberosa
pectis prostrata
Per sea borbonia
Petiveria aliacea
Phlebodium aureum
T(FDA)
Phyllanthus abnormis
Physalis viscosa
Phytolacca americana
piscidia piscipula
pisonia aculeata
Pithecellobium keyense
Pithecellobium unguis-cati
Poinsettia cyathophora
Polypodium polypodioides
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca pilosa
Pouteria campechiana
psidium guajava
Psychotria nervosa
Psychotria sulzneri
Quercus virginiana
Rapanea punctata
Randia aculeata
Rhus copallina
Rivina humilis
Sabal palmetto
Salvia serotina
Sansevieria hyacinthoides
Sap indus saponaria
Schinus terebinthifolius
schoepfia chrysophylloides
Serenoa repens
Sesuvium portulacastrum
Sida acuta
Smilax auriculata
Smilax laurifolia
Solidago sp.
Sophora tomentosa
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Tamarindus indica
Tillandsia balbisiana
T(FDA)
Tillandsia fasciculata
CE(FDA)
Tillandsia flexuosa
T(FDA)
Tillandsia paucifolia
T(FDA)
Tillandsia recurvata
Tillandsia setacea
T(FDA)
Tillandsia usneoides
Tillandsia utriculata
CE(FDA)
Toxicodendron radicans
Trema micrantha
Verbesina virginica
vitis aestivalis
vitis munsoniana
vitis shuttleworthii
vittaria lineata
T(FDA)
ximenia americana
Yucca aloifolia
Yucca filamentosa
Zanthoxylum fagara
1E = Endangered
T = Threatened
C1 = A candidate for federal
listing, with enough
substantial information on
biological vulnerability and
threats to support proposals
for listing (USFWS).
C2 = A candidate for listing, with
some evidence of vulnerability,
but for which not enough data
exist to support listing
(USFWS) .
SSC = Species of Special Concern
CE = Commercially Exploited
II = Appendix II Species (CITES)
FDA = Florida Department of
Agriculture and Consumer
Services (list published
in Preservation of Native
Flora of Florida Act, section
581.185-187, Florida
Statutes).
USFWS = United States Fish and
wildlife Service (list
published in List of
Endangered and Threatened
wildlife and Plants, 50 CFR
17.11-12).
CITES = Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species
of wild Fauna and Flora.
1
(source: Wood, D. 1991. Official
Lists of Endangered and
Potentially Endangered Fauna and
Flora in Florida. FGFWFC).
II -15l-
TABLE 5-5: HABITAT AREAS IN COLLIER COUNTY, IDENTIFIED BY
PLANT COMMUNITY
HABITAT CLASS
Uplands:
Coastal Strand
Dry prairie
pine lands
Sand pine Scrub
Sandhill
Xeric Oak Scrub
Mixed Hardwood pine Forests
Hardwood Hammocks and Forests
Tropical Hardwood Hammock
Wetlands:
Coastal Salt Marsh
Freshwater Marsh & Wet prairie
Cypress Swamp
Hardwood Swamp
Bay swamp
Shrub swamp
Mangrove Swamp
Bottomland Hardwoods
Open Water
Disturbed Habitats:
Grassland
Shrub and Brushland
Exotic Plant Communities
Barren
Beach
TOTAL:
ACREAGE
PERCENT
47
63,627
64,141
o
o
546
96,947
53,539
872
0.003
4.625
4.663
o
o
0.040
7.047
3.891
0.064
28,341
192,560
399,653
52,482
o
18,191
83,614
o
81,272
2.060
13.998
29.052
3.815
o
1.322
6.078
o
5.908
98,311
51,668
284
89,575
314
7.146
3.756
0.021
6.491
0.020
1,375,670
100.001
Source: Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission, Plant
Communities for Landsat Habitat Mapping (1989); REDI Map 1988
aerial photographs.
II -152-
TABLE 5-6: XERIC SCRUB HABITAT: PARTIAL LIST OF
VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES
Abrus precatorius
Agalinis setacea
Albizia lebbeck
Andropogon glomeratus
Andropogon virginicus
Arisitda gyrans
Aristida lanosa
Aristida spiciformis
Aristida stricta
Asclepias curtissii
E(FDA)
Asclepias feayi
Asclepias pedicel lata
Asclepias sp.
