HAPB Agenda 09/23/2022
AGENDA
COLLIER COUNTY HISTORIC/ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION BOARD WILL MEET AT 9:30
AM, FRIDAY, September 23, 2022 AT THE COLLIER COUNTY GROWTH MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT – DIVISION OF PLANNING & ZONING, CONFERENCE ROOM 610, LOCATED
AT 2800 NORTH HORSESHOE DRIVE, NAPLES, FLORIDA.
NOTE: ANY PERSON WHO DECIDES TO APPEAL A DECISION OF THIS BOARD WILL NEED A
RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS PERTAINING THERETO, AND THEREFORE MAY NEED TO
ENSURE THAT A VERBATIM RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS IS MADE, WHICH RECORD
INCLUDES THE TESTIMONY AND EVIDENCE UPON WHICH THE APPEAL IS TO BE BASED.
Any person in need of a verbatim record of the meeting may request a copy of the audio
recording from the Collier County Growth Management Division Department of
Planning and Zoning.
ALL MATERIAL USED IN PRESENTATIONS BEFORE THE HAPB WILL BECOME A
PERMANENT PART OF THE RECORD. THESE MATERIALS WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR
PRESENTATION TO THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
1. ROLL CALL/ATTENDANCE
2. ADDENDA TO THE AGENDA
3. APPROVAL OF THE AGENDA
4. APPROVAL OF MINUTES: July 15, 2022
5. OLD BUSINESS:
A. Rosemary Cemetery (Plot W) historic designation
B. Vacancy status
6. NEW BUSINESS:
A. Cultural Resource Assessment – The Immokalee Expansion East Property
B. Reordering of the Historic and Archaeological Preservation Guide Booklets
7. REVIEW OF PROJECT AND ACTIVITY LOG:
8. PUBLIC COMMENTS:
9. HAPB COMMENTS:
10. ADJOURNMENT:
Staff summary of HAPB commentary on Active Items (Revised on 8/30/2022)
Active Item HAPB
Hearing
Dates
HAPB/Staff Comments
1 Rosemary
Cemetery
at
Goodlette
/Pine Ridge
Road (Plot
W) Historic
Designation
11/20/20
2/19/21
3/19/21
4/16/21
5/21/21
8/20/21
10/15/21
12/17/21
1/21/22
2/18/22
3/18/22
5/20/22
6/17/22
7/15/22
At March HAPB, Museum Director (Ms. Townsend) reported there is
no real movement, but had a conversation with with County Attorney.
She says they would consider a quit claim to transfer the property and
that the County owns Plot B and are trying to get ownership of Plots W
and N. At April HAPB, it has been determined that County Attorney is
comfortable moving forward with a quit claim deed. Museum Director
stated their next task is to create a business plan for the County
Manager's review. At May HAPB, Museum Director reported the
existence of a cemetery now largely developed and under private
ownership. The County owns Unit B (Plot W) and is trying to obtain
title to Units W and N. The last historical record was a survey
conducted in 1966. At August HAPB, this item was continued to the
next meeting. At September HAPB, Ms. Townsend reported they are
moving forward with building a case for the acquisition of the property
and discussed funding for property surveys, fencing, and repair of
headstones. At October HAPB, Ms. Townsend reported the ownership,
management, land, cost estimates for the work, and known history of
the cemeteries. A member of the local NAACP attended and provided
a letter expressing support. At December HAPB, Museum Director
was not in attendance but left a message which was read giving an
update of the BCC’s recent approval in concept of Plots W and N in
December. The museums will work with real estate services for
acquisition, and then will need a second BCC approval. At January
HAPB, the subject was mentioned regarding the public’s involvement,
the County’s recognition of the NAACP’s points, and actions of
Museums. At February HAPB, Museum Director remarked that this
has received media attention and real estate services had prepared a
quit-claim deed. She also mentioned, at request of Board, about the
maintenance of the property, its heirs, and the title. At March HAPB,
Board members mentioned Museum Director’s diligence on the
matter, that it’s reached its legal phase, how the NAACP was reported
on by local news on their desire for it to be designated a burial site,
and the trials on resolving real estate issues and ownership. At May
HAPB, Ms. Townsend reported a website has been created for
Rosemary Cemetery. By June HAPB, nothing new has been reported.
At July HAPB, staff and Board members discussed how property
owners will need to be contacted for a historic designation to be
established.
2 Vacancy 12/17/21
1/21/22
2/18/22
3/18/22
5/20/22
James Bennett (Engineering) Board member resigned prior to
December HAPB. Vacancy has been posted and the Board will review
applications at the next meeting. By January HAPB, no applications
were made. By February HAPB, no applications were made. By March
HAPB, no applications were made. Members discussed possible ways
6/17/22
7/15/22
to attract applicants. By May HAPB, no applications were made. By
June HAPB, there had been some prospects, but no applications had
been processed. At July HAPB, staff reported an applicant showed at
last meeting, but was not qualified. Chair mentioned this was his last
meeting so there will now be two vacancies. Vice Chair Austin Bell
acknowledged he will be interim chair with staff’s acknowledgement.
Inactive
Item
HAPB
Hearing
Dates
HAPB/Staff Comments
1 Indian
Hill Site
on Marco
Island
3/19/21
4/16/21
5/21/21
8/20/21
10/15/21
12/17/21
1/21/22
2/18/22
In March, The HAPB indicated that this site is a good example of why
an interlocal agreement would be helpful. Chair stated they are
attempting to organize what they can do with the status. It is a burial
ground which has had many disturbances. There is a lot of activity and
it is getting bigger. The damage is done and now they need to decide
how to proceed with preservation. Will attempt to have conversations
with nonprofits about how to preserve it. At April HAPB, Mr. Erjavec
noted why the site is of historic significance. Mr. Bellows suggested to
contact the City to see what can be done from a growth management
standpoint. Mr. Erjavec agreed to do this and suggested the Board
pursue it at next HAPB. At May HAPB, Chairman Erjavec provided an
update, noting a 2,000 year old burial site as well as other sites with
historic relics. HAPB will wait on City of Marco Island's response to the
agreement letter before pursuing preservation. At August HAPB, Mr.
Erjavec noted he visited the site with representatives of Audubon of
the Western Everglades. He remarked that City of Marco Island has
recognized the need to preserve the area. At September HAPB, Mr.
Erjavec noted the site has been proposed for acquistion through the
Conservation Collier program. At October HAPB, it was recognized that
these preservation efforts are supported by environmental advocates
and Council Member Rich Blonna. Actions for acquisition of the
properties are being pursued. At December HAPB, there was
discussion of the roles of Conservation Collier and the Audubon
Society with their interests of properties on Marco. This item is
affected by the results of the Interlocal Agreement with the City. At
January HAPB, recent BCC acquisition actions were discussed. At
February HAPB, Board recognized Conservation Collier may acquire
the land and to table the discussion meanwhile.
2 Interlocal
Agreement
with the
City of
Marco
Island
9/18/20
11/20/20
2/19/21
3/19/21
4/16/21
8/20/21
10/15/21
12/17/21
1/21/22
2/18/22
3/18/22
At March HAPB, vote was received to submit the letter and it will be
signed by Austin Bell and proper offices, and then it will be submitted.
Zoning Manager stated the Attorney's office will start on it. At April
HAPB, Mr. Bellows confirmed that the letter has been submitted to the
City and we are waiting for their response. At August HAPB, Mr. Bell
noted a letter (attached in this meeting's packet) had been sent from
the Marco Island Historical Society to the Marco Island City Council
providing alternatives for the assessment of Marco's historical
resources, specifying the benefits of an agreement. Mr. Erjavec
mentioned the meetings he had with Marco Island staff and City
Council regarding preservation. Mr. Bellows elaborated on the
5/20/22
6/17/22
7/15/22
procedures supporting such an agreement. At September HAPB, Mr.
Bellows reported that the agreement will likely need participation with
County Manager. At October HAPB, Board discussed how this will
need to satisfy the City's and County's expectations for processing land
use applications and how the City's Probability Map may need to be
updated. They also spoke of how existing Interlocal Agreements,
including Everglades City could be used as a reference. Mr. Bellows
mentioned inviting a representative of the City as this is driven by it.
At December HAPB, there was discussion between the Chair, Board
members, County Attorney, and Planning & Zoning Division Director
regarding this issue, on why reaching an agreement is necessary, how
it can be reached and why the attendance of a representative from the
City is instrumental for its progress. The attendance of a
representative for this meeting was cancelled due to a conflict of
scheduling. The City is not a Certified Local Government (CLG) – a
government with a historic preservation ordinance. At January HAPB,
staff from City of Marco Island were in attendance, including the City
Manager, Director of Community Affairs, and an Environmental
Planner. The County’s Director of Zoning was also present. HAPB
Chair voiced concerns about the area’s needing preservation.
Members focused toward the agreement. City staff noted their review
process and comprehensive plan update. City and County staff and
HAPB members discussed objectives and mechanisms of an agreement
and its advantages. County Zoning Director acknowledged the
framework being discussed as reasonable, recognizing it was up to the
City to initiate it. At February HAPB, planning staff reported that they
had spoken with Marco Island’s Director of Community Affairs and
HAPB may become more involved with historic sites on Marco Island,
but the City will need to take next steps to determine the difference
between HAPB’s and the City’s role. Chair mentioned the City’s need
to update their probability map. At March HAPB, planning staff
reported that they had spoken with Marco Island’s Director of
Community Affairs again. They spoke of zoning actions to implement
historical regulations, the process to deal with archaeological sites, the
role of the County’s HAPB with the City, and the possibility of the City
creating their own preservation board. Chairman Erjavec inquired
whether he or other HAPB members could participate or listen in on
these discussions. At May HAPB, staff remarked the City was exploring
options including creating their own preservation board, yet they have
not responded to recent attempts at communication. Chairman
Erjavec mentioned the benefits of a Phase 1 Report, and that we’re
waiting on them to take action. By June HAPB, City of Marco is yet to
respond. At July HAPB, Tim Finn mentioned Dan Smith, Marco Island’s
Director of Community Affairs reported that the City does not want to
move forward with this.
July 15, 2022
1
MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE COLLIER COUNTY
HISTORIC/ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION BOARD
July 15, 2022
LET IT BE REMEMBERED, the Collier County Historic/Archaeological
Preservation Board in and for the County of Collier, having conducted business
herein, met on this date at 9:30 A.M. in REGULAR SESSION at the Collier
County Growth Management Division – Planning and Regulation, Conference
Room #610, 2800 Horseshoe Drive North, Naples, Florida, with the following
members present:
CHAIRMAN: Eugene Erjavec
VICE CHAIR: Austin Bell
Elizabeth “Betsy” Perdichizzi
Barry O’Brien
Patricia Sherry (excused)
George Thompson
ALSO PRESENT: Andy Youngblood, Operations Analyst
Sean Kingston, Senior Planner
Ray Bellows, Zoning Manager
July 15, 2022
2
Any persons in need of the verbatim record of the meeting may request a copy of the audio
recording from the Collier County Growth Management Department.
1. Roll Call/Attendance:
Chairman Erjavec called the meeting to order at 9:30 a.m. Roll call was taken and a
quorum of five was established.
2. Additions to Agenda
Mr. Bellows said the Board needs to select an interim chairperson. Today will be the last
meeting for Chairman Erjavec. We’re going to miss you.
Chairman Erjavec said they could add it to the agenda under Old Business under vacancies.
3. Approval of Agenda
Ms. Perdichizzi moved to approve the agenda, with the above change. Second by Mr.
Thompson. The motion passed unanimously, 5-0.
4. Approval of Minutes: June 17, 2022
Vice Chairman Bell moved to approve the June 17, 2022, minutes. Second by Chairman
Erjavec. The motion passed unanimously, 5-0.
5. Old Business
A. Interlocal Agreement with the City of Marco Island
Mr. Bellows reported that and Tim Finn called Dan Smith, Marco Island’s director of
community affairs, and it doesn’t appear that the City wants to move forward at this time.
They’ve put a hold on further negotiations. Dan said that he hasn’t really tried to do anything
with it lately.
Chairman Erjavec said it’s good that he admitted that. They’ve been doing nothing and
using the excuse of turnover and being short-staffed. Where do we go with this?
Mr. Bellows said it’s time to decide if it’s worth pursuing if the City is not really interested.
We can take it off our spreadsheet.
Chairman Erjavec agreed it shouldn’t go on any further. There was always hope that they
would get involved and they gave the excuse of lack of employees and are now finally
admitting that they’re not hiring anybody to get on it. Would somebody like to make a
motion? We’re going to drop the Interlocal Agreement with the City of Marco. We tried,
were persistent and waited and there’s no action to be taken.
Ms. Perdichizzi asked what the repercussions would be if they dropped it from the
spreadsheet. Are they under Collier County regulations?
Mr. Bellows said there would be no real repercussions in taking it off the spreadsheet. He
can always put it back on the agenda if City officials change their minds. He got the sense
from Dan that the City isn’t doing anything at this time.
Ms. Perdichizzi asked if they were currently under County regulations that they have to
abide by.
July 15, 2022
3
Mr. Bellows said yes and there also are regulations in the City of Marco’s ordinances. They
have their own ordinances. There are certain State standards that they have to abide by, as
well as Collier County ordinances, but they have their own zoning regulations, their own
Comprehensive Plan and they are addressing historic and archaeological resources, but not to
the level of having their own preservation board at this time. Dan said they are exploring that
option, but there’s nothing happening just yet.
