Backup Documents 12/01/2009 Item # 5A
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COLLIER COUNTY~
FLORIDA
ENERGY AUDIT AND
GREENHOUSE GAS
INVENTORY
CY 2007
JULY, 2009
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The point of contact at Collier County is
Skip Camp, Director of the Department of
Facilities Management, who may be reached
at;
(239) 252-8380
SkipCamp@colliergov.net
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This work was carried out by Cloe Waterfield
of Twentyfifty, LLC. She can be contacted at;
(239) 248-710]
cloe@twenty-fifty.com
www.twenty-fifty.com
twentyfifty~
Sustainable. Profitable
For more information on ICLEI,
(International Council [or Local
Environmental Initiatives), please visit;
www.iclei.org/us
(510) 844-0699
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Collier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
5A
This Executive Summary provides key information regarding a recent energy use/greenhouse gas
inventory performed for Collier County: government operations and the wider community.
Greater detail on methodology, findings, and recommendations may be found in the substantive
chapters following the summary.
Background
This report presents the results of an energy use/greenhouse gas inventory for Collier County, for calendar
year 2007. This is an accounting of both energy use and the amounts and sources of emissions of
greenhouse gases (GHG) for the community as a whole, encompassing the area within the County limits,
with a detailed look at Collier County government operations. Since the vast majority of emissions derive
from fossil fuel energy used to provide electricity and to power our vehicles, this work is an energy audit.
However, as emission sources also include methane from waste disposal and losses of refrigerants such as
hydrofluorocarbons in cooling systems, the broader tenn, greenhouse gas inventory, is also used. Results
are presented in terms of standard GHG units, but their magnitudes directly reflect the relative importance
of differing forms of energy use in the County. The purpose of the inventory is to better understand the
ways we use energy in Collier County so that effective policies and programs can be implemented to
reduce costs and environmental impact. The inventory provides a baseline against which future energy
use and emissions reductions can be measured.
The project was funded by Collier County Audubon Society, The Conservancy of Southwest Florida and
National Audubon's TogetherGreen grant program and utilized the software and protocol provided by
ICLEI, the International Council of Local Environmental Initiatives.
The report and its findings are ,imely and relevant because:
I) Understanding patterns of energy use can lead to saving residents/taxpayers money.
2) It is widely accepted that fossil fuel energy use contributes to global climate change, the extent of
which will be critical for low lying regions like Collier County. Assessing and reducing emissions
demonstrates responsibility to present and future residents.
3) Increasing numbers of state and federal programs (and grant opportunities) require municipalities to
address climate change. By following the established ICLEI protocol, Collier County joins twenty
four communities in Florida and hundreds nationwide willing to take action and thus demonstrate
responsibility and accountability.
Methodology
Raw data collected are summaries of electricity use, traffic counts, natural gas, propane use and gas flared
at the landfill. Although the methodology applied does not capture or precisely locate every source of
emissions (for example data on energy use by Collier County Public Schools were not available for
detailed analysis) it does provide a very close approximation of the total proportional picture of energy
use and resultant emissions for the County.
Energy use is attributed to respective private and public enl1tleS (including County government
departments), and the software converts units of energy (gallons of gasoline, kilowatt hours of electricity,
therms of natural gas, etc.) into greenhouse gases produced. Calculations follow accepted international
standards as used by the Environmental Protection Agency. There are six major greenhouse gases; results
are expressed relative to carbon dioxide in metric tons (MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent gas (C02e).
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Collier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The ICLEI protocol gives results for two components: the entire community (i.e what powered Collier
County in 2007) and what proportion of that was used to 'run' County government during that period.
The government analysis is more detailed and allows County leaders better understanding of the energy
costs of the services provided, as well as the opportunity to demonstrate leadership on the issues.
Community Analysis
The community inventory covers energy use within the absolute county limits (2,025 square miles of land
area) for the estimated 330,656 residcnts in 2007. Data from incorporated municipalities (City of Marco
Island, Everglades City and the City of Naples), are included in the total number as they lie within Collier
County. However, apart from the City of Naples (where additional data was available on electricity use
for homes within the City) the numbers are aggregated and are not identified by town or sub-division.
Sub-sectors and results:
During 2007 total emissions were 5,034,125 metric tons (MY) C02e.
energy use), varied by sector as noted
below.
The emissions (taken as a proxy for
Waste
1%
Residential
Electricity, natural gas and propane use in
all private homes: 1,568,263 MT or 31 %
of the total.
A higher than State average use of
electricity (related in part to cooling
needs) is considered explanatory for this
high pre portion. As ,educing end use of
electricity also saves residents' money,
developing programs and measures to
reduce electricity use is a key
recommendation of the report. It is
estimated that if all homes lowered use
by 10%, a reduction of 3% of the
County's total emissions would be
attained, and more cash would be in residents' pockets to spend in area businesses. Many ways to save
energy are free: turning off appliances, turning up air conditioning settings etc., but people frequently
forget or may not know or think about it. Developing targeted media campaigns and workshops to help
educate residents as well as hands-on residential energy retrofits should be a priority. Expansion of the
successful County government program "Be Green when Green makes cents" program could be
considered.
Transportation
42%
Residential
31%
Figure fa: Communi~y
Analysis Overview
Commercial
26%
Commercial
Electricity, natural gas and propane used in all business establishments within the County limits.
1,300,304 MT C02e, 26% of the total.
The commercial sector includes schools, all government facilities, hospitals, shops and offices. Again, the
financial advantages associated with increasing energy efficiency are stressed (approximately 25,000
businesses are located in our County, but many are closing in the currently depressed economy). Creative,
market focused solutions such as a Green Business Program, should be developed to assist Collier
businesses maximize profits, both from reducing unnecessary waste and expanding market opportunities
(such as "green" products and services or renewable energy applications). Recent focus on the County's
economic future (Economic Development Council's Project Innovation program) highlighted the need for
creativity and diversification in Ollr service and construction based economy. Increasing demand in the
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Collier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
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green business sector is also in evidence, and resident surveys (City of Naples and Pelican Bay) show a
widespread desire to be more 'green'. By helping existing establishments save money and promoting a
welcoming ethos to innovative, sustainably-oriented new companies, the County will become a much
more attractive locale, perhaps particularly so for younger residents or returning college graduates.
Transportation
Fuel used in all vehicles driving on Collier County roads, including residents and those passing through
the County on interstates and highways, 2,1 11,036 MT C02e, 42% of the total.
The geographically driven reliance on automobiles is illustrated by the scope of this sector, with higher
than national averages (transportation is typically 30% of emissions) but in line with other parts of Florida
and California. Efforts to reduce vehicle miles traveled (and fuel use) include higher fuel standards, mass-
transit opportunities. promoting walking, biking and carpooling and traffic signal optimization to reduce
idling times. All are underway in some fom in Collier County. This focus should be maintained and
expanded as the community grows. Evidence here and from the government inventory (high employee
commute numbers) shows the negative impact (in fuel use and concomitant costs) when communities
sprawl. Promoting expansion of alternative fuel use, currently minimal, is also a recommendation. For
southwest Florida with ample sunshine and flat terrain, a logical start would be exploring solar electric
vehicle options.
Waste
Methane emissions from land filled waste collected from the whole community, homes, businesses, and
government: 53,417 MT C02e, 1% of total emissions.
While a small proportion of the community inventory, waste emissions are a significant component (23%)
of the government inventory. Waste reduction for commercial entities can save money. Tougher recycling
goals are being considered by the State of Florida. New technologies exist to make money from waste
(Landfill Gas to Energy) or dispose of it better (g~3ification systems fm sewage sludge, poten:ially
eliminating trucking county sludge to Okeechobee). As some of these projects are in the discussion and/or
planning phase, this report recommends enhanced action at the government level to see them corne to
fruition for the benefit of the whole community, sooner rather than later.
Evaluating the results based on fuel source showed that most of our 'power' is purchased from electric
utilities or oil companies.
Government Analysis
The government analysis is a more
detailed energy accolmting exercise for the
buildings and operations under the County
manager's control, where managerial
oversight can effect reductions in energy
use. For Collier County, the scope was
expanded to include co-located
constitutional offices (Tax Appraiser,
Sheriffs Department, Clerk of Courts and
Supervisor of Elections). Key facilities
include: offices at various government
complexes, libraries, parks, and jails.
Government operated services include:
waste collection and disposal, provision of
potable water, collection, treatment and
Transit Fleet
1%
Refrigerants
0%
Employee Cotnm..lte
18%
Buildings and Facilities
21%
Slreetlighting
2%
Vehicle Fleet
6%
Airport Facilities
0%
~. Water Delivery Facilihes
- 15%
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Solid Waste Facilities
24%
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,
VVastew ater Facilities
13%
Figure Ib: Government Analysis Overview
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Collier County Greenhouse Gas inventory
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disposal of wastewater, providing public transportation (CAT) and street and traftic lighting. Government
operations are analyzed in detail given the greater ability of County leaders to implement change and to
identify the best focus areas for energy and emission reductions. It is important to repeat that the figures
for government energy use exclude those from Collier County Public Schools which were not made
available to us (the numbers are included in aggregate in the community analysis, but are not eXplicitly
analyzed).
Total government emissionsjor 2007 were 176,377 MT C02e, 3.5% of/he total communitv emissions.
It is important to note that the community inventory includes these sources from government, within the
appropriate sectors (i.e government buildings fall into the commercial sub-sector, vehicle fleet and
employee commute are within the community transportation result). This is also true for cities such as
Marco Island and the City of Naples.
,:7.)
Buildings andjacilities ';r'
Electricity, propane and natural gas used to power the many large and small buildings and offices that are
part of County government, 35,554 MT C02e, 20% of the government total.
Larger complexes and groups of facilities (such as parks) take a larger share of the energy use, namely
government center at Airport Road (30% of building emissions), Collier County Sheriffs department
(20%) and parks (25%). County staff have paid vigilant attention to energy use and cost, enacting climate
control policies, installing water conservation features and occupancy sensors to name a few. As work
efforts are ongoing and expected to remain a priority, no additional action in this sub-sector other than
continuation of the good work underway, is recommended at this time.
Street lighting
Electricity for street lights, traffic signab some outside lighting and signage that are 'owned' by County
government, 4,459, MT C02e, 2.5% of the total.
All traffic signals have been replaced with high efficiency versions but regular street lights are using 80%
of the energy in this sub-sector. Switching to high efficiency bulbs as funds permit, or removing lights
from service if appropriate, is the recommended course of action.
Airport Facilities
Electricity, propane and natural gas to run the three County facilities, 179 MT C02e, 0.1% of the
government total.
Results showed that the lmmokalee facility, larger and busier, uses proportionally much more of the
energy. The Naples Municipal Airport (NMA) is not included (as is not under County management).
[Fuel sold from all airport (including NMA) facilities is included in the community transportation sub-
sector since it is provided to airport patrons, i.e is used by the wider community].
Water delivery facilities
Electricity used to extract, treat and deliver drinking water to Collier County customers, 26,801 MT
C02e, 15% of the government total.
A significant energy cost is associated with the provision of potable water. As both energy and water will
become more critical issues in coming years; the County should continue and expand efforts to enhance
water conservation.
Waste water
Electricity to run two sewage treatment facilities, pump sewage to the facilities and irrigate County
maintained landscaped areas (with reclaimed water). Also, emissions of nitrous oxide that result from
sewage treatment. 22,379 MT C02e, 12.6% of the government's total.
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Further consideration of the fate of sewage sludge shows that emissions are even greater than those shown
here when transportation to and emissions from the final disposal site (Okeechobee landfill) are taken into
account. Collier County should evaluate and proceed with any technological solutions to reduce these
emissions. Drinking water and waste water combined account for nearly 30% of the county's energy
budget
Solid waste
Electricity to run the facilities and fugitive emissions of methane from the County owned landfill, 40,880
MT C02e, 23% of the government total.
Methane estimates are based on the amount of landfill gas flared, reported annually to the Department of
Environmental Protection. Methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide and is produced
in landfills as a function of waste burial and decomposition. It is typically burned or flared which converts
almost all if it to C02, but about 25% of that produced is considered to escape the flare. Approximately
40% of the landfill gas is methane, which is the number added to the inventory. C02 is not counted, as it
is considered already part of the global carbon budget. Methane can provide power and a planned project
with Waste Management was evaluated and found to be of significance in reducing the government's
overall emissions.
Vehicle fleet
Gasoline, diesel and propane used to run government owned vehicles, 11,412 MT C02e, 6.4% of the
government's total.
Results show that police and emergency vehicles make up 50% of this total. Fuel cost is clearly a major
consideration for County managers such that all efforts to maximize efficiency should be promoted. Many
municipalities include hybrid, electric or alternative fueled vehicles in their fleet, partly to demonstrate
the applicability to the rest of the community. Collier County should continue to explore feasible options,
iricluding the potential for compressed r,~tural ga' vehicles, in concert with othel large fleet operators.
Employee commute
Gasoline and diesel used in the drive to and from work for the 1906 employees accounted for in 2007,
33,114 MT C02e, 18. 6% of the government's total.
The commute share is higher for County staff compared to other recently inventoried municipalities due
to long driving distances reported. However commencement of the Department of Transportation funded
Commuter Services program may help alleviate both fuel use and cost by helping staff find carpooling
and ride matching opportunities.
Transit fleet
Gasoline and diesel used to run the CAT buses, amounted to 2,715 MT C02e, or 1.5% of the government
total.
This is a small proportion for a valuable service. It is also noted that CAT staff are pursuing grant
opportunities to purchase hybrid buses, a positive move in terms of fuel usage and visibility.
Refi'igerants
Coolants such as hydro fluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons, used in air conditioning systems for
government buildings and vehicles, 479 MT C02e, 0.3% of the government total.
Refrigerant use is estimated by considering what needed to be topped up during the inventory year.
Coolants have very high global warming potentials, relative to carbon dioxide.
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Collier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
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In summary, assessing overall government energy use results suggests the following prioritized
recommendations for government operations:
I) Move forward with the Landfill Gas to Energy project along with other waste management
projects.
2) Continue work on County building retrofits and work collaboratively with constitutional offices
(in particular the Sheriffs department) in this regard.
3) Expand street lighting replacements to high efficiency bulbs.
4) Explore the potential for alternative fuel vehicles particularly in terms of vehicle sizing and
selection and pay vigilant attention to staff driving habits.
5) Promote the commuter services program.
Projected Emissions and Reduction Targets
The results have shown us which areas to focus to maximize energy savings. Next steps in the ICLEI
program are to establish a reduction target, develop programs to reduce energy use and carry out the
implementation and evaluation phases. To understand how aggressive targets would need to be to make
any significant difference, emissions are projected, based on estimated future population trends.
Collier County has always ranked high in terms of population growth rate. The recent economic downturn
has slowed the pace at which ultimate build-out numbers are reached, but it is still a community that
anticipates and plans for considerable expansion, notably into eastern regions of the County. Population
estimates used for this report are: 2007 - 331,000, 2020 - 400,700, 2030 - 472,000, 2050 - 617,853.
Since more people would, all things being equal, be expected to use more energy, care in establishing an
energy reduction target is lmportant, to ensure it is feasible. Most municipalities establish a tmget where
emissions are 10-20% below the baseline amount in a decade or so following the initial inventory. So for
Collier County, after factoring in additional emissions expected on the basis of population growth,
tangible reductions to make a goal of a 10% reduction (from baseline) by 2020, 20% by 2030 and 50% by
2050 entails avoiding emissions of 503,413 MT by 2020, 3,156,540 MT by 2030 and 6,886,662 MT by
2050.
The following table summarizes the projections:
Year Population Emissions in MT C02e Reduction Actual GHG reductions
(projected on a business as Target needed (MT C02e)
usual or no-chanl!e scenario)
2007 330,656 5,034,125 Baseline -
2020 400,700 6,098,654 -10% 503,413
2030 472,000 7,183,840 -20% 3,156,540
2050 617,853 9,403,723 -50% 6,886,661
It is commonly accepted that to avert the most dangerous, feedback loops associated with global
temperature rise, emissions from the United States would need to be reduced 80% (from 2005 levels) by
2050 with the goal of stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at no more than 450 ppm
(currently 380 ppm) and keeping global temperature rise at less than 20C (currently 0.80C). The targets
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Coliier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
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suggested for Collier County are more conservative, although they approach the common goal. These
targets are presented since it is felt highly unlikely the County would consider adopting a more aggressive
approach and, as discussed below, external factors will come into play (such as national fuel efficiency
standards) which will likely produce additional reductions over and above those stemming from local
efforts. As a clearly at-risk community, it will be up to County leaders to adopt a lesser target than other
communities. The important thing is to adopt a target, for environmental, political and financial reasons.
Planned Reductions
To assess the feasibility ofreaching the stated goals, expected reductions are evaluated. Projects or issues
known of at the time of writing were evaluated to estimate anticipated savings.
1) The energy outlook for the United States is expected to become less carbon intensive, including
more use of renewable energy and higher vehicle efficiency standards. These external, market
and political forces are real, but not clear cut enough to enable estimation of their impact on
Collier County.
2) Construction of a landfill gas to energy project at the county landfill is expected to generate 4MW
of power, negating the need for 35,040,000 kWh (the equivalent of 21 ,000 MT C02) per year of
traditionally sourced power. This is 11.8% of the government sector emissions, 0.41 % of the
whole community.
3) Collier County recently applied for approximately $3 million of allocated funding from the
Department of Energy (DOE) to implement 'energy efficiency and conservation projects'.
Projects should show reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and creation or retention of jobs.
Eight project requests have oeen submitted to the DOE:
1. Facilities Management Energy Efficiency Retrofits
2. Parks and Recreation Department Light Fixture Retrofits
3. Public Utilities Energy Savings Retrofits
4. Public Utilities Renewable Energy Solar Photovoltaic Panels
5. Traffic Operations Traffic Signalization Improvements
6. Collier County Master Mobility Plan (MMP); as savingsjrom this project will only be realized
in the future, i.e are contingent on population and infrastructure expansion, emission
reductions are applied to the forecast scenarios.
