HAPB Agenda 08/23/2019
AGENDA
COLLIER COUNTY HISTORIC/ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION BOARD WILL MEET AT 9:15
AM, FRIDAY, AUGUST 23, 2019 AT THE COLLIER COUNTY GROWTH MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT – DIVISION OF PLANNING & ZONING, CONFERENCE ROOM 610, LOCATED
AT 2800 NORTH HORSESHOE DRIVE, NAPLES, FLORIDA.
NOTE: ANY PERSON WHO DECIDES TO APPEAL A DECISION OF THIS BOARD WILL NEED A
RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS PERTAINING THERETO, AND THEREFORE MAY NEED TO
ENSURE THAT A VERBATIM RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS IS MADE, WHICH RECORD
INCLUDES THE TESTIMONY AND EVIDENCE UPON WHICH THE APPEAL IS TO BE BASED.
Any person in need of a verbatim record of the meeting may request a copy of the audio
recording from the Collier County Growth Management Division Department of
Planning and Zoning.
ALL MATERIAL USED IN PRESENTATIONS BEFORE THE HAPB WILL BECOME A
PERMANENT PART OF THE RECORD. THESE MATERIALS WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR
PRESENTATION TO THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
1. ROLL CALL/ATTENDANCE
2. ADDENDA TO THE AGENDA
3. APPROVAL OF THE AGENDA
4. APPROVAL OF MINUTES: June 21, 2019 (The July meeting was canceled)
5. OLD BUSINESS:
A. Historic Guide – Printing Status
B. Update to the Historic & Archaeological Probability Maps
6. NEW BUSINESS:
7. REVIEW OF PROJECT AND ACTIVITY LOG:
8. PUBLIC COMMENTS:
9. HAPB COMMENTS:
10. ADJOURNMENT:
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AHC TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1207
AHC PROJECT NO. 2018.194
DECEMBER 2018
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSERVANCY, INC.
A PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCE
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMMOKALEE
SQUARE PARCEL
COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA
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AHC PROJECT NO. 2018.194
AHC TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1207
DECEMBER 2018
By:
Robert S. Carr, M.S.
Alan M. Noe, B.A.
John Beriault, B.A.
A PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCE
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMMOKALEE
SQUARE PARCEL
COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSERVANCY, INC.
4800 SW 64th Avenue, Suite 107
Davie, Florida 33314
archlgcl@bellsouth.net
(954) 792-9776
For:
PASSARELLA ASSOCIATES, INC.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ii
Consultant Summary 1
Project Setting 3
Previous Research 9
Cultural Summary 16
Methodology 26
Summary of Site: 8CR1502 30
Results and Recommendations 33
References Cited 34
Appendix I: Survey Log Sheet 44
Appendix II: Florida Site Form: 8CR1502 48
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. USGS map of the Immokalee Square parcel area 2
2. 1943 Copeland map showing project parcel 4
3. 1963 black and white aerial photograph showing project parcel 5
4. 1995 black and white aerial photograph showing project parcel 6
5. 2017 color aerial photograph showing project parcel 7
6. Field photo of hammock, HPZ-1 8
7. Field photo from hammock, looking at cabbage palm and cypress 8
8. USGS map showing all previously recorded sites within one mile of the
project parcel 15
9. 1963 black and white aerial photograph showing high - and medium-
probability zones 28
10. 2017 color aerial photograph showing shovel test locations 29
11. 2017 color aerial photograph 8CR1502 showing shovel test locations 31
12. Sample of faunal bone 32
13. Sample of sand tempered plain ceramics 32
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CONSULTANT SUMMARY
In December, 2018, the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc. (AHC)
conducted a Phase I cultural resource assessment for Passarella and Associates, Inc. of
the Immokalee Square parcel located south of County Road 846 (Immokalee Road) in
northeastern Collier County. The 24.71-acre parcel was surveyed to assess sites of
archaeological and/or historical significance.
This cultural resource assessment was conducted to fulfill historic resource requirements
in response to Florida Statutes, Chapters 267 and 373, and in accordance with Section
106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665), as amended
in 1992, and 36 C.F.R., Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. The work and the
report conform to the specifications set forth in Chapter IA-46, Florida Administrative
Code.
The project parcel encompasses part of Section 29 in Township 48S, Range 27E (Figure
1). In 2018 the parcel encompassed uncleared woodland (Figure 3). The project area is
vegetated in hydric and mesic woodland, a single hardwood oak hammock, and a cypress
slough that traverses part of the south and eastern part of the parcel.
One high-probability zone (HPZ), a mesic oak hammock, and one medium-probability
zone (MPZ) was identified. Both features were initially identified on aerial photographs
and were subsequently ground-truthed and tested at 25 and 50m intervals respectively. In
addition to judgmental and systematic testing of the HPZ and MPZ, additional shovel
tests were dug along five transects within the low probability zones (LPZ). A total of 41
shovel tests (50 cm2) were dug across the parcel, of which, seven were positive for
cultural material, resulting in the documentation of one archaeological site, Immokalee
Square 1, 8CR1502.
Based on available data, there is insufficient information to determine whether site
8CR1502 meets eligibility criteria for listing on the National Register of Historic Places
(NRHP). Additional testing would be necessary to make that determination. The
consultant recommends avoidance of the site, or if avoidance is not feasible, phase II
archaeological testing should be conducted to determine NRHP eligibility. Additionally,
it is recommended that all clearing within 100 feet of the site should be subject to
monitoring by an archaeologist.
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PROJECT SETTING
The project parcel is located in Section 29 in Township 48S, Range 27E immediately
south of County Road 846 (Immokalee Road) in northeastern Collier County (Figure 1)
about 12 miles east of the coastline. The 24.71-acre project area is a “L” shaped polygon
with sides more or less oriented to the cardinal points. The project parcel is bordered by
County Road 846 on the north and on the other sides by cleared fields, residences, and
undeveloped woodland. The relevant USGS map is Corkscrew SW.
The parcel encompasses pine woods, an oak hammock and cypress sloughs. The parcel is
low-lying to moderately elevated (10-15 feet above sea level). Historically, much of this
area was southern slash pine/saw palmetto flatwoods and low pond cypress forests, linear
cypress sloughs, and cypress dome/ponds. In the area are numerous emerging cabbage
palm hammock “islands” covering several hundred acres, part of what was historically
called the Curry Island system. Bird Rookery Slough drained to the north and west of the
project parcel. A review of vintage aerial photographs indicates few cultural impacts.