Mr. Kingston said the spreadsheet tracker that’s included in the packet is a supplement to
the agenda and can be tailored however you like it. It can be made into an inactive item
because there’s already an inactive item on the spreadsheet for the Indian Hill Site on Marco
Island. It can be put beside that to keep it inactive for now.
Ms. Perdichizzi moved to move the Marco Island Interlocal Agreement to the inactive list.
Second by Mr. O’Brien. The motion passed unanimously, 5-0.
B. Rosemary Cemetery (Plot W) historic designation
Chairman Erjavec said this is a tough one. He doesn’t recall the exact hurdles but it’s in the
legal phase now.
Mr. Bellows said his understanding from discussing this with Museums Director Amanda
Townsend is that they’ve found certain information, but there are legal impediments that
prevent them from doing anything with the site until they reach all the affected property
owners. They can’t do anything on someone’s property without getting their permission and
contacting them. He hasn’t heard from Amanda Townsend this month and believed she was
on vacation.
Mr. Kingston said the last he heard from Amanda was that there was nothing new. That was
at the last meeting.
Chairman Erjavec said Amanda did speak with the property owners and this came up with
Plot N, when one citizen came in to stress some concerns. There was some activity on that
resolved, so Plot W got recognized during that time. It’s uncertain what the property owners
are thinking right now. Let that one go for a little bit?
Mr. Bellows said he’ll work with Tim and Sean to see if they can get together with Amanda
Townsend prior to the next meeting to see how we can proceed with the Board. It’s been a lot
of work for Amanda, so maybe we can provide some assistance for whatever she needs. We
can see if we can get a meeting with her to help create a plan to proceed forward and get a
historic designation on this site. It does seem like a natural thing for this Board that we
should be pushing.
Chairman Erjavec said it was unfortunate that a road was put in and divided the cemetery,
but there are still markers, so it still exists.
Mr. Bellows said he’d get together with Tim Finn next week to see if they could schedule a
meeting with Amanda.
July 15, 2022
4
Chairman Erjavec noted that Amanda will have a better feel for the property owners’
position.
C. Vacancy status
Mr. Bellows said we did have a candidate show up at the last meeting. She seemed very
interested in attending and we showed her the proper way to submit an application-
resume. She did. Unfortunately, she’s not a Collier County resident, so she can’t participate.
We’re still advertising the position and no one has applied, so if you know anybody who
might want to apply …
Chairman Erjavec said this will be his last meeting, so there’ll be another vacancy. We can
discuss a temporary chair or who’s going to run the meeting in his absence. He won’t be
living in Collier County after the first of next month.
Mr. Bellows said the Vice Chair usually takes over in the Chairman’s absence until there’s a
vote, so you would be running the meetings. Is that acceptable?
Vice Chair Austin said it was.
Ms. Perdichizzi told the Chairman that we don’t want to lose you. It’s been a pleasure to
have you on the Board. She’d encouraged him to get on the Board and he’s done an excellent
job and carried a load.
Mr. Bellows said he kept this Board moving.
Chairman Erjavec said he appreciated that. That’s just his nature and the Board made him
Chairman at the first meeting, so he ran with it. His concern is being involved with
preservation and history. He could have done better, he just wanted to ensure it was done
right. Some people’s standards are higher than others, but he did the best he could. Feel free
to call anytime if you have any questions or concerns. [Applause]
Mr. Bellows asked how many years he’d served.
Chairman Erjavec said he hasn’t missed a meeting. It’s been several, six or seven, maybe
eight years. Feel free to call if you need help or don’t understand something.
6. New Business
Mr. Bellows said we have two very large projects that have submitted an archaeological
assessment. We’re getting ready to put those packets together, so in the next couple of weeks
you should be getting a look ahead on what those are, so we can vote on them at the next
meeting.
Chairman Erjavec asked if they pertain to the Rural-Fringe Area.
Mr. Bellows said one is in the Rural Fringe (Mixed-Use District) and the other is in Fiddler’s
Creek.
Chairman Erjavec said both are already pretty well-developed areas. Of course, there’s
demand in Collier County and he doesn’t know the exact numbers, but you all do your job
very well. It’s overwhelming at times. There aren’t any other Counties or state where the
activity is this dense and keeps coming.
July 15, 2022
5
Mr. Bellows said the prime real estate has been accounted for from a permitting standpoint,
or they have their zoning in place, so now the properties that have been bypassed due to
environmentally sensitive issues or those that have a higher potential of having
archaeological or historic significance are becoming more attractive as real estate prices are
increasing. They’re worth the hassle to deal with those environmental issues or
archaeological issues, so it’s probably certain that we’re going to see an uptick on these
assessments or surveys for historic resources. You can review those at your will.
Chairman Erjavec said property owners hire a firm, no matter their reputation or standards.
They do the report, but that doesn’t mean you have to accept it. You can review it and use
your best judgment. There are always conditions when you approve a report. You could take
it to the next level and say, “That’s great that you did all this, but we’re concerned about
this.” And if it gets to that, include a condition with it, if it’s necessary.
When the first settlers came here, they looked at an area and they stuck out their thumb and
they said, “Take that high ground and fill in that hole over there and make it flat and we’re
going to put in some homes.” It still happens today. A lot of the desirable properties or the
historic and archaeological properties that remain are even more desired today, so it’s
probably more important to review them. Use your best judgement and do the best you can.
Mr. Bellows said one of the planners did some research on Golden Gate Estates and found
the advertising that was done in the ‘40s and ‘50s to attract people to Florida and what it
looked like back then. I’ll forward that information to the Board. It’s hysterical.
Chairman Erjavec agreed. He noted that a lot of things have changed very fast since it was
just endangered species. Back in the day, they just hunted, slaughtered, took a picture and did
whatever.
Mr. Bellows said we were talking about the housing cost of a house in Golden Gate
Estates. What year was that?
Mr. Kingston said 1978.
Mr. Bellows said it was $30,000 for a house and now it’s $600,000.
Chairman Erjavec said the County has just barely kept ahead of the game on their
infrastructure with the roads, sewers and water, so you handle it as it comes. It’s a big
undertaking and he credits County staff and everybody involved. It’s quite a job, in Collier
County, in particular. You could get a job anywhere because you’re actually working here.
Other counties and states don’t have this type of activity and a well-groomed system. Any
other comments, questions?
Ms. Perdichizzi said in the summer time they always have to worry about a quorum. Is it
four then?
Mr. Bellows said it’s always four.
Ms. Perdichizzi said we don’t need to worry about a quorum then if we’re all here.
Mr. Bellows said people often take time off in the summer. They can decide if they want to
take August off.
July 15, 2022
6
Ms. Perdichizzi said maybe each Board member could make a special effort in their own
circles and find someone who is interested in joining the Board.
Mr. Bellows said it’s been a couple of months now.
Ms. Perdichizzi agreed.
Chairman Erjavec said we haven’t had a month off in a while.
Mr. Bellows said they hadn’t since COVID.
Ms. Perdichizzi asked if it needs a motion.
Mr. Bellows said it does.
Chairman Erjavec said he knows they have two projects coming up and maybe by that time
they’ll fill the vacancies. Anybody want to make that motion?
Vice Chairman Bell moved to cancel the August meeting and schedule the next meeting
for Sept. 16. Second by Ms. Perdichizzi. The motion passed unanimously, 5-0.
Vice Chairman Bell said he has a wedding in Massachusetts to attend on the weekend of
September 17, so he may not be at the September meeting.
Mr. Bellows said they can reach out to poll Board members on the first week and see if
everyone can attend, or they can push up the meeting or push it back.
Chairman Erjavec said the September meeting date hasn’t been set yet.
Ms. Perdichizzi said she also has plans to be traveling for two weeks in September.
Mr. Bellows said if they get an email from him, please respond as soon as they can because
they need to determine if they have a quorum and reserve a room.
Chairman Erjavec said if you miss two meetings, you’ll have a lot to do with two new
projects coming up.
Mr. Bellows said hopefully, we will have some people filling the vacancies and then you’ll
have more time to look at those cultural assessments.
Chairman Erjavec said he hopes his name will be on a few and he can come visit.
Mr. Bell asked if they were going to get an email on the assessments.
Mr. Bellows said they are digital documents and were both prepared by AHC
(Archaeological and Historical Conservancy), by Robert Carr.
Chairman Erjavec said that might take more time.
Mr. Bellows agreed, saying there’s a lot of information.
7. Review of Project and Activity Log
The Board reviewed the “Collier County Historic and Archaeologic Preservation Board
Project & Activity Tracking Log (Revised on 7/2022)”
Interlocal Agreement
Chairman Erjavec noted that it’s been temporarily shelved. He’s sure they’ll be relieved.
Rosemary Cemetery
Chairman Erjavec said Ms. Townsend does an amazing, overwhelming job and makes it
happen when it comes to getting things done. He commends her on that.
July 15, 2022
7
Indian Hill Site
Chairman Erjavec noted he drove by yesterday and the “For Sale” sign is still up and
they’re asking $1.8 million for it.
8. Public Comments:
None
9. HAPB Comments
None
10. Adjournment
The next HAPB meeting will tentatively be held on Sept. 16, 2022, at 9:30 a.m.
Mr. O’Brien made a motion to adjourn the meeting. Second by Mr. Thompson. The motion
passed unanimously, 5-0.
There being no further business for the good of the County, the meeting was adjourned
by order of the Chairman at 9:53 a.m.
HISTORIC/ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION BOARD
__________________________________
Interim Chairman, Austin Bell
These meeting notes were approved by the Board on ___________________, as presented
(check one) _______, or as amended__________.
CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY
OF THE IMMOKALEE EXPANSION EAST PROPERTY,
COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA
Performed for:
Stewart Materials, LLC
2875 Jupiter Park Drive
Suite 1100
Jupiter, Florida 33458
Prepared by:
Florida’s First Choice in Cultural Resource Management
Archaeological Consultants, Inc.
8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A
Sarasota, Florida 34240
(941) 379-6206
March 2022
CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY
OF THE IMMOKALEE EXPANSION EAST PROPERTY,
COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA
Performed for:
Stewart Materials, LLC
2875 Jupiter Park Drive
Suite 1100
Jupiter, Florida 33458
Conducted by:
Archaeological Consultants, Inc.
8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A
Sarasota, Florida 34240
Marion Almy - Project Manager
Elizabeth A. Horvath - Project Archaeologist
Justin Winkler – Archaeologist
March 2022
i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) conducted a Cultural Resource Assessment Survey
(CRAS) of the 160-acre Immokalee Expansion East property in Collier County for Stewart Materials,
LLC. This project will involve most of the property being converted to a sand and gravel mine. The
property is located on the west side of State Road (SR) 29, south of SR 82, in the north central portion
of the county. Johnson Road is within the property. The project is being conducted as due diligence in
anticipation of permitting requirements.
The purpose of this CRAS was to locate and identify any cultural resources within the Area of
Potential Effects (APE) and to assess their significance in terms of eligibility for listing in the National
Register of Historic Places (NRHP). As defined in 36 CFR Part § 800.16(d), the APE is the “geographic
area or areas within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause alterations in the character
or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist.” Based on the scale and nature of the activities,
the project has a limited potential for any indirect (visual or audible) or cumulative effects outside the
immediate footprint of construction. The APE was defined as the property footprint. The survey was
conducted in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as
amended, and its implementing regulations in 36 CRF Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. It
was carried out in conformity with the standards contained in the Florida Division of Cultural
Resources’ (FDHR) Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual (FDHR
2003). In addition, this study meets the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida
Administrative Code, and complies with Chapters 267.061 and 373.414, Florida Statutes (FS), as well
as Florida’s Coastal Management Program and local regulations. The Principal Investigators meet the
Secretary of the Interior's Historic Preservation Professional Qualification Standards (48 FR 44716)
for archaeology, history, architecture, architectural history, or historic architecture.
Background research and a review of the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) and the NRHP
indicated that there are no sites recorded within the APE, and none have been recorded within two miles
of the APE. The APE was considered to have a low to moderate indigenous archaeological potential
based on the environmental setting and a low historic archaeological site potential. The field
investigations, which included surface reconnaissance and the excavation of 96 shovel tests, discovered
no archaeological sites within the APE.
Historical background research, including a review of the FMSF and NRHP, revealed no
previously recorded historic resources within or adjacent to the APE. A review of the United States
Geological Survey (USGS) Immokalee quadrangle map, the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) historic aerial photos, and the Collier County Property Appraiser’s data revealed no potential
for historic resources within the APE (Skinner 2022; USDA 1947, 1953, 1963, 1980; USGS 1958).
This was confirmed by the field investigations.