7. Children's Museum of Naples, green infrastructure elements
8. Development of a comprehensive green building code inspection training program for 23
employees of the Collier County Building Department; this project is not evaluated as it is
unclear how inspection related traininii would encouraiie the installation of the targeted
systems (.r;;olar hot water and photovoltaic systems).
Reductions that could be achieved if all eight projects are funded as proposed, amount to 4,283
MT C02e per year, or 2.4% of 2007 government emissions and 0.085% of community emissions.
By 2030 this is increased to 2% of the community emissions (in a business as usual scenario) as
reductions from the Master Mobility Plan materialize.
So, with construction of the LFGTE project and implementation of the DOE projects, the reduction target
presented (10% by 2020) looks feasible for government operations, with 2.4% from the DOE projects and
11.8% from the landfill. [Government could indeed afford to set the bar even higher to achieve a 15%
reduction by 2015].
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However, with government facilities and operations comprising only 3.5% of the County's energy
budget, it is clear that if the rest ofthe community is not targeted, we will fall ~ short of meeting goals
for the County as a whole. DOE projects initially amount to a tiny fraction of the community emissions,
and only 2% by 2030. Additionally, those estimated reductions derive from vehicle mile reductions that
are projected with implementation of the Master Mobility Plan (MMP) and hence are predicated on
additional growth.
There is no doubt that a strategic, encompassing and objective consideration of future infrastructure needs
and siting is crucial. However from a GHG reduction standpoint, prudence must be exercised in asserting
reductions from additional growth, unless many aspects of that growth are low-energy. It is also noted
that ifestimates of projected sea level rise are accurate, and global action does not succeed in stabilizing
global temperatures thus maintaining the physical geography of the county as we know ii, i/ is likely thai
Collier will become a much less al/raetive relocation destination approaching mid-century Hence it is
something of a double edged sword. We might have a better plan, but if we fail to include measures to
protect the climate, that growth may not materialize anyway. The Master Mobili/y Plan should be revised
to provide an oppor/unity to implement other energy reduc/ion efforts as well as to include an exercise in
vulnerability and adaptation to sea level rise (managed retreat in worse case scenarios and/or budgeting
for coas/al protec/ion). It shouldjiJrm a Climate Action Plan for the en/ire County
In summary, Collier County plans to grow. Without significant changes in energy usage it will use even
more power and produce more emissions while the potential impacts of climate change threaten that same
expansion. The Master Mobility Plan offers an opportunity to take a bigger picture approach and should
be revised as an opportunity for County leaders to get both issues right.
Examples of Additional Programs
To consider what else might be done, best practice examples from other municipalities were consulted. A
number of Energy Conservation and Efficiency Strategies were reviewed (provided by lCLEI, these
reports were required by the DOE as support for funding requests, they summarize the municipalities'
energy efficiency programs and grant applications) and the applicability of similar programs in Collier
County, considered. All of the strategies in other jurisdictions reviewed included projects or programs
targeting the community sectors.
Key examples which may be transferable:
. A Community Energy Retrofit Incentive Program in Sarasota County to provide full energy
audits and financial incentives for improvements on residential and non-profit properties.
. Training of a work force of professional contractors experienced in energy efficiency upgrades
for the residential sector from the City of Durham, North Carolina. Also, development of a
community outreach program to reduce energy use from residences in the City. with a specific
objective of reducing energy use by 20% from 350 homes.
. Providing weatherization for low income households in Kansas City, Missouri.
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Collier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
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Expanding and applying the ideas to Collier County yields the following key recommendations:
I. Develop a County program to provide hands on assistance in energy efficiency for residents along
with a targeted education campaign. Re-train staff on energy efficiency in departments which are
experiencing slow down to keep jobs intact. Include creative ways to spread communi1y
knowledge along with select financial incentives.
2. Develop a Green Business Program (perhaps in conjunction with the Ci1y of Naples) to
incentivize energy savings efforts in the commercial sector.
Reaching the Targets
Table I showed the actual emission reductions needed to reach a conservative reduction target. For 2020,
this is 503,413 MT. It is shown that the planned government projects would amount to 4,283 MT for the
DOE projects, 21,000 MT for the LFGTE. Successful programs in the residential and commercial sector
(using a broad goal of 10% electricity reductions for discussion purposes) would achieve a further
274,553 MT, bringing the total close to 300,000 MT. But, new projects are still needed. With cooperation,
creativity and (like the "Green makes cents" program) the understanding that every little bit helps, goals
are achievable. Collier County government is a living example of the success of efficiency drives. As
noted in recent media (McKinsey, 2009) Americans waste $130 billion a year on unnecessary energy use.
Strategies and programs are needed to stem this loss for Collier residents and businesses.
Farther in the future, as population grows, the going gets tougher. Hence it is critical that growth in the
COlm1y not only be planned effectively but include programs over and above those described here,
encompassing such measures as low energy construction standards and application of renewable energy.
As such programs become more a,lordable and maii1stream (and as rhe country as a whole transitiuns to a
cleaner, greener energy outlook) we feel this is achievable, if locally encouraged.
Recommendations and Next Steps
A summary ofrecommendations and next steps for County managers and leaders is as follows:
1) Establish the following reduction targets: 10% by 2020, 20% by 2030, 50% by 2050.
2) Collate a summary of the baseline inventory, all energy savings related projects, together with
additional programs (including but not limited to those described below) into a comprehensive
Collier County Climate Action Plan. Identify within the plan how GHG reduction measures tie
into other Coun1y and regional efforts (such as the Master Mobi1i1y Plan, Coastal Management
Plans and Land Development Codes). Include an assessment of the impacts of climate change and
energy management in existing plans and codes to ensure the Coun1y anticipates and budgets
properly for all potential changes in Collier County through at least the next forty years.
3) Pursue the LFGTE project along with other waste management projects.
4) Continue government based work: i) building energy retrofits, ii) street lighting replacements to
high efficiency bulbs, iii) alternative fuel vehicles, and iv) promote the commuter services
program.
5) Continue the community focused transportation programs such as traffic signal optimization.
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Collier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6) Establish new community oriented programs to include: i) a community focused "Be Green when
Green makes Cents" program, or equivalent and ii) a Green Business Program. (Additional
programs could be described within in the planned Master Mobility Plan and potentially be
funded through additional grant monies or other sources).
7) Carry out an energy use/greenhouse gas emissions re-inventory in 3-5 years to measure progress.
Collier County is clearly one of the most vulnerable in the nation to the potential impacts of climate
change but, with leadership and assistance, residents and business owners can save money, while doing
our part to minimize the problem. This is clearly a win-win solution for all and potentially crucial to the
future of our community.
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PART I: INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background on Energy use/Greenhouse Gas Inventories
1.1. I Data Sources
1.1.2 Units
1.1.3 Scale
1.2 ICLEl's Local Government Operations Protocol and Clean Air and
Climate Protection Software
1.3 Limitations and Exclusions
1.4 Baseline Year
1.5 Climate Zone
PART 2: COMMUNITY INVENTORY
2.0 Community Inventory Background
2.1 Community Inventory Overview
2.2 Community Inventory: Sub-sector analysis
2.2.1 Residential
2.2.2 Commercial/Industrial
2.2.3 Transportation
2.2.3.1 Air Transportation
2.2.3.2 Marine Transportation
2.2 .4 Waste
2.2.5 Refrigerants
2.3 Community Emissions by Source .
PART 3: GOVERNMENT INVENTORY
3.0 Government Inventory Background
3.1 Government Inventory Overview
3.2 Government Inventory: Sub-sector analysis
3.2.1 Buildings and Facilities
3.2.2 Street lighting
3.2.3 Airport Facilities
3.2.4 Water Delivery Facilities
3.2.5 Waste Water
3.2.5.1 Wastewater related emissions
3.2.5.2 Methane
3.2.5.3 Nitrous Oxide
3.2.5.4 Biosolids
3.2.6 Solid Waste
3.2.6.1 Government, Scope I emissions
3.2.7 Vehicle Fleet
3.2.8 Employee Commute
3.2.9 Transit Fleet
3.2.10 Refrigerants
PART 4: PROJECTIONS
4.0 Introduction to Projections
4.1 Population Estimates
4.2 Population Projections
4.3 Impact of Planned Projects on GHG Reductions
4.3.1 National Energy Outlook
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13
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
26
27
27
27
28
28
5A 11
4.3.2 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants (EECBG)
4.3.3 Landfill Gas to Energy Project
4.3.4 Summary of Planned Reductions
4.4 Emission Estimates
4.5 Proposed Target Reduction
PART 5: CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Summary of findings
5.2 Applying the Results
5.2.1 Observations from the Collier County inventory;
5.2.2 Additional Ideas
5.2.3 Recommendations
5.3 Action Items
5.4 Climate, enerh'Y and Collier County through the next century
29
30
31
31
32
33
33
33
33
34
35
37
37
Figures aud Tables
Figure 1: Overview of scopes and emission sources
Figure 2: US Climate Zones by County
Figure 3: Employment by major indllstry, EDC, 2009
Figure 4: Community Emissions by Sector
Figure 5: Community Emissions by Major Source
Figure 6: Government Emissions by Sector
Figure 7: Emission Estimates, County-wide
2
5
6
7
13
15
31
Table 1: Community Emissions
Table 2: Community Emissions: Residential sub-sector
Table 3: Community Emissions: Commercial sub-sector
Table 4: Community Emissions: Transportation sub-sector
Table 5: Community Emissions: Waste sub-sector
Table 6: Community Emissions by Source
Table 7: Government Emissions
Table 8: Government Emissions: Building sub-sector
Table 9: Government Emissions: Street lighting sub-sector
Table 10: Government Emissions: Airports sub-sector
Table 11: Government Emissions: Potable water sub-sector
Table 12: Government Emissions: Waste water sub-sector
Table 13: Summary of waste water related emissions
Table 14: Government Emissions: Solid waste sub-sector
Table 15: Government Emissions: Fleet sub-sector
Table 16: Government Emissions: Employee commute sub-sector
Table 17: Government Emissions: Transit sub-sector
Table 18: Government Emissions: Refrigerants sub-sector
7
8
8
9
II
13
15
16
17
17
18
19
22
22
24
25
25
26
Appendices
I
II
111
IV
Background on Climate Change
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant Calculations
Data Sources
References
vii
XI
XIV
5 A 'III
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Organizations / Projects
ARRA
BEBR
CAFE
CAT
CCP
CCPS
DOE
DOR
EDC
EECBG
EECS
EIA
EMS
EPA
FDEP
FOOT
FPL
ICLEI
IPCC
LCEC
LEED
LFGTE
LGOP
MMP
MSW
NCH
NOAA
NR WTF
ST APPA/ALAPCO
WBCSD
WM
WRI
WWTP
Types of Emissions
CH,
CO,
CO,e
GHG
HFCs
LFG
N
N,O
PFCs
SF,
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Bureau of Economic and Business Research
Corporate Average Fuel Economy
Collier Area Transit
Cities for Climate Protection
Collier County Public Schools
Department of Energy
Florida Department of Revenue
Economic Development Council
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategies
Energy Information Administration
Emergency Medical Services
Environmental Protection Agency
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
Florida Department of Transportation
Florida Power and Light
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Lee County Electrical Cooperative
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Landfill Gas to Energy
Local Government Operations Protocol
Master Mobility Plan
Municipal Solid Waste
Naples Community Hospital
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
North Regional Water Treatment Facility
State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators/Association of Local
Air Pollution Control Officers (now National Association of Clean Air Agencies,
NACAA)
World Business Council for Sustainable Development
Waste Management
World Resources Institute
Waste Water Treatment Plant
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide equivalent (combines greenhouse gases of differing impact on
the Earth's climate into one weighted unit)
Greenhouse Gas( es)
Hydrofluorocarbons
Landfill Gas
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Perfluorocarbons
Sulphur hexafluoride
Measurement
BOD
CACP
CY
EF
FY
Gt
GWP
kWh
MGD
MMBTU
MT
MW
MY
ppm
SCFM
VMT
5A ~
Biological Oxygen Demand
Clean Air and Climate Protection software
Calendar Year
Emission Factor
Fiscal Year
1 gigatonne (109 tons) = 1,000,000,000 tons = 1 billion metric tons
Global Wanning Potential
kilowatt hour
Million Gallons per Day
One Million British Thennal Units (thousand thousand Btu)
Metric ton
Mega watt
Manufacturing Year
parts per million
Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
Vehicle Miles Traveled
Collier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
5A"1
Part I: Introduction and Methodology
In this section
. How this project came about
. What is an energy use/ greenhouse gas inventory?
. About the ICLEI protocol and software
. Data sources and units
. Limitations
. Setting the stage: baseline year and climate zone
1.0 Introduction
This report presents the results of an energy use/greenhouse gas inventory for Collier County, quantifying
emissions from government operations and the community at large for the calendar year 2007. With an
understanding of the main sources of energy use, County managers can best design effective policies and
programs to reduce costs and environmental impact. The inventory provides a baseline against which
future energy use and emission reductions can be measured.
Funding support for the project was provided by Collier County Audubon Society, The Conservancy of
Southwest Florida and National Audubon's TogetherGreen grant program. It followed a similar exercise
at the City of Naples in 2008. The inventory was performed using the software and methodological
protocol provided by ICLEI, the International Council of Local Environmental Initiatives. Over 500
municipal ICLEl members across the country have commenced the process of accounting for and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions using this framework (ICLEI, 2009). In November, 2008, the Board
of County Commissioners unanimously accepted an offer of technical assistance with the inventory and
Collier County formally joined ICLEI in June 2009.
A greenhouse gas inventory goes beyond an energy audit and takes into account additional emlSSlOn
sources such as those resulting from waste production, transportation and refrigerant use. County
government has made significant progress internally in trimming energy use in its own infrastructure and
cutting costs but little attention has been paid to energy use in the wider community. Results from the
City of Naples project, and other lCLEl members, show that government activities typically comprise
approximately 3% of a municipality's emissions. Understanding the source of those emissions is a
prerequisite for doing anything about them.
While the audit assesses energy use, results are expressed in units of greenhouse gas emissions. Inherent
in the rationale is that greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global climate change (see Appendix I)
indeed an inventory is considered a key first step for any effort to address climate change, as captured in
the edict "what you can measure, you can manage". The inventory is prefaced on widely accepted
scientific data on climate change and projected impacts, summarized in Appendix 1. However, as
solutions and recommendations of this report focus on reducing energy use and thus on economic savings
for all County residents, there are benefits to a greater understanding of emission sources no matter one's
point of view on the issue of climate change.
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1.1 Background on Energy use/Greenhouse Gas Inventories
An energy use/greenhouse gas emissions inventory is an accounting of the amounts and sources of
emissions of greenhouse gases attributable to the operations of an institution or entity. For Collier County,
the inventory measures emissions for the community as a whole, encompassing the area within County
limits, with a more detailed look at government operations as a subset of the community emissions.
Therefore, it is important to note that the community results include emissions applicable to governmental
operations. These two main categories are further broken down by sources and sectors:
Sources are the fuel or energy that is the basis of the emissions. In this inventory, the main sources
considered are; electricity (created at power plants by a mix of fuels), natural gas, propane, diesel,
gasoline, refrigerants and landfill gas.
Sectors are the categories of the community or
government operations which contribute the
emissions. In the community analysis the sectors
considered were: residential, commercial,
industrial, transportation and waste. In
government operations the sectors considered
were: buildings, airports, wastewater, water,
ports, vehicle fleet, transit, employee commute,
streetlights, solid waste and refrigerants.
CO, SF. CH. 11/,0 HFC. PFe.
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Scope of emissions is described for the
government inventory and is characterized as
follows; Direct (scope 1) emissions includes
direct fuel consumption on-site, or operationally
controlled, fuel used in County owned vehicles,
fugitive emissions of methane at the County
owned landfill and emissions from the use of
refrigerants in buildings and vehicles. Scope 2 emissions are those resulting from purchased power, i.e the
fuel was burned by another entity to serve a demand generated by the inventoried entity. Scope 3
emissions refer to fuel used for the target entity's purposes but not in entity owned vehicles (for example
travel in planes and public transport), employee commute on public transport or in employee (not
company) owned vehicles, and emissions resulting from all other sources and activities (for example
purchasing of resources and goods, waste decomposition at other (not County owned) landfills and
outsourcing of services.
1. 1.1 Data Sources
Figure 1.' Overview of scopes and emission sources,
WRIIWBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate Standard,
Chapter 4 (2004) Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative,
2009
The raw data, from which estimates of GHG production are made, consist of information on energy use
(electricity generation and fuel quantities) as well as quantities of disposed solid waste, treated waste
water and use of refrigerants. Details on where data were obtained and how they were manipulated to be
of use in the analysis are provided in the results section. Data sources are provided in Appendix 111.
N umbers were collected and organized appropriately for entry into the Clean Air and Climate Protection
(CACP) software. This program contains conversion factors to translate energy used into greenhouse gas
emissions based on a regional profile of electricity sources, average fuel efficiency numbers, and data on
greenhouse gas and criteria air pollutant emissions as a result of energy use. Note that, per ICLEI
guidance, the analysis of criteria air pollutants is not presented in this report.
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1.1.2 Units
There are six major GHG's that result from human activities; carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
sulfur hexafluoride, hydro fluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. They each differ in the amount of heat
they can trap and their residence time in the atmosphere. For example, methane is 21 times more potent as
a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. To make the GHG inventory report more useful, the software
program translates greenhouse gas emissions into one standardized unit of "carbon dioxide equivalent"
(C02e), which takes into account the strength of the various greenhouse gases and their differing
residence times in the atmosphere.
1.1.3 Scale
Setting boundaries of scale, ownership and control of the emISSIOns is the least precise part of any
inventory. Most protocols go with the reasoning tbat if you have operational control (i.e. can make a
decision that would materially affect emissions) you own the emissions. If you have part control (say for
leased assets) you own that part of the emissions. It is complicated, and prone to double counting, so the
best approach is to be clear. Almost all the methodologies described make the following criteria an
essential part of the approach, here reproduced from EPA Climate Leaders program (EPA, 2005).
Any GHG accounting procedure must exhibit:
. Relevance: appropriately reflects the GHG emissions of the entity and serves the decision-making
needs of users.