Asimina reticulata
Balduina angustifolia
Befaria racemosa
Bidens alba
Bothriochloa pertusa
BUlbostylis ciliatifolia
Bumelia tenax
callicarpa americana
Carphephorus corymbosus
Cassia chamaecrista
Cassytha filiformis
Catharanthus roseus
Cenchrus incertus
ceratiola ericoides
Chamaesyce cumulicola
C2(USFWS)
Chrysopsis scabrella
Clitoria fragrans
T(FDA),C1(USFWS)
Cnidoscolus stimulosus
commelina erecta
Conyza canadensis
Crotolaria rotundifolia
Croton glandulosus
Cuthbertia ornata
cyperus compressus
cyperus retrorsus
Dalea pinnata
Desmodium floridanum
Dichanthelium aciculare
Dichanthelium sabulorum
II -153-
Diodia teres
Elephantopus elatus
Emilia fosbergii
Emilia sonchifolia
Encyclia tampensis
T(FDA) , II(CITES)
Eragrostis elliottii
Eryngium aromaticum
Erythrina herbacea
Euphorbia polyphylla
Ficus aurea
Fimbristylis puberula
Froelichia floridana
Galactia elliottii
Galactia regularis
Galactia volubilis
Gomphrena serrata
Gratiola hispida
Hedyotis nigricans
Helianthemum corymbosum
Helianthemum nashii
Heliotropium polyphyllum
Heterotheca subaxillaris
Hypericum cumulicola
E(FDA & USFWS)
Hypoxis juncea
Ilex glabra
Lachnocaulon anceps
Lechea cernua
E(FDA),C2(USFWS)
Lechea divaricata
E(FDA), C2(USFWS)
Lechea sessiliflora
Lechea torreyi
Liatris chapmanii
Liatris tenuifolia
Licania michauxii
Lupinus diffusus
Lygodesmia aphylla
Lyonia fruticosa
Monotropa uniflora
(brittonii) C2(USFWS)
opuntia humifusa (compressa)
T(FDA) , II (CITES)
Palafoxia feayi
Palafoxia integrifolia
Paronychia americana
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Paspalum setaceum
Persea borbonia
Phyllanthus abnormis
Piloblephis rigida
pinus clausa
pinus elliottii
Pityopsis graminifolia
polanisia tenuifolia
POlygala nana
Polygala polygama
Polygala setacea
Polygonella polygama
Polypremum procumbens
Pterocaulon virgatum
Pteroglossapsis ecristata*
T(FDA) ,C2(USFWS),II(CITES)
Quercus chapmanii
Quercus geminata
Quercus laevis
Quercus minima
Quercus myrtifolia
Rhus copallina
Rhynchelytrum repens
Rhynchosia michauxii
Rhynchospora intermedia
Rynchospora megalocarpa
Scleria verticil lata
Scoparia dulcis
Selaginella arenicola
T(FDA)
Serenoa repens
Seymeria pectinata
Sida cordifolia
Smilax auriculata
Sorghastrum secundum
Stipulicida setacea
stylisma abdita
Syngonanthus flavidulus
Tephrosia sp.
Tillandsia balbisiana
T(FDA)
Tillandsia fasciculata
CE (FDA)
Tillandsia flexuosa
T(FDA)
II -154-
Tillandsia paucifolia
T(FDA)
Tillandsia pruinosa
E(FDA)
Tillandsia recurvata
Tillandsia usneoides
Tillandsia utriculata
CE(FDA)
Toxicodendron radicans
Trichostema dichotomum
Triplasis purpurea
Uniola paniculata
Vaccinium myrsinites
Vitis munsoniana
Waltheria indica
ximenia americana
xyris caroliniana
Yucca filamentosa
IE = Endangered
T = Threatened
C1 = A candidate for federal
listing, with enough
substantial information on
biological vulnerability and
threats to support proposals
for listing (USFWS).
C2 A candidate for listing, with
some evidence of vulnerability,
but for which not enough data
exist to support listing
(USFWS) .
SSC = Species of Special Concern
CE = Commercially Exploited
II = Appendix II Species (CITES)
FDA = Florida Department of
Agriculture and Consumer
Services (list published
in Preservation of Native
Flora of Florida Act, Section
581.185-187, Florida
Statutes) .
USFWS = united states Fish and
Wildlife Service (list
published in List of
Endangered and Threatened
wildlife and Plants, 50 CFR
17.11-12).
CITES = Convention on International
Trade in Endangered species
of wild Fauna and Flora.
1 (source: Wood, D. 1991. Official
Lists of Endangered and
potentially Endangered Fauna and
Flora in Florida. FGFWFC).
* Found in Lee County, within ca. 1
mile of Lee/Collier County line;
may occur in Collier County, but
not yet recorded.