Given the results of background research and field survey, including the excavation of 96
shovel tests, no archaeological sites or historic resources were discovered. Thus, there are no cultural
resources that are listed, eligible for listing, or that appear potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP
within the APE. As such, it is the professional opinion of ACI that the proposed undertaking will result
in no historic property affected.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1-1
2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ......................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Project Location ........................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2 Physiography and Geology ....................................................................................... 2-1
2.3 Soils and Vegetation .................................................................................................. 2-3
2.4 Paleoenvironmental Considerations .......................................................................... 2-4
3.0 CULTURE HISTORY ......................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Paleoindian ................................................................................................................ 3-2
3.2 Archaic ...................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3 Glades ........................................................................................................................ 3-4
3.4 Colonialism ............................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5 Territorial and Statehood ........................................................................................... 3-7
3.6 Civil War and Aftermath ......................................................................................... 3-10
3.7 Twentieth Century ................................................................................................... 3-12
3.8 APE Specifics .......................................................................................................... 3-16
4.0 RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS AND METHODS ..................................................... 4-1
4.1 Background Research and Literature Review ........................................................... 4-1
4.2 Archaeological Considerations .................................................................................. 4-1
4.3 Historical Considerations .......................................................................................... 4-5
4.4 Field Methodology .................................................................................................... 4-5
4.5 Inadvertent/Unanticipated Discoveries ..................................................................... 4-6
4.6 Laboratory Methods/Curation ................................................................................... 4-7
5.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Archaeological Results .............................................................................................. 5-1
5.2 Historical Results ...................................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 5-3
6.0 REFERENCES CITED ....................................................................................................... 6-1
APPENDIX
Survey Log
iii
LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Figure
Figure 1.1. Location of the Immokalee Expansion East APE. ............................................................ 1-2
Figure 2.1. Environmental setting of the APE. .................................................................................... 2-2
Figure 2.2. Soil type distribution within the APE. .............................................................................. 2-4
Figure 3.1. Florida Archaeological Regions. ....................................................................................... 3-1
Figure 3.2. 1839 Mackay and Blake map showing the approximate location of the APE. ................. 3-8
Figure 3.3. 1856 Ives map showing the approximate location of the APE. ........................................ 3-9
Figure 3.4. 1873 plat showing the APE. ............................................................................................ 3-11
Figure 3.5. 1947 Collier County map showing the APE. .................................................................. 3-14
Figure 3.6. 1958 Immokalee USGS quadrangle map. ....................................................................... 3-15
Figure 3.7. 1947 and 1980 aerial photos showing the APE. ............................................................. 3-17
Figure 4.1. Previously recorded cultural resources within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the APE. ........................ 4-2
Figure 5.1. Location of the shovel tests within the APE. .................................................................... 5-2
Table
Table 2.1. Soil types within the APE (Liudahl et al. 1998). ................................................................ 2-4
Table 4.1. Surveys conducted within 1.6 km (1 mile) of the APE. ..................................................... 4-3
Table 4.2. Distribution of sites by water type and distance. ................................................................ 4-3
Table 4.3. Distribution of sites by drainage and soil types. ................................................................. 4-4
Photo
Photo 2.1. Pasture south of Johnson Road, facing west. ..................................................................... 2-1
Photo 2.2. Modified southern wetland, facing west. ........................................................................... 2-3
Photo 2.3. Western nursery, facing southwest. ................................................................................... 2-3
Photo 5.1. Stratigraphy in the pasture. ................................................................................................ 5-1
Photo 5.2. Stratigraphy in the nursery. ................................................................................................ 5-3
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) conducted a Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of
the 160-acre Immokalee Expansion East property in Collier County for Stewart Materials, LLC. This
project will involve most of the property being converted to a sand and gravel mine. The property is
located on the west side of State Road (SR) 29, south of SR 82, in the north central portion of the
county; Johnson Road is within the property (Figure 1.1). The project is being conducted as due
diligence in anticipation of permitting requirements.
The purpose of this CRAS was to locate and identify any cultural resources within the Area of
Potential Effects (APE) and to assess their significance in terms of eligibility for listing in the National
Register of Historic Places (NRHP). As defined in 36 CFR Part § 800.16(d), the APE is the “geographic
area or areas within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause alterations in the character
or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist.” Based on the scale and nature of the activities,
the project has a limited potential for any indirect (visual or audible) or cumulative effects outside the
immediate footprint of construction. The APE was defined as the property footprint. The survey was
conducted in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as
amended, and its implementing regulations in 36 CRF Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. It
was carried out in conformity with the standards contained in the Florida Division of Cultural
Resources’ (FDHR) Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual (FDHR
2003). In addition, this study meets the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida
Administrative Code, and complies with Chapters 267.061 and 373.414, Florida Statutes (FS), as well
as Florida’s Coastal Management Program and local regulations. The Principal Investigators meet the
Secretary of the Interior's Historic Preservation Professional Qualification Standards (48 FR 44716)
for archaeology, history, architecture, architectural history, or historic architecture.
Background research preceded the field investigations. Such research provides and informed
set of expectation as to the types and locations of resources expected within the APE. In addition, the
data can be used to assess the significance of any sites discovered.
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Figure 1.1. Location of the Immokalee Expansion East APE.
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2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Environmental factors such as geology, topography, relative elevation, soils, vegetation, and
water are important in determining where archaeological sites are likely to be located. These variables
influenced what types of resources were available in an area, which in turn influenced decisions
regarding settlement location and land-use patterns. Because of the influence of these environmental
factors upon the inhabitants, a discussion of the environment is included.
2.1 Project Location
The 160-acre APE is located in the southern quarter of Section 17 of Township 46 South, Range
29 East (United States Geological Survey [USGS] Immokalee 2013) in Collier County, Florida. It is
on the west side of SR 29, south of SR 82; Johnson Road runs east/west through the center of the APE
(Figure 2.1). The area consists of pasture with a residence and religious retreat area, a modified chain
of wetlands, and the western portion of the APE is an abandoned plant nursery with associated buildings
and infrastructure (Photos 2.1-2.4).
Photo 2.1. Pasture south of Johnson Road, facing west.
2.2 Physiography and Geology
According to White (1970), Collier County is included in the southern, or distal, physiographic
zone, and more specifically, the APE is within the Immokalee Rise. It sits at an elevation of 11 to 12
meters (m) (35-40 feet [ft]) above mean sea level. The property is underlain by the Tamiami formation,
which is surficially evidenced by medium fine sand and silt (Florida Department of Environmental
Protection [FDEP] 2001a, 2001b).
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Figure 2.1. Environmental setting of the APE.
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Photo 2.2. Modified southern wetland, facing west.
Photo 2.3. Western nursery, facing southwest.
2.3 Soils and Vegetation
According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the APE is situated within
the Immokalee-Oldsmar-Basinger soil association (Liudahl et al. 1998). It is characterized by nearly
level, poorly drained soils on flatwoods and in sloughs. The native vegetation of the flatwoods consists
of saw palmetto and scattered areas of South Florida slash pine, wax myrtle, and gallberry. The natural
vegetation in the sloughs consists of scattered areas of slash pine, scrub cypress, cabbage palm, saw
palmetto, wax myrtle, sand cordgrass, pineland threeawn, panicums, and chalky bluestem. There are
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four soil types within the APE, and they are listed in Table 2.1 and their locations are depicted on
(Figure 2.2) (USDA 2018).
Table 2.1. Soil types within the APE (Liudahl et al. 1998).
Soil type, % slopes Drainage Setting
Chobee, Winder & Gator soils, depressional Very poor Depressions and marshes
Immokalee fine sand Poor Flatwoods
Oldsmar fine sand Poor Flatwoods
Pomello fine sand Moderately well Low ridges on the flatwoods
Figure 2.2. Soil type distribution within the APE.
2.4 Paleoenvironmental Considerations
The early environment of the region was different from that seen today. Sea levels were lower,
the climate was arid, and fresh water was scarce. An understanding of human ecology during the earliest
periods of human occupation in Florida cannot be based on observations of the modern environment
because of changes in water availability, botanical communities, and faunal resources. Indigenous
inhabitants would have developed cultural adaptations in response to the environmental changes taking
place, which were then reflected in settlement patterns, site types, artifact forms, and subsistence
economies.
Due to arid conditions between 16,500 and 12,500 years ago, the perched water aquifer and
potable water supplies were absent. Palynological studies conducted in Florida and Georgia suggest
that between 13,000 and 5000 years ago, this area was covered with an upland vegetation community
of scrub oak and prairie (Watts 1969, 1971, 1975). However, the environment was not static. Evidence
recovered from the inundated Page-Ladson Site in north Florida has clearly demonstrated that there
were two periods of low water tables and dry climatic conditions and two episodes of elevated water
tables and wet conditions (Dunbar 2006b).
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By 5000 years ago, a climatic event marking a brief return to Pleistocene climatic conditions
induced a change toward more open vegetation. Southern pine forests replaced the oak savannas.
Extensive marshes and swamps developed along the coasts and subtropical hardwood forests became
established along the southern tip of Florida (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). Northern Florida saw an
increase in oak species, grasses, and sedges (Carbone 1983). In south central Florida, pollen cores were
dominated by wax myrtle and pine. The assemblage suggests that by this time, a forest dominated by
longleaf pine along with cypress swamps and bayheads were present (Watts 1971, 1975). About 5000
years ago, surface water was plentiful in karst terrains and the level of the Floridan aquifer rose to 1.5
m (5 ft) above present levels. With the establishment of warmer winters and cooler summers than in
the preceding early Holocene, the fire-adapted pine communities prevailed. These depend on the high
summer precipitation caused by the thunderstorms and the accompanying lightning strikes to spark the
fires (Watts et al. 1996; Watts and Hansen 1994). The increased precipitation also resulted in the
formation of the large swamp systems such as the Okefenokee and Everglades (Gleason and Stone
1994). After this time, modern floral, climatic, and environmental conditions began to be established.
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3.0 CULTURE HISTORY
A discussion of the culture history the region provides a framework within which the local
archaeological and historic record can be examined. Archaeological and historic sites are not individual
entities but are the remains of once dynamic cultural systems. As a result, they cannot be adequately
examined or interpreted without reference to other sites and resources in the area. In general, the culture
history of an area (i.e., an archaeological region) outlines the sequence of archaeological cultures
through time. These cultures are defined largely in geographical terms but also reflect shared
environmental and cultural factors. The APE is situated at the interface of the Caloosahatchee and
Glades archaeological regions but is inland far enough to be considered part of the Glades culture area
due to the lack of intensive coastal interaction (Carr and Beriault 1984; Griffin 1988) (Figure 3.1). It
should be noted that this regional assignment is one of several competing interpretations for the area,
and Griffin (1988) supplies an excellent discussion of alterative groupings.
Figure 3.1. Florida Archaeological Regions.
The area is better understood after the introduction of pottery (ca. 500 BCE [Before Common
Era]). Prior to this, regional characteristics of native populations are not easily identified, as malleable
materials such as textiles and basketry, which lend themselves to cultural expression, are typically
destroyed by environmental processes. With the arrival of pottery, the clay provided both a means of
cultural expression and an archaeologically durable artifact. Thus, the use of pottery as a marker of
cultural diversity probably post-dates the inception of distinct Florida cultures by many centuries.
The local history of the region is divided into four broad periods named with reference to the
prevailing governmental powers or historical trends. The first period, Colonialism, occurred during the
exploration and control of Florida by the Spanish and British from around 1513 until 1821. At that time,
Florida became a territory of the United States (U.S.) and 21 years later became a State (Territorial and
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Statehood). The Civil War and Aftermath (1861-1900) period covers the Civil War, the period of
Reconstruction following the war, and the late 1800s, when the transportation systems were
dramatically increased and development throughout the state expanded. The Twentieth Century period
has subperiods based on important historic events such as the World Wars, the Boom of the 1920s, and
the Depression. Each of these periods evidenced differential development and utilization of the region,
thus effecting the historic archeological site distribution.
3.1 Paleoindian
Current archaeological evidence indicates that the earliest human occupation of the Florida
peninsula dates back some 13,500 years ago or ca. 11,500 BCE (Widmer 1988). The earliest occupation
is referred to as the Paleoindian period, which lasted until approximately 7000 BCE. During this time,
the climate of South Florida was much drier than today. Sea level was 80 to 130 m (260-425 ft) lower
than present, and the coast extended approximately 160 kilometers (km) (100 miles) seaward on the
Gulf coast. With lower sea levels, today’s well-watered inland environments were arid uplands
(Milanich 1994). Lake Okeechobee, the Caloosahatchee, Myakka, and Peace Rivers, the Big Cypress
Swamp, and the Everglades were probably dry. Because of drier global conditions and little or no
surface water available for evaporation, Florida’s rainfall was much lower than at present (Milanich
and Fairbanks 1980). Potable water was obtainable at sinkholes, where the lower water table could be
reached. Plant and animal life were also more diverse around the oases that were frequented by both
people and game animals (Milanich 1994; Widmer 1988).
Thus, the prevailing environmental conditions were largely uninviting to human habitation
during the Paleoindian period (Griffin 1988:191). Given the inhospitable climate, it is not surprising
that the population was sparse and Paleoindian sites are uncommon in south Florida. Exceptions include
two sites to the north in Sarasota County, Little Salt Springs (Clausen et al. 1979) and Warm Mineral
Springs (Clausen et al. 1975a, 1975b; Cockrell and Murphy 1978) and one site to the southeast, Cutler
Fossil Site, in Dade County (Carr 1986).
Archaeologists hypothesize that this period was characterized by small groups utilizing a
hunting and gathering mode of subsistence. Dunbar (2006a:540) suggests that Paleoindians identified
and migrated to “unexploited resource-rich areas” of food. Permanent sources of water, scarce during
this time, were very important in settlement selection as well (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987). This
settlement model, often referred to as the Oasis Hypothesis, has a high correlation with geologic
features in southern Florida such as deep sink holes like those noted in Sarasota and Dade Counties
(Milanich 1994:41). Sites of this period are most readily identified based on distinctive lanceolate
shaped stone projectile points including those of the Simpson and Suwannee types (Bullen 1975). The
tool assemblage also included items manufactured of bone, wood, and very likely leather, as well as
plant fibers (Clausen et al. 1979).