. Completeness: Accounts for and reports all GHG emissions sources and activities within the
chosen inventory boundary. Discloses and justifies any specific exclusions.
. Consistency: Uses consistent methodologies to allow meaningful comparison of emissions over
time. Transparently documents any changes to the data, inventory boundary, methods, or any
other relevant factors in the time series.
. Transparency: Addresses all relevant issues in a factual and coherent manner, based on a clear
audit trail. Discloses any relevant assumptions and makes appropriate references to the
accounting and calculation methodologies and data sources used.
. Accuracy: Ensures that the quantification of GHG emissions is systematically neither over nor
under true emissions, as far as can be judged, and that uncertainties are reduced as much as
practicable. Achieves sufficient accuracy to enable users to make decisions with reasonable
assurance as to the integrity ofthe reported information.
As there are many inherent assumptions, estimates and limitations it is crucial to explicitly describe what
is being measured and where those numbers came from. Once boundaries are established, data are
collected. Direct measurement of GHG emissions by monitoring concentration and flow rate is not
common. More often, emissions are calculated based on a mass balance or stoichiometric basis specific to
a facility or process, in other words data on fuel and power use as well as quantities of waste produced.
Inputs are then categorized by emission scope, which can again vary a little between protocols. Rarely is
it possible to identify and account for every last pound of emissions. However, the focus on accuracy
gives a guideline that upwards of 95% of any emission source is included. An error or deviation over
about 5% is considered a material error (see EPA, 2005).
While issues of boundaries and ownership can be subjective and open to interpretation, an audit is a
scientific exercise and the application of mathematical coefficients to perform the real inventory work of
calculating emissions is more straightforward. Almost all protocols use the standard default values for
GHG emissions (and global warming potentials) provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
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Change (lPCC, see EPA, 2008). Coefficients (GWP's) were revised in the fourth assessment report
(Bindoff et ai, 2007) however the EPA still reports (for the national inventory) using values in the second
assessment report, for reasons of consistency. The !PCC is an international entity and for electricity
related emissions, local knowledge about the fuel mix utilized at power generation plants is required. The
EPA uses a system called eGR1D2007 (see link), which has since been adopted (for consistency) by
ICLEl. Knowing your region and the year in question will provide a value for emissions per kilowatt hour
(or other unit).
1.2 1CLEI's Local Government Operations Protocol and Clean Air and Climate Protection
Software
In 1993 ICLEI launched their successful Cities for Climate Protection Campaign along with
methodological guidelines and GHG accounting software, designed for municipalities. The first version
of the Clean Air and Climate Protection Software (CACP, 2003) was developed by Torrie Smith and
Associates in conjunction with STAPPA/ALAPCO, and covered emission relevant sectors in community
and government modules.
In late 2008 ICLEI released detailed guidance for performing the government portions of the inventory,
the Local Government Operations Protocol (LGOr, 2008). And, in April 2009, an updated version of
CACP was released. Key differences between the earlier, 2003, version:
. Electricity coefficients now correspond to those used by EPA (eGrid).
. Air and marine transportation are included as sub-sectors.
. Government generated waste is no longer specifically quantified by mass, although if data is
available it can be analyzed.
. Landfill emissions, where a government agency owns the facility, are quantified by volume of
fugitive methane emissions.
. Fugitive emissions from the use of refrigerants are assessed.
. Vehicle classes are now defined by three sizes (previously twelve) and by manufacturing year.
. Emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from wastewater treatment facilities are quantified.
Much of the data for the Collier County inventory had been collected prior to release of the new software
and was re-worked to correspond to the later version.
1.3 Limitations and Exclusions
While the inventory is a quantitative analysis based on real numbers and established methodologies, there
are, nevertheless, various inherent assumptions, generalizations, and omissions that make the results a
best estimate of greenhouse gas production for the study period, not a complete picture. The inventory
includes information on the majority of emissions from energy use, transportation, and waste but excludes
emissions from certain other sources such as agriculture, deforestation, paving, and community
landscaping operations (such as landscaping equipment, mowing equipment and other uses). The ICLEI
protocol does not recommend the calculation of the greenhouse gas impact of tree protection because the
remainder of the natural sector is not calculated and the information on the positive benefits of protection
efforts would therefore not be within the context of the broader land-use/land-use-cover-change context.
For instance, the effect of land clearing for development would likely have a significant emissions
contribution, so it is misrepresentative to present the positive benefits of natural sinks when the full
accounting of the land-based emissions is unavailable. This report does not address marine transportation
(no major ports are located within the region and based on prior experience data on vessel fuel use is
difficult to obtain and provides only patchy coverage) or fuel use by contracted operations.
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Based on energy use and number of employees, key entities in our region for a focus (both materiaJly and
nominaJly) on GHG reductions are City and County government, CoJlier County Public Schools (CCPS),
Naples Community Hospital (NCH) (and other large medical facilities). CCPS has its own governing
board and NCH is a private company hence a detailed investigation in the context of this report is neither
possible nor valid (data are included in the broad context of the community inventory). It is hoped that
those facilities wiJl eventuaJly foJlow the example set by the City and County and take measure of their
impact on climate change and energy use in our region. More specific analyses of other incorporated
towns and cities would also be worthwhile trom an internal cost savings perspective and to complete a
detailed picture of energy use and reductions for our region.
1.4 Baseline Year
Contracted staff commenced the inventory in late 2008 and in June 2009, Collier County joined ICLEI.
Baseline year selection was calendar year 2007. The City of Naples used 2006 and while ICLEI
recommends going back as far as possible in baseline year selection, data coJlection becomes increasingly
harder as records are archived and stored.
1.5 Clirnate Zone
Collier County is located in region 1, the
hot humid climate zone, per Department
of Energy (DOE) revised climate zone
maps for energy efticient buildings.
~-
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Figure 2: US Climate Zones by County, source
http://resourcecenterpnl.gov/cocoon/morjlResource
Center/articlell420
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5A
\1
Part 2: Community Inventory
In this section
. Overview of the community analysis
. Results per sub-sector, calculations and discussion
. Results by source
2.0 Community Inventory Background
The community inventory provides an estimate of greenhouse gas emissions produced within Collier
County boundaries, both by residents in their homes and by businesses and agencies as they carry out
their operations. [It is important to remember that the government analysis is a sub-sector of the
community analysis, all government specific emissions therefore are included in the overall community
number].
Key demographic facts ofrelevance:
.
Collier County covers approximately 2,305 square miles with 2,025 of those land. It is the largest
County in Florida by land area (Palm Beach County covers 2,386 square miles with 1,974 square
miles of land). Approximately 68% of the County is within public ownership (parks and natural
areas).
Incorporated municipalities include the City of Naples, City of Marco Island and Everglades City.
(The government analysis described in this report is for Collier County government only, energy
and emissions associated with other government institutions are summed within this community
analysis but are not separately defined).
The permanent population for inventory
year 2007 was estimated at 330,656 (see
section 4.1). Approximately 136,000 home
units and +/-20,000 businesses are located
within the County (FPL, 2009, EDC,
2009).
With a service based economy and little
large industrial or manufacturing types of
business, an industrial sector is not
separately defined in this inventory but is
included with the general commercial
sector.
.
.
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'\'i.....~.....,Ol<~::;.,~. .',~:i
L."llit~!:
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Figure 3: Employment by major industry, EDC. 2009
lr<ftlm:iit~'"''''
'1,%
F'Ir:...!",(;IiiI".:l~j-,l"tii<!:
~%
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Collier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
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2.1
Community Inventory Overview
Waste
1%
Sub-sector C02e MT %
Residential 1,568,263 31.2
Commercial 1,300,304 25.8
Transoortation 2, III ,036 41.9
Waste 53,417 1.1
Other (refrigerants) 1,104 0
Total 5,034,125 100
Transportation
42%
Residential
31%
Table 1: Community Emissions
Commercial
26%
Figure 4: Community Emissions by Sector
GHG emissions from the County as a whole for 2007 were just over 5 million metric tons. Note that this
figure is inclusive of emissions from hoth Collier County government facilities and all other municipal
operations. Over a third of emissions are attrihuted to the residential sector, chiefly the electricity we use
to run our homes. Transportation emissions are higher than the national average (30%) hut less than the
City of Naples inventory showed (some potential reasons for this are discussed in section 2.2.3).
While ICLEI has refined both the protocol and software for the government analysis, the community
inventory takes a fairly broad approach to emissions analysis. A revised community protocol is expected
later this year. Hence these numbers can be considered at the low end of County emissions; further work
on assessing refrigerant use in particular would be warranted as this source was not covered other than
that used for County government operations.
The overview gives County managers a baseline numher from which energy use/emission reduction
targets can be formulated and perhaps most importantly a sense of the proportional distribution. It is clear
that without a focus on end-use residential energy conservation, efforts to reduce emissions will he
limited.
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2.2 Community Inventory: Sub-sector analysis
2.2.1 Residential, Scope] (natural gas and propane) Scope 2 (electricity)
% residential
Sub-sector Source C02e MT % total sub-sector
Electricity 1,540,132 30.6 98.2
Residential Natural Gas 4,433 0.1 0.2
Propane 23,697 0.5 1.6
Subtotal All County Residential 1,568,263 31.2 100
Table 2: Community Emissions: Residential sub.sector
At 98% of emissions. electrical use in our homes is the primary source of GHG emISSIOns in this
subsector. Unlike colder climates where heating needs drive demand for oil, gas and other fuels, a small
proportion of homes use propane or natural gas for cooking or pool heating. Almost all homes in south
Florida rely on electricity for cooling purposes.
Data on electricity use were provided as a summary of residential account kWh's used from FPL and
LCEC. Numbers were County-wide, no breakdown by zip code was provided, although FPL
differentiated between City of Naples hanchise codes and Collier County. Using a population of 330,656
for Collier County (see section 4.1) and 22,000 for the City of Naples, shows that the City has 6.5% of the
population but is accounting for 10% of the electrical consumption in the residential sector. We can
postulate that this may be related to the number of larger homes, comparatively, within the City but no
firm conclusions should be draw" 25 clearly a nwnber of. significant sized communities with larger than
average homes are located in the County as well. However, there are a greater number of smaller dwelling
units spread through the County than within the City of Naples itself.
The discussion of home size is not intended to attribute responsibility in any way but serves as a reminder
that electricity used to cool our houses makes up about 50% of the total usage. FPL notes that every
degree lower than 78'F adds 10% to the bill. For all residents, a minimal exercise in awareness-raising
could help homeowners not only save money but reduce the County's total emissions.
2.2.2 Commercial/Industrial, Scope] (natural gas and propane) Scope 2 (electricity)
0/0 commercial
Sub-sector Source C02e MT % total sub-sector
Electricitv 1,205,398 23.9 93
Commercial/Industrial Natural Gas 39,612 0.8 3
Propane 55,294 1.1 4
Subtotal Commercial/Industrial 1,300,304 25.8 100
Table 3: Community Emissions: Commercial sub-sector
While the CACP software differentiates between commercial and industrial sectors, experience from past
inventories showed that utility companies do so on the basis of consumption, not on an activity related
basis. As only a handful of business operations in our region would be considered industrial in the true
sense of the word, and given that those operations (cement mixing, a fertilizer producing company and
wallpaper manufacturer, EDC, 2009) are small enough that they would not even meet the FPL criterion
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for industrial classification (although a large high school, would) this inventory does not differentiate
between the two and all non-residential energy use is classified as commercial. As the community
inventory encompasses the government numbers, Collier County government is also considered under
this sub-sector for this module.
Commercial energy use (again mostly electricity) accounts for 25.8% of the total county emissions. A
comparison of electricity summaries shows that business accounts within the City of Naples are about
20% of the whole (based on kWh only).
As noted in the Naples inventory, focusing on business energy use and implementing programs, incentive
or recognition schemes is good not only for reducing total energy use but also for the local economy as
monies saved can be spent elsewhere. With upwards of 20,000 commercial accounts Gust trom FPL),
there is a great deal of positive work that could be done in this sector.
2.2.3 Transportation, Scope 1
% transportation
Sub-sector Source C02e MT % total sub-sector
Transoortation Roads Diesel 330,031 6.6 16
Gasoline 1,720,788 34.2 81
Subtotal Roads 2,050,818 40.7
Transnortation Air Aviation Gasoline 5,150 0.1 0.25
Jet Fuel 55,067 1.1 2.75
Subtotal Air 60,218 1.2
Subtotal Transportation 2,111,036 41.9 100
Table 4: Community Emissions: Transportation sub-sector
GHG emissions from the community transportation sector are derived trom data on vehicles traveling on
Collier County roads in 2007. Knowing how many vehicle miles (VMT) were traveled, the CACP
software uses a transportation feature to convert VMT into an estimation of gasoline and diesel used and
hence GHG emissions. The feature uses a standard fleet composition based on percentage of vehicles on
the road that would be heavy trucks or small cars etc. This is a national average and Florida may differ
slightly. As the community transportation numbers capture all miles driven on Collier roads, the
government quantities from the fleet, transit and commute sub-sectors are not added as would be included
in the FOOT counts. The transportation sector covers fuel used within the County, a proportion of which
may be from vehicles passing through, not County residents.
For 2007, FOOT report an average daily VMT of 9,475,648. This is based on a surveyed road length of
1,660.00 miles, including a variety of street types (rural, highway etc). Converting the daily number to an
annual total gives 3,458,61 I ,520 and 2, 111,036 MT C02e, 42.2% of the total community emissions.
As noted this methodology estimates fuel used, not fuel sold within the County. For most municipalities it
is difficult to obtain good data on fuel sold within the geographic boundaries. However using FOOT data
also means incorporating any limitations, exclusions or errors inherent in that data and does not capture
additional uses of fuel. For example, it was not possible to collect information on marine fuel use or
construction related use or that used for contracted operations such as landscaping work. The Florida
Department of Revenue (DOR) does provide data on taxable gallons of fuel sold per county by fiscal
year. By way of comparison, the numbers for Collier County (using 75% of FY 2006 data and 25% of FY
2007 data) were entered into the CACP software, using the category light trucks MY 2005 for gasoline
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and heavy vehicles all manufacturing years for diesel sales. Note that these are taxable gallons therefore
would not include government or not for profit use. Government use is captured by other methods and it
is unlikely that non-profit use is significant. DOR data shows;
Gasoline 143,897,587.88 taxable gallons sold
Diesel 17,708,983.76 taxable gallons sold
Emissions using VMT methodology ~ 2,171,254 MT C02e.
Emissions using fuel sold methodology: gasoline 1,273,856 MT C02e, diesel 179,819 MT C02e, total
1,453,675 MT C02e.
Adding Collier County fuel emiSSions from fleet and transit (commute emiSSIons would have been
purchased by staff as taxable gallons) adds 14,127 MT C02e, bringing the total to 1,467,802 MT C02e.
This exercise shows that using miles traveled instead of fuel sold gives a greater quantity of GHG
emissions attributed to transportation in Collier than may have been used by County residents. Compared
to the 2,111,036 MT estimated using road survey methods, this captures 69% of the emissions. However,
while of interest, the important point to remember is that maintaining inventory consistency between
regions is paramount and almost all lCLEI members use the vehicle count method. For some
communities the methodology may prove less favorable, for example the City of Naples while home to
6.5% of the population of the wider County, is considered, as it is an urban area, to have 26.3% of the
FOOT large urban category of road lengths, so takes that proportion of the miles and hence emissions.
This equated to 16% of the total County road lengths so Naples with 6.5% of the population took 16% of
the transportation emissions. These methodological idiosyncrasies do lend weight to a sales or
consumption based approach where possible.
2.2.3.1 Air Transportation
All County airports provided data on fuel sold in 2007. Facility based emissions for the three Collier
County Airport Authority facilities were also assessed. Fuel use was considered a community emission
and a sub-sector of the transportation sector as fuel was provided to residents and business and not used
for government operations per se. If the fuel was sold in the County it was considered a Collier emission
regardless of where the fuel was used en route.
2.2.3.2 Marine Transportation
Given the difficulty of obtaining data from the variety of mobile fuel providers and marine facilities in
Collier County, this source was omitted. The CACP software has been revised to include port facilities
under the government analysis, but there are no commercial scale port facilities in the region. Rather, a
number of small marinas many of which sell fuel, plus mobile fuel providers and sales at gas stations to
boaters. Due to the variety of sources any data collection would be no more than a piece of the puzzle and
based on the Naples inventory, not enough of a component to justifY lengthy data collection efforts.
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2.2.4 Waste, Scope 3 (note that landfill methane emissions are scope I for Government
operations)
0/0 waste
Sub-sector Source C02e MT % total sub-sector
Waste :Communitv Biosolids Food Waste 6,714 0.1 12.5
Waste: Communitv MSW Paner Products 3,814 0.1
(out-of-countv ) Food Waste 830 0
Plant Debris 1,412 0
Wood or Textiles 747 0
Subtotal Communitv MSW 6,804 0.1 12.5
Waste: County Landfill Paper Products 22,368 0.4
(methane emissions) Food Waste 4,870 0.1
Plant Debris 8,279 0.2
Wood or Textiles 4,383 0.1
Subtotal County Landfill 39,900 0.8 75
Subtotal Waste 53,417 1.1 100
Table 5: Community Emissions: Waste sub-sector
Collier County Solid Waste Department provided data on amounts and disposal methods for County
generated solid waste for fiscal year periods. In researching final disposal locations it is clear that much
waste is recycled or diverted but that some waste characterized as diverted is actually landfilled at out of
County locations, it was therefore considered worthwhile to estimate these amounts and properly assign
the emiSSIOns. These emissions are part of the cvmmunit} inventory.
To get an accurate picture of how much waste is landtilled, whether here in Collier or out of County, a
variety of information sources was utilized. The DEP Recycling Program compiles annual reports for all
Florida counties on quantities of waste landfilled and managed. Annual reports from DEP (MSW, 2007)
show that for calendar year 2007, a total of 360,796 tons of MSW was landfilled and 561,948 tons of
MSW was managed. Collier County, while reporting in fiscal years, track tons buried in the County
landfill. They show that for FY 2006, 278,384 tons was buried and for 2007,268,192 tons. Using a
proportional approach where FY 2006 covers the fLrst 9 months and FY 2007 the last 3 months of
calendar year 2007, gives a total of 75% * 278,384 + 25% *268,192 = 275,836 tons buried at the Collier
County landfill for CY 2007. [These tons are contributing the methane and carbon dioxide emissions via
decomposition that the inventory accounts for as a government scope 1 emission].