II -155-
TABLE 5-7: MANGROVE HABITAT: PARTIAL LIST
OF VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES
Acrostichum aureum
E(FDA)
Acrostichum danaeifolium
T(FDA)
Avicennia germinans
Baccharis angustifolia
Baccharis halimifolia
Batis maritima
Borrichia frutescens
Bumelia reclinata
Caesalpinia bonduc
Cakile edentula
casuarina litorea
Coccoloba uvifera
Conocarpus erectus
Dalbergia ecastophyllum
Distichlis spicata
Encyclia tampensis
T(FDA) ,II (CITES)
Gossypium hirsutum
E(FDA)
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Ipomoea alba
Iva frutescens
Iva imbricata
Juncus roemerianus
Laguncularia racemosa
Lantana involucrata
Limonium carolinianum
Lycium carolinianum
Monanthochloe littoralis
Myrica cerifera
Opuntia humifusa (compressa)
Pithecellobium unguis-cati
Rhabdadenia biflora
Rhizophora mangle
Salicornia virginica
Samolus ebracteatus
Scaevola plumieri
T(FDA)
Scaevola sericea
Schinus terebinthifolius
Sesuvium portulaca strum
Spartina spp.
II -156-
Golden leather fern
Giant leather fern
Black mangrove
Saltbush
Saltbush
Saltwort
Sea ox-eye
Buckthorn
Nickerbean
Sea rocket
Australian pine
Seagrape
Buttonwood
Coin vine
Saltgrass
Butterfly orchid
wild cotton
Tree hibiscus
Moonflower
Marsh elder
Beach elder
Needle rush, Black rush
White mangrove
white lantana
Sea lavender
Christmasberry
Keygrass
Wax myrtle
Prickly pear
Cat claw
Rubbervine
Red mangrove
Glasswort
Pimpernel
Inkberry
Left-handed flower,
Half-flower
Brazilian pepper
Sea purslane
Cordgrasses
suriana maritima
E(FDA)
Thespesia populnea
Bay cedar
seaside mahoe
1E = Endangered
T = Threatened
C1 = A candidate for federal listing, with enough substantial
information on biological vulnerability and threats to
support proposals for listing (USFWS).
C2 = A candidate for listing, with some evidence of vulnerability,
but for which not enough data exist to support listing
(USFWS) .
SSC = Species of special Concern
CE = commercially Exploited
II = Appendix II Species (CITES)
FDA = Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
(list published in Preservation of Native Flora of Florida
Act, section 581.185-187, Florida Statutes).
USFWS = United States Fish and wildlife Service (list published
in List of Endangered and Threatened wildlife and Plants,
50 CFR 17.11-12).
CITES = Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of wild Fauna and Flora.
1 (Source: Wood, D. 1991. Official Lists of Endangered and
Potentially Endangered Fauna and Flora in Florida. FGFWFC).
~ ..."
II -157-
(')
~ n
C/) 0
~ r-
r- r-
:c -
,."
):.
- ::a
z
r- n
):.
z 0
CJ c:
Z
'I -I
~I',/ '-(
I: ~";i , n
~
I., t!)JCI)
1"11' ::I:I:bi;!
!!H ::I:I~!)J (I)
c: I" !Yi'i=: ~
)Ii 1'1 ::l) ~
:::u ,'I ~ r-
Ill( I, C":l
t;:J ~ig Cl N
;t:It
en 0
~ ~~!i!: -4
;t:It
:Z:", r- Z
:::u '-
~~ !XI !i
:::u ;t:It
- :tOO ::Il:J
1"1 ::Il:J
(")::! -
:::u I"'I"l -
:z:~ ::Il:J 0
-
C/) ~~ '"
Cl Z
r- :z
):. g~ I"'I"l
en
Z ",::1:1
CJ
Figure 5-1: Collier County Coastal Zonation (from Benedict et
al., 1984b)
II -158-
:;:
OCTOBER TO FEBRUARY
:;:
APRIL TO AUGUST
Figure 5-2: Seasonal wind Roses (percent frequency of different
wind directions) for Coastal Collier county. The raw
data were collected in Ft. Myers, Florida by NOAA
from 1948-1953. Ft. Myers is located ca. 40 miles
north of the study area (from Harvey et al., 1984).
II -159-
Cl
<::
....
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n
o
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n
n
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t-o
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rt
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? >--'.; ~Vi- -.Jt !c. --I-"':.r
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1'ff~ ~'-' :..~ <:~
'".. ift!i", 'i
i!"3:t~
\l!" '" ,<~1
~. " ' ><
~~. 'g ~~
,(10'''':;:
~~ ~ ::i.:
'-? .,.,... "R\
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~~~
~~
'w-'\li'
~=
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b'~A
~"",
'-.>(,~:
~,;
~*
~J:<~~
',\'~..d'l
,ti~
&' ~~
'< ~-'l'."\:'~
.If'~~ :i.!