3.2 Archaic
The succeeding Archaic period is divided into three temporal periods: Early Archaic (ca. 7000
to 5000 BCE), Middle Archaic (ca. 5000 to 2000 BCE), and the Late Archaic (ca. 2000 to 500 BCE).
According to Widmer (1988), the extreme aridity of the south Florida region during the Early Archaic
period may have led to the abandonment of the area. Sites of the Early Archaic and Middle Archaic are
not common in southern Florida. In a recent archaeological context, James Pepe confirms the locations
of three Early Archaic and 13 Middle Archaic sites in the 13 county Comprehensive Everglades
Restoration Project (CERP) area (Janus Research 2008). Initially, the settlement patterns and tools of
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the Early Archaic were like those of the preceding Paleoindian period, but through time, more wetland
habitats began to emerge.
During the Archaic, marked environmental changes occurred that had profound influence upon
human settlement and subsistence practices. Humans adapted to this changing environment and
regional differences are reflected in the archaeological record (Russo 1994a, 1994b; Sassaman 2008).
Among the landscape alterations were rises in sea and water table levels that resulted in the creation of
more available surface water. It was during this period that Lake Okeechobee, the Everglades, the Big
Cypress Swamp, and the Caloosahatchee and Peace Rivers formed. In addition, hydrological changes,
this period is characterized by the spread of mesic forests and the beginnings of modern vegetation
communities including pine forests and cypress swamps (Griffin 1988; Widmer 1988).
Two Early Archaic horizons, the Bolen and the Kirk, have been identified (Janus Research
2008). The main diagnostic markers for the Bolen Early Archaic are side-notched projectile points such
as the Bolen and Greenbriar types as well as Kirk Corner-Notched (Austin 1997; Bullen 1975; Farr
2006). Other stone artifacts include adzes, Edgefield scrapers, end scrapers, spokeshaves with graver
spurs, side scrapers, and Waller knives (Purdy 1981).
In southern Florida, the archaeological record for the Middle Archaic is better known than the
Early Archaic. Among the material culture inventory are several varieties of stemmed, broad blade
projectile points including those of the Newnan, Levy, Marion, and Putnam types (Bullen 1975). At
sites where preservation is good, such as sinkholes and ponds, an elaborate bone tool assemblage is
recognized along with shell tools and complicated weaving (Beriault et al. 1981; Wheeler 1994). In
addition, artifacts have been found in the surrounding upland areas, such as the upland palmetto and
pine flatwoods surrounding the Bay West Site (Beriault et al. 1981). Along the coast, excavations on
both Horr’s Island in Collier County and Useppa Island in Lee County (Milanich et al. 1984; Russo
1991) have uncovered pre-ceramic shell middens that date to the Middle Archaic period. The Horr’s
Island shell ring is accompanied by at least three ceremonial mounds. Large architectural features such
as these were designed to divide, separate, and elevate above other physical positions within the
settlement as a reflection and reinforcement of the social segmentation within society (Russo 2008:21).
Mortuary sites, characterized by interments in shallow ponds and sloughs, as discovered at the Little
Salt Springs Site in Sarasota County (Clausen et al. 1979) and the Bay West Site in Collier County
(Beriault et al. 1981), are also distinctive of the Middle Archaic.
The beginning of the Late (or Ceramic) Archaic period is similar to the Middle Archaic but
includes the addition of pottery. The earliest pottery in the south Florida region is fiber-tempered
(Orange Plain and Orange Incised), as represented at sites on Key Marco (Cockrell 1970; Widmer
1974). Projectile points of the Late Archaic are primarily stemmed and corner-notched, and include the
Culbreath, Clay, and Lafayette types (Bullen 1975). Other Late Archaic lithic tools included hafted
scrapers and ovate and triangular-shaped knives (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980).
Essentially modern environmental conditions were reached by the beginning of the Late
Archaic period, when freshwater resources were available throughout southern Florida. Sea levels
continued to rise slightly during the post Archaic periods, inundating small knolls located along the
edge of the Everglades in the process (Carr et al. 1991:125-126; Wheeler 2004:49). The emergence of
stable coastal environments led to greater estuarine richness, which permitted larger human populations
and regionalization of cultures as people adapted to specific habitats (Milanich 1994:83). The South
Florida Native Americans increased their reliance on marine resources in coastal areas and expanded
hunting, fishing, and plant collection throughout the interior (Carr 2002:195).
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Until recently, variations of Bullen’s chronology for the Late Archaic Orange culture in
northeastern Florida were generally used for the Late Archaic in southern Florida. Fiber-tempered
pottery, the earliest known for all North America, was considered a marker for the ceramic portion of
the Late Archaic. The use of this standard fiber-tempered sequence for the Late Archaic in southern
Florida has come into question. Based on his research in southwestern Florida, Widmer (1988:68)
hypothesized that the earliest Late Archaic sites included “untempered chalky pottery and limestone-
tempered pottery as well as the usual fiber-tempered Orange pottery.” Austin (1997:136) stated that the
“identification of a true Orange Horizon in south Florida is debatable.” Instead, what is more common
is the presence of “semi-fiber tempered” pottery in the basal levels of middens, “often in association
with thick St. Johns Plain or sand tempered plain sherds, and overlying either culturally sterile sands,
or sparse scatters of lithic artifacts” (Austin 1996, 1997). Both Widmer and Austin agreed that semi-
fiber tempered components at sites throughout southern Florida are “ephemeral” and soon replaced in
the archaeological record by components consisting exclusively of sand-tempered pottery (Austin
1997:136; Widmer 1988:72-73).
Importantly, it is now becoming clear that many of the ubiquitous faunal bone middens located
in the interior wetlands of southern Florida date to the Late Archaic, even though many of them lack
pottery. Such sites are difficult to date because, not only do they often lack chronologically diagnostic
artifacts, most of the faunal bone at the sites lacks collagen, the datable material in bone samples that
are sent to radiocarbon labs. Nonetheless, ongoing research by the National Park Service in the Big
Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park has yielded dense aceramic faunal bone
middens yielding radiocarbon dates between 2800 and 1500 BCE (Schwadron 2006).
3.3 Glades
The termination of the Late or Ceramic Archaic corresponds to a time of environmental change.
The maturing of productive estuarine systems was accompanied by cultural changes leading to the
establishment of what John Goggin originally defined as the “Glades Tradition” (Griffin 1988:133).
The Glades Tradition was characterized by “the exploitation of the food resources of the tropical coastal
waters, with secondary dependence on game and some use of wild plant foods. Agriculture was
apparently not practiced, but pottery was extensively used” (Goggin 1949:28). Unlike much of
peninsular Florida, the region does not contain deposits of chert, and as such, stone artifacts are rare.
Instead of stone, shell and bone were used as raw materials for tools (Milanich 1994:302).
Most information concerning the post-500 BCE indigenous populations is derived from coastal
sites where the subsistence patterns are typified by the extensive exploitation of fish and shellfish, wild
plants, and inland game, like deer. Inland sites show a greater reliance on interior wetland resources.
Known inland sites often consist of sand burial mounds and shell and dirt middens along major water
courses, and small dirt middens containing animal bone and pottery in oak/palm hammocks, or palm
tree islands associated with freshwater marshes (Griffin 1988). These islands of dry ground provided
space for settlements (Carr 2002).
Glades I - Beginning around 500 BCE, fiber-tempered and semi fiber-tempered pottery of the
Late Archaic period was replaced by sand-tempered pottery (Glades Plain). This change in tempering
agent marks the beginning the Glades cultural tradition. For 700 years, sand-tempered plain pottery
dominated the assemblage, but from 200 CE (Common Era) to 800 CE, Gordon’s Pass Incised, Sanibel
Incised, and a decorated pottery type that has not been classified, were the predominant decorated wares
(Carr and Beriault 1984; Griffin 1988). The tremendous increase in Glades I sites within the Big
Cypress indicates a dramatic increase in the usage of the area during this time (Widmer 1988), and the
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geographic extent of the Glades I diagnostics indicates a considerable degree of interchange and
interaction (Griffin 1988).
Glades II (800 to 1200 CE) is marked by a tremendous diversity in decorated ceramic types.
Goggin (n.d.) described the decorations as being “neatly and cleanly cut and apparently made with swift
cutting strokes while the clay is partially dry.” Glades IIa (750-900 CE) is identified by the presence of
Key Largo Incised, Opa Locka Incised, and Miami Incised. During Glades IIb (900-1100 CE), Key
Largo Incised remained the primary decorated ware. The number of sites increased, and the period
would appear to be one of “relative stability in technology and subsistence” (Griffin 1988:140). From
ca. 1100 to 1200 CE there is conspicuous absence of decorated pottery, and the number of sites drops
dramatically (Griffin 1988:142). This cultural hiatus has been correlated to the NeoAtlantic warm
period and associated with high sea levels (Fairbridge 1984; Gleason et al. 1984).
Glades III begins with the reintroduction of decorated ceramics; however, the motifs and
techniques are noticeably different from previous styles. Glades IIIa (1200-1400 CE) is identified by
the appearance of Surfside Incised, St. Johns Check Stamped, and Safety Harbor wares. There is also
an accompanying increase in bone ornaments. Then again, ca. 1400 CE, ceramic decoration ceases
except for tooled rim types (Griffin 1988). Griffin hypothesizes that this ceramic style might have been
associated with increasing Calusa influence in the area (Griffin 1988:142).
Whereas the earlier cultural periods of the Glades area are defined exclusively by the
archaeological record, historical documents provide greater information, including tribal names, for the
peoples of the terminal Glades III period. Much of the early historical ethnographic information is
derived from the account of Hernando d’Escalante Fontaneda, a Spanish captive of the Calusa (True
1944). During his 17-year captivity, Fontaneda learned of the political structure, economy, social
hierarchy, and religion of the south Florida indigenous.
3.4 Colonialism
The cultural traditions of the native Floridians changed because of European expansion into
America. The initial events, authorized by the Spanish crown in the 1500s, ushered in devastating
European contact. After Ponce de Leon’s landing near St. Augustine and circumnavigation of the
peninsula in 1513, official Spanish explorations were confined to the west coast of Florida until 1565.
Florida’s east coast, lacking deep-water harbors like Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor, was left to a
few shipwrecked sailors from treasure ships, which, by 1551, sailed through the Straits of Florida on
their way to Spain. When the first Europeans arrived in coastal southwest Florida in the 16th century,
they encountered the Calusa, a powerful, complex society ruled by a paramount chief. The principal
town of the Calusa is thought to have been on Mound Key in Estero Bay. Documents suggest that the
Calusa chief ruled over 50 towns, from which he exacted tribute (Widmer 1988).
Between 1513 and 1558, Spain launched several expeditions of exploration and ultimately
failed, colonization of La Florida. Archaeological evidence of contact can be found in the form of
European trade goods such as glass beads, bells, and trinkets recovered from village sites. Prior to the
settlement of St. Augustine in 1565, European contact with the indigenous peoples was sporadic and
brief; however, the repercussions were devastating. The southeastern indigenous population in 1500
has been estimated at 1.5 to 2 million (Dobyns 1983). Following exposure to European diseases such
as bubonic plague, dysentery, influenza, and smallpox, epidemics to which they had no immunity, the
native population was reduced by as much as 90% (Ramenofsky 1987). The social consequences of
such a swift and merciless depopulation were staggering. Within 87 years of Ponce de Leon’s landing,
the Mississippian cultures of the Southeast were collapsed (Smith 1987). In 1708, the Spanish
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government reported that three hundred refugees were all that remained of the original Florida
population (Mulroy 1993).
Along the Gulf Coast between Charlotte Harbor and Tampa Bay, Spanish and Cuban anglers
established communities, or “ranchos,” with the earliest being at Useppa Island and San Carlos Bay
(Hammond 1973; Palov 1999). There is growing archaeological evidence that the surviving Native
Americans of the region were assimilated into these mixed communities (Almy 2001; Hann 1991; Neill
1968; Palov 1999). These west coast ranchos supplied dried fish to Cuban and northern markets until
the mid-1830s, when the Seminole Wars and customs control closed the fisheries.
During the two centuries following the settlement of St. Augustine, the Spanish widened their
Florida holdings to include the settlement at Pensacola and a garrison at Saint Marks. With the British
to the north and the French to the west, the Spanish colony of La Florida was extremely fragile. In the
early 1700s, Spain invited some of the Lower Creek, displaced by British settlements, into La Florida
to provide a hostile buffer against the British (Mulroy 1993). What formed as a border population
evolved as other bands of Lower Creek extraction moved into the peninsula. This first migration formed
a confederation, which included Cowkeeper and his Alachua band, the Apalachicolas, and the
Mikasukis (Mulroy 1993).
The Treaty of Paris (1763) reallocated the British, French, and Spanish holdings in America.
As a result, Florida was ceded to Great Britain. After this, bands of Upper Creek, Muskogee speakers,
began moving into Florida, increasing the indigenous population to around two thousand by 1790
(Mulroy 1993). Although cultural distinctions existed between the various Native American groups
entering Florida, Europeans collectively called them Seminoles:
The word Seminole means runaway or broken off. Hence Seminole is a distinctive
appellation, applicable to all the Indians in the Territory of Florida, as all of them run
away, or broke off, from the Creek or Nuiscoge [Muskogee] nation (U.S. Congress
1837).