Based on DEP data, that leaves a remainder of 360,796-275,836 = 84,960 of MSW, including
approximately 24,000 tons of biosolids, which are landfilled elsewhere. Biosolids and some waste from
the Immokalee transfer station are trucked to the Okeechobee landfill. Other wastes go to the Waste
Management facility at Pembroke Pines where recycling, reuse or final landfill (at the Glades facility
among others) occurs (Beth Ryan, pers.comm.). Using the proportional approach again to estimate the CY
contribution of biosolids gives: 75% * 24,503 + 25% * 24,324 = 24,458.25 tons of biosolids disposed.
The composition of this waste material is treated differently from MSW and per discussion with
wastewater personnel is considered 100% food waste for CACP input purposes. This gives a C02e of
6,714 MT.
The remainder, 60,501.75 tons is considered MSW and reported as landfilled based on DEP reports.
Using the same percent composition as the City of Naples inventory for 2006 and assuming that waste is
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buried in a managed landfill we see that this waste is estimated to generate 6,804 metric tons C02e. Little
detailed information on treatment and disposal of this waste is available. DEP reports that this tonnage
originates from Collier County and is landfilled. Default values are used assuming a managed landfill
with a 75% methane recovery factor.
Section 3.2.6.1 describes the methodology used to calculate fugitive methane emissions from the County
owned landfill. These are scope I (direct) emissions for the government inventory but as they were
generated by waste collected from the whole community, they are added to the community module for
completeness (as an indirect, scope 3 emission). As the CACP software does not allow data to be entered
under the community waste tab as a direct amount of methane, the amount of waste needed to generate
that amount of methane was estimated. For 39,900 tons C02e from methane this figure is 354,810 (tons)
of waste. Note that the actual amount buried in CY 2007 was 275,836 tons, the number is higher because
methane is being produced from past years waste deposits.
While waste is a small proportion of the total community emissions, it is 24% of the government's
inventory. Additionally, the numbers for biosolid disposal and MSW that is shipped out of the county do
not reflect haulage related emissions which are considerable. Sewage sludge for example is trucked 145
miles one way to the Okeechobee landfill. A proportion of this is transportation on Collier County roads,
which would be captured in the community transportation sub-sector, i.e. eliminating the need for this
haulage would reduce fuel used in the community transportation sub-sector.
A number of projects to modernize waste management and waste use are at the planning, permitting or
discussion phase at the County. The findings of this inventory suggest that, to effect reductions in
greenhouse gas emissions, a continued, heightened and proactive approach to seeing them to fruition is
recommended.
2.2.5 Refrigerants (Scope 3)
Coolants used in air conditioning systems or refrigeration are powerful greenhouse gases. While fugitive
emissions (i.e leaks and losses) are small, the global warming potential of the substances is so high they
become significant. This source was assessed for the government analysis but not the whole community
The numbers in this sub-sector are thus scope I government emissions carried over, details are provided
in section 3.2.10.
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2.3 Community Emissions by Source
Source C02e MT %
Diesel 330,031 6.6
Electricity 2,745,530 54.5
Food Waste 12,414 0.2
Gasoline 1,720,788 34.2
HFC-134 399 0
Natural Gas 44,046 0.9
Nitrous Oxide 689 0
Aviation Gasoline 5,150 0.1
Jet Fuel 55,067 1.1
Paper Products 26,183 0.5
Plant Debris 9,690 0.2
Prooane 78,991 1.6
R-404A Blend 16 0
Wood or Textiles 5,130 0.1
Total 5,034,125 100
Table 6: Community Emissions by Source
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Diesel
7%
Jet Fuel
1% Natural Gas
~ 1%
Electricity
54%
Propane
2%
Gasoline
35%
Figure 5: Community Emissions by Major Source
Comparing key sources of GHG emissions shows that the energy that 'powers' Collier County is mostly
purchased from electric utilities "r oil cQJ'lpanies. As noted, with little demand for heating fuels, the
residential and commercial sectors are largely reliant on electricity. These numbers show what was used
and do not consider what was not used for example where homes or businesses have photovoltaic or other
renewable energy technologies. Nor was the small amount of biofuel use in our region quantified. As
more renewable energy technologies become affordable and more widely used we may see the electricity
number reduce.
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Part 3: Government Inventory
In this section
. Overview of the government analysis
. Results per sub-sector, calculations and discussion
3.0 Government Inventory Background
The government inventory provides an estimate of greenhouse gas emlSSlOns from Collier County
facilities and operations (excluding Collier County Public Schools), for the calendar year 2007. The
government inventory provides a more detailed look at GHG producing activities than the community
analysis. The ICLEI program has established this system because local governments are likely to be able
to directly implement major emissions reductions within their own operations. Also, governmental
emissions reductions programs and resulting cost savings can set an example for the rest of the
community to follow. The additional detail and quantification on government operations facilitate the
identification of the greatest opportunities for improvements.
As noted in section 1.1.3, setting boundaries of scale and emission 'ownership' is the first task. ICLEI's
Local Government Operations Protocol (LGOP, 2008) strongly recommends that inventory scope include
emissions from any facility or operation under the 'policy relevant' control of the County Manager ,i.e.
someone with the authority to mandate operational control, for example establish and implement a
climate control policy. However, this approach omits some key services providers (and energy users)
notably Collier County Public Schools, Collier County Sheriffs Department, Fire DepartmeiJs and
constitutional offices (property appraiser, tax collector, Clerk of Courts). The situation is further
complicated because several of those entities are housed within Collier County facilities, and for those
located at Government Center, share electricity meters and other utilities. The approach taken was
developed in consultation with project managers (Skip Camp and Damon Gonzalez) and ICLEI. All
entities physically located at Collier County facilities were included, the premise being that officers
would be willing and able to institute any related energy savings policies that may ensue from this work.
Key facilities that are included in the inventory are as follows:
. Government centers at Airport Road, Horseshoe Drive, lmmokalee and other satellite offices.
. Constitutional offices (Sheriff, Clerk, Tax collector, Property appraiser).
. All County parks and recreation facilities
. Airport facilities under Collier County Airport Authority
. Libraries
Services:
. Waste collection and disposal
. Provision of potable water
. Collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater
. Transit (CA T)
. County department and constitutional office fuel use
. Street and traffic lighting
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3.1 Government Inventory Overview
Sub-sector C02e MT %
BuildinQs and Facilities 35554 20.2
Street li~htin~ 4459 2.5
Airnort Facilities 179 0.1
Water Deliverv Facilities 26801 15.2
Wastewater Facilities 22379 12.7
Solid Waste Facilities 40880 23.2
Vehicle Fleet 11412 6.5
Emolovee Commute 31518 17.9
Transit Fleet 2715 1.5
Refrigerants 479 0.3
TOTAL 176377 100
Table 7: Government Emissions
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Transit Fleet Refrigerants
1% 0%
EfT1lloyeeCollTTUte Buildings and FaciliUes
18% 21%
Vehicle Fleet
6%
Slreetlighting
2%
I
Solid Waste Facilities
24%
Water Delivery Facilities
15%
Airport Facilities
0%
Wastewater Facilities
13%
Figure 6: Government Emissions by Sector
Government emissions are those resulting from running County facilities or providing service to County
residents. Overailthe government sector emissions are 3.5% those of the whole County. While Collier
County Public Schools has yet to carry out an inventory and may be another significant energy user, it is
likely that County govemm~nt is the largest single managed entity in our region in tenns of GHG
contributions.
Over half the government emissions are utility related (lighting, water and waste totaling 54%) with 28%
alone from the provision and treatment of water. In terms of GHG's it is more 'expensive' to provide
drinking water than it is to treat and dispose of it. Clearly this service carries a high financial and
environmental cost which, as concluded from the City of Naples inventory, should be a factor in
evaluating future expansion as compared to enhanced conservation.
The employee commute represents a signilicant portion of government emissions at just under 18%. The
reason is the high driving distance reported by respondents, with 25% noting daily round-trip drives of
over 40 miles. As the survey was administered by Commuter Services in preparation for a ride-share and
carpool matching program, it is possible that the survey was preferentially completed by staff with more
of an interest in reducing their costs. Without full participation (the response rate was around 30%) this is
difficult to confinn.
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3.2 Goyernment Inyentory: Sub-sector analysis
3.2.1 Buildings and Facilities, Scope I (propane/gas) Scope 2 (electricity)
C02e % Govt. % Building
Buildin~s and Facilities Source MT total sub-sector
Clerk of Courts Electricity 127 0.1 0.3
Coastal Zone Management Electricity 20 0 0.05
Collier County Museum Electricity 80 0 0.22
Collier County Sheriff Electricity 6,901 3.9
Natura! Gas 5 0
Subtotal Collier Cou;;N Sheriff 6,906 3.9 i 19.4
Community Services, Horseshoe Dr. N. Electricity 1,362 0.8 i 3.8
CRA Electricity 20 0' 0.05
Domestic Animal Services Electricitv 397 0.2 1.1
EMS Electricitv 604 0.3 1.7
Extension Service Electricity 121 0.1 0.34
Goyernment Center Airport Road Electricitv i 10,384 5.8 29.2
Government Center Immokalee Electricity 479 0.3 1.34
Health Electricity 889 0.5 2.5
IT Electricitv 166 0.1 0.46
Libraries Electricity 2,280 1.3 6.4
North Collier Government Center Electricitv 638 0.4 1.8
_Owned properties/generators Electricity 290 0.2 0.8
-
Parks' . Electricity '8,609 , 4.8 ' 24.2
Property Annraiser Electricitv 328 0.2 0.9
Tax Collectors Electricity , 508 0.3 I 1.4
Transnortation Electricity 923 0.5 2.6
Utilities Offices Electricitv 424 0.2 1.2
Subtotal Buildings and Facilities 35.554 20.2 i 100
note: a number of departments report small amounts a/propane, less than 1 MJ are not recorded here
Table 8: Government Emissions: Building sub-sector
Allocating energy use for the various County facilities and buildings was achieved through analysis of
utility summaries obtain from Florida Power and Light (FPL) and Lee County Electrical Cooperative
(LCEC). Facilities Management staff (Damon Gonzalez) provided input and a facility list which was
compared and cross refererlced with account summaries. Best effort to match facility with account was
made, although where electrical meters are combirled, a department by department analysis is not
possible. The best example of this is the Government Center at Airport Road with three main FPL
accounts but a great many different departments and divisions.
The results show (Table 8) three key energy users: Governmerlt Center, Collier COUrlty Sheriff and Parks.
Clearly the rlumber of separate facilities urlder each divisiorl explains the usage. While some natural gas
and proparle usage was reported, the numbers are so small, typically amounting to less than a metric ton
of C02e, the CACP software does not register it Orl summary reports.
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Facilities Managers have already demonstrated an aggressive and successjitl approach towards energy
conservation in County buildings. This analysis points to a couple of additional suggestions:
1) Coordinate energy savings efforts with the Collier County Sheriffs department.
2) Continue (see section 5.3.2) to pursue lighting retrofits and energy conservation programs at all
County Park facilities.
3.2.2 Street lighting, Scope 2
C02e % Govt.
nals Source MT total
Electrici 24 0
Electricit 3,549 2
Electricit 885 0.5
% Street light
sub-sector
0.6
79.6
19.8
4,459
2.5
100
Table 9: Government Emissions: Street lighting sub-sector
Energy use for street lighting was determined from electric summaries. Accounts are clearly coded
accordingly from both utilities (FPL and LCEC). Data show that 2.5% of the total government emissions
derive from powering this sector. Traffic signals have been replaced with high efficiency versions through
the County and in the City of Naples. Street lighting, at 80% of the sub-sector, remains a significant cost.
The City of Naples has piloted a program at 12'h Ave South which showed significant savings using a
high ~fficienc): bulb.. It is recommended that Collier County pursue funding opportunities to retrofit
traditional bulbs with modern high efficiency options. Or, continue, where appropriate, efforts described
in recent media reports, whereby non-essential lixtures are simply turned off (Naples Daily News, 6-30-
2009) Amending appropriate Land Development Codes to include preferential or mandated low energy
versions for new road construction should be considered.
3.2.3 Airport Facilities, Scope 2
Source
Electrici
Electrici
Electricit
C02e
MT
20
129
31
179
% Gov!.
total
o
0.1
o
0.1
% Airport
sub-sector
II
72
17
100
Table 10: Government Emissions: Airports sub-sector
Under County government auspices are three airport facilities, the table above relates to power usage at
the buildings and associated amenities (obtained from FPL and LCEC). Aircraft fuel is considered part of
the community transportation sector, as while the airport facilities provide it (and hence can document
amounts) it is used by airport patrons. The data show a disproportionate share of emissions at Immokalee
Airport. Staff were consulted to verify the accuracy of the account allocation which was confirmed. The
facility is larger and busier but could also perhaps benefit from a more focused approach to electricity
usage.
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3.2.4 Water Delivery Facilities, Scope 2
C02e % Gov!. % Water
Water Delivery Facilities Source MT total sub-sector
North Water Plant Electricitv 10,005 5.6 38
South Water Plant Electricitv 10,365 5.8 38
Potable Convevance Electricitv 6,431 3.6 24
Subtotal Water Delivery Facilities 26,801 15.2 100
Table II: Government Emissions: Potable water sub-sector
This sub-sector covers energy used in the extraction, treatment and delivery of potable water to over
160,000 Collier County customers. At 15% it is a significant contributor to the government inventory, a
fact which highlights the price of water from both environmental and energy standpoints. Note that
revised ICLEI methodology now separates potable from wastewater treatment. Data used in the analysis
were electric summaries. The two County plants are located within the FPL service territory and are fairly
straightforward to identify. To separate conveyance accounts for drinking water and sewage, staff at the
North Collier Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant were consulted and the account classifications double
checked. For the majority of the County's water-sewer network, the electricity used for conveyance is
used to 'pull' sewage effluent back to treatment plants, our flat terrain prevents any assistance from
gravity. Potable water is held in large tanks where enough head is maintained to keep a certain water
pressure negating the need for much additional assistance.
The two plants show "n equal split in energy use. Note that this utility is run by County government but
the end users are the community as a whole. Therefore while pursuing any means of energy savings
technology at the plants themselves is worthy, reductions in GHG emissions might best be made, or at
least assisted, by end-use reductions in water use. Collier County and other local agencies (South Florida
water Management District, Department of Environmental Protection), have well established educational
campaigns to heighten awareness of water conservation. It is recommended that the additional knowledge
afforded by this inventory and the City of Naples, regarding the energy cost of water be added to those
campaigns.
Utility staff provided a summary of quantities produced for 2007;
North Plant: 4,530,630,174 gallons
South Plant: 4,540,016,440 gallons
Quantities are very close, explaining the even split between emissions. Dividing the total emissions by the
. gallons of water they enabled gives a per gallon carbon footprint.
59.069.404 lbs C02e = 0.0065 lbs per gallon
9,070,646,614 gallons water
Achieving reductions in the water sector could reduce the energy footprint per gallon while at the same
time help residents (and ameliorate future needs) save money by providing educational tools or other
incentives towards water conservation.
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3.2.5 Waste Water, Scope 2 (electricity), Scope 3 (process emissions)
C02e % Govt. % Waste water
Wastewater Facilities Source MT total sub-sector
North Collier WWTP Electricitv 8,896 5 39
South Collier WWTP Electricitv 6,182 3.5 28
Waste water conveyance Electricitv 6,222 3.5 28
Nitrous
Process emissions Oxide 689 0.4 3
Irri~ation Electricitv 390 0.2 ' 2
Subtotal Wastewater Facilities 22,379 12.7 I 100
Table 12: Government Emissions: Waste water sub-sector
The County runs two sewage treatment facilities, the North and South County Water Reclamation
Facilities with service areas of 78 square miles (24 MGD) and 58 square miles (16 MGD) respectively.
Service is provided for around 56,000 accounts and 230,000 people. The remaining residents of Collier
County are either on septic systems or served by other facilities such as the City of Naples, Ave Maria,
Orangetree, Immokalee, Goodland and Marco Island (note that those facilities would be included within
the commercial sector of the community analysis although process emissions are not evaluated. Numbers
here refer to operations under the control of Collier County government).
In 2007, staff estimated (Jon Pratt, pers. comm.) that approximately 5.4 billion gallons of waste water
Were treated, and almost all of the treated effluent was put to' beneficial use as irrigation water, a small
remainder (no more than 5%, Jon Pratt, pers. comm.) is disposed of via deep-well injection. Customers
include golf courses, residential communities, environmental mitigation areas, County Parks and roadway
medians in Collier County.
3.2.5.1 Wastewater related emissions
GHG emissions from sewage treatment are associated with powering the plant and are emitted (fugitive
gases) from the treated effluent and resultant sludge (process emissions). The burning of fossil fuels used
to provide electricity to run the treatment plants would count as a scope 2 emission for Collier County.
Conveyance of sewage to the plants for treatment is carried out via a 700 mile system with over 700 lift
stations and pump stations. Powering this conveyance is an additional scope 2 emission. In the LGOP
(2008) electricity and emissions are differentiated between the provision of drinking water and
distribution and treatment of wastewater. Of the nearly 800 FPL accounts assigned to 'water', the vast
majority of them are used to pump sewage effluent back to the treatment plants.
Wastewater is treated to remove soluble organic matter and pathogens. GHG emlSSlOns related to
wastewater are methane and nitrous oxide. Note that carbon in wastewater is considered biogenic, i.e part
of the natural carbon cycle, as such this is not an addition to an inventory. In contrast, methane production
is a function of treatment methodology (Cakir and Stenstrom, 2005) and is produced when wastewater is
treated under anaerobic conditions (either deliberately or accidentally) (EPA, 2008). Nitrous oxide is also
a function of the nitrification and denitrification process employed. Nitrogen in incoming sewage is
typically in the form of ammonia and amounts are related to the protein content of customer diets.