The soils present on the subject parcel are: Riviera fine sand, limestone substratum and
Oldsmar fine sand. Gray and tan sands found extensively in the district usually overlie
relict marine deposits of shelly marl and marly limestone caprock that are part o f
Pleistocene formations. Many of these formations are linked to the Caloosahatchee/Fort
Thompson/Coffee Mill Hammock series.
Marine marls contain lenses and deposits of clay intermixed with varying percentages of
sand. These clays may have been a source for ceramic manufacture by the Formative
period Native Americans. Mantling the Pleistocene sands are windblown deposits of gray
sands of varying depths. Areas of the parcel contain tan and gray sand surfacial zones
overlying a dense brown sand spodic horizon (often referred to as “hardpan”). This
formation is a zone of organic leaching accumulation.
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Figure 6. View of hammock, HPZ-1, looking north.
Figure 7. View from hammock, looking out towards cabbage palms and cypress.
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PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Southwest Florida has been a focus of archaeological investigations since the 1880s,
although much of the early work was directed toward the recovery of museum quality
artifacts rather than understanding cultural processes. Griffin (1988:48-50) discussed
some of the very early references to archaeological sites in South Florida. He noted that
these early reports were mostly casual observations, and few appear to refer to southwest
Florida, but rather refer to the southeast and Key West areas.
Kenworthy’s (1883) informal report on shell mounds and ancient canals was one of the
first reports on southwest Florida archaeological sites. At about the same time as
Kenworthy’s investigations, Simons (1884) gave a narrative account of some of the very
large coastal shell middens, and Douglass (1885) provided further information about
prehistoric canals (although he did not accept that they were prehistoric). One account
described a canal near Gordon’s Pass that is probably the Naples Canal (8CR59), and
another further north may be the Pineland Canal. Douglass’ diaries record excavations of
a post-contact era site (8CR41) on Horrs Island, as evidenced by the presence of
European artifacts (Griffin 1988:50-51). Douglass visited Lostman’s River and other
areas in the Ten Thousand Island area including Horrs Island (1890).
In 1895 Durnford reported that cordage and other artifacts were recovered from a
mangrove muck pond on Marco Island (8CR49). The material was shown to Cushing,
who mounted a major project to recover more material from the site. Cushing (1897)
reported recovering wood and other perishable artifacts from the muck pond on Marco
Island, adjacent to a large shell works and midden village site. Publication of illustrations
of the spectacular finds generated a great deal of subsequent interest. Wells M. Sawyer, a
young artist accompanying the expedition, produced an excellent and presumably
accurate contour map for the entire Key Marco Shell Midden. This map is valuable to
present-day efforts in understanding many of the now obliterated features and
interpreting (reconstructing) the “architecture” of the shell midden. Widmer (1983) notes
that Cushing also focused attention on the nonagricultural chiefdom level of social
organization supported by the rich estuary and marine resources, although his
anthropological observations have remained overshadowed by the wealth of artifacts.
Moore (1900, 1905, 1907) investigated several sites along the Collier/Lee County coast,
apparently attempting to find material comparable to Cushing’s finds. Although Moore
provided information about site locations and general contents, most of his work was
extremely crude and uncontrolled, by both contemporary archaeological standards, and
by modern standards.
The first attempt to systematically survey and investigate archaeological sites was
initiated by Ales Hrdliĉka, who visited a number of sites along the coast and tidal
mangrove estuaries in 1918, focusing on the Ten Thousand Island region (Hrdliĉka
1922). Hrdliĉka noted that southwest Florida was a distinct region within south Florida
and made an attempt to type sites by function.
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Matthew Stirling’s (1931, 1933) excavation of a burial mound on Horrs Island represents
one of the first controlled excavations in Collier/Lee Counties (although he attempted
stratigraphic control, Cushing had little success in his wet site excavation). The site was
named the Blue Hill Mound, but it is not recorded under that name in the FMSF (either as
a primary or secondary name), so it is unclear exactly which si te he excavated, although
it was probably site 8CR41 (McMichaels 1982). These reports by Stirling are
preliminary, and apparently neither a final report nor a skeletal analysis has been
published.
John M. Goggin was the first to define a south Florida cultural area (Glades Area), and
describe south Florida ceramics (Glades ware), establishing a basis for later
archaeological work. He published an analysis of the ceramic sequence in south Florida
(Goggin 1939, 1940). In later reports (Goggin 1947, 1949a, 1949b), he formulated a basic
framework of cultural areas and chronologies that is still current (although modifications
with additional data have been made, see further discussion below). Goggin (1949b)
summarized much of this information in an unpublished manuscript, which Griffin
(1988) thoroughly described.
In passing, one unfortunate aspect of Goggin’s work was a dependence on informant
information for location of sites (especially interior sites) and he had a real concern that
existing sites would be looted. This concern resulted in his either deliberately or
incidentally reporting vague locational data for many sites. Some of these sites have
never been satisfactorily relocated, although a few have undoubtedly been re-recorded by
later investigators.
For several decades, much of the subsequent archaeological investigations in the region
took place in Lee and Charlotte Counties, especially in the Cape Haze, Charlotte Harbor
and Pine Island areas. It is rumored that Goggin had a “gentleman’s agreement” with
many of the other leading practicing Florida archaeologists of the time that the South
Florida area was his exclusive province to investigate. If this rumor is correct, it might
explain the neglect shown the southwest Florida area in the archaeologic al arena from the
end of World War II to Goggin’s death in 1964.
In 1956, Sears reported on a large village and mound complex at the mouth of Turner
River on Chokoloskee Bay south of Marco Island, and in 1967 he reported on the results
of a survey of the Cape Coral area (Sears 1956, 1957). Laxson (1966) reported on
excavations at Turner River Jungle Garden site, which is upriver from the Turner River
site, although these have been confused in recent accounts.
Van Beck and Van Beck (1965) excavated three small test pits on Marco Island (at the
Marco midden, 8CR48) associated with the Cushing site (8CR49). The resulting
publication of this work was some of the first reported scientific archaeological work to
come from the southwest Florida area in nearly twenty years (Van Beck and Van Beck,
1965).
In 1967 through 1969, Marco Island was extensively surveyed and a few sites were tested
through excavation by Cockrell, Morrell, and others (Morrell 1969). No complete site
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report was ever published, although an unpublished and incomplete manuscript is
available. Some of these sites were discussed in Cockrell’s master’s thesis (1970).