The Seminoles formed, at various times, loose confederacies for mutual protection against the
new American Nation to the north (Tebeau 1980:72) which considered them to be “the wildest and
fiercest remnant of a tribe which has been distinguished for their ceaseless opposition to the arts of
civilization” (U.S. Congress 1850). The Seminoles were joined by escaped slaves from South Carolina
and Georgia (Porter 1996), “many of whom were seduced from the service of their masters” (Jackson
et al. 1817-1818). The loss of slave labor, particularly considering the abolitionists’ movement in the
northeast, coupled with the anxiety of having a free and hostile slave population immediately to the
south, caused great concern among plantation owners. This historically underestimated nuance of the
Seminole Wars prompted General Thomas S. Jesup to say, “This you may be assured is a negro and
not an Indian War” (Knetsch 2003:104).
Following the treaty of Paris (1763), the ensuing decades witnessed the American Revolution
during which British loyalists immigrated to Florida. Following the Revolution, the second Treaty of
Paris (1783) returned Florida to Spain; however, Spanish influence was nominal during this second
period of ownership. For the next 36 years, Spain, from the vantage of Florida, watched with growing
concern as the infant American Nation to the north gained momentum. When the U.S. acquired the
Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Spain was hemmed in.
When the Seminoles began cross-border raids from Spanish Florida into the U.S., General
Andrew Jackson was commissioned to defend the nation. His orders permitted him to cross the
international border to pursue Seminoles, but he was to respect Spanish authority. General Jackson’s
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subsequent actions belie either tacit instructions or a personal agenda, as he killed hundreds of
Seminoles and runaway slaves, took control of several Spanish garrisons and towns, confiscated the
Spanish royal archives, named an American as governor of the area, and announced that the Spanish
economic laws would be replaced by the revenue laws of the U.S. (Tebeau 1980). This aggression
understandably strained relations between the U.S. and Spain. Spain, who had more pressing concerns
with its Central and South American colonies, ceded Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Onis Treaty of
1819 in exchange for the territory west of the Sabine River.
3.5 Territorial and Statehood
Andrew Jackson, named provisional governor of Florida, divided the territory into St. Johns
and Escambia Counties. At that time, St. Johns County encompassed all of Florida lying east of the
Suwannee River, and Escambia County included the land lying to the west. In the first territorial census
in 1825, some 317 persons reportedly lived in South Florida; by 1830 that number had risen to 517
(Tebeau 1980:134).
Although what became known as the First Seminole War (the cross-border hostilities between
the U.S. and the Seminoles) was fought in north Florida, the Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823, at the
end of the war, was to affect the settlement of south Florida. In exchange for occupancy of a four-
million-acre reservation south of Ocala and north of Charlotte Harbor, the Seminoles relinquished their
claim to the remainder of the peninsula (Covington 1958; Mahon 1985). The treaty satisfied neither the
Indigenous population nor the settlers. The inadequacy of the reservation, the desperate situation of the
Seminoles, and the demand of would-be settlers for their removal, produced another conflict.
By 1835, the Second Seminole War was underway, initiated with the Seminole attack on Major
Dade’s company in route to Fort King. Although much of the Second Seminole War occurred in central
Florida, as the Seminoles fled southward into the Big Cypress and Everglades, U.S. forces pursued
them. In October 1840, U.S. Secretary of War Joel Poinsett advised commander Armistead that the
construction of fixed post installations should be discontinued, and temporary depots should be adopted
(Knetsch 2003). This new strategy was a direct response to the guerilla-like warfare utilized by the
Seminoles and the abandonment of set piece warfare. Because of this directive, the landscape of south
Florida was dotted with depots and only slightly more substantial “forts.” The forts of south Florida
very rarely approximated the size and permanency of forts such as Brooke, King, and Mellon. The
Mackay and Blake map from this time shows a number of roads/trails in the vicinity and Forts Adams,
Deynaud, and Thompson to the north and Fort Keais to the south (Mackay and Blake 1839) (Figure
3.2). Geo-referencing maps from this time is a difficult proposition, thus this figure shows the
approximate location of the APE.
The federal government ended the Second Seminole War in 1842 by withdrawing troops from
Florida. At the war’s end, some of the battle-weary Seminoles were persuaded to emigrate to the
Oklahoma Reservation where the federal government had set aside land for them. After much political
deliberation over the fate of black Seminoles (Knetsch 2003:126), approximately 500 black Seminoles
were allowed to accompany the “red Seminoles” west (Porter 1996). Those Seminoles who wished to
remain in Florida could do so, but the reservation boundary was redrawn, reducing Seminole lands to
south and west of Lake Istokpoga in Highlands County. To limit contact between the Seminoles and
Cuban anglers, the offshore islands were excluded from the territory (Covington 1982:3). The
government considered these two and one half million acres “a temporary hunting and planting reserve”
(Covington 1982:3) and continued to pressure the remaining Seminoles to leave by “sending a
delegation of their tribe, which have emigrated West, to visit their brethren in Florida, and explain to
them the advantages of rejoining their tribe” (U.S. Congress 1850).
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Figure 3.2. 1839 Mackay and Blake map showing the approximate location of the APE.
In 1845, the Union admitted the State of Florida with Tallahassee as the state capital and survey
and exploration of the Big Cypress and Okeechobee areas was intensified. Tension mounted as the
Seminoles watched with growing alarm the passage of military patrols and survey parties, and
complaints were made to Indian Agent Captain Casey that such activities made hostilities inevitable
(Covington 1982:30). Patrols typically found little remaining of previous military installations;
however, navigation and location was always in doubt given the limited cartography and featureless
swamps. One officer lamented that “The maps represent the shape of the Big Cypress so differently in
this portion of it and also the course of the creek Okholoakooche [Okaloacoochee Slough] from what I
found that I felt doubts if I had yet reached the right place.”
On January 22, 1855, Lt. George Hartsuff, appointed topographical engineer and main
surveyor, began exploration of the Big Cypress and Everglades. During this time, he helped establish
Forts Simon Drum and Shackleford. When the rainy season of June 1855 set in, survey was suspended
and Hartsuff began work on his field notes and maps. In a sketch furnished to the War Department, he
showed the exact location of many Seminole villages and noted that he had been into the chief haunt
of the Seminoles that contained most of their villages, gardens, and cattle pens (Covington 1982:35).
Sampson Forrester, a Black Seminole, provided the following account of the Seminole existence in the
swamps:
Within the swamp are many pine-islands, upon which the villages are located. They
are susceptible of cultivation; and between them is a cypress swamp, the water from
two to three feet deep. The Indians rely principally upon their crops, which, though
small, add much to their comfort. Corn, pumpkins, beans, wild potatoes, and cabbage
palmetto, afford subsistence. The scarcity of powder deprives them partially of game;
though bears and turkey are frequently killed with arrows. Discharging a rifle was
forbidden, as in a country so flat and wet the reverberation is in abundance; but there
they apprehend discovery. A few ponies, cattle, hogs, and chickens are owned by the
chief (Tampa Tribune 1955).
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On December 7, 1855, Lieutenant Hartsuff again set out for the Big Cypress with orders to
make reconnaissance and take note of any Seminole fields and settlements (Covington 1982:1). Within
a few days, the company found the charred ashes of Forts Simon Drum and Shackelford, which had
been abandoned during the rainy season. Every Seminole village entered was found to be deserted, and
when leaving Billy Bowlegs’ village on December 18, 1855, artillerymen took bunches of planted
bananas. Later, in the day, the company received orders to return to Fort Myers and they began the trip
westward. They camped for the evening in a small grove south of present-day Immokalee; 30 Seminole
warriors led by Billy Bowlegs ambushed them at 5:00 AM (Covington 1982:1). In what was perhaps
the result of misunderstood aggression, and tragically ill-timed orders (had they only left a day earlier),
the Third, and final, Seminole War began.
For the following two and a half years, hit and miss skirmishes extended from the Big Cypress
and Everglades to Darby in Pasco County and New Smyrna Beach in Volusia County. Through this
period, U.S. military strategy included the use of poorly disciplined militia, aggressive campaigns, and
truce offerings. After several previous betrayals, the Seminoles did not respond to the latter tactic. By
the summer of 1857, the focus was on Billy Bowlegs in the Big Cypress. This effort was greatly aided
by the use of shallow draft boats (Covington 1982). When found, villages were burned, fields were
destroyed, horses and cattle were slaughtered, and Seminoles captured. As Seminole warriors were
occupied hunting or scouting, captured villagers were typically women and children, the wounded, and
the elderly. On November 19, 1857, Captain William Cone’s company discovered an occupied village.
Two Seminole guards were killed and five women, thirteen children, and a wounded warrior were taken
prisoner (Covington 1982:72).
During the Seminole War, the U.S. Army Engineers surveyed the region south of the
Caloosahatchee River. The Ives map depicts numerous trails in the area as well as Fort Simon Drum to
the southeast and Forts Keais and Doane to the south; the northward trending road leads to Fort
Deynaud and Fort Thompson (Figure 3.3.) (Ives 1856).
Figure 3.3. 1856 Ives map showing the approximate location of the APE.
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After years of running, struggling to provide for his people, and mounting attacks, when
possible, Billy Bowlegs finally surrendered to federal forces at Fort Myers. On May 4, 1858, the ship
Grey Cloud departed Fort Myers for Egmont Key with 38 warriors and 85 women and children. An
additional 45 captives were boarded at Egmont, and the ship set sail for New Orleans where they would
depart for Oklahoma. Although some Seminoles remained in the Big Cypress and the Everglades, the
U.S. government did not deem it worthy to pursue them. This half-starved and battle-weary population
was left to eke out an existence in the south Florida swamps (Covington 1982).
As settlers moved into the Big Cypress region, cattle ranching served as one of the major
economic activities. Mavericks left by early Spanish explorers such as DeSoto and Narváez provided
the stock for the herds raised by the mid-eighteenth century “Cowkeeper” Seminoles. As the Seminoles
were pushed further south during the Seminole Wars and their cattle were either sold or left to roam,
settlers captured or bought the cattle. By the late 1850s, the cattle industry of southwestern Florida was
developing on a significant scale. By 1860, cattle owners from all over Florida drove their herds to Fort
Brooke (Tampa) and Punta Rassa for shipment to Cuba, at a considerable profit. During this period,
Jacob Summerlin became the first cattle baron of southwest Florida. Known as the “King of the
Crackers,” his herds ranged from Ft. Meade to Ft. Myers (Covington 1957).
3.6 Civil War and Aftermath
In 1861, Florida followed South Carolina’s lead and seceded from the Union as a prelude to
the Civil War. Florida had much at stake in this war as evidenced in a report released from Tallahassee
in June of 1861. It listed the value of land in Florida at $35,127,721 and the value of the slaves at
$29,024,513 (Dunn 1989:59). Although the Union blockaded the coast of Florida during the war, the
interior of the state saw very little military action. Florida became one of the major contributors of beef
to the Confederate government (Shofner 1995:72). Summerlin originally had a contract with the
Confederate government to market thousands of head a year at eight dollars per head. However, by
driving his cattle to Punta Rassa and shipping them to Cuba, he received 25 dollars per head (Grismer
1946:83). To limit the supply of beef transported to the Confederate government, Union troops
stationed at Ft. Myers conducted several raids into the Peace River Valley to seize cattle and destroy
ranches. In response, Confederate supporters formed the Cattle Guard Battalion, consisting of nine
companies under the command of Colonel Charles J. Munnerlyn (Akerman 1976). The cattle owners
and the farmers in the state lived simply. The typical home was a log cabin without windows or
chinking, and settlers’ diets consisted largely of fried pork, corn bread, sweet potatoes, and hominy.
The lack of railway transport to other states, the federal embargo, and the enclaves of Union supporters
and Union troops holding key areas such as Jacksonville and Ft. Myers prevented an influx of finished
materials. As a result, settlement remained limited until after the Civil War.
Immediately following the war, the South underwent a period of “Reconstruction” to prepare
the Confederate States for readmission to the Union. The program was administered by the U.S.
Congress, and on July 25, 1868, Florida officially returned to the Union. After the war ended,
southerners who faced reconstruction and rebuilding saw Florida as a frontier full of opportunity and
welcome. In southwest Florida, settlers first arrived by ones or twos, drifting through the area. Many
of the early arrivals, however, were apparently “squatters” (Tebeau 1966:167). In most of the early
settlements, development followed the earlier pattern with few settlers, one or two stores, and a lack of
available overland transportation.
In the 1870s, while the region was still part of Monroe County, settlement of Collier County
evolved slowly and in isolated pockets. Immokalee, Everglades City, Chokoloskee, Marco, Caxambas,
Goodland, and Naples served as the early centers for settlement (Tebeau 1966:96). These first
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permanent pioneers were farmers; the hunters and fisherfolk who had preceded them established only
temporary camps. As the land was largely impassable, their market was Key West, a growing city
which produced almost none of its own food (Tebeau 1966).
The Homestead Act, created by Congress in 1862, allowed settlers to obtain title to 160 acres
by residing on and working the land. The property had to first be surveyed by the government. It was
not until the 1870s that Matthew H. Clay and W.L. Apthorp surveyed the lands within Township 46
South, Ranges 29 East (Apthorp 1872; Clay 1873). Other than the Southeast Road, an old military road
with a branch leading to Fort Simon Drum, no historic features were identified within or proximate to
the APE (Figure 3.4) (Apthorp and Clay 1873). The lands closest to the APE were described as 3rd rate
prairie (Clay 1873:771, 778, 780).
Figure 3.4. 1873 plat showing the APE.