Guidelines for estimating these emissions are provided in the EPA's 2009 Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse
Gas Emissions and Sinks (1990-2007) (EPA, 2009) and ICLEI have revised their CACP software (in
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2009) to better characterize this source. ICLEI provide a Wastewater Emissions Data Tool (excel
spreadsheet) to estimate methane and nitrous oxide emissions from sewage treatment.
3.2.5.2 Methane
Methane emissions from waste water treatment processes result from anaerobic treatment. Collier County
employs aerobic treatment (forcing air through liquid waste with a system of blowers). ICLEI (LGOP,
2008) notes that the EPA does include guidance equations for estimating methane emissions from aerobic
systems hecause it is assumed that some accidental containment under anaerobic conditions may occur,
with methane as an inadvertent byproduct. The correctiun factor employed by the EPA is 0.3. However
ICLEI notes that EPA assumes all plants (being subject to periodic regulatory oversight) operate as
planned and permitted therefore they du not include these emissions in their national U.S. inventory. To
estimate what these emissions may be for Collier County the EPA equations are used with a smaller
correction factor of 0.2 (we have no reason to assumc the County's plants are poorly managed and this
analysis is presented for interest's sake).
Emissions from Centrally Treated Aerobic Systems (EPA, 2009) = [(% collected) x (total BODS
produced) x (% aerobic) x (% aerobic w/out primary) + (% collected) x (total BODS produced) x (%
aerobic) x (% aerobic w/primarv) x (1-% BOD removed in prim. treanl x (% operations not well
managed) x (Bo) x (MCF-aerobic not well man) x I1l0^6
Where:
% collected = Flow to POTWs / total flow
% aerobic = Flow to aerobic systems / total flow to POTWs
% aerobic w/out primary = Percent of aerobic systems that do not employ primary treatment
% BOD removed in prim. treat. = 32.5 %
% operations not well managed = Percent of aerobic systems that are not well managed and in which
some anaerobic degradation occurs
Total BODS produced = kg BOD/capita/day x U.S. population x 365.25 days/yr
Bo = Maximum CH4-producing capacity for domestic wastewater (0.60 kg
CH4/kg BOD)
MCF-aerobic_not_well_man. ~ CH4 correction factor for aerobic systems that are not well managed
(0.3)
The first part of the equation is omitted as we assume 100% of wastewater is collected and all treatment is
aerobic (note that the equation was developed to assess national emissions from a variety of facilities).
For the second part at a treatment amount of 5.4 billion gallons and incoming BODS of200 ppm; the
equation is modified to use:
= (total BODS produced) x (1-% BOD removed in prim. treat.YI x (Bo) x (MCF-aerobic not well man)
= 20,439 kg x (-31.5) x 0.60 x 0.2 = 2,448.9 kg CH4 = 0.002 MT = (x 21) = 0.042 tons C02e
Note that BODS of200 ppm is equivalent to 200 mg/I which is 3.785 mg per U.S gallon. For 5.4 billion
gallons this amounts to 20,439 kg. The GWP for methane (21) is applied and we see that emissions are a
fraction of a ton therefore can be considered de minimis, they are not included in the County totals.
3.2.5.3 Nitrous Oxide
ICLEI's excel tool was used to estimate nitrous oxide emissions. Two sources are considered; at the plant
itself (process emissions) and those resulting from disposed effluent. For Collier County where
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nitrification/denitrification processes are employed (a modified Ludzac Ettinger process, Jon Pratt,
pers.comm), process emissions are given by:
Annual N20 emissions (metric tons) ~ Plotal x EF nit/denit x 10-6
Where:
Ptotal = total population that is served by the centralized WWTP adjusted for industrial discharge,
if applicable
EF nit/denit = emission factor for a WWTP with nitrification/denitrification [g N20/person/yearI
(Value given as 7)
10-6 = conversion from g to metric ton [metric ton/g] 10-6
With a population of 230,000 served, these process emissions are thus estimated at:
Annual N20 emissions = 230,000 x 7 x 10-6 = 1.61 metric tons x 310 (GWP N20) = 499.1
The tool also estimates process emissions that are related to the discharged effluent. To use this tool you
must have data on the nitrogen content oftreated sewage. Collier County routinely and frequently tests
effluent to monitor total nitrogen.
Annual N20 emissions (metric tons) ~ N Load x EF effluent x 365.25 x 10-3
Where:
N Load = measured average total nitrogen discharged [kg N/day]
EF effluent = emission factor [kg N20-N/kg scwage-N produced] value provided as 0.005
365.25 = conversion factor [day/year]
10-3 = cor:versivn [rom kg to metric ton [metric ton/kg] 10-3
Average nitrogen discharge was provided by NR WTF managers (Jon Pratt, pers. comm.). Staff report that
average effluent N content is 6 ppm (note that incoming sewage is around 35 ppm mostly as ammonia). 6
ppm is 50.0152936241bs per million US gallons. With 5.4 billion gallons treated (and disposed) in 2007
this equates to 270,000 Ibs or (divide by 2.2 for kgs) 122,764 kgs over a year, 336.3 kgs/day.
So. total annual emissions ~ 336.3 x 0.005 x 365.25 x 10-3 ~ 0.614 metric tons N20 x 310 (GWP N20) =
190.34 MT C02e
3.2.5.4 Biosolids
A significant source of WWT related emissions is the off-gassing of methane and nitrous oxide from
produced sludge. As this material is treated (and disposed of) as a municipal waste, emissions are
included in the community analysis, waste sub-sector, as a scope 3 or indirect emission. The discussion is
included here as this source is clearly waste water related. Unfortunately, little academic research is
available to give standardized coefficients, amounts vary considerably dependant on disposal method. The
EPA (pers. comm.) and ICLEI (LGOP, 2008) are undertaking further research to refine emission
estimates from this source. More specificity regarding landfill methodologies is also needed as
calculations available at this time do not take into account variability in waste disposal such as methane
recapture.
Spreading biosolids on pasture land as fertilizer will yield a greater amount of methane than burial in a
contained landfill where methane is captured and either flared to carbon dioxide or used to provide
energy. However, significant GHG emissions from landfill disposal of wastewater solids may be difficult
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to avoid, because the material is highly and quickly putrescible and prone to emitting methane before gas
collection systems are in place and functioning (Beecher, 2009).
Collier County disposes of 24,324 tons of biosolids per year (Collier County Solid Waste, 2009) which
are trucked to landfill at Okeechobee. This managed facility (Waste Management) utilizes flaring to
convert methane to carbon dioxide. Using CACP to estimate GHG emissions from a managed landfill
with a waste composition of 100% food waste, (considered representative for sewage sludge) and an
estimated methane recovery factor of 75% gives an estimated 6,714 metric tons of emissions from landfill
disposal. Trucking emissions would be captured in the County inventory in the general community
transportation sector, knowing volumes (24,324 tons) and distances (145 miles one way) however, we can
estimate the haulage related emissions for sludge disposal at approximately 500 metric tons C02e. [The
trucks used can transport approximately 25 tons per trip. With 24,324 tons to transport this necessitates
973 trips of 290 miles. A 5 mpg this would use 973*290/5 = 56,434 gallons of diesel. Approximately
10.15 kg C02e (0.01 MT) are emitted per gallon (LGOP, 2008) equating to: 572.8 MT C02e. Using
CACP for the 282,170 vehicle miles traveled in a heavy truck (diesel, all MY) gives 457 MT C02e.]
lCLEI's LGOP has been revised to include assessment of waste water treatment related emissions. The
guidance is specific in terms of what are considered 'owned' emissions and the discussion above includes
additional processes that are not summed in the County's total inventory. A summary is provided below;
Process/operation Sector/Source/Scope Metric tons
C02e
Conveyance of sewage to County Electricity, Government, scope 2 6,222
plants
Operating two County facilities Electricity, Government scope 2 and propane, 15,078
-3cone 1
Process emissions: methane 'Accidental' handling under anaerobic 0.042
conditions, de minimis (not included)
Denitrification of sewage converts ammonia to
Process emissions: nitrous oxide other nitrogen compounds, Government, Scope 499.1
3
Effluent disposal emissions: nitrous N20 resulting from effluent disposal, 190.34
oxide Government, scone 3
Biosolid disposal: emissions related to Community waste sub-sector, scope 3. 6,714
landfill 01'24,324 tons/vear
Biosolid disposal: haulage Transportation emissions from trucking sludge (500)
to disposal site, not included
Table 13: Summary o{waste water related emissions
3.2.6 Solid Waste, Scope 1 (methane emissions) Scope 2 (electricity)
C02e % Govt. % Solid waste
Solid Waste Facilities Source MT total sub-sector
Solid Waste Electricitv 980 0.6 2
Methane 39,900 22.4 98
Subtotal Solid Waste 40,880 23.2 100
Table 14: Government Emissions: Solid waste sub-sector
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The County contracts with Waste Management for trash collection and manages the Collier County
Landfil] facility and recycling centers at Carnestown, Marco Island and Enterprise Avenue as well as a
transfer station at Immokalee (the now closed lmmokalee Landfill). Emissions related to running the solid
waste facilities are from electricity consumption (scope 2) and amounted to 980 MT C02e. This does not
include administrative offices located at Government Center on Airport Road.
3.2.6.1 Government, Scope 1 emissions
The LGOP counts emissions from a landfill that the municipality owns and operates as a scope 1
emission. Methodologies have been revised such that emissions are calculated based on known quantities
of landfill gases released (the previous software required estimation of County generated waste
quantities). Thus methane resulting from all waste buried at the County landfill will be included in the
government module. These estimated tons of C02e are also added to the community inventory as, while
under government control, they resulted from activities in the wider community. Staff at South District
DEP provided a copy of the ]andfill's 2007 Annual Operating Report (DEP, pers. comm.). It is shown that
in 2007, 1522 scfm (standard cubic feet per minute) of LFG was burned, (equating to 800 million cubic
feet) over the year where 40.2% of that gas was methane.
ICLEl provided the following equation from the LGOP to estimate fugitive methane emissions (i.e those
that are not converted to C02 in the flare) from landfills.
GHG's emitted (metric tons C02e) = LFG collected x CH4% x {(I - DE) + [((1 - CE) I CE) x (1 - OX)]}
x unit conversion x GWP
Where:
LFG collected '(milhons cubic feet)
CH4% = Fraction ofCH4 in LFG; default is 50%, Collier value shown at 40.2%
DE = destruction efficiency of flare; default is 99%
CE = Collection Efficiency; default is 75%, as shown on DEP annual report
OX = Oxidation Factor (some escaping methane is oxidized passing through soil cap); default is 10%
Unit conversion to convert million standard cubic feet of methane into metric tons of methane = 19. ]25
(0.0423 lbs of methane in a standard cubic foot)
GWP = Global Warming Potentia] of methane (21)
GHG's emitted = 800 x 40.2% x 0.309 x 19.125 = 1900 MT CH4 = 39.911.24 MT C02e
Using the total estimated waste for CY 2007 that was buried at the Collier landfill (275,836 tons) and
percent compositions corresponding to the City of Naples inventory gives 31,019 MT C02e from CACP.
Actua] methane emissions accounted for from the landfill are higher (39,911 MT). This is due to the
established nature of the facility (over 20 years) because methane builds up over time, so CY 2007
emissions were emitted into the atmosphere in 2007 (based on known amounts of gas flared) but may be
derived from waste deposited some time ago. The LGOP offers more definition and refinement than past
methodologies.
Summary
Government Scope 1: methane emissions from County landfill 39,900 MT C02e
Government Scope 2: emissions from purchased power at solid waste facilities 980 MT C02e
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3.2.7 Vehicle Fleet, Scope 1
% Govt. % Fleet
Department Source C02e MT total sub-sector
Airports Gasoline 35 0 0.3
Clerk of Courts Gasol ine 19 0 0.2
Collier Countv Sheriff Gasoline 4,539 2.6 40
Domestic Animal Services Gasoline 159 0.1 1.4
EMS Diesel 951 0.5
Gasoline 213 0.1
Subtotal EMS 1,164 0.7 10.2
Extension Services Gasoline 16 0 0.14
Government Ops. Diesel 11 0
Gasoline 1,174 0.7
Subtotal Government Ops. 1,185 0.7 10.4
Health Gasoline 91 0.1 0.8
Libraries Gasoline 30 0 0.3
Parks Diesel 18 0
Gasoline 364 0.2
Subtotal Parks 382 0.2 3
Solid Waste Diesel 95 0.1
Gasoline 52 0
Subtotal Solid Waste 146 0.1 1.3
Supervisor ofElecti~~~ Gasoline 2 0 0.02
Tax Collector Gasoline 3 0 0.02
Transportation Diesel 1,158 0.7
Gasoline 829 0.5
Subtotal Transportation 1,987 1.1 17.4
Water-Sewer Diesel 243 0.1
Gasoline 1,409 0.8
Subtotal Water-Sewer 1,652 0.9 14.5
Subtotal Vehicle Fleet 11,412 6.5 100
Table 15: Government Emissions: Fleet sub-sector
Data on fuel quantities used for 2007 was provided by Dan Croft, categorized by the divisions shown in
the table, and tabulated per vehicle type. Sheriffs fuel was obtained from Michelle Owens as a total use
number, no details on fleet composition were provided. The revised CACP software differs from previous
versions in size class inputs. Only three (passenger vehicle, mid-size and heavy duty vehicle) size classes
are described but fuel (or miles) should be entered according to manufacturing year. As data had been
provided per earlier formats, in consultation with ICLEI staff, where year was not known, 2005 was used.
The difference in the calculations is so minor and relates to criteria air pollutants rather than total C02,
that this approach is appropriate. For Sheriff's fuel, not knowing the fleet mix, the passenger vehicle
category was used, MY 2005.
At 6.4% of the government total, the fleet related emissions are relatively low (compared to other known
inventories). The Sheriff and EMS make up over 50% of the sub-sector's emissions.
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3.2.8 Employee Commute, Scope 3 (indirect emissions)
C02e % Govt.
Emplovee Commute Source MT total
~iesel 228 0.1
-
Gasoline 31,289 17.7
Subtotal Employee Commute 31,518 17.9
Table 16: Government Emissions: Employee commute sub-sector
Fuel used in the commute to and from work by the 1,906 County employees (in 2007, Ofelia Tallon, pers.
comm.), is considered an indirect or scope 3 emission (because County management do not have direct
operational control). To quantify miles driven per day, assistance was provided by the FOOT's Commuter
Services Program which commenced at Collier County in March 2009. Participating employees are
offered assistance in locating ride-sharing or carpooling opportunities. To tailor the program, the first step
is to administer a detailed electronic and paper questionnaire to all staff to better understand both driving
habits and demographics. As this portion of the inventory data collection relies on an all-staff survey with
some but not all of the same questions, the two objectives were combined and Commuter Services added
the inventory relevant queries (miles driven one way, days per year and vehicle make and model) to their
questionnaire.
The survey closed in April and a total of 465 responses were received, a response rate of approximately
30%. Careful extrapolation of the data was carried out to give a best estimate of fuel usage for the
commute. Remember that the survey is administered in 2009 but the inventory period is 2007, thus we
apply averages to the non-responses given a workforce of 1906 in the study year.
Emissions from the commute equated to 18% of the government total and average one way driving
distance was found to be 14 miles. The large geographical area and sprawling community demographics
along with a high proportion of staff working in one location (at Government Center) account for the high
numbers, although preferential survey response by those driving longer distances may have artificially
increased the reported driving distance. 60% of staff drive a passenger or small car, 35% a small truck or
SUV and just over 2% a heavy duty vehicle.
County government is an employer of significance at 10% of the County's total employment for 2007
(EOC,2009).
3.2.9 Transit Fleet, Scope I
C02e % Govt. 0/0 Transit
Transit Fleet Source MT total sub-sector
CAT ~iesel 2,636 1.5 97
Gasoline 79 0 3
Subtotal Transit Fleet 2,715 1.5 100
Table 17: Government Emissions: Transit sub-sector
Collier County runs a fleet of20 passenger buses for public transportation. As a proportion of government
emissions, this is a small fraction.
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3.2.10 Refrigerants, Scope 1
I C02e % Govt. % Refrigerants
Refrigerants Source ' MT total sub-sector
Buildinlls HFC-134a 277 0.2 58
R-404A
Blend 16 0 3
Subtotal Sui/dinzs 293 0.2
Fleet HFC-134 186 0.1 39
Subtotal Refrigerants All Sectors 479 0.3 100
Table 18: Government Emissions: Refrigerants sub-sector
The revised version of ICLEl's LOOP and CACP software includes calculating the fugitive emissions
from refrigerants in HV AC and refrigeration equipment and fleet vehicles. As direct measurements are
not available, the most accurate estimate of what was lost to the atmosphere is considered to equate to
what needed to be replaced. Hence, staff provided numbers of pounds of topped off coolants. Note that
the greatest use was of R-22 a source not included in the CACP input fields. This coolant is considered by
the EPA to be on a phase out scenario as it is an ozone depleting substance. The County used 1,500 Ibs of
R-22 in 2007 which were not accounted for. While refrigerants only account for 0.3% of the government
total, the OWP of each coolant is high.
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Part 4: Projections
In this section
. Background on population estimates used
. Impact of planned projects on GlIG reductions (national energy outlook, EECBG funds
and Landfill Gas to Energy)
. Emission estimates
. Recommended reduction targets
4.0 Introduction to Projections
The purpose of estimating future energy use/cmissions is to consider what might be an achievable
reduction target for Collier County, and how aggressive an approach would be needed to adhere to a
target. Whilc the audit gives a baseline number, obviously it is not static, particularly in fast growing
regions likc Collicr County. The analysis offers an opportunity to plan for growth that is less energy
intensive and includes more consideration of environmental impacts.
Thc CACP software includes cells to enter data on growth rates for fuel use and household numbers.
Howevcr, at the time of writing, and on discussion with ICLEI staff, thcrc are so many variables and
unccrtainties at the state and national level rcgarding encrgy use, its is difficult to knowlcdgably predict
fuel mix and efficiencies in thc future, A basic GHG cmission projcction can be madc using the per capita
approach. As we are not thcrefore including improvcd standards in such issues as vehicle mileage, or less
dependcnce on fossil fuels by clectricity utilitics, or advances in wastc'to energy tcchnology, this will be a
worst-ease-scenario, or business-as-usual, estimate.