Widmer performed a survey of Big Key, John Stevens Creek, Barfield Bay, Blue Hill
Bay, and Collier Bay, which are proximal to Marco Island (Widmer 1974). Widmer
eventually utilized his southwest coast experience to write a doctoral dissertation on the
Calusa that not only remains the definitive work on that group, but also explored the
relationship between subsistence adaptation and cultural evolution (Widmer, 1983).
In Lee County, Arlene Fradkin and other investigators from the University of Florida
began an ongoing involvement with the Pine Island Sound/Sanibel Island area in the
1970s. Her first investigations were at the Wightman site on northern Sanibel Island
(Fradkin 1976).
Several archaeologists excavated at Horrs Island in the 1980s. McMichaels (1982)
reviewed sites on Horrs Island in a Master’s thesis. In 1983, Marquardt began a series of
investigations at Josslyn Key, Useppa Island, Pineland, Buck Key, Galt Island in Lee
County, and at Big Mound Key in Charlotte County (Marquardt 1984, 1987, 1988, 1992).
Marquardt and Russo have investigated Horrs Island in Collier County. A number of the
large shell midden village sites they excavated appear to be late Archaic, and they expect
to document a more elaborate social organization at these sites and larger sedentary or
semi-sedentary population sizes than previously known for that period (Russo 1990, and
pers. comm.).
Most of these studies focused on the coastal sites, as have subsequent summaries and
discussions. Recent work on the interior has made significant advances in documenting
the extent and intensity of inland resources, especially in the Big Cypress and Everglades
parks (Ehrenhard et al. 1978, 1979; Ehrenhard and Taylor 1980; Ehrenhard et al. 1980;
Taylor and Komara 1983; Taylor, 1984, 1985). Griffin’s (1988) synthesis of the
Everglades Park data is the defining work on south Florida archaeology to date. Athens
(1983) summarized some of the results of the Big Cypress survey, but more analysis of
this data resource is needed.
Beriault and colleagues (1981) reported on salvage excavations at Bay West Nursery
(8CR200). The site includes a rarely documented Middle Archaic use of ponds for
cemeteries.
In 1995, Widmer and Story began an investigations at the Key Marco Midden (Widmer
1996). In the first season they excavated with the help of graduate students and
volunteers. The results of their work have appeared in the Florida Anthropologist.
In the last two decades the pressure of development as well as a recognized need for
preservation or mitigation of prehistoric sites has led to a number of reports by
commercial cultural resource management consultants. While most of these reports are
limited in scope due to restriction to a small tract of land, many have produced useful
summaries of regional archaeological, as well as insightful analysis of the relationship
between site types and location and ecotypes (Almy and Deming 1982, 1986a, 1986b,
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1986c, 1987, Austin 1987, Carr and Allerton 1988a, 1988b, Deming and Almy 1987,
1988, Fay and Carr 1990, Fuhrmeister et al. 1990, Martinez 1977, Miller and Fryman
1978, Swift and Carr 1989).
Arthur W. Lee, John Beriault and others in the Southwest Florida Archaeological Society
(SWFAS) have recorded and investigated a large number of archaeological sites in
Collier and Lee Counties. It is an ongoing effort of the Society to publish and disseminate
reports and manuscripts (Lee et al. 1993, 1997, 1998, Beriault 1973, 1982, 1986, 1987,
Beriault and Strader 1984). Many of these reports deal with small interior seasonal sites.
In addition, Beriault has provided several unpublished manuscripts as to site types and
areas (Beriault 1972 1987).
PREVIOUS RESEARCH – IMMOKALEE ROAD AREA
In January to May 1980 the Southwest Florida Archaeological Society (SWFAS)
conducted salvage work at the Bay West Mortuary Pond Site (8CR200) which is located
about three miles from the subject parcel. In 1989, SWFAS conducted controlled test
excavations at the Mulberry Midden (8CR697) located six miles west of the subject
parcel.
The Archaeological and Historical Conservancy has documented numerous sites near
Immokalee Road. These sites include Eagles Nest during a Phase I and a Phase II survey
in 1994 (Carr, Steele, and Davis 1994a and 1994b). Nine prehistoric sites, including four
likely burial mounds were discovered and surveyed. In 1998 and 1999 AHC found two
sites south of this grouping and located a suspected seasonal campsite, the Persea Hope
Site (8CR797), 4.5 miles north of the road corridor.
Other work done within one mile of the project parcel includes general historic and
archaeological surveys and inventories (Florida Preservation Services 1986), individual
parcels (Carr and Davis 1994; Almy 1997; Archaeological Consultants 2005; Carty 2005;
Altes 2006; Beriault 2005, 2006, 2013a, 2013b; Archaeological and Historical
Conservancy 2018), Utility and Road Surveys and Improvements (Beriault 2001, 2004,
2013c; Janus Research 2005), and cell tower placements (Sims 2005a, 2005b).
LITERATURE REVIEW
A search was requested on 11/21/18 with the Florida Division of Historic Resources for
archives and literature associated with the project area. This included site forms and
cultural resource assessment reports from the Master Site File in Tallahassee of
previously recorded archaeological sites and surveys within the project parcel and within
one mile of the parcel (Table 1).
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Table 1. Literature Review Summary
Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites: 14
Within Project Parcel 0
Within One Mile of Project Parcel 14
Previous Assessments: 12
Within Project Parcel 0
Within One Mile of Project Parcel 12
A review of Florida site files determined that fourteen previously recorded archaeological
sites occur within the project or within a mile of the project (Table 2).
Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites Summary1
Site No. Site Name Site Type References In Survey
Parcel
Outside of
Parcel
8CR755 Piper #1 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR759 Piper #5 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR760 Piper #6 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR761 Piper #7 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR763 Piper #9 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR830 Twinberry Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR831 Colyott Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR832 Centipede Prehistoric
Midden/human burials Beriault 2006 X
8CR833 Camphorwood Grove Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR834 Psychotria Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR835 Coppice Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR836 Great Circles Possible earthwork Beriault 2006 X
8CR841 Godwin Site Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR1097 East Midden Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
Note: 1Based on sites within or within one mile of the project parcel, standing structures and Resource Groups within 500
feet.
A review of the state report files indicated that eleven cultural resource ass essments were
previously conducted within one mile of The Immokalee Road South/Twin Eagles
project parcel (Table 3).