By the early 1880s, the State of Florida faced a fiscal crisis involving title to public lands. By
act of Congress in 1850, the federal government turned over to the states for drainage and reclamation
all “swamp and overflow land.” Florida received approximately 10,000,000 acres. To manage that land
and the 5,000,000 acres the state had received on entering the Union, the state legislature in 1851
created the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund. In 1855, the legislature established
the actual fund (the Florida Internal Improvement Fund), in which state lands were to be held. The fund
became mired in debt after the Civil War and under state law no land could be sold until the debt was
cleared. In 1881, the Trustees started searching for a buyer capable of purchasing enough acreage to
pay off the fund’s debt and permit the sale of the remaining millions of acres that it controlled. In 1881,
Hamilton Disston, a member of a prominent Pennsylvania saw manufacturing family entered into an
agreement with the State of Florida to purchase four million acres of swamp and overflowed land for
one million dollars. In exchange, he promised to drain and improve the land. This transaction, which
became known as the Disston Purchase, enabled the distribution of large land subsidies to railroad
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companies, inducing them to begin extensive construction programs for new lines throughout the state.
The purchase, although technically legal, was extremely generous with the designation “swamp and
overflow land.” Grismer (1946) estimates that at least half of the acreage was “high and dry.” Disston
and the railroad companies, in turn, sold smaller parcels of land to developers and private investors
(Tebeau and Carson 1965:252). All of Section 17 was deeded to the Carrabelle, Tallahassee & Georgia
Railroad Company in 1894 (State of Florida n.d.:265).
By the late 1880s, squatters were sufficient in numbers to protest when “their land” became the
property of Hamilton Disston. Squatters could have purchased the land on which they had taken up
residence and constructed improvements, for such a provision was made in the Disston contracts. But
the early settlers believed they should each be permitted to homestead 160 acres of high and dry land.
They had not been able to do so because the land was designated “swamp and overflowed” and title to
it had been transferred to the state (Tebeau 1966:167).
Disston’s purchase included what is now Naples, and he formed the Florida Land and
Improvement Company. In 1886, Charles Adams bought a parcel from Disston which formed the basis
for the Naples Town Improvement Company of Tallahassee. When John Williams and Walter
Haldeman, both from Kentucky, decided “Naples” was the perfect place to develop a city, they bought
the controlling interest in the Naples Town Improvement Company. They reorganized it, gave it new
direction, and renamed it the Naples Company. With Haldeman directing the work, the company was
ready, by December 1887, to embark into a new period of full-scale town building and improvement
including a hotel, churches, and shops. The name “Naples” is attributed to numerous Florida
developers’ sales schemes to romanticize the Florida peninsula into a pleasant “Italian” seaside resort.
Unfortunately, the only activity for the next few years was on paper - the buying and selling of land;
little construction took place (Jamro and Lanterman 1985). In 1887, the land, which today is Collier
County, became part of the newly created Lee County. It was named for Barron Gift Collier, a Memphis
born businessperson who promoted the region’s development.
When Billy Bowlegs departed for Oklahoma, Old Tiger Tail became the de facto leader of the
remaining Seminoles. He lived at the headwaters of the Okaloacoochee Slough, and his holdings
included cattle, agricultural fields, and Corn Dance Grounds (West 1990). In 1891, under the direction
of Amelia S. Quinton, the Women’s National Indian Association resolved to establish a mission near
Immokalee (then known as Allen’s Place) (West 1990). Dr. J.E. Brecht and his wife were hired as
missionaries, and the mission consisted of a residence, a schoolhouse, barn, and fenced land. It was as
this time that Allen’s Place became known as Immokalee (Mikasuki for “home”). A lumber mill was
established in 1892 to provide the Native Americans with employment and industrial training, although
it burned down the following year (FPS 1986:62). In 1893, the Episcopal Dioceses established a
mission for the Seminoles and the federal government established an agency there. The Episcopal
Indian Mission held its first service in 1896, though established for the Native Americans, white settlers
made use of the church until 1924 (Tebeau 1966). In 1896, trader Bill Brown established a post on the
western rim of the Everglades. Over time, the missionary activities shifted from Immokalee to Brown’s
Landing where the Glade Cross Mission was established. As a result, when the Big Cypress Reservation
boundaries were drawn, they included the Glade Cross Mission, but Immokalee was excluded. When
the reservation was created, Bill Brown’s son, Frank, who grew up amongst the Seminoles, was
appointed the Agent for the reservation (Brown 1989).
3.7 Twentieth Century
From 1899 until 1914, the Naples Company struggled but the town slowly grew. In 1914, E.W.
Crayton, an Ohio real estate developer with a successful record of accomplishment in St. Petersburg,
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purchased the controlling interest in the company and renamed it the Naples Improvement Company.
His direction is credited with leading Naples into the future. In 1925, Naples was incorporated and by
1927, reached by two railroad lines (Dean 1991).
In 1911, successful New York City advertiser, Barron Gift Collier, visited Useppa Island.
Collier was captivated, “Frankly, I was fascinated with Florida and swept off my feet by what I saw
and felt. It was a wonderland with a magic climate, set in a frame of golden sunshine” (Collier County
Museum 2010). Over the next decade, Collier amassed over one million acres in southwest Florida and
his property stretched from the Ten Thousand Islands to Useppa Island, and from the coast to the Big
Cypress and the Everglades (Clement n.d.). Collier was the largest landholder in the state and created
a luxury resort, the Useppa Inn, which was visited by corporate giants, presidents, movie stars, authors,
and sports celebrities. To facilitate development, Collier made a pledge to the Florida State Legislature
to complete the Tamiami Trail from Tampa to Miami (Naples Daily News 1976). The roadway was
finished in 1928 and as traffic increased, southwest Florida’s tourist industry was born (Scupholm
1997). The construction of the Tamiami Trail had a tremendous effect on Seminole settlement patterns.
The roadway interrupted traditional canoe routes and as a result, Seminoles were forced to use the
Tamiami Canal, which was created during road construction. Many Seminole families moved closer to
the Tamiami Canal to facilitate canoe transportation (Carr 2002).
On July 7, 1923, the state legislature created Collier County and named Everglades City as
county seat. Collier became the second largest county in Florida with a land area of 2032 square miles.
At the time of its creation, the county consisted of pine and cypress land and extensive swampland. The
towns within the county, Immokalee, Naples, Marco, Caxambas, Chokoloskee, Deep Lake, and
Everglades City, were all small settlements separated by almost inaccessible terrain.
Barron Collier was instrumental in bringing modern communications, roadways, and railroads
to his namesake county (Collier County Museum 2010). His promotions eventually opened up the
area’s enormous agricultural and resort potential, but the Great Depression halted growth. The number
of residents in 1925 of 1256 grew to only 2883 by 1930 (Tebeau 1966:212). By the mid-1930s, federal
programs, implemented by the Roosevelt administration, started employing large numbers of
construction workers, helping to revive the economy of the state. The programs were instrumental in
the construction of parks, bridges, and public buildings. However, Collier County’s economy and
population remained at a virtual standstill until the end of WWII when a new wave of national
prosperity sent thousands of people to Florida (Dean 1991).
Improvements in transportation included the 1921 Atlantic Coast Line (ACL) Railway
Company’s extension south from LaBelle to Immokalee. The town took on new importance and became
a center for inland activity in Collier County (Tebeau 1966). While Barron Collier was promoting the
Tamiami Trail, he and his supporters were also trying to open a direct highway route from Immokalee
to the county seat of Everglades City. By 1923, an unimproved road from LaBelle through Immokalee,
terminating at Deep Lake, was depicted on a Florida State Map (Kendrick 1964). This road was
completed between Immokalee and Everglades City in the early 1920s (FPS 1986). Collier County
induced the ACL to continue its line south to Everglades City around 1927. The two projects linked the
town with outer areas of the county and the Tamiami Trail. With the arrival of the railroad and road
Immokalee became a center for ranching, farming, and lumbering (Tebeau 1966).
In 1923, Collier County had one of the largest stands of virgin cypress and pine timber in the
country (Tebeau 1966). Roads leading into the Everglades were completed in the 1920s, enabling
logging companies to exploit the region’s cypress (Klinkenberg 1994). From the 1920s to the late
1950s, steam powered mills cut cypress board, which was valued for its durability and imperviousness
to water. “Swamp Loggers” would cut down the trees and oxen and mules would pull the downed trees
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to temporary tram railways where they were loaded for transport to the nearby mills. Logging activities
in the Big Cypress Swamp and Fakahatchee Strand were prevalent in the 1940s in response to wartime
needs (U.S. Fish and Wildlife n.d.). The cypress was used in the construction of P.T. boats, and, later,
was shipped to Europe to supply the post-war rebuilding efforts (Klinkenberg 1994). Two of the
companies with logging operations in the area were the Lee Tidewater Cypress Company and the C. J.
Jones Logging Company. The logging industry required the construction of rail lines traversed by steam
locomotives, which resulted in the establishment of several sawmills and lumber towns within the
region. The largest of these towns was Jerome, located off of present-day State Road 29, north of US
41 (Tamiami Trail) (Klinkenberg 1994). Two mills, one at Naples and the other at Bonita Springs,
reached into the timber lands from the west coast (Tebeau 1966:252). However, as a result of heavy
lumbering activities from the 1940s to 1957, much of the trees were cleared (FDEP n.d.; Tebeau 1966;
U.S. Fish and Wildlife n.d.). When the cypress supply was exhausted, logging establishments became
ghost towns, and the rail lines were abandoned, leaving only remnant segments of trails and ditches.
There are a number of trails that converge at the northern edge of the APE, one of which traverses the
APE and connected with SR 29 (Copeland 1947) (Figure 3.5). Other than ditches and berms, no
development of the APE was evident on the 1958 Immokalee quadrangle map (Figure 3.6) (USGS
1958)
Figure 3.5. 1947 Collier County map showing the APE.
In 1943, the first commercial oil well in Florida was drilled in Sunniland. The Humble Oil and
Refining Company (now Exxon) struck crude, finally proving that there is oil in Florida. Sunniland
remained the state’s only commercial oil field until 1964. In the 1950s, thousands of acres of cheap
farmland opened due to the extensive drainage projects. At approximately this time, the agricultural
thrust in Collier County began with approximately 640 cultivated acres near Ochopee-Copeland. By
the early 1970s, citrus, watermelons, tomatoes, bell peppers, and cucumbers were the largest producing
crops in the area. Other vegetable crops included squash, cantaloupes, potatoes, melons, cabbage,
lettuce, eggplant, corn, beans, and okra (Naples Daily News 1973).
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Figure 3.6. 1958 Immokalee USGS quadrangle map.
Like many Florida communities, World War II changed the face of Naples and later added to
its growth. Largely, the post-World War II development of Collier County is like that of the rest of
America: increasing numbers of automobiles and asphalt, an interstate highway system, suburban
sprawl, and strip development along major state highways. The county, like most of Florida,
experienced a population boom in the 1950s. Florida’s population increased from 1,897,414 in 1940 to
1950 in 2,771,305. Collier County’s population grew from 5082 in 1940 to 6488 in 1950 (Forstall
1995). After the war, car ownership increased, making the American public more mobile, making
vacations more inexpensive and easier. Many who had served at Florida’s military bases during World
War II also returned with their families to live. As veterans returned, the trend in new housing focused
on the development of small tract homes in new subdivisions.
The agricultural growth of the county led to an influx of migrant workers into the area. In 1966,
Collier County began its first effort to house these workers. The Farm Workers Village, located along
SR 29, was a 491-unit apartment complex operated by the county Housing Authority, it provided
affordable housing to the workers as well as daycare, postal services, a convenience store, laundromat,
and educational facilities (Naples Daily News 1991). The number of permanent Collier County
residents grew rapidly from 6,488 in 1950 to 85,000 by 1980. In 1967, SR 84 (Alligator Alley) or the
Everglades Parkway was built. In 1970, FDOT appointed an advisory panel to evaluate possible routes
across south Florida for the proposed I-75. The plans were prepared by 1972 and the Interstate was
built thereafter, utilizing existing lanes from Alligator Alley for eastbound traffic. Two westbound lanes
were built on the vacant strip of land between Alligator Alley and the canal (Duever et al. 1985).
From 1980 to 1990, Collier County experienced a 77% percent increase in population and
between 1990 and 2000, the population increased 65%. The population continued to increase in the
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county, albeit at a slower rate of 28% from 2000 to 2010 with an estimate of 357,470 individuals for
2017. Leisure and hospitality (19.4%) and trade, transportation, and utilities (18.8%) are the two largest
sectors of employment in the county today (Enterprise Florida 2017).
3.8 APE Specifics
A review of the aerial photographs available from the Publication of Archival and Museum
Materials (PALMM) revealed that the APE was undeveloped prairie and wetlands in 1947. Trails are
visible on the 1953 aerial, but no development was noted. By 1963, the property had been cleared and
drained with ditches and berms. The 1980 aerial photo depicts the eastern two-thirds of the property as
a pasture with a number of structures; the western third was wooded pasture (Figure 3.7) (USDA 1947,
1953, 1963, 1980). Based on the property appraiser’s data, the structures in the eastern portion of the
APE were constructed in the early to mid-1970 and the plant nursery in the western portion of the APE
was built around 1994 (Skinner 2022).
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Figure 3.7. 1947 and 1980 aerial photos showing the APE.