4.1 Population Estimates
The most recent US census data available is 2000, and literaturc searches show a variety of c10sc but
varying estimates for County population in 2007. Numbcrs cited:
Collier County (County website) 2008: 332,314
EDC 2006-2007 Markct Outlook: 338,433
Burcau of Economic and Business Research (BEBR), 2008 estimate: 332,854
The U.S. Census Bureau 2007 estimate for the county is 315,839
Collier County Planning Department, estimate for 2007,333,858
For the purposed of this study the mean is used at: 330.656.
4.2 Population Projections
With the recent economic downturn, care in projecting population growth must be exercised and it has
become increasingly harder to extrapolate further than 10-20 years. Goals are to estimate likely emissions
County-wide in target years 2020, 2030 and 2050. They can be considered the worst case scenarios and
are provided to gain an understanding of the extent of emissions reductions measures needed to stay
within targets. A number of sources were consulted to arrive at logical figures.
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. The Long Range Transportation Plan (Collier County, MPO, 2006) referenced in current
Department of Energy applications, uses BEBR mid-range projections; a Countywide permanent
population of 597,400 by the year 2030.
. However, in April, 2009, the BEBR provided revised projections with a 2020 mid-range estimate
of 400,700 and 2030 mid-range estimate of 472,000.
. Appendix D ofthe Everglades Plan (2007) provided some extrapolations, based on data from the
2000 US census. (This document also provided a conservative estimate of a sea level rise of
approximately 24 em occurring in southwest Florida over the period through 2050, to date little
consideration of how that rise may affect population growth has been made). Numbers provided:
2020,479,300; 2030, 583,200; 2050, 862, I 00.
. County Planning staff reference the Collier Interactive Growth Model, which projects a build out
population of 950,223 with 90% build out in the year 2045 (855,200) and full build out not
occurring till 2080. Data released in May 2009 from Collier County, show a 2020 population of
400,700, consistent with BEBR data.
It becomes apparent that while two years or so ago, continued rapid growth was set to push Collier
County towards build-out population levels by mid-century that may no longer be the case. BEBR
estimates have been revised down (more or less by 100,000 for each reference year). County staff (Mike
Bosi, pers. comm.) note that the CIGM will be revised accordingly as is expected to follow a downward
curve. While little published data is currently available to predict numbers in 2050, we can make a
conservative estimate based on the apparent trends. Mr. Bosi assisted with this effort by considering the
mid-range BEBR 2030 estimates against the 2035 BEBR medium, to see the growth rate over five years,
then running it out for 15 years past the 2035 projections. This gives an estimate for 2050 of 617,853.
Data used in the projections;
2020 - 400,700 (BEBR, 2009, Collier County Planning)
2030 - 472,000 (BEBR, 2009)
2050 - 617,853 (Collier County Planning staff)
4.3 Impact of Planned Projects on GHG Reductions
As we attempt to place a number on future GHG emissions from the County, it is important to include
consideration of any known projects or efforts that will reduce energy use. Best attempt to do so has been
made, but the discussion does not purport to be exhaustive in this regard as additional projects may be
separately underway that were unknown at the time of writing.
4.3.1 National Energy Outlook
It has been noted that the described projections of energy use/emissions presented below do not take into
account new federal legislation or national energy standards. For example the Energy Information
Administration (ElA) (2009) report in their projections through 2030 that appliance efficiency, fuel
economy standards (CAFE), and tax policies enacted in 2007 and 2008, slow the growth of U.S. energy
demand such that energy-related C02 emissions in the 2009 reference case grow by only 0.3 percent per
year from 2007 to 2030, as compared with 0.8 percent per year from 1980 to 2007. In 2030, energy-
related emissions (U.S.) total 6,414 million metric tons, about 7 percent higher than in 2007. Slower
emissions growth is also. in part, a result of the declining share of electricity generation that comes from
fossil fuels-primarily, coal and natural gas-and the growing renewable share, which increases from 8
percent in 2007 to 14 percent in 2030. As a result, while electricity generation increases by 0.9 percent
per year, emissions from electricity generation increase by only 0.5 percent per year. The U.S. economy is
generally expected to become less carbon intensive.
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At the time of writing, a federal energy bill is being debated at the Senate level. The situation remains
unclear and while it is noted that we expect the market to adjust and offer consumers better options for
low emission lifestyles, it's very hard to put a number on that. Thus, these external factors are not applied
to the quantitative estimates for Collier County presented below.
4.3.2 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants (EECBG)
Federal stimulus monies have been allocated towards a number of energy reduction projects for Collier
County government. This provides an opportunity to refine a target reduction, knowing what the County
may reasonably be able to achieve with expected grant monies. Note that apart from the Landfill Gas to
Energy project (see below) no other planned energy savings projects are evaluated at this time. County
facilities managers have demonstrated an aggressive attitude towards cutting costs, and it is very likely
that reductions exceed those described below.
In June 2009, Collier County applied for funding from the Department of Energy (DOE) to implement a
variety of projects under the Energy Efticiency and Conservation Block Grants program. (EECBG, 2009)
A component of the larger federal stimulus finding program (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
of 2009, ARRA), $2.7 billion are being distributed to qualifying communities, based on population size,
to "develop and implement projects to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy use and fossil fuel
emissions in their communities".
Local entitlements are as follows:
Collier County $3,036,000
City of Fort Myers $753,000
City of Cape Coral $1,407,000
City of Bonita Springs $179,600
Lee County $3,046,000
Non-entitlement communities such as the City of Naples (under the population threshold) will be able to
apply for competitive funding which will be distributed by the State of Florida.
The EECBG required applicants to submit a completed or planned Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Strategy along with details on how each proposed project would reduce GHG emissions and create jobs.
County staff completed the strategy and submitted a suite of applications. As the present energy use/GHG
inventory was underway at the time of submittal, County projects were not selected based on findings of
the inventory nor were estimated reductions applied towards an overall reduction target. As the
inventory allows an objective and broad look at energy use and emissions county-wide as well as giving a
sense of what areas need attention, it is appropriate to assess the potential GIlG reductions of EECBG
projects at this time. The DOE note that following contact by the awarding agency, the County can submit
revisions to their application. Based on findings of this report (the significance of residential and
commercial end-use electrical consumption) some additions and/or changes to the initial application are
recommended to maximize GHG reductions in Collier County.
A total of eight projects were submitted to the DOE, briefly described, along with proposed GHG
reductions, below. The projects have been characterized by inventory sector to enable estimation of where
reductions will be made. Where data were available, calculations of projected emission were made, for
standardization purposes, with the CACP software. In most cases, materials provided by County staff
included estimates of kWh saved but not how the energy use was calculated in the first place. As full
details were not always available and to err on the side of caution, these calculations are conservative
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estimates. All estimates are for annual savings and were evaluated using the CACP software. Further
details and calculations are provided in Appendix II.
I. Facilities Management Energy Efficiency Retrofits: 657 MT, which is 1.8% of 2007 building
sub-sector government emissions.
2. Parks and Recreation Department Light Fixture Retrolits: estimated at 86,983 kWh or 53 MT
C02e, again a reduction from the building sub-sector (0.14%).
3. Public Utilities Energy Savings Retrofits: and:
4. Public Utilities Renewable Energy Solar Photovoltaic Panels: are considered both related to water
delivery facilities, and entail a total reduction of274 MT or 1% of the sub-sector.
5. Traffic Operations Traffic Signalization Improvements: 3,299 MT, 0.15% of community
transportation emissions.
6. Collier County Master Mobility Plan (MMP): as savings from this project will only be realized in
the future, i.e are contingent on population and infrastructure expansion, emission reductions are
applied to forecast scenarios, anticipated savings in the community transportation sector are
143,677 MT C02e, for 2030
7. Children's Museum of Naples, green infrastructure elements: total potential GHG savings are
41.52 MT C02e/year. As the museum is currently under construction these reductions are not
applied to the baseline County inventory, but can again be considered inforecast scenarios.
8. Development of a comprehensive green building code inspection training program for 23
employees of the Collier County Building Department: this project is not evaluated as it is
unclear how inspection related training would encourage the installation of the targeted systems
(solar hot water and photovoltaic systems).
At the time of writing, emission reductions that could be reasonably achieved if all EECBG projects are
fWlded as proposed amouut to 4,283 MT C02e or 2.4% Gf 2007 government emissions. Since all
government emissions amount to 3.5% of the total of Collier County emissions, the eight proposed
projects would result in a reduction of 0.085% of community emissions. By 2030 this is increased to 2%
of the community emissions (in a business as usual scenario) as reductions from new projects materialize.
4.3.3 Landfill Gas to Energy Project
The County is also proposing a landfill-gas-to-energy project in conjunction with Waste Management to
capture currently flared methane at the County landfill. At least five Caterpillar G3516 generator sets
(LFGTE Agreement, 2008) are projected to produce a maximum 6MW of power which, once a power
purchase agreement is negotiated with FPL, will be fed into the grid (or used for direct government
consumption).
Staff at Waste Management (Michele Lersh, Leslie Wong, pers. comm.) confirmed that there are no plans
to add a synthetic cap (and reduce the 25% of fugitive methane emissions) so while direct (scope I)
methane emissions will not be reduced, a reduction in FPL generated electricity can be reasonably
expected. [Note that while the County's contract with WM does maintain 'ownership' of any renewable
offset or carbon credits from the project, to the best of our knowledge these numbers have not been
explored. It is recommended that Collier County maintain a close eye on the rapidly developing carbon
markets to maximize revenue generating potentiaL]
WM staff also confirmed that the power generation estimates were based on projected emissions
(specifically EPA landgem spreadsheets). These modeled numbers differ from that reported to the DEP as
actually flared. Hence the expected 6MW is considered the top end of potential power. We estimate
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electricity offsets using 4 MW generated (the conservative number also accounts for transmissions losses
and equipment downtime) as:
4 megawatts is 4000 kilowatts, and as landfill gas is produced 24/7, in a year this would generate: 4000 x
24 x 365 = 35,040,000 kWh the equivalent of21,000 MT C02, or 11.8% of2007 government emissions,
0.41 % community emissions.
4.3.4 Summary of Planned Reductions
By 2010, considering that all DOE projects are funded and implemented and the LFGTE project is up and
running, GHG savings would amount to 4,283 MT (DOE) and 21,000 (LFGTE) MT per year, or 14.3% of
the government baseline emissions and 0.5% of community emissions. By 2030, if the MMP takes effect,
these savings can be applied to the community sector giving an additional reduction of 143,719 MT.
Assuming no other projects are initiated, reductions (from the business as usual projected emissions
number for 2030) would be 169,002 MT or 2.5%.
4.4 Emission Estimates
Figure 11 depicts expected trajectories of County GHG emissions; note these are whole community
numbers, not specific to the government analysis.
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
~
~ 7,000000
c
.s 6000,000
u
E
..
.s
..
N
o
o
2: 8u~::a;usual
/
~- ~
_..r--~r
/~:~---/5: Planned reductions
1: 8asellne
5000,000
4,000000
3,000.000
2.000000
1,000000
o
3: Conserv~ive
4: Agr~~ive
2007 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2036 2040 2045 2050
Year
Figure 7: Emission Estimates, County-wide
Line 1: this static line represents the baseline emissions for 2007 at 5,034,124 MT. Reductions are
considered from this baseline number.
Line 2: the business-as-usual trajectory illustrates no change in energy use practice, The EIA (see above)
describes some slowdown of emissions per unit of energy used but also note it is very difficult to predict
what will happen, particularly given the unsettled state of recently proposed national legislative attention.
Data presented thus show what is considered the worst case scenario,
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Line 3: shows a conservative approach to GHG reductions, with a proposed 50% reduction from baseline
(2007) by 2050. This approach is the recommended course of action for Collier County given its
substantial probable future population growth, and the likelihood that federal and international efforts will
provide the necessary extra impetus to meet scientifically suggested targets (i.e 80% by 2050).
Line 4: is the aggressive approach to GHG stabilization. It is suggested that for atmospheric C02
concentration to be limited to a level at which global temperature rise is less than about 2'C,
concentrations should be at or below 450ppm, which for the US, means a reduction of 80% by 2050.
Line 5: shows the difference from the business-as-usual scenario with planned GHG reduction projects
(DOE and LFGTE).
4.5 Proposed Target Reduction
County government can, through the realization of these planned projects, assert a strong leadership role
and meet an aggressive reduction target. 15% by 2015 would be possible (mostly due to the LFGTE
project). Community emissions, however, will continue to rise, checked only by better transportation
planning, (although those savings are contingent on growth which itself entails additional fuel and energy
use). Note that government emissions are only about 3.5% those of the whole community.
Suggested projects and endeavors which might serve to reduce community generated emISSIOns are
provided in Part 5. Given that County government is not only well placed to realize reductions and
concomitant cost savings in terms of overall county energy use, it is considered that the best focus of
attention, with the 'bar' set fairly high (by government projects), is the community sector. The
'conservative' scenario (line 3) in the graph below sets a target of a 10% reduction (from baseline) by
2020,20% by 2030 and 50% by 2050. (This is ir, line with similar discussions at the Ci~y ofNap:es). n.e
difference between line 2, business as usual projected emissions, and line 3 (conservative reduction) gives
a sense of how much emissions would have to be reduced or avoided in reality to make those targets;
503,413 MT by 2020, 3,156,540 MT by 2030 and 6,886,661 MT by 2050. Put ditferently, in 2007 the per
capita 'carbon footprint' for each County resident was 15.22 MT, in 2020 this would need to be 11.3, in
2030: 8.5 MT and in 2050: 4.07 MT.
So while some assistance may come from the 'outside', if the County is serious about reducing emissions
it does not appear that that 'help' will be enough and programs and endeavors will be required at a local
level.
Florida residents have a higher per capita electricity use than the rest of the US. As described (and
illustrated by the inventory source comparisons) this is largely related to our reliance on electricity for
cooling purposes. The Department of Energy (DOE, 2009) show 6,529 kWh used annually per Florida
resident (4,594 kWh pp/yr nationally). Data generated for this inventory show that in 2007,2,545,754,772
kWh was used by 330,656 residents, 7,699 per person. Regional climatic differences clearly have a part to
play but if Collier County residents could reach the state average it would entail a savings of 1,170 kWh
per year, a ]5% reduction and collectively 234,047 MT, almost halfthe goal (10% reduction) by 2020.
Can each person reduce their electrical use by 15%? A one degree upwards adjustment on AC settings
can save 10% of the bill, lowering water heaters by 10'F can save 5% of their annual operating costs
(33.924 kWh and nearly $4,000 per household). There are many ways to trim usage and cut costs, the
problem is that often people simply do not know what to do.
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Collier County Greenhouse Gas Inventory
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Part 5: Conclusions and Next Steps
In this section
. Inventory summary
. Applying the results
. Procedural issues: re-inventory, action plan development, policy and land development
code implications
. The outlook for climate and energy through 2050 and beyond
5.0 Introduction
While any action or direction to promote GHG reductions will be the decision of County leaders, in this
section the major findings of the inventory are summarized and considered in the context of best practice
examples from around the country. Ideas that are considered appropriate for Collier County are suggested.
5.1 Summary of findings
The emissions profile from the community analysis of Collier County is similar to other municipalities in
south Florida, with transportation a significant component, heavy reliance on electricity as a fuel source
and, with over 30% of emissions from homes and residences, the sense that consumer education may hold
part of the key to energy use and GHG reductions.
'Ownership' of emissions from the County owned landfill has increased the government proportion of
whole to 3.5% (municipalities typically comprise about 3% of the total) The additional detail in ICLEl's
revised LGOP and 2009 CACP software allows better understanding of the spread of government sector
emissions and show that water (potable and waste water) and solid waste service carry a significant GHG
'cost' to the County. The comparatively smaller contribution by County facilities is likely in part due to
past efforts to trim on-site utility bills and should be commended, as should adoption of the Commuter
Services program, which may serve to reduce the 18% of government emissions attributable to employee
commute.
Projecting emissions through coming decades, while not an exact science, shows that as the region plans
and expects more growth, GHG emissions will continue to rise, significantly so unless local policies
complement those from other political (and market) sources. If the planned reduction projects described
are fully implemented along with additional measures suggested below, it is feasible that the County
could meet a reduction target of 10% (from baseline) by 2020, 20% by 2030 and 50% by 2050.
5.2 Applying the Results
To consider how the County might set about reducing emissions, we first evaluate planned projects,
consider what areas need further attention, and then present some ideas.
5.2.1 Observations from the Collier County inventory;
. The proposed LFGTE project has the potential to significantly reduce waste sector emissions (and
government emissions overall) and should be actively pursued along with any other improved
waste management projects.
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. Projects requesting funding from the DOE are focused, for the most part, on energy savings from
internal governmental operations. The inventory shows that the vast majority of GHG impacts are
from private homes and businesses, along with the transportation sector. A focus on community-
wide projects and efforts would not only havc greater impact on total emissions but be of more
direct fiscal benefit to County residents. Examples from other regions are presented below.
. A considerable portion of DOE requested funds are for the proposed Master Mobility Plan
(MMP) to allow better planning of growth in the eastern County. There is no doubt that a
strategic, encompassing and objective consideration of future infrastructure needs and siting is
crucial. However from a GHG reduction standpoint, prudence must be exercised in asserting
reductions from additional growth, unless many aspects of that growth are low-energy. Jt is also
noted that if estimates of projected sea level rise are accurate, and we do not succeed in
stabilizing global temperatures to maintain the physical geography of the County as we know it,
it is likely that Collier will become a much less attractive relocation destination approaching
mid-century Hence it is something of a double edged sword. If we plan better but fail to include
measures to protect the climate, that growth may not materialize anyway. The MMP should be
revised to provide an opportunity to implement other GHG reduction efforts as well as include an
exercise in vulnerability and adaptation (managed retreat in worse case scenarios and/or
budgeting for coastal protection). This will require considerable coordination between a variety of
state and local entities.