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Table 3. Previous Cultural Resource Assessments1
Survey
No. Date Author Title In Parcel Out of
Parcel
1108 1986 Florida Preservation
Services
Historical/Architectural Survey of Collier
County, Florida X
3948 1994 Carr, Robert S. and
Davis, Joe
A Phase II Archaeological Survey and
Assessment of the Piper Parcel, Collier County,
Florida
X
6608 2001 Beriault, John G.
An Archaeological Survey of the County Road
846 (Immokalee Road) Expansion, Collier
Boulevard (CR 951) to Oil Well Road (CR 855),
Collier County, Florida
X
11274 2005 Janus Research, Inc.
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the
FPL Collier-Orange River #3 230 KV
Transmission Line: Segment E, Collier County,
Florida
X
12096 2005 Archaeological
Consultants
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Living
Word Family Church, Collier County, Florida X
12105 2005 Beriault, John G.
A Phase I Archaeological Survey of the
Vanderbilt Beach Road (CR 862) Extension
Area, Collier County, Florida
X
13344 2006 Altes, Christopher
A Phase I Archaeological Assessment of the
Collier County Public Schools Elementary L
Parcel, Collier County, Florida
X
14204 2004 Beriault, John G.
A Phase One Archaeological Assessment of
the North Collier County Regional Water
Treatment Plant Fast Track Water Supply
Wellfield, Collier County, Florida
X
17294 2006 Beriault, John G.
A Phase I Archaeological Assessment of the
Immokalee Road South Parcel, Collier County,
Florida
X
20465 2013 Beriault, John G.
A Cultural Resource Assessment of the Golf
Club of the Everglades Parcel, Collier County,
Florida
X
20106 2013 Beriault, John G.
A Reconnaissance Cultural Resource
Assessment of the Olde Florida Golf Club
Parcel, Collier County, Florida
X
25316 2018 Archaeological and
Historical Conservancy
An Archaeological Assessment of the Twin
Eagles South aka Immokalee Road South
Parcel, Collier County, Florida
X
Note: 1Based on assessments within one mile of the project parcel.
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CULTURAL SUMMARY
Stirling was the first to distinguish the indigenous prehistoric cultures of southern Florida
in 1936 by defining a Glades cultural area, including all of south Florida (Carr et al .
1994b:9; Milanich 1994:5-6). Griffin (1988) pointed out that this was not formulated as a
strict cultural area, but it was rather a geographic region with some common cultural
traits. Kroeber (1939), in a review of North American prehistory, utilized a slightly
different term, the “South Florida Area,” basing his definition on both environmental and
cultural factors. Subsequently Goggin delineated more particular boundaries for southern
Florida and divided the region into three sub-areas: “Okeechobee” around Lake
Okeechobee, “Tekesta” for southeast Florida and the Florida Keys, and “Calusa” for
Southwest Florida (Carr et al. 1994b:10; Goggin 1947:114-127).
Following Goggin’s study, subsequent researchers have refined or altered the cultural
distinctions attributed to southern Florida’s prehistoric populations. There has been
criticism that Goggin’s names and definitions were based on historic accounts of the
main (proto) historic groups found in the respective regions and not on the archaeological
evidence of spatial, temporal, and cultural differences (Sears 1966; Griffin 1974; Carr
and Beriault 1984; Griffin 1988). Griffin, in particular, questioned the distinctions. He
believed that South Florida cultures varied only by local environmental conditions and
ceramic exchange rates. Griffin believed the inhabitants of prehistoric southern Florida
were mainly dwelling on the coast and that the interior was nearly uninhabited and under-
utilized. Griffin designated the entire southern Florida region as the “Circum-Glades”
area (Eck 1997:5; Griffin 1974:342-346). This new designation for the area was furthered
by a widely circulated book on Florida archaeology by Milanich and Fairbanks (1980).
Griffin later (1988) retreated to some extent from his earlier position as further research
(particularly by Ehrenhard, Carr, Komara, and Taylor in the Big Cypress and Carr in the
eastern Everglades in the 1970s and 1980s) showed abundant sites (and concomitant use
and habitation) in the interior and Everglades.
Carr and Beriault, in particular, have taken issue with the concept of a Circum-Glades
region. Carr’s research in the Big Cypress and Everglades and his subsequent analysis
demonstrating variation of key cultural markers (particularly in decorated ceramics)
formed the basis for this contention. There is abundant evidence for cultural (and
probably political or tribal) diversity in the various areas of south Florida. Carr and
Beriault particularly noted and defined differences between the lower southwest Florida
coast, which they termed the “Ten Thousand Island” region, and the area to the north,
which they called the “Caloosahatchee” region. This latter area they believed to be the
seat of the historic Calusa chiefdomship, although previous (and some subsequent)
researchers have called the entire southwest Florida from Cape Sable to the Cape Haze
peninsula (and beyond) in Charlotte County “Calusa.”
Griffin, in his definitive 1988 synthesis on Everglades archaeology, attempted to
reconcile and refine some of the conflict in the definition of south Florida prehistoric and
historic culture areas. As stated by Carr and colleagues (1994b), “the issue...appears in
part to be one of trying to determine the significance of regional and temporal variation,
rather than whether these differences are real.” There is evidence that changes through
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time in regional political affiliations or realties makes any model not addressing this
complex issue two-dimensional. The Calusa hegemony that was in place by the time of
the arrival of Europeans may have begun as early as 800 AD in the Ten Thousand Island
“district” or area (Griffin 1988:321; Carr et al. 1994b:12). There is currently ongoing
research to further refine present thought as to cultural affiliations in south Florida. It
would seem only a matter of time before new directions and emphases provide a more
accurate summation of south Florida cultural affinities.
Using the present models, the coastal zones of Collier County and southern Lee County
contain three distinct culture areas. Indian Hill on Marco Island lies thirty miles from the
projected interface by Carr and Beriault (1984) of the Caloosahatchee area (called the
“the ‘heartland’ of the Calusa,” Carr et al. 1994b:12) to the north, and the Ten Thousand
Islands area to the south. At a yet undefined point to the east lies the Okeechobee cultural
area, but the boundary, if it is a definite, fixed one, is likely to occur in the vicinity of the
Immokalee rise forty miles or more to the northeast of Indian Hill. Further work is in
progress by Carr to address the issue of where the southwest boundaries of the
Okeechobee culture area occur.