~~~1
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'~~,
~~
~~~
f~
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r,.>(,~~
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?,,,,-~J
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lt~
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~_'ft""
n
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t"'
to
'"
n
'"
Figure 5-3: Hypothetical Coastal Habitat Association with the
Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) as
established by FDNR in 1975, and revised by FDNR in
1989. The County CoastalSetback Line is the same as
the original (1975) CCCL.
II -160-
Figure 5.7-1: SUMBERGED SEAGRASS BEDS IN COLLIER COUNTY
II -161-
~
.
'~o_
::: -=
,-lSo
,- "'"
J ",I). -... ,-
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lillll t3 "r1e:1
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Figure 5.7-1A:
Submerged Seagrass Beds
(outlined dotted areas)
NOAA, 1990).
in Collier County
(U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
II -162-
-
-
;
,
/-8___
-- ,
~~'-: /' \ '"
1:::5. 11,',"\ .,'
~,""! "I""~:
! "
'i'''I''''j''''''~'''''''''\'''\''''\' ,
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.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
~
.
"
.
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;;
;;
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;;
Figure 5.7-1B:
Submerged Seagrass Beds
(outlined dotted areas)
NOAA, 1990).
in Collier County
(U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
II -163-
~ ,-, ,
10,1;:'1
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.
.
f
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,,,,,,II Clo'tlhowld lIa, el'IH .,..,~
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All crol'lho..ld owoiela.... wh... ~
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81'44'
lACING IUOYS
locin,bu.,-.within IN 11M11t.' Ih_dlort
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Offiu. 01 roclll' olld other prl.."JoII, _III-
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NOVigo\oOI'I ,~"IOhonl or. p"D:l"~C ....
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ItyIIlOr\l 10 Cllopta, 2 0'1 pubH'h.o In lI'It
N~ 10 Morln.'._ In!Olmollo<1 COf1ce",ong
,. ~ylOl>Ont may ~ obta,ntd 01 !h. ON".
01 N Commonder, 7th COO'l OIKl,d DI.~icl
in MIOII\I, Fl(!, 0/ Qll1'1t OUle. of tilt Olllloc1
IOIlQ"'-',eo.pI 01 Eng'fln'l In JocksolWille,
F. ___
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:-- --;.',-io
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12
21
Figure 5.7-1C:
submerged Seagrass Beds
(outlined dotted areas)
NOAA, 1990).
in Collier County
(U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
II -164-
.'
NOH C
Ttw g>a, mo,",,,\! Colh'l 80y 0" P''''ol,ly
mO""IO~d
....-
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n
...
o
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., :,TuII
11
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. "
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20
Figure 5.7-1D:
Submerged Sea grass Beds
(outlined dotted areas)
NOAA, 1990).
in Collier County
(U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
II -165-
--,
;;.
,
.
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~/ ~~- . /
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Figure 5.7-1E:
Submerged Seagrass Beds
(outlined dotted areas)
NOAA, 1990).
in Collier County
(U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
II -166-
T, 8l13l
. .
..
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UCl><T
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"
Figure 5.7-1F:
Submerged Seagrass Beds
(outlined dotted areas)
NOAA, 1990).
in Collier County
(U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
II -167-
{ --.,.....
~
.- \ ,""",., -.....-...
'-"<\i.." .-c:iI"q,-\
~l' '.~~ .>:-
AlD$ TO NAVlo....nON I' ","
~"'I\l11 U.S. COOII 0...0.4 li,ht lilt 1011" .w.....-
:l,Ppl.",.",tollflfO,,"Oliofl COflct'fI;~' o~
Ollovili/Olioll.
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.
...
Figure 5.7-1G:
Submerged seagrass Beds
(outlined dotted areas)
NOAA, 1990).
in Collier County
(U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
II -168-
"~J ~ ~v, "\~.' ~)
.-......... ) .......-
~& '
Figure 5.7-1H:
Submerged Sea grass Beds
(outlined dotted areas)
NOAA, 1990).
in Collier County
(U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
II -169-
~ "~1::'" ;:.:\. .,J \.-!
'('~'l
~\2
.
....
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.
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, , 1 All .pP'."
I . ..../ 7";""-- - ________ _ _:G,~.~_~ :_.0'
1 \-\'0 U
,
'I
Figure
Submerged seagrass Beds
(outlined dotted areas)
NOAA, 1990).
in Collier County
(U.s. Dept. of Commerce,
II -170-