5.2.2 Additional Ideas
Considering then that emission reductions should be focused on reducing energy consumption in Collier
homes and businesses, ICLEI staff provided a number of 'Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategies'
(EECS) for the purpose of generating best practice ideas. The EECS is required for receipt of DOE funds;
mumcipalities must layout their energy reduction goals and describe efforts to attain thern. [County staff
completed a strategy internally for Collier County focusing on EECBG projects]. Summaries of strategies
to generate some ideas are:
Sarasota County, Florida
A GHG inventory completed for Sarasota County in 2005 produced findings similar to those in Collier
County; residential building emissions (30% of the total) were of particular concern, representing a higher
percentage of community emissions than the national average. Sarasota County's strategy thus focuses in
part on reaching the goal of a 20% reduction in energy use from municipal buildings but also implements
a Community Energy Retrofit Incentive Program (CERlP) to provide full energy audits and financial
incentives for improvements on residential and non-profit properties. Through a combination of rebates
and a revolving loan fund, the County hopes to help residents not only identify how to save money but
reduce the barrier of upfront costs. The program will also save and create much needed jobs in the
construction sector. The third component is a broad reaching education and awareness campaign, using
various media avenues, and a targeted door to door campaign in select low income neighborhoods
providing the information above as well as hands-on suggestions of simple energy improvements that
could save residents money including distribution of compact fluorescent light bulbs for immediate use.
City of Durham, North Carolina
Strategy components and goals are summarized:
(1) Reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from city-owned buildings through Performance
Contracting, with a specific target of20% reduction in the buildings included in the retrofit program.
(2) Reduce energy use through some specific, high-prottle, quick payback upgrades
(3) Establish an energy management system and Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategic Plan for
city facilities
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(4) Train and foster a work force of professional contractors experienced in energy efficiency upgrades.
IS professionals will be trained in energy efficiency techniques to greatly impact residential energy
demand.
(5) Develop a community outreach program to reduce energy use in and greenhouse gas emissions from
residences in the City, with a specific objective of reducing energy use by 20% from 350 homes. Home
installations will be paired with neighbor-to-neighbor training on additional easy, no or low-cost
efficiency upgrades. In addition, contractors will receive training in proper assessment and installation,
thus creating a knowledgeable workforce. Utility bills from all participating homes will be monitored
before and after upgrades are complete to calculate energy savings, financial savings, and C02
equivalents avoided. The City will also collect information on further energy efficiency measures taken,
including home retrofits and energy-efficient behaviors, to assess the impacts of the education program
paired with the retrofits. Durham also plans to use funds to create a Sustainability Manager position
responsible for implementing, revising and monitoring the programs described.
City afTallahassee, Florida
The City runs its own electrical utility and hence focuses efforts on electricity demand programs
including: piloting new rebate programs, targeting commercial and residential customers, refining the
SmartMeter program (using the technology to improve energy audits and refine rate structures in an effort
to motivate energy efficient practices).
Kansas City, Missouri
The conservation strategy highlights the reliance on fossil fuel sources of energy and summarizes
objectives for energy, vehicle use reductions and expanded renewable energy capability by 2020 in the
city's Climate Protection Plan. A great many programs and projects spanning all sectors are proposed to
achieve the following GHG reduction goals: 10% below year 2000 levels by 2010, 20% by 2015, and
30% by 202(" Also noted in [he strategy is the concept that the City, while accepting thal'external factors
will assist in GHG reduction efforts, will not rely upon state and/or federal actions as significant
contributors to achieving the City's reduction goals. Programs to achieve the goal include: energy
efficiency enhancements in municipal and Citywide facilities (retrofits, construction training programs,
weatherization for low income households, waste to energy projects, traffic signal synchronization,
development ofa Green Impact Zone (and Climate Sustainability Center).
City of Sarasota, Florida
With a relatively small allocation under the block grant program ($598,000) the City is proposing to
divide the funds between municipal and community focused efforts. For government facilities, projects
include electric vehicles, solar hot water heaters and lighting retrofits while at the community level, the
City will partner with Sarasota County in the development and implementation of the community energy
audit and education program described above. Additionally, a training program is proposed to prepare
workers (focusing on those from low income neighborhoods) to perform advanced water meter retrofits.
The summaries presented are a small fraction of municipalities utilizing EECBG lunds are and are not
necessarily, therefore, reflective of all. However it is noted that all communities assessed recognize that to
make meaningful cuts in energy use, programs which effectively target the resident population are crucial
along with the creation of jobs. The reduction targets reviewed are typically more aggressive than that
proposed for Collier County, even for those communities which are far less geographically vulnerable.
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5.2.3 Recommendations
Both from a scientific basis (results ofthe inventory) and socio-economic standpoint (putting tax revenues
to work equitably for all tax payers) it is crucial to include programs that help residents reduce their
energy use. Some suggestions for either revision of the existing application or new programs are as
follows:
]. Given the slowdown in the construction industry one of the best examples may be from Sarasota
County (potentially revising project 8 of Collier County's proposal, regarding training of code
inspectors), whereby County, or other construction, staff are trained to conduct and implement energy
awareness site visits, audits and/or retrofits targeting sectors of the community that may not have the
ability to pay but are clearly the most at need. This could entail expansion of the "Be Green When Green
Makes Cents" program underway in government facilities. Three simple suggestions for reducing
building energy bills are: replacement of lights with energy efficiency compact fluorescents, turning down
temperature settings on hot water heaters and proper management of climate control (AC settings).
Considering logistics and potential savings, it is estimated that participating households could save at
least 10% of their annual electric bill, so for the entire residential sector, 154,000 MT or 3% of the
community total. There are approximately 140,000 homes in the County. A six month door-to-door
program, with 4 homes helped per staff member per day, with a ten person team, could reach 250 (days) x
10 (staft) x 4 (homes) = 10,000 homes. Employing creative ways to expand outreach (such as the
neighbor to neighbor training noted or addressing community groups or associations) could make the
target of reaching all homeowners possible. These are relatively simplistic suggestions and calculations.
The underlying theme is to keep staff in depressed industry sectors employed while at the same time help
community members to reduce their operating costs and reduce emissions county-wide. Building codes
for new construction could be revised to encourage LEED construction techniques and the application of
renewable energy technologies (for example solar hot water systems).
2. ]n tandem a comprehensive and wide reaching media education campaign focusing on energy
management and efficiency specific to our region, and targeting all sectors could be developed and
implemented (we note that an educational component is part of existing EECBG applications via exhibits
at the Children's Museum but suggest a plan to meet broader audiences). A recent report (McKinsey,
2009) found that Americans waste $130 billion a year on unnecessary energy use. Strategies and
programs are needed to stem this loss for our County residents.
3. Rather than provide upfront cash incentives, the County could provide free energy saving devices
(lightbulbs or home energy meters for example) only to those households that provide evidence they have
implemented behavioral elements to reduce consumption. ("The cheapest and easiest kWh to save is the
one not used", Jeb Bush).
4. The business sector at 26% of emissions needs to be similarly targeted. A number of municipalities
have implemented a Green Business Recognition Program; the City of Naples is planning to commence
development of such a program later this year. As a voluntary program this is a market based approach
that will incentivize businesses to reduce resource consumption and gain from growing consumer
awareness and desire for environmentally and socially responsible products and services. Costs, for the
County are staff, consultants or out-sourced program managers, but it is again (with creative linkages and
awareness raising) a strategic way to reach broad sectors of the community.
5. Transportation related emissions are the highest sector proportionally, but one of the hardest to target
because of our geographically driven reliance on automobiles. There is no single solution to reduce fuel
use. Expanding mass-transit, promoting walkability and bike paths, traffic flow improvements, planning
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for more compact and condensed communities, sidewalk improvements and reducing employee commute
are all underway at the government level. Apart from a few propane powered County fleet vehicles,
minor, private use of converted vegetable oil powered cars and recent news that CAT plans to purchase
two hybrid buses, there is fairly minimal use of alternative fuels in our community. Many other
municipalities, as shown above, are expanding electric powered vehicles (locally the Pelican Bay
Foundation is exploring conversion of its tram fleet to solar powered hybrids), but in general, regarding
alternative fuels, it is accepted that technology is limited, costs are high and most projects are exploratory
in nature. With these challenges notwithstanding and continuing the programs noted above, additional
transportation related elements to promote are: includc employee commute criteria in the proposed green
business program, enhance attention to markets and technologies with regards to alternative fuel (for
example compressed natural gas and biofuels), continue and expand low cost incentive programs (for
example, bicycle helmet or lights give-aways) and continue the transportation related programs underway.
5.3 Action Items
The approach prescribed by ICLEI follows a 5-step procedure whereby participating municipalities make
a commitment, assess their energy use/emissions, consider how to reduce them, implement the
mechanisms (develop new or amend existing policies etc) to make those reductions a reality and finally,
assess the results. With this framework in mind, next steps are:
1) Establish the following reduction targets: 10% by 2020, 20% by 2030, 50% by 2050.
2) Collate a summary of the baseline inventory, all energy savings related projects, together with
additional programs (including but not limited to those described below) into a comprehensive
Collier County Climate Action Plan. Identify within the plan how GHG reduction measures tie
into other County and regional efforts (such as the Master Mobility Plan, Coastal Management
Plans and Land Development Codes). Include an assessment of the impacts of climate change and
energy management in existing plans and cndes to ensure the County anticipates and budgets
properly for all potential changes in Collier County through at least the next forty years.
3) Pursue the LFGTE project along with other waste management projects.
4) Continue goverrnnent based work: i) building energy retrofits, ii) street lighting replacements to
high efficiency bulbs, iii) alternative fuel vehicles, and iv) promote the commuter services
program.
5) Continue the community focused transportation programs such as traffic signal optimization.
6) Establish new community oriented programs to include: i) a community focused "Be Green when
Green makes Cents" program, or equivalent and ii) a Green Business Program. (Additional
programs could be described within in the planned Master Mobility Plan and potentially be
funded through additional grant monies or other sources).
7) Carry out an energy use/greenhouse gas emissions re-inventory in 3-5 years to measure progress.
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5.4 Climate, energy and Collier County through the next century
The need to address energy use and be prepared to adapt to physical changes in our environment is
considered imperative at many levels (almost all the scientific community, local state, national and
international political leaders, all national public scientific institutions, many large corporations and much
of the public). Economic analyses of the cost of climate change (Stanton and Ackerman, 2007, Stern,
2007) point out that, much like buying an insurance policy, small, timely, anticipatory efforts cost a
fraction of the 'big fixes' potentially required at a later date if preventive action is not taken. For Collier
County where considerable real estate and infrastructure is located in low lying coastal regions, and an
economy where tourism and continued population expansion are critical clements, this holds especially
true. The Securities and Exchange Commission recently directed 'at risk' institutions' including insurance
companies to address how climate change may affect their business (New York Times, 7-13-09). For
many who have watched home insurance rates rise or had policies cancelled in the name of reducing
liability, this is a frightening prospect for Florida homeowners (and consequently local leaders).
Why then, given the apparent urgency and understanding, has progress to date been so slow? The action
needed to slow or stabilize atmospheric GHG concentrations entails adjusting how we use energy. While
this is not a simple fix, our county is clearly one of the most vulnerable in the nation to the impacts of
climate change. By 2050, predictions of average temperature range in southwest Florida range from l-5'F
warmer than 2000, and sea level rise 5-16" (Beever et ai, 2009). Its fate at the hands of climate change
depends on action worldwide. Yet as a supremely vulnerable area it is critical that Collier County do its
own 'part in trying to influence its future, This report is a start, not a solution, but hopefully provides
something of a signpost as to the direction regional leaders should take to re-tool our energy use. Namely
focus on direct end-use energy use reductions and etIective mass-transit and transportation policies. With
leadership and assistance, residents and business owners can save money while addressing the problem.
This is clearly a win-win solution for all and potentially crucial to tne future of our community.
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ApPENDIX I: BACKGROUND ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ICLEI PROGRAM
Background
Climate change is considered by the vast majority of the world's scientific community and nation states to
be real, underway, related to our use of fossil fuels and as having the potential to dramatically and
transform society as we know it.
Climate Change Overview
The connection between atmospheric carbon dioxide (C02) concentration and temperature (the
greenhouse effect) has been understood for over 100 years (Arrhenius, 1896). Indeed life on Earth is
made possible by the warming effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The sun radiates energy
primarily in the form of visible light and about a third of the energy headed toward Earth is reflected back
into space by the atmosphere and the planet's light-colored surfaces (the albedo effect). Most of the
remaining two-thirds of the
sun's energy is absorbed by
Earth's surface which re-
radiates the sun's energy in the
form ofheat. Much of this heat
energy passes back through the
atmosphere and escapes into
space. Some bounces off
atmospheric greenhouse gases
(GHG) and returns toward the
planet surface. The result is a
warm surface and warm lower
atmosphere. This "greenhouse
effect" makes our world
hospitable for life as we know
it. Without greenhouse gases,
earth's surface would average -
20F (-190C) instead of the
prevailing ambient 570F
(WC).
Figure I: The Greenhouse
Effect
In the period since 1750, known as the industrial era, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have
risen exponentially. Charles Keeling documented rising atmospheric CO2 in the famous 1950's
measurements at Mauna Loa (Keeling and Whorf, 2004). The most dramatic increases have been in the
last 50 years. For the past 10,000 years, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have stayed within a narrow
range, between 260 and 300 parts per million (ppm). As of 2005, global CO2 concentrations were 379
ppm, a 35% increase since 1750. Methane (CH4), another greenhouse gas, concentrations doubled during
the industrial era. As a consequence, the heat-trapping ability of our atmosphere is now greatly enhanced
(Solomon et aI, IPCC 2007).
Average global temperatures have risen 1.440F over the last century (IPCC, 2007). Sea level has risen 6-
8"; a warmer planet is melting ice caps and oceans are expanding as they absorb much of the heat (IPCC,
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Appendix 1: Climate Change and [CLEf
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2007). Scientists such as Ben Santer at the Laurence Livermore Laboratory have produced models that
show this level of warming would not be evident without the contribution of greenhouse gases from fossil
fuels (fingerprinting studies) (Santer et ai, 1995). Natural sources of greenhouse gases include volcanoes,
aerosols and water vapor (Karl and Trenburth, 2003).
The 1ntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that post-industrial increases in
greenhouse gas concentrations are not due to a natural mechanism; increases in greenhouse gas
concentrations are from human activities. 49 billion metric tons (Gt) of C02e were emitted in 2004 due to
human activities (IPCC, 2007).
"1..0 F_?'-....
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o GG; ~'r," 'O.'\~" -c,'; ,,><! ",'<I ,!l'~' ""-..":-"', c: ~G..' ';1.0', 1o-,<,re,IJ!t<)o .1<:0:.;0', "",: C,',"
CH,h;c,'~,n"'" '~'JSIO~'I<1.""rg:.' . N.C'o:,"",,:'<"llu'~,'OC~Ih.''1i :; '",;':>',<"
At a national level, overall, total GHG emissions
rose 17% from 1990 to 2007 (EPA, 2009). In
2007, the primary greenhouse gas emitted by
human activities in the United States was CO2,
representing approximately 85.4% of total
emissions. The largest source of CO2, (and of
overall GHG emissions), was fossil tuel
combustion, primarily from coal fired power
plants.
OJ I'~""'~
Figure 2.' (a) Global
annual emissions of
anthropogenic GHCi-sfrom
1970 to 2004.5 (b) Share
of different anthropogenic
GllGs in total emissions
in 2004 in terms of carbon
dioxide equivalents (C02-
eq). (c) Share of different
sectors in total
anthropogenic GHG
emissions in 2004 in terms
oIC02-eq. (Forestry
includes deforestation.)
(IPCe, 2007)
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F'gMlO' E,s-3' C,lfnl.'.;;j,,!e C~ar.gl! ",Ar,TtlJ3i J S Gl",el"!\()"~,, Ga~ Em'~"Dn!I Relat,..,;. 10 1~:'tD
Figure 3: US. GRG emissions (EPA 2009)
In summary, it is clear that the release of greenhouse gases from human activities, most notably burning
hydrocarbons, is a key element in recently observed warming. A greenhouse gas inventory quantifies
emissions, comparatively, so that they can be managed and hopefully reduced.
Impacts of Climate Change in Collier County
A brief summary of the anticipated effects of climate change include (see Pew, 2009);
.
Continued global temperature rise,
Continued rise in global sea levels (related to temperature rise as oceans warm and expand and
glaciers and icecaps melt). Mid-range projections are for a rise of 2-3 feet by 2100.
.
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5A
. Changes in marine and terrestrial habitat zones (for plants, including agricultural species, and
wildlife). Further loss of coral reefs from bleaching and more frequent harmful algal blooms like red
tide will occur, all exacerbated by rising temperatures.
. Alterations in marine species lifecycles and distributions as CO2 is absorbed by the oceans leading to
reduced Ph (acidification).
. More intense and sporadic rainfall (tlooding in some locations, drought in others) with additional
pressure on aquifer water resources (from continued saltwater intrusion as seas push inland). Water
will become more expensive as it becomes harder and more energy intensive to extract and treat it.
. The potential of climate refugees, forced to flee inundated coastal areas.
. Spread of vector borne disease.
Estimated Sea LE'YE'l Rise- 20:'0
Figure 4: Potential sea level rise. 2050 (from Beever
et ai, 2009)
CHAAI.O. TE._--1
I
For Florida, particularly low lying tourism dependant
coastal areas, the ramifications are potentially very
serious. Governor Charlie Crist has described Florida
as the most vulnerable state in the nation to the effect
of climate change. The Southwest Florida Regional
Planning Council and Charlotte Harbor National
Estuary Program released a draft climate change
vulnerability assessment in June (Beever et ai, 2009)
which asserts that not only is climate change already
underway in our region, but that of the study area
(Sarasota, Charlotte, Lee and Collier Counties),
Collier has the greatest area and percentage of total
land vulnerable to sea level rise. The report identifies
alteration of hydrology as the region's most critical
issu". A report from Tufts University (Stanton and
Ackermann, 2007), estimated the financial loss to
various sectors of the Florida economy at $92 billion
by 2050.