At the same time that the south Florida archaeological cultural models have evolved over
the past 60-plus years, so have the temporal markers or framework on which we base
evolution of that culture. Much of this latter effort has resulted from comparisons made
between the recovered artifacts from the 100-year period of scientific and nonscientific
excavation and collection by the various individuals and institutions (and others)
enumerated in part above. This Floridian effort must be seen against the broader
background of archaeological work in eastern North America and the New World as a
whole. All of these efforts have been mutually complimentary and certainly not
exclusive.
In south Florida, the following periods and adaptations are generally accepted. Part of
this chronology involving the later or Formative period is called the Glades sequence in
honor of Goggin, the greater part of whose work in defining the ceramic sequence or
markers has withstood the test of time and subsequent criticism (Goggin 1939, 1947,
1949c). From Goggin’s day to present, pottery variability in form, substance, and
decoration has proven useful for providing time markers, at least during the
archaeologically-brief (± 3500 year) period spanning the late Archaic and Formative
periods that it was produced. Other artifact types and their variations have, to present,
proven somewhat less reliable as absolute indicants of prehistoric age. Radiocarbon
dating, a phenomena of the last 30-plus years, provides, within the standard deviation
expressed in plus-or-minus years BP (before present), a relatively absolute date for a
given sample and provides a yardstick to measure traits or distinctions in provenienced
artifacts. Determining and adequately defining what traits we can discern against this
absolute is part of the ongoing function of the regional archaeological effort.
The following information is generalized and abbreviated. The dates are approxim ate;
transitions between periods are in reality more gradual that the manner they are expressed
for convenience.
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PALEO PERIOD (14,000 - 8,500 BP)
During the Paleo Period, the first Native Americans began moving into the southeastern
portion of North America and Florida. Most evidence of their presence in Florida can be
reliably dated to about 10,000 BP.
There are no known Paleoindian sites in Collier County. Several are documented from
elsewhere in south Florida, including Warm Mineral Springs and Little Salt Springs in
Sarasota County (Cockrell and Murphy 1978; Clausen and Gifford 1975), Harney Flats in
Hillsborough County (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987) and the Cutler Fossil Site in Dade
County (Carr 1986).
During this period, the terminal Wisconsian ice age, the climate was probably less
extreme, with cooler summers and warmer winters. The climate was also drier, and sea
levels were lower (Carbone 1983; Allerton and Carr 1988a; Griffin 1988).
One reason that possible Paleo period sites have not been discovered in Collier and Lee
Counties is that the shoreline may have been as much as 100 miles further west due to
lower sea levels. Drier conditions may have made the interior very inhospitable, and the
shallow estuarine and littoral sites that existed were flooded by post-ice age Holocene sea
rises.
Any possible interior sites from the Paleo Period may be unrecognizable due to lack of
diagnostic artifacts, subsequent reuse of site areas, low population density, and few
permanent camps. These and other factors may help explain the absence to date of
identifiable Paleo period sites in Collier and Lee Counties. On the other hand, the
southwest Florida coast south of Charlotte Harbor may have been uninhabitable during
this period due to an absence of key conditions for the successful hunting of large game,
a trait of the Paleo period.
ARCHAIC PERIOD (8,500 - 2,500 BP)
The Archaic period reflects a post-Pleistocene shift in adaptation marked by an increase
in the seasonal exploitation of a broad spectrum of food resources, a more restricted use
of territory due to regional specialization, and more semi-sedentary habitation sites. No
ceramics are known until the Late Archaic. During the Archaic, regional specializations
became more marked, not only with material culture but also with distinct local
utilization of local plant and animal resources.
As mentioned above, there is, as yet, no firm evidence of human presence in southwest
Florida during the Paleo period. This apparently is also true for the Early Archaic (8500-
7000 BP), as there is evidence of an environment too arid to support scrub oak, and the
presence of shifting wind formed dunes (Watts 1975; Widmer 1983). No early Archaic
sites are known from southwest Florida (Allerton and Carr 1988:14).
By about 6500 BP mesic conditions began to spread, although localized xeric conditions
continued (and still exist in some areas) through south Florida. Middle Archaic sites
dating from this time are rare, although the Bay West Nursery site (8CR200) in Collier
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County and the Ryder Pond site (8LL1850) in Lee County near Bonita Springs provide
evidence of occupation, as do several sites in southeast Florida. The Bay West site is a
Middle Archaic cypress pond cemetery, associated with a lithic scatter. The Ryder Pond
site is a similar mortuary pond site surrounded by pine flatwoods (Carr and Heinz 1996).
Beriault has also recorded several aceramic shell scatters in coastal sand hills (paleo
dunes), some of which may date to the Middle Archaic. Griffin (1988) summarizes
evidence indicating that despite the rise of available surface water, brackish estuaries and
other major modern landscape features had not formed, and population (or repopulation)
was still sparse.
During the Archaic period sea levels began to rise at a fairly rapid rate, estimated at 8.3
cm. per 100 years 6000-3000 BP, and 3.5 cm per 100 years afterwards (Scholl et al.
1969), although whether sea levels were steadily rising or oscillating is still unclear (see
Griffin 1988; Allerton and Carr 1990 for recent reviews of the literature). Data is
somewhat difficult to sort out as sea level rise was accompanied by both shore regression
and transgression in places. As conditions became wetter (and warmer) in the interior,
cypress swamps and hardwood sub-tropical forests established themselves by about 5000
BP (Carbone 1983; Delcourt and Delcourt 1981).
By late Middle or early Late Archaic times (4000 years BP) there were significant shell
mounds and middens on Horrs Island, Marco Island, and elsewhere in the coastal regions,
suggesting that the estuary system had been established and was being utilized to provide
the subsistence basis for denser populations and semi-sedentary settlements (Morrell,
1969; Cockrell, 1970). At Useppa Island in Lee County, excavations have provided
radiocarbon dates from pre-ceramic shell middens ranging between roughly 4900 BP and
5600 BP, suggesting that the Middle Archaic as well as Late Archaic periods saw a
growing dependence on shellfish resources (Milanich et al. 1984). There are aceramic
coastal sand hill and interior wetland sites as well, but these have not been demonstrated
to be Archaic despite some investigators equating aceramic with preceramic.
Radiocarbon dates for these sites would clarify this point.