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4.0 RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS AND METHODS
4.1 Background Research and Literature Review
A review of archaeological and historical literature, records and other documents and data
pertaining to the APE was conducted. The focus of this research was to ascertain the types of cultural
resources known in the APE and vicinity, their temporal/cultural affiliations, site location information,
and other relevant data. This included a review of sites listed in the NRHP, the FMSF, CRAS reports,
published books and articles, aerial photographs, unpublished manuscripts, and maps. In addition to the
NRHP and FMSF, other information relevant to the historical research was obtained from the files of
ACI. The FMSF data in this report were obtained in January 2022, which is the most recent edition.
However, according to FMSF staff, input may be a month or more behind receipt of reports and site
files. No individuals with knowledge of historic or prehistoric activities specific to the APE were
discovered during this project; thus, no informant interviews were conducted.
4.2 Archaeological Considerations
Background research indicated that no archaeological sites have been recorded within 1.6 km
(1 mile) of APE (Figure 4.1). The closest, which is 3.8 km (2.4 mile) away, is 8CR00708, a ceramic
scatter recorded during the survey of Collier County (Dickel 1991). Table 4.1 provides a list of the
CRAS projects conducted within 1.6 km (1 mile) of the APE. These have primarily been conducted for
transportation projects, but also include electric lines, a cell tower, and archaeological/historical
surveys.
Based on these data, and other regional site location predictive models (ACI 1992, 1999, 2014b,
2014c; Austin 1987; Bellomo and Fuhrmeister 1991; Carr 1988; Dickel 1991; Smith 2008) and
informed expectations concerning the types of sites likely to occur within the APE, as well as their
probable environmental settings, was generated. As archaeologists have long realized, indigenous
populations did not select their habitation sites and activity areas in a random fashion. Rather, many
environmental factors had a direct influence upon site location selection, including soil drainage,
distance to water, topography, and proximity to resources. It should be noted that the settlement pattern
noted below cannot be applied to sites of the Paleoindian and Early Archaic periods, which precede the
onset of modern environmental conditions.
Analysis of the April 2020 data for the 32 indigenous archaeological sites, with known
locations in the Immokalee Rise physiographic region of Collier County that is outside of National Park
Service (NPS) lands, was conducted. The NPS lands were not included as there is not a modern soil
survey for that area. Historic archaeological sites and indigenous archaeological sites that were plotted
“per vague verbal description” were deleted from this analysis. Although this is a small sample size, it
can give us clues as to which areas were preferred.
Proximity to water is an important site location feature. Over 96% of the sites are located within
100 m (328 ft) of a water source, and only one of the sites further than 200 m (656 ft) from a water
source (Table 4.2). Ninety percent of the sites are proximate to a wetland or swamp, while three sites
are associated with a lake.
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Figure 4.1. Previously recorded cultural resources within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the APE.
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Table 4.1. Surveys conducted within 1.6 km (1 mile) of the APE.
FMSF Manuscript # /
Reference Project
# of
Newly
Recorded
Resources
# of
Previously
Recorded
Resources
1108 / FPS 1986 Historical/architectural Survey of Collier County,
Florida 120 0
2858 / Dickel 1991 An Archaeological Survey of Collier County 22 0
8141 / Batategas 2001
An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the
Proposed DT Immokalee Tower Location in Collier
County, Florida
0 0
14907 / Janus
Research 2007
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of State Road 82
from Lee Boulevard to State Road 29 Lee, Hendry, and
Collier Counties
6 0
16907 / ACI 2009
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Project
Development and Environment (PD&E) Study S.R. 29
from North of S.R. 82 to South of C.R. 80A Collier and
Hendry Counties, Florida
13 2
20872 / ACI 2014a
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Lee County
Electric Cooperative (LCEC) SR 82 and SR 29
Distribution Line Replacement, Collier County, Florida
0 0
21792 / ACI 2015b
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Technical
Memorandum Preferred Stormwater Treatment Areas,
State Road (SR) 82 from Gator Slough Lane to SR 29,
Collier County, Florida
0 1
21923 / ACI 2015a
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Technical
Memorandum Addendum Preferred Stormwater
Treatment Areas, State Road (SR) 82 from Gator
Slough Lane to SR 29, Collier County, Florida
0 0
23126 / ACI 2016
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Technical
Memorandum, Regional Stormwater Pond 4B and
Proposed Roundabout State Road 82 from Gator
Slough Lane to SR 29, Collier County, Florida
0 0
24480 / ACI 2017
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Technical
Memorandum Preferred Ponds, Drainage Easements,
and Right-of-Way, State Road (SR) 82 from the Hendry
County Line to Gator Slough Lane, Collier County,
Florida
2 0
25332 / Janus
Research 2018
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for the State
Road 29 Project Development & Environmental Study
from Oil Well Road (County Road 858) to State Road
82, Collier County, FL
44 2
26188 / Janus
Research 2019
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Orange River to
Terrytown 500 kV Transmission Line Rebuild 0 0
Table 4.2. Distribution of sites by water type and distance.
Type ≤100 m (356 ft) ≤200 m (656 ft) ≤300 m (984 ft) Total
Cnt % Cnt % Cnt % Cnt %
Lake 3 9.38% 0.00% 0.00% 3 9.38%
Swamp/wetland 28 87.50% 0.00% 1 3.13% 29 90.63%
Total 31 96.88% 0 0.00% 1 3.13% 32 100.00%
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Soil types and their drainage characteristics can also be used to assess the likelihood for
indigenous site occurrence (Almy 1978). There are 45 soil types within this study area; of which 36
have recorded archaeological sites (Table 4.3). Those within the APE are shaded in orange on the table.
Many of the sites occurred on more than one soil type. This analysis only includes the four types
covering the greatest acreage for each site, which totaled 41 soil type occurrences. The column “1”,
indicates that this soil type had the greatest area of the site, and so on down the line, so that the “4”
column had the smallest site acreage. However, this analysis may not prove an accurate representation
of the site distribution. While we know the percentage of sites on the various soil types, we do not have
an accurate assessment as to how much of each soil type has been surveyed for archaeological sites.
Table 4.3. Distribution of sites by drainage and soil types.
DRAINAGE/Soil Type, % slopes % of
Area 1 2 3 4 Total % of
Sites difference
MODERATELY WELL DRAINED
Pomello fine sand, 0-2% 0.95% 1 0 1 2.44% 1.49%
Total 0.95% 1 0 1 2.44% 1.49%
POORLY DRAINED
Basinger fine sand, 0-2% 5.79% 0 0.00% -5.79%
Boca fine sand, 0-2% 1.52% 2 2 4.88% 3.35%
Ft. Drum and Malabar, high, fine sands 1.34% 0 0.00% -1.34%
Hallandale and boca fine sands 0.06% 0 0.00% -0.06%
Hallandale fine sand, 0-2% 0.04% 0 0.00% -0.04%
Hilolo, Jupiter, and Margate fine sands 0.80% 6 6 14.63% 13.83%
Holopaw fine sand, 0-2% 4.44% 2 2 4.88% 0.44%
Holopaw fine sand, limestone
substratum (ls) 0.25% 0 0.00% -0.25%
Immokalee fine sand, 0-2% 19.19% 1 1 2.44% -16.75%
Malabar fine sand, 0-2% 4.50% 4 4 9.76% 5.26%
Myakka fine sand, 0-2% 1.44% 0 0.00% -1.44%
Oldsmar fine sand, 0-2% 12.71% 0 0.00% -12.71%
Oldsmar fine sand, ls 0.99% 1 1 2.44% 1.45%
Pennsuco silt loam 0.06% 0 0.00% -0.06%
Pineda and Riviera fine sands 3.67% 2 1 1 4 9.76% 6.08%
Pineda fine sand, ls 0.23% 0 0.00% -0.23%
Riviera fine sand, ls 0.65% 0 0.00% -0.65%
Riviera, ls-Copeland fine sands 1.02% 1 1 2.44% 1.42%
Tuscawilla fine sand 4.30% 2 2 4 9.76% 5.45%
Wabasso fine sand, 0-2% 5.40% 2 2 4.88% -0.52%
Total 68.41% 22 4 1 0 27 65.85% -2.55%
VERY POORLY DRAINED
Boca, Riviera, ls, and Copeland fine
sands, depressional (depr) 7.11% 3 1 4 9.76% 2.64%
Chobee, ls, and Dania mucks, depr 0.21% 0 0.00% -0.21%
Chobee, Winder, and Gator soils, depr 6.94% 1 1 2 4.88% -2.06%
Holopaw and Okeelanta soils, depr 1.19% 0 0.00% -1.19%
Winder, Riviera, ls, and Chobee soils,
depr 13.13% 2 2 4 9.76% -3.38%
Total 28.59% 6 4 0 0 10 24.39% -4.20%
OTHER
Urban land 0.01% 0 0.00% -0.01%
Urban land-Holopaw-Basinger complex 0.01% 0 0.00% -0.01%
Urban land-Immokalee-Oldsmar, ls,
complex 0.95% 0 0.00% -0.95%
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DRAINAGE/Soil Type, % slopes % of
Area 1 2 3 4 Total % of
Sites difference
Urban land-Matlacha-Boca complex 0.02% 0 0.00% -0.02%
Water 1.07% 3 3 7.32% 6.25%
Total 2.05% 3 0 0 3 7.32% 5.27%
Grand Total 100.00% 32 8 1 0 41 100.00% 0.00%
This portion of Collier County is damp and soggy as evidenced by the fact that 68% of the soils
are poorly drained and another 29% of the soils are very poorly drained. The moderately well drained
soils do not even make up 1% of the area. Water and urban land underlie the remaining portion (2%)
of the study area. Those soils that have a higher percentage of sites as compared to area (2% or greater)
are marked in red on the table, while those that seem less likely to be used (-2% or less) are marked in
blue. There are six preferred soil types; in order of preference are: Hilolo, Jupiter, and Margate fine
sands; Pineda and Riviera fine sands; Tuscawilla fine sand; Malabar fine sand 0-2% slopes; Boca fine
sand, 0-2% slopes; and Boca, Riviera, limestone substratum, and Copeland sands, depressional. The
last soil type may have been chosen as a water hole as opposed as a camping area. There are three soils
that appear to have been avoided. In order of avoidance, they area Immokalee fine sand, 0-2% slopes;
Oldsmar fine sand, 0-2% slopes; and Basinger fine sand, 0-2% slopes.
Based on the environmental setting, the APE was considered to have a low to moderate
probability for indigenous archaeological site occurrence. Much of the property is underlain by
Immokalee and Oldsmar sands that have a high negative correlation with sites, but there were water
sources within the APE prior to development. A review of the 1947 suggested the potential for tree
islands, which often contain sites in spite of the low soil potential; these areas would have the highest
archaeological potential. Areas of more moderate potential would be along the 40-foot contour and on
the Pomello sand adjacent to a water source. There is a low probability for the occurrence of historic
archaeological sites as development of the property was not identified until the 1970s.
4.3 Historical Considerations
Historical background research, including a review of the FMSF and NRHP, indicated that one
historic resource is located adjacent to, but outside of the APE. 8CR01309 (SR 29) was recorded in
2017 during the survey of SR 29 from Oil Well Road to SR 82 (Janus Research 2018). At that time, the
resource was determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the State Historic Preservation Officer
(SHPO).
4.4 Field Methodology
The FDHR’s Module Three, Guidelines for Use by Historic Professionals, indicates that the
first stage of archaeological field survey is a reconnaissance of the APE to “ground truth,” or ascertain
the validity of the predictive model (FDHR 2003). During this part of the survey, the researcher assesses
whether the initial predictive model needs adjustment based on disturbance or conditions such as
constructed features (i.e., parking lots, buildings, etc.), underground utilities, landscape alterations (i.e.,
ditches and swales, mined land, dredged and filled land, agricultural fields), or other constraints that
may affect the archaeological potential. Additionally, these Guidelines indicate that non-systematic
“judgmental” testing may be appropriate in urbanized environments where pavement, utilities, and
constructed features make systematic testing unfeasible; in geographically restricted areas such as
proposed pond sites; or within APEs that have limited high and moderate probability zones, but where
a larger subsurface testing sample may be desired. While predictive models are useful in determining
preliminary testing strategies in a broad context, it is understood that testing intervals may be altered
ACI 4-6 March 2022
CRAS Immokalee Expansion East P22026
due to conditions encountered by the field crew at the time of survey. A reasonable and good faith effort
was made to identify the historic properties within the project APE (cf., Advisory Council on Historic
Preservation n.d.).
Archaeological field survey methods consisted of surface reconnaissance combined with
systematic and judgmental subsurface testing. Testing was conducted at 25 m (82 ft) intervals in the
potential tree island areas. The 40-foot contour line was tested at 50 m (164 ft) intervals as was the
Pomello sand proximate to a water source. The trail that ran diagonal through the APE was tests at 100
m (328 ft) intervals and the remainder of the APE was tested at 200 m (656 ft) off-set intervals along
transects spaced 100 m (328 ft) apart or judgmentally. Shovel tests were circular and measured
approximately 50 centimeters (cm) (20 inches [in]) in diameter by at least 1 m (3.3 ft) in depth unless
precluded by water intrusion. All soil removed from the shovel tests was screened through a 0.64 cm
(0.25 in) mesh hardware cloth to maximize the recovery of artifacts. The locations of all shovel tests
were recorded using a Trimble Juno 5D device. Following the recording of relevant data such as
stratigraphic profile, all shovel tests were refilled.