Legend
CONTOUR
; ~~"
:~:: ~.~':,::-
Addressing the Issue
Local, state and federal governments, recognize that solutions lie in our ability to cut energy use and
reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels which would stabilize atmospheric CO, concentration at or
below 450 ppm (currently 380 ppm and rising) (!PCC, 2007) a level which is considered to keep warming
within 2"C, minimizing the likelihood of large scale melting of terrestrial ice sheets and other positive
feedbacks (various, see Pew 2009, Shepherd and Wingham, 2007). The following discussion is not
intended to be exhaustive but gives some sense of action at varying political levels.
International Efforts
The U.S. is one of 192 countries that signed the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) in 1994, which requires regular reporting of GHG emissions (Gillenwater, 2008). This
international treaty is aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would 'prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system' (IPCC, 2007). The U.S.
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Environmental Protection Agency is the agency charged with providing national GHG inventories for
reporting purposes (EP A, 2008)
The UNFCCC is a framework or umbrella treaty; the real work required by signatories is spelled out in a
series of protocols, most recently at Kyoto in 1997 which the U.S. did not sign. A successor to the Kyoto
protocol will be drawn up late this year in Copenhagen (see UNFCCC, 2009). The new protocol is
expected to not only include the U.S. but to address developing countries in a manner more equitable than
Kyoto.
National Developments
The Obama administration has made public commitments to establish a national climate policy.
Developments to date have been: 1) the 'endangerment finding' that CO2 is a pollutant "with measurable
harmful effects to human health', by the EPA (open for public comment as of June 2009, and to be
addressed and potentially regulated under the Clean Air Act) (various media, see New York Times, 4-18-
09) and 2) drafting of an Energy Bill (American Clean Energy and Security Act) passed by the House in
June and being debated in the Senate at the time of writing. Legislation is not expected to be finalized
until late this year or early 2010. The bill will set emission limits for utility and manufacturers requiring
over-emitters to purchase credits and under-emitters to be able to trade offsets (Brown, 2009).
The Kyoto protocol required signatories to establish a cap and trade system (to reduce GHG emissions by
5.2% of their 1990 levels by the end of2012) (UNEP, 2007). While Kyoto was not ratified by the United
States, a number of voluntary carbon trading mechanisms have been established. For example: the
Western Climate Initiative (established in February 2007) which comprises seven U.S. states and four
Canadian provinces (WCI, 2009), ten mid-western states in the Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Accord, (;V\W Accord, 2009), and the Regional Greenhouse Gas 1n;tia;ive launched on January
I, 2009, with nine Northeast states in a cap and trade emissions program for power generators (RGGI,
2009). The voluntary Chicago Climate Exchange has a wide membership of corporations and
municipalities which trade carbon offsets or renewable energy credits; a demonstrable reduction in GHG
emissions from the status quo must be evident (CCX, 2009). Also of relevance in terms of GHG
emissions is a ruling (again by the EPA) that entities emitting over 25,000 metric tons of CO,e per year
are required to report those emissions.
Local Action
Many local governments, including the city of Naples, have signed the U.S. Mayors Climate Protection
Agreement, a non-binding pledge to assess and reduce their impacts on global climate change (Mayors
Agreement, 2009). Over 500 signatories have taken the next step and joined ICLEI (the International
Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) (ICLEI, 2009) which provides guidelines for municipal level
inventories and reductions of GHG emissions.
While climate change is a global issue, it places communities at varying degrees of risk. Local
governments must therefore consider adaptation techniques and incorporate impact risks into
infrastructure, water, development, and hazard mitigation planning. Local governments also oversee
many activities that determine community energy use and waste generation. Thus, local governments can
greatly impact local emissions. The severity of probable impacts from climate change necessitates urgent
action at all levels; local governments around the world are leading the way.
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In addition to the benefits from working to reduce their contributions to global climate change,
municipalities can also benefit from GHG reduction measures through:
o Reduced Costs: Energy efficiency improvements will result m reduced energy bills for
government and citizens alike. Reduced energy consumption also reduces a community's
vulnerability to fluctuations in the market price of energy. In an era of rapidly rising fuel prices,
this alone is considered reason to act to improve energy efficiency.
o Improved air quality and public health: in addition to greenhouse gases, fossil fuels also cause a
variety of negative health effects from other pollutants, including sulfur dioxide (S02), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), ozone (03), particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO). Collier County in
particular has a high percentage of older citizens who are especially vulnerable to the impacts of
these pollutants.
o Community Leadership: Demonstrating vISion in sustainable community planning, globally-
minded tourism, future-protecting economic development and taking action for the best interest
of its citizens.
o Co-Benefits: Many of the available options to reduce emissions also achieve other goals set by
the community. Public transportation, bike paths, and walkable communities reduce vehicle
emissions while improving a community's livability and promoting active lifestyles. Green
building achieves energy efficiency goals while also improving indoor air quality and worker
productivity.
o Economic Development: By inspiring a transition to a low emlSSlOns society, climate change
leadership will result in new opportunities for business development and technological
innovation. Businesses that provide "green" products or services have already flourished in
Florida due to green building incentives; this expanded program will strengthen that sector of the
economy and allow room for others to grow.
o Incentives: taking advantage of monetary incentives for climate action such as energy related
stimulus funding. Also, should mandates to reduce GHG emissions be issued, our County will be
well on its way to complying with future guidelines.
ICLEI and Municipal Climate Action
The U.S Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement was launched by the Mayor of Seattle in 2005. For more
information see www.coolmayors.com. It recognized that the U.S., with 5% of the world's population, is
responsible for 25% of global GHG emissions and urges governments to meet or beat the target of
reducing emissions to 7% below 1990 levels by 2012. Today 802 cities have signed the agreement,
(including Naples, Bonita Springs, Fort Myers and Cape Coral) and many are taking steps, in the absence
of federal legislation, towards that goal.
Cities can achieve the goals laid out in the Mayor's Agreement, by joining ICLEI and commencing their
milestone program. So far, 24 communities in Florida join Collier County in ICLEI including the City of
Naples, Key West, Tampa, the City of Sarasota, Gainesville, and Miami-Dade, Orange and Sarasota
counties. A study of approximately 100 ICLEI members in the year of 2005 showed that by following
CCP action plans, these governments and their communities cumulatively saved $535 million in 2005
fuel and energy costs. Additionally, this group cut 23 million tons of GHG, which is equivalent to
eliminating the emissions from 4 million cars each year (ICLE1, June 2007). This movement by local
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municipalities presents significant opportunities for information sharing and collaboration on emissions
reduction strategies.
The campaign utilizes software to help cItIes estimate their current GHG emISSIons, forecast what
population growth might add in the future, and analyze the savings and cost benefits of strategic changes
to reduce their emissions. As a member of rCLEr, Collier County is provided access to the software and
the assistance and ideas of the network of other progressive cities, towns, and counties across the U.S.
which have already started.
Through the CCP, communities around the world are following a systematic and standardized process to
assess their GHG emissions and to develop a target and plan to reduce them. The Cities for Climate
Protection Campaign sets forth five milestones:
The Five Milestones:
1. Energy use/Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: The inventory calculates how much the community
and its government are contributing to global emissions in a base year. This report represents the
completion of that first milestone in Collier County. It sets the foundation for future climate action by
allowing for a scientific assessment of options and a benchmark against which to evaluate progress and
quantifiable results.
2. Set a Target: The next step is to assess the options for action and set a reduction target for the
community and for government operations. In setting a target, a community should consider goals which
are as ambitious as possible but achievable given the powers and resources of the local government.
4. Implementation: Enacting the plan's policies and
measures involves actions by both the government
and local citizens. Typical policies and measures
implemented by CCP participants include energy
efficiency improvements to municipal buildings and
water treatment facilities, streetlight retrofits, public
transit improvements, installation of renewable power
applications, methane recovery from waste
management, "greener" building codes, and education
and outreach programs within the community.
.'-. Mdke I
Commitm~
.
~~~~
,. , ~~i:~~~~S I
Milestone 2
, '. r Set Target/Goal
\ _.-
r" Mileston~~
I Mo.nitor/Evaluate !
l_ Progr".~~
\r
3. Local Action Plan: The Plan describes the policies,
and measures the local government will take to
reduce GHG emissions. The community engages in
the development process to establish ownership and
to inspire action.
Milestone 3.
Establish Local
Action Plan
5. Monitor and Verify Results: Through a regular
evaluation of progress and reassessment of goals and
actions, communities ensure their programs are
effective and continue to reflect the goals of the people
(ICLEI,2007).
'I Milestone 4.
Implement Local
, Action Plan
"----
Figure 5: JCLE!'s Milestone Program
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Appendix II: EECBG
VB
ApPENUlX II: ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION BLOCK GRANT PROJECT Ev ALVA nONS
1. Facilities Management Energy Efficiency Retrofits
A variety of retrofits are proposed at County buildings, most are expansions of existing projects. While
kWh savings estimates are shown, the analyses and estimates that lead to those projections (such as
existing versus proposed bulb wattages or assumptions with regards to savings that occupancy sensors
might entail) were not made available.
i) Expansion of chiller system 132,298 kWh and replacement of one unit 280,000 kWh, 246
MT
ii) High efficiency lights, occupancy sensors and software to monitor occupancy combined
savings shown: 680,092 kWh, 407 MT
iii) Conversion to solar carts 6,404 kWh, 4 MT
Total savings for facilities retrofits is 657 MT. which is 1.8% of 2007 building sector government
emissions (35.554 MT).
2. Parks and Recreation Department Light Fixture Retrofits
Lighting retrofits are proposed at two community parks. Lighting vendors were consulted to determine
the kW savings. While lamp replacements are the same wattage as existing (1500 per fixture), the
technology adjusts the energy draw to power up lighting capacity more smoothly resulting in a reduced
overall kW draw.
At Immokalee Community Park 162 lamp fixtures will be replaced wi',h a total of 116 lamps.
The existing system uses 162 x 1.62 kW x 800 hrs (per year) = 209,952 kWh.
Proposed system uses 116 x 1.564 kW x 800 hrs (per year) = 145,139 kWh
Gulf Coast Community Park: 48 lamp fixtures at two baseball fields will be replaced with a total of 32
lamps.
The existing system uses 48 x 1.62 kW x 800 hrs (per year) ~ 62,208 kWh.
Proposed system uses 32 x 1.564 kW x 800 hrs (per year) ~ 40,038 kWh
Total energv savings are estimated at 86.983 kWh or 53 MT C02e which is . (These calculations are less
than staff show in application materials, no additional information was provided on how the original
estimates were made).
3. Public Utilities Energy Savings Retrofits
Lights: 2,100 light fixtures with 5,213 replacement high efficiency fluorescent lamps that will provide an
energy savings of 407,328 kWh per year, 244 MT.
Occupancy sensors: 89 rooms located at four different plants that will provide an energy savings of
41,235 kWh per year, 24 MT.
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4. Public Utilities Renewable Energy Solar Photovoltaic Panels
42 fixed tilt ground-mounted 200 Watt PY solar panels at the South County Regional Water Treatment
Plant, which will then be connected to the plant's electrical system. 9,905 kWh per year, equating to six
(6) metric tons of C02.
Proiects 3 and 4 (in the absence of detailed proiect information) are considered both related to water
delivery facilities. and entail a total reduction 274 MT from 26.801 MT or 1%.
5. Traffic Operations Traffic Signalization Improvements
i) Install signalized 'smart' intersections with minimal/no stopping, based on vehicle demand, at eight
intersections on a 3.6 mile stretch of Immokalec Road. Using a source trom California, which shows a
7.80/0 increase in efficiency, we see that:
3.6 miles/20 mpg x 42813 vehicles/day ~ 7706 gal/day
7706 gal/day x 7.8% x 200 days/year =. 120,213 gallons/year = 1,062 MT C02e (CACP, light
trucks, MY 2005), application materials give 1,057 MT using EPA calculators.
ii) Study (using consultants) and implement (County staft) a new signal timing plan for 18 miles on three
east-west connector roads.
Assuming average fuel use is 0.0465 gallons/mile (DOE "Transportation Energy Data Book"), #
vehicles x 0.0465 x miles = average daily fuel consumption (prior to optimization)
lmmokalee Road (from US 41 to Collier): 31,549 x 0.0465 x 7 miles = 10,269 gallons
Vanderbill Beach Road (from US 41 to Collier): 16,860 x 0.0465 x 7 miles ~ 5,488 galbns
Santa Barbara Blvd (from Green to Davis Blvd): 22,998 x 0.0465 x 4 miles ~ 4,278 gallons
Total daily fuel consumption, 20,035 gallons, therefore annual (for weekdays) is 5,209,100
gallons. Assuming a fuel savings of 5% fuel efficiency improvement due to reductions in overall
delay on a given link, gives a total 974 gallons saved per week, 253,240 gallons per year. Using
CACP software, for light trucks MY 2005, shows an equivalent C02 savings of2,242 metric tons
(application materials give 2,231 MT using EPA calculators).
Total transportation related savings from baseline GHG emissions is 3.299 MT. This is 0.15% the total
community transportation emissions for 2007 (2.111.036 MT).
6. Collier County Master Mobility Plan (MMP)
Transportation is clearly the most significant oC GHG sources in our region at 42% of total community
emissions. Any effort to reduce vehicle miles traveled and increase efficiency is commendable. This
project is a planning effort to "help guide Collier County through its next phase of growth efficiently" by
optimizing infrastructure siting and new roads. As that growth is anticipated but not actual, emission
reductions are applied to forecast scenarios.
Emission reduction estimates were made based on the planned growth being more fuel efficient. Project
consultants (CH2M Hill) estimated a 10% reduction in total County vehicle miles traveled through
implementation of this plan in 2030. Original estimates used an erroneous YMT number of 4] million
VMTper year in 2030 (YMT for 2007 was 9.5 million per day, or 3,458,611,520 per year) this number
was subsequently revised to 43 million VMT per dav in 2030 (Adam Ahmad and County staff, pers
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Appendix II EECBG
IX
5A
comm.). This estimate was based on data in the County's 2006 Long Range Transportation Plan with a
projected population in 2030 of 597,000. As shown in 4.2, population projections are somewhat reduced
based on the current economic downturn.
The inventory allows better estimation of GHG emission reductions. To evaluate the GHG reduction
efficacy of this measure, because the changes will only be realized once the addilional development is in
place, we use the year 2030 and a business as usual estimate of emissions at that time.
Project consultants (CH2MHill) estimate a 10% reduction in all County VMT. However, the plan focuses
on development in the eastern County, rightly asserting that unless infrastructure (hospitals, government
centers, commercial, parks) is sited adjacent to new homes, residents would drive a disproportionate
distance to reach needed amenities. In 2007, approximately 75,000 or 22% of the County's population
was located east of County Road 951 (Mike Bosi, pers. comm). Population is projected to reach 472,000
by 2030, a 42% increase overall from 2007) and it is estimated that at that time demographics will shift
such that approximately 36% of the County's population will be located in this region. VMT reductions
would apply almost entirely to those areas, and in EECBG application materials an estimated 10% of
annual VMT would be eliminated. In the absence of the final development picture it's very difficult to
project savings. To take a mid-range stance, for the purposes of this exercise we estimate that savings
would equate to 10% of the annual transportation related GHG emissions [or 50% o[ the County's
population.
Assuming a population of 472,000 in 2030 and in a business as usual scenario, 7,183,840 MT C02e per
year, 40% of emissions [rom the transportation sector would equate to 2,873,536. If 50% of those
emissions are from the eastern County and we can reduce them by 10%, it equates to a savings of
2,873,536 x 50% x 10% = 143,677 MT C02e.
7. Children's Museum of Naples
Funding is requested for construction of a variety of projects at the planned Children's Museum of
Naples. The facility is planned to open in late 2010. Savings are estimated:
Two solar hot water panels, each at 24,000 btu/day = 17.52 Mbtu/year = 5,133 kWh = 3 MT C02e
Six 4xl0 PV panels @ lOw/SF = 2.4 kW system* = 3214 kWh = 2 MT C02e
*(http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/codes_algsIPVWATTS/versionlf)
One 5 kW wind turbine rated at 400,000 btn/day = I 46Mbtu/year = 42,778 kWh = 26 MT C02e
Four 500W turbines at 80,000 btu/day = 29.2 Mbtu/year = 8,556 kWh = 5 MT C02e
A rainwater harvesting system projected to save 180,000 gallons per year: in 2007 4,530,630,174 gallons
of potable water were produced from Collier County's North facility and we attribute 50% of the 'potable
conveyance' emissions to this water (the remainder to the south plant), giving a per potable gallon related
emission of 0.0064 Ibs (for treatment and delivery only). As wastewater will still be treated at WWT
plants, these emissions are not eliminated. Total GHG savings based on not using potable water from
County facilities are estimated thus at 180.000 gallons x 0.0064 lbs = 0.52 MT C02e. This assumes that
rain supplies the full projected use o[ I 80,000 gallons each year.
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A live or green roof is planned for 1,161 square feet and savings are estimated at 7,484 kWh per year
equating to 5 MT C02e. No details about the assumptions inherent in these estimates of kWh savings are
available.
Total potential GHG savings are 41.52 MT C02e/year. As the museum is an still under construction these
reductions are not applied to the baseline County inventory, but can be considered in forecast scenarios.
8. Development of a comprehensive green building codes inspection training program for 23
employees of the Collier County Building Department.
Application materials estimate that "approximately 400 of each system (Solar Water Systems and
Photovoltaic Systems) will be installed throughout Collier County in the short term". This is projected to
save each home that installs the systems, 3,500 and 4,500 kWh respectively.
As installation of these systems is subject to markets and private homeowners, these reductions are not
applied to the baseline County emissions, but can be considered infarecas! scenarios.
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Appendix 11/ Data Sources
Xl
ApPENDIX III: DATA SOURCES
General Information and Background
Skip Camp, Department of Facilities Management, Director, 239-252-8380, SkinCamp@colliergov.net
Damon Gonzales, Department of Facilities Management, Facilities Manager 239-252-8380,
DamonGonzalesia!co 11 iergov. net
JohnTorre, Director, Communication and Customer Relations, 239-252-8011, iohntorreia!colliergov.net
Electricity
Florida Power and Light, Kate