Allerton and Carr (1988) noted that a number of stratified sites in the wet mangrove and
marsh areas of the Everglades, as well as on Horrs Island, contain Archaic preceramic
horizons, although it is unclear if aceramic was equated with preceramic. Additional
supporting evidence of interior use by Archaic peoples will provide a new dimension to
the archaeological understanding of Archaic resource utilization. Allerton and Carr point
out that if the wet tree islands were initially used by Archaic people, then at least some of
the hardwood hammocks in swamp environments were raised in elevation (with
subsequent changes in vegetation) due to human activities. Post-Archaic people
extensively utilized these hammocks and continued to advance their development as
distinct geomorphic features. This is obviously an area where additional archaeological
investigations have a potential to contribute to understanding the interaction of
geomorphic and cultural evolution in southwest Florida.
Toward the end of the Archaic there was the introduction of fiber-tempered pottery into
the archaeological record, often used as a marker of the Orange Phase, commencing at
about 4000 BP, either coincident with or soon after the development of the extensive
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shell middens. The Late Archaic Orange Phase subsistence strategy is characterized by
intensive use of shellfish and marine resources, as well as being marked by an accelerated
trend toward regional specializations.
A number of the large shell middens on Marco Island (Cockrell 1970), Horrs Island
(Russo n.d.), Cape Haze (Bullen and Bullen 1956), and elsewhere date from this period
or earlier, as they contain fiber-tempered ceramics, although there are known aceramic
(preceramic?) levels below the Orange Phase deposits that may date to the Middle
Archaic. These shell middens are usually capped by deposits from later occupations as
well.
FORMATIVE STAGE OR GLADES PERIODS (2500 BP - 500 BP)
The Formative or Glades adaptation, based on hunting, fishing, and the harvesting of
shellfish and plants, was similar to the Archaic, but was characterized by increasing
specializations in gathering strategies and tool-making. Earlier writers have typed this
hunter-gatherer society as primitive or “low-level” (Kroeber 1939). However, there is
certainly evidence from the specialization of tools, from the beautifully-executed wood
carvings from Key Marco in Collier County and those from Fort Center near Lake
Okeechobee (Cushing 1897; Sears 1982), and from the historic accounts of the Calusa
hegemony, that the south Florida area had an advanced culture that Goggin (1964) has
called a “stratified non-agrarian society.”
The preceding Late Archaic late Orange phase (also known as the transitional phase) was
marked by changes in pottery, and terminated with the relatively rapid replacement of
fiber-tempered pottery with sand-tempered, limestone-tempered, and chalky “temperless”
pottery. It was also characterized by changes in ceramic style and often by reduction in
the size of stone projectile points.
The Formative Stage (beginning about 2500 BP) is divided in south Florida into the
Glades Periods sequence. Subsistence adaptation is marked by a narrowing spectrum of
resource use, as well as continued trends toward regional diversity and ecological
specializations, marked in part by the proliferation of inland resource extraction
encampments.
Formative Period cultural evolution eventually led to increased political sophistication,
perhaps initially of modest dimensions, but culminating in broad regional political
alliances and regulation of materials and goods (i.e. resources) between the coast and
inland areas (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). By protohistoric and contact times the
Calusa were the dominant tribal group, gaining broad political influence and at least
partial control over much of south Florida as far north as central Brevard County.
Historically, the main Calusa village has been regarded as “Calos” on Mound Key in
Estero Bay in Lee County, although 50 to 70 large villages were under direct Calusa
control by contact times (Griffin 1988).
During the Formative Periods, village sites grew to the proportions of large multi -use
complexes, particularly along the coast and barrier islands of southwest Florida. Some of
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the projected intra-site functions of the elements of these complex shellworks were as
temples, canals, causeways, temple and platform mounds, courtyards and watercourts.
Current research involving the excavating of large contiguous areas of these shell mound
complexes is beginning to establish demonstrable uses for the features of these large
sites, upon which heretofore were merely speculated (Widmer 1996).
Tidal estuary rivers and inland hammocks along deep water sloughs, marshes, and
permanent ponds were seasonally visited for extraction of natural resources, and are now
marked by small to relatively large black dirt middens, some of which may have been
semi-permanent hamlets. The pine and cypress flatwoods appear to have supported few
sites, although areas around Lake Trafford and other rich interior a reas developed
substantial sites, including sand mounds, and may be more similar to the Okeechobee
cultural area than to the coastal cultures.
In 1992, Dickel and Carr excavated a Deptford Period burial mound (the Oak Knoll Site)
in the Bonita Bay Tract north of the Imperial River. Exotic trade items and seventy or
more human burials were among the material findings. The resulting conclusions and
subsequent surveying and testing of the Bonita Bay Shell works (8LL717) suggest social
stratification and complexity may extend further back into the past than the Formative
period (Dickel and Carr 1992).
Coastal sites (shell middens) reflect a predominate dependence on fish and shellfish, wild
plant foods and products, and larger inland game. The inland sites show a greater reliance
on interior resources, including large, medium and small mammals, turtle, small
freshwater fish, alligator, snake, frogs, and, sometimes, freshwater shellfish. Interior and
coastal resource exchange can be documented by the consistent finds of moderate
amounts of marine shell in many interior middens, as well as interior resources in coastal
middens.
The Formative Stage (with a nod to Goggin) has been often termed the Glades cultural
tradition. Much of this “tradition” is focused on decorated ceramics, the minority in the
archaeological record, although the majority of recovered (rim) sherds are plainware.
However, despite this, pottery (and its decorations) is usually utilized as the major
temporal marker(s) for fitting sites into a temporal framework. Changes in pottery do not
represent mere changes in artistic motifs, but reflect inter- and intra-regional trade
contacts and outside cultural influences (possibly through exogamy, shifting of
populations, and even the through evolution of a culture through time). Whatever the
influences, the Glades tradition is continuous from post-Archaic times to contact times.
Despite the fact that exogamy is likely to have been practiced, traders or other specialists
probably moved between major cultural areas in small numbers, and genetic flow
probably accompanied cultural exchange, although perhaps not on the same scale. This
may have increased in later times due to use of traditional obligations of kinship and
intermarriage to stabilize alliances that were not codified into a formal legal system.
The following table has been modified from several sources, but it is predominantly
based on Milanich and Fairbanks (1980), Griffin (1988), and Allerton and Carr (1990).
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Dates have been rounded somewhat and translated to Before Present (BP). There are
some differences of opinion in the dates, particularly about the timing of the Glades Ia
and Ib division.
Table 1: Glades Cultural Sequence
Glades Ia (2500 BP - 1500 BP) First appearance of sand tempered plain pottery,
but little else to mark a difference and the
preceding Late Archaic. Sand tempered plain
remains a predominate type throughout the Glades
sequence.