Historic/architectural field methodology consisted of a field survey of the APE to determine
and verify the location of all buildings and other historic resources (i.e., bridges, roads, cemeteries) that
are 50 years of age or older (constructed in or prior to 1970), and to establish if any such resources
could be determined eligible for listing in the NRHP. For each property, photographs would have been
taken, and information needed for the completion of FMSF forms gathered. In addition to architectural
descriptions, each historic resource would have been reviewed to assess style, historic context,
condition, and potential NRHP eligibility. Also, informant interviews would have been conducted, if
possible, with knowledgeable persons to obtain site-specific building construction dates and/or possible
associations with individuals or events significant to local or regional history.
4.5 Inadvertent/Unanticipated Discoveries
Occasionally, archaeological deposits, subsurface features or unmarked human remains are
encountered during the course of development, even though the APE may have previously received a
thorough and professionally adequate cultural resources assessment. Such events are rare, but they do
occur. In the event that human remains are encountered during the course of development, the
procedures outlined in Chapter 872, FS must be followed. No human remains were anticipated within
the APE; however, the field crew was prepared to follow Chapter 872, FS should such materials be
located.
In the event such discoveries are made during the development process, all activities in the
immediate vicinity of the discovery will be suspended, and a professional archaeologist will be
contacted to evaluate the importance of the discovery. The area will be examined by the archaeologist,
who, in consultation with staff of the Florida SHPO, will determine if the discovery is significant or
potentially significant. In the event the discovery is found to be not significant, the work may
immediately resume. If, on the other hand, the discovery is found to be significant or potentially
significant, then development activities in the immediate vicinity of the discovery will continue to be
suspended until such time as a mitigation plan, acceptable to SHPO, is developed and implemented.
Development activities may then resume within the discovery area, but only when conducted in
accordance with the guidelines and conditions of the approved mitigation plan.
ACI 4-7 March 2022
CRAS Immokalee Expansion East P22026
4.6 Laboratory Methods/Curation
No cultural materials were recovered; thus, no laboratory methods were utilized. All project
related material (including field notes, maps, digital data, and photographs) will be stored at ACI in
Sarasota (P22026), unless the client requests otherwise.
ACI 5-1 March 2022
CRAS Immokalee Expansion East P22026
5.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Archaeological Results
Archaeological field survey included surface reconnaissance and the excavation 96 shovel tests
(Figure 5.1). Testing was conducted at 25 m (82 ft) intervals in the potential tree island areas. The 40-
foot contour line was tested at 50 m (164 ft) intervals as was the Pomello sand proximate to a water
source. The trail that ran diagonal through the APE was tests at 100 m (328 ft) intervals and the
remainder of the APE was tested at 200 m (656 ft) off-set intervals along transects spaced 100 m (328
ft) apart or judgmentally. All shovel tests were negative, and no archaeological sites were discovered.
A reasonable and good faith effort was made to identify the historic properties within the project APE
(cf., Advisory Council on Historic Preservation n.d.). The Survey Log is in the Appendix.
In the pasture area, the stratigraphy consisted of 0-20 cm (0-8 in) gray sand and 20-100 cm (8-
40 in) light gray sand (Photo 5.1). Extensive ground disturbance was noted in the nursery area. The
upper 40 cm (16 in) consisted of gray-brown sand with irrigation drip lined, 40-80 cm (16-32 in)
consisted of light brown sand with irrigation pipes, and 80-100 cm (32-40 in) was a dark brown sandy
clay (Photo 5.2).
Photo 5.1. Stratigraphy in the pasture.
5.2 Historical Results
Historical background research, including a review of the FMSF and NRHP, revealed no
previously recorded historic resources within or adjacent to the APE. A review of (USGS Florida
Immokalee quadrangle map, the USDA historic aerial photos, and the Collier County Property
Appraiser’s data revealed no potential for historic resources within the APE (Skinner 2022; USDA
1947, 1953, 1963, 1980; USGS 1958). This was confirmed by the field investigations.
ACI 5-2 March 2022
CRAS Immokalee Expansion East P22026
Figure 5.1. Location of the shovel tests within the APE.
ACI 5-3 March 2022
CRAS Immokalee Expansion East P22026
Photo 5.2. Stratigraphy in the nursery.
5.3 Conclusions
Given the results of background research and field survey, including the excavation of 96
shovel tests, no archaeological sites or historic resources were discovered. Thus, there are no cultural
resources that are listed, eligible for listing, or that appear potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP
within the APE. As such, it is the professional opinion of ACI that the proposed undertaking will result
in no historic property affected.
ACI 6-1 March 2022
CRAS Immokalee Expansion East P22026
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Forstall, Richard L.
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Grismer, Karl H.
1946 The Story of Sarasota. Florida Grower Press, Tampa.
Hammond, E. A.
1973 The Spanish Fisheries of Charlotte Harbor. Florida Historical Quarterly 51(4):355-380.
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1991 Missions to Calusa. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Ives, Lieut. J. C.
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1985 The Founding of Naples. Friends of Collier County Museum, Naples.
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CRAS Immokalee Expansion East P22026
Janus Research
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Line Rebuild. Janus Research, Inc., Tampa. MS# 26188.
Kendrick, Baynard
1964 Florida Trails to Turnpikes 1914-1964. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Klinkenberg, Jeff
1994 "Swamp Loggers." The St. Petersburg Times, September 18.
Knetsch, Joe
2003 Florida's Seminole Wars 1817-1858. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, SC.
Liudahl, Kenneth, David J. Belz, Lawrence Carey, Robert W. Drew, Steve Fisher, and Robert Pate
1998 Soil Survey of Collier County Area, Florida. USDA, Natural Resources Conservation
Service.
Mackay, John and J. E. Blake
1839 Map of the Seat of War in Florida.https://digital.lib.usf.edu/?u15.246.
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1985 History of the Second Seminole War 1835-1842. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
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Milanich, Jerald T.
1994 Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
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1984 Prehistoric Development of Calusa Society in Southwest Florida: Excavations on
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1980 Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.
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1993 Freedom on the Border: The Seminole Maroons in Florida, the Indian Territory,
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1973 "Big Farming Major Cog in County Economy." Naples Daily News, March 6.
1976 "The Collier Story." Naples Daily News, July 4.
1991 "Farm Workers Village Celebrates 25 Years." Naples Daily News, September 24.
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1968 An Indian and Spanish Site on Tampa Bay, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist
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ACI 6-7 March 2022
CRAS Immokalee Expansion East P22026
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1999 Useppa's Cuban Fishing Community. In The Archaeology of Useppa Island. Edited by
William H. Marquardt, pp. 149-169. Monograph 3. Institute of Archaeology and
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1996 The Black Seminoles. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
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1981 Florida's Prehistoric Stone Tool Technology. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
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1987 Vectors of Death: The Archaeology of European Contact. University of New Mexico
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2008 The New Archaic, It Ain't What It Used to Be. The SAA Archaeological Record 8 (5): 6-
8.
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ACI 6-8 March 2022
CRAS Immokalee Expansion East P22026
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APPENDIX
Survey Log
Florida Master Site File / Div. of Historical Resources / R.A. Gray Bldg / 500 S Bronough St., Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 HR6E066R0 , effective 05/2016
Rule 1A-46.001, F.A.C. Phone 850.245.6440, Fax 850.245.6439, Email: SiteFile@dos.myflorida.com
Page 1
Ent D (FMSF only) __________ Survey Log Sheet Survey # (FMSF only) ___________
Florida Master Site File
Version 5.0 /1
Consult Guide to the Survey Log Sheet for detailed instructions.
Manuscript Information
Survey Project (name and project phase)
Report Title (exactly as on title page)
Report Authors (as on title page) 1._______________________________ 3. _____________________________
2._______________________________ 4. _____________________________
Publication Year __________ Number of Pages in Report (GRQot include site forms) ___________
Publication Information (Give series, number in series, publisher and city. For article or chapter, cite page numbers. Use the style of American Antiquity.)
Supervisors of Fieldwork (even if same as author) Names _____________________________________________________
Affiliation of Fieldworkers: Organization _____________________________________ City ______________________
Key Words/Phrases (Don’t use county name, or common words like archaeology, structure, survey, architecture, etc.)
1. ___________________ 3.___________________ 5. ___________________ 7.____________________
2. ___________________ 4.___________________ 6. ___________________ 8.____________________
Survey Sponsors (corporation, government unit, organization, or person funding fieldwork)
Name. ____________________________________ Organization. ______________________________________
Address/Phone/E-mail. __________________________________________________________________________
Recorder of Log Sheet _________________________________________ Date Log Sheet Completed ___________
Is this survey or project a continuation of a previous project? q No q Yes: Previous survey #s (FMSF only) _______________
Project Area Mapping
Counties (select every county in which field survey was done; attach additional sheet if necessary)
1. ___________________________ 3. ____________________________ 5. ___________________________
2. ___________________________ 4. ____________________________ 6. ___________________________
USGS 1:24,000 Map Names/Year of Latest Revision (attach additional sheet if necessary)
1.Name ____________________________ Year_____4.Name _____________________________ Year_____
2.Name ____________________________ Year_____5.Name _____________________________ Year_____
3.Name ____________________________ Year_____6.Name _____________________________ Year_____
Field Dates and Project Area Description
Fieldwork Dates: Start _________B End _B________ Total Area Surveyed (fill in one) _____BB_hectares BB______acres
Number of Distinct Tracts or Areas Surveyed _________
If Corridor (fill in one for each) Width: ___B___meters ___B___feet Length: __B____kilometers ____B__miles
CRAS Immokalee Expansion East, CR Co. - Phase I
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the Immokalee Expansion East Property, Collier County,
Florida
ACI
2022 48
ACI (2022) Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the Immokalee Expansion East Property, Collier
County, Florida. Conducted for Stewart Materials, LLC, Jupiter by ACI, Sarasota. P22026
Horvath, Elizabeth A.
Archaeological Consultants Inc Sarasota
Stewart Materials, LLC
2875 Jupiter Park Drive, Suite 1100, Jupiter FL 33458
Horvath, Elizabeth A. 3-8-2022
Collier
IMMOKALEE 2013
2-28-2022 3-4-2022 160.00
1
Florida Master Site File / Div. of Historical Resources / R.A. Gray Bldg / 500 S Bronough St., Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 HR6E066R0, effective 05/2016
Rule 1A-46.001, F.A.C. Phone 850.245.6440, Fax 850.245.6439, Email: SiteFile@dos.myflorida.com
Page 2 Survey Log Sheet Survey #__________
Research and Field Methods
Types of Survey (select all that apply): archaeological architectural historical/archival underwater
damage assessment monitoring report other(describe):. _________________________
Scope/Intensity/Procedures
Preliminary Methods (select as many as apply to the project as a whole)
q Florida Archives (Gray Building)q library research- local public q local property or tax records q other historic maps
q Florida Photo Archives (Gray Building)q library-special collection q newspaper files q soils maps or data
q Site File property search q Public Lands Survey (maps at DEP) q literature search q windshield survey
q Site File survey search q local informant(s)q Sanborn Insurance maps q aerial photography
q other (describe):. ______________________________________________________________________________
Archaeological Methods (select as many as apply to the project as a whole)
q Check here if NO archaeological methods were used.
q surface collection, controlled q shovel test-other screen size
q surface collection, uncontrolled q water screen
q shovel test-1/4”screen q posthole tests
q shovel test-1/8” screen q auger tests
q shovel test 1/16”screen q coring
q shovel test-unscreened q test excavation (at least 1x2 m)
q block excavation (at least 2x2 m)
q soil resistivity
q magnetometer
q side scan sonar
q JURXQGSHQHWUDWLQJUDGDU *35
q /,'$5
q other (describe):. _______________________________________________________________________________
Historical/Architectural Methods (select as many as apply to the project as a whole)
q Check here if NO historical/architectural methods were used.
q building permits q demolition permits q neighbor interview q subdivision maps
q commercial permits q occupant interview q tax records
q interior documentation
q ZLQGVKLHOGVXUYH\
q local property records q occupation permits q unknown
q other (describe):. _______________________________________________________________________________
Survey Results
Resource Significance Evaluated? q Yes q No
Count of Previously Recorded Resources____________ Count of Newly Recorded Resources____________
List Previously Recorded Site ID#s with Site File Forms Completed (attach additional pages if necessary)
List Newly Recorded Site ID#s (attach additional pages if necessary)
Site Forms Used: q Site File Paper Forms q Site File PDF Forms
REQUIRED: Attach Map of Survey or Project Area Boundary
SHPO USE ONLY SHPO USE ONLY SHPO USE ONLY
Origin of Report: 872 Public Lands UW 1A32 # Academic Contract Avocational
Grant Project # Compliance Review: CRAT #
Type of Document: Archaeological Survey Historical/Architectural Survey Marine Survey Cell Tower CRAS Monitoring Report
Overview Excavation Report Multi-Site Excavation Report Structure Detailed Report Library, Hist. or Archival Doc
MPS MRA TG Other:
Document Destination: ________________________BB____ Plotability: ___________________________________________
/,'$5
RWKHUUHPRWHVHQVLQJ
SHGHVWULDQVXUYH\
XQNQRZQ
PHWDOGHWHFWRU
RWKHUUHPRWHVHQVLQJ
'HVNWRS$QDO\VLV
background research, surface reconnaissance; systematic and judgmental subsurface testing (25, 50,
200 m) N=96, all negative; 50 cm diameter, 1 m deep, 1/4" screen; historic resources reconnaissance
00
NA
NA
Plottable Projects
Sand Mine Property
Township 46 South, Range 29 East, Section 17
USGS Immokalee
Collier County, Florida