Glades Ib (1500 BP - 1250 BP) First appearance of decorated sand-tempered
ceramic (Ft. Drum Incised, Ft. Drum Punctated,
Cane Patch Incised, Turner River Punctate),
plainware common. Pottery rim grooving and
incision decorations become widespread.
Glades IIa (1250 BP - 1100 BP) First appearance of Key Largo Incised, Sanibel
Incised, Miami Incised, and plainware is common.
Distinction between ceramics of southeast and
southwest Florida becomes apparent. Ten
Thousand Island area distinct from Caloosahatchee
area. First mound construction- increased social
stratification? Population size may have
approximated that at contact.
Glades IIb (1100 - 1000 BP) First appearance of Matecumbe Incised; Key Largo
Incised common on east coast, Gordon’s Pass
Incised common on the west, and plainware
common throughout.
Glades IIc (1000 BP - 800 BP) First appearance of Plantation Pinched, but few
decorated wares with a preponderance of plainware
(there is some evidence of population reduction-
perhaps due to a cataclysmic event). Non-local
pottery (e.g. St. Johns Plain and Check Stamped,
Belle Glade Plain) appears.
Glades IIIa (800 - 600 BP) First appearance of Surfside Incised, increasing
quantities of St. Johns pottery (especially on East
Coast), and Belle Glade pottery.
Glades IIIb (600 BP - 500 BP) Glades Tooled rims appear (rare on West Coast),
zoned punctate designs, but general decline in
incised decoration. Belle Glade ceramics common
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on west coast. St. Johns ware present but rare on
West Coast, common on East Coast.
Glades IIIc (500 BP - 300 BP) Continuation of IIIb ceramics, with
pronounced flaring of rims and embossing on
Glades Tooled ceramics. Mound burial
construction less common with intrusive burials
into existing mounds, appearance of European
goods, plainware common.
By European contact times (the first half of the 16th century), the southwest coast of
Florida was maintaining a vigorous, possibly expanding political chiefdom with a broad
network of alliances, as well as a rich and ancient cultural tradition without an
agricultural base. However, direct conflict with Europeans and, more importantly,
exposure to European diseases led to the rapid decline of the Calusa. By the mid 1700s
their numbers had greatly diminished. The remnants of this once-powerful tribe may have
left south Florida in the 1760s with the Spanish for relocation in Cuba. Others may have
become indistinguishable from Spanish Cuban fishermen who worked the great fishing
“ranchos” in the Pine Island Sound region catching and salting fish for export to Cuba.
Other groups of Native Americans may have fused with the Creek-derived Seminoles.
In the late 1700s, members of the Creek tribe were forced into Florida from Georgia and
Alabama. They were later called Seminoles, from the Spanish term “cimmarones.”
Pressures from colonial (and later) white encroachment on their traditional territories
forced them into the Big Cypress and Everglades area by the 1830s. By this time, most of
the cultural identity of pre-contact times had been lost, although some of the Calusa
subsistence strategies may have been partly adopted by Seminoles.
SEMINOLE ARCHAEOLOGY
A number of Seminole period sites have been documented on prehistoric middens. This
reflects the paucity of high land in the Big Cypress and Everglades (Ehrenhard et al.
1978, 1979, 1980; Ehrenhard and Taylor 1980; Taylor and Komara 1983; Taylor 1984,
1985).
Seminole periods in south Florida are divided into I (1820-1860), II (1860-1900) and III
(1900-1940) (Ehrenhard et al. 1978). Post-1940 Seminole camps are designated “Late
Seminole” in some reports. These designations reflect the different stages of Seminole
migration into south Florida, Seminole displacement and active conflict with the
expanding American culture, and the eventual refuge by Seminole remnants in Big
Cypress and Everglades regions. Military records, and, in particular, several sketch maps
by military personnel done in the 1830s and 1840s and the Ives military map of South
Florida (1856) shows evidence of investigations at and near “Malco Inlet,” “Casimba,”
“Good Land,” and “Cape Romans.”
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The advent of the Second and Third Seminole Wars (1834-38, 1855-58) disrupted the
peaceful settlement of the Southwest Florida region. There were a number of forts,
“temporary” and permanent, established along the Caloosahatchee River during this time.
Fort Dulaney was established at Punta Rassa near the mouth of the Caloosahatchee in
1837 and was occupied intermittently through 1841, and again in 1855. After a hurricane
destroyed Ft. Dulaney in 1841, Fort Harvie was established upriver. The name of this fort
was changed in 1850 by its commander General Twiggs to honor his new son-in-law,
Col. Abraham Myers. Fort Myers was thus created, and became the chief fort of the
region.
From this central administrative point, a line of forts was established up the
Caloosahatchee River. They were: Fort Denaud, Fort Adams, Fort Thompson, and Fort
Center on Fisheating Creek leading into Lake Okeechobee. Other forts and “temporary
depots” were established south into the Big Cypress Swamp such as Fort Simon Drum,
Temporary Depot Number One, Fort Doane, Fort Simmons, Fort Keis, Fort Foster, Fort
Shackleford, and others.
A number of military expeditions were sent south along the coast during the Second and
Third Seminole Wars with the objectives of interdicting trade in guns and amm unition
between the Seminoles and the Spanish-Cuban fishing community, and hunting and
capturing Indians. General Thomas Lawson, who had just been appointed Surgeon
General of the United States, commanded one of the early notable expeditions. Lawson’s
expedition left Fort Harvie (Fort Myers) in February 1838. Elements of Lawson’s
command explored the area in and around the Caxambas Point area, discovering two
abandoned Indian villages in the Blackwater River/Palm Bay area. Other expeditions
bivouacked at Cape Romano and Caxambas Point. Colonel Rogers, of the ill-fated
Parkhill expedition, wrote several dispatches from Cape Romano in the Caxambas area in
1858, describing the ambush of Captain Parkhill’s party at the headwaters of Turner
River. The Collier County Museum is the repository for a collection of military artifacts
purportedly found by a local collector near Indian Hill in the early 1960s. This material
may have originated with one of the various military expeditions stopping at Caxambas
Point.
IMMOKALEE ROAD AREA HISTORY
The area near the road corridor began to be developed by the early 1950s. With the
completion of work on Immokalee Road (CR846) by 1957, the area was opened to
development, some of it agricultural (in the form of large cleared vegetable fields) and
some as cattle range. Much of the ranching was done by local families such as the
Pipers, Whiddens, Johnsons and Roberts. In 1962, Palm River Estates was created eight
miles northwest of the subject parcel, followed in 1966 by Willoughby Acres. By the
1970s other area developments followed, including upscale communities such as Quail
Creek. County Road 951 was constructed by 1964 and was linked in part with the
development of the northern Golden Gate Estates area, a huge grid of over 984 miles of
paved roads. An elevated pad for the maintenance of equipment was placed at what
would later become the intersection of Vanderbilt Beach Road (CR 862) and CR 951. By
the late 1980s Golden Gate Estates east of CR 951 would become a rural community of
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several thousand homes established on 2.5 to 5-acre lots. In 1992, the Olde Florida
Country Club was established, followed by other community golf courses such as
Vanderbilt Pines and Calusa Grove. The Vanderbilt Beach Road extension, CR 862, was
completed circa 1986. Large developments such as Village Walk, The Vineyards, and
Island Walk were begun by the mid 1990s. The entire area of the Immokalee Road
corridor is currently in a state of rapid growth.
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METHODOLOGY
Prior to conducting fieldwork in the project parcel, relevant archives and literature were
reviewed. This included, but was not limited to, studying previous archaeological reports
for sites in Collier County, reviewing information from the Master Site File in
Tallahassee concerning nearby sites, and examining USGS maps of the project area.
Also, black and white and color aerial photographs from the project area, which could aid
in revealing anthropogenic changes to the topography and floral communities and
vegetative communities associated with archaeological sites, were interpreted.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This Phase I archaeological assessment of the Immokalee Square Parcel incorporated the
use of certain predictive archaeological site models. These models are based on
topographic and vegetative attributes that are associated with prehistoric and historic sites
in northeastern Collier County. These models postulate that live oak/tropical hardwood
hammocks in close proximity to deep wetlands, ponds, marshes or sloughs are high
probability areas for prehistoric archaeological sites (Carr 2002; Schwadron 2006). The
elevational information on the USGS Corkscrew SW map for the area also was used.
Based on the interpretation of vintage and recent aerial photographs and observations
made during ground-truthing, two medium to high probability zones (MPZ/HPZ) were
identified on the parcel.
FIELD WORK
The project parcel was assessed by pedestrian survey and subsurface testing. The high-
probability zone was tested systematically on a 25 meter grid. The medium-probability
zone was tested systematically along one transect on the western edge of the slough, at
50m intervals. The remainder of the parcel was considered low -probability and was
tested on five north-south transects at 100m intervals. A total of six transects was tested
on the parcel to sample the low probability and medium probability zones (LPZ/MPZ)
(Figures 7, 8).
Because the hammock is relatively small, positive shovel tests were delineated outwardly
from the 25m grid at 5m intervals, with two negative shovel tests established. A total of
41 shovel tests (50 cm2) was dug across the parcel to an average of 1 meter in depth
where possible. All excavated material was screened through a 1/4” mesh and any
material of archaeological significance collected was sent to AHC in Davie for cleaning,
analysis, and conservation.
COLLECTIONS
All collected material was transferred to the AHC lab in Davie where it was washed,
sorted, and catalogued.
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INFORMANTS
The field biologists from Passarella and Associates were the principal informants familiar
with the subject parcel. They had previously identified an oak hammock on the parcel.
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SUMMARY OF SITE
Site Name: Immokalee Square 1
Site Number: 8CR1502
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 29
Environmental Setting: Oak hammock; live oaks, cabbage palms, ferns, wild
coffee.
Site Type: Black earth midden
Site Function: Habitation / resource procurement
Description: The site is a midden characterized by a bedrock
“unconformity” in the form of an elevated island, as much
as 60-70cm higher than the surrounding elevation. The site
is about 30m north by south and 20m east to west (Figure
11). The stratigraphy within the hammock followed a
typical pattern of a grey sand near the surface and
transitioning to a darker brown sand before encountering
compacted marl and water, both at approximately 70cmbs.
Within the positive tests, the cultural horizon was near the
surface and contained within the dark grey sand. Cultural
material diminished at depth and the midden transitioned to
a sterile light grey sand at ~40cmbs.
The greatest assemblage of artifacts was recovered from
ST-9 located just south of center of the hammock. Material
sharply decreased 5 meters to the south and west. The
midden did continue 5 meters to the east but again sharply
declined by 10m east of ST-9 (ST-16). A relatively light
amount of cultural material was recovered from ST-3 and 5
compared to ST-9.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Glades Period
Collections: STP ceramics (N=38); faunal bone
Preservation Quality: Very good
Significance: Based on available data there is insufficient information to
determine eligibility for listing on the National Register
of Historic Places.
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Figure 12. Sample of faunal bone collected from ST-15.
Figure 13. Sample of sand tempered plain ceramics from ST-9
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RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This Phase I cultural resource assessment of the Immokalee Square Parcel resulted in the
documentation of one newly recorded archaeological site, 8CR1502. Most of the parcel is
considered low probability as it is low-lying slash pine flatwoods. Two higher probability areas
were identified, including one high-probability zone (HPZ), a mesic oak hammock, and one
medium-probability, the western bank of a slough.
A total of 41 shovel tests were dug across the parcel, 28 in the HPZ, 3 in the MPZ, and 10 in the
LPZ. Of the 31 shovel tests dug within the HPZ, seven were positive for prehistoric
archaeological material. This site is a black earth midden within a mature live oak hammock
(Figure 11). All other shovel test were negative for cultural material.
A total of seven field specimens were collected representing cultural materials associated with
individual shovel tests. Prehistoric material includes 38 sand-tempered plain ceramic sherds, and
fragmentary faunal bone (including snake, fish, and deer).
Based on available data, there is insufficient information to determine whether site 8CR1502
meets eligibility criteria for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
Additional testing would be necessary to make that determination. The consultant recommends
avoidance of the site and its associated hammock. If avoidance is not feasible, then phase II
archaeological testing should be conducted to determine the site's NRHP eligibility.
Additionally, it is recommended that all clearing within 100 feet of the site and the hammock
should be subject to monitoring by an archaeologist.
Although a systematic effort was made to locate other sites on the subject parcel without positive
results, there is still the potential of small archaeological sites, features or artifacts occurring on
the parcel. Should subsequent development reveal this, efforts should be made to protect and
document these resources. In the event that human remains are discovered then the provisions of
Florida State Statue 872.05, governing unmarked human burials, will apply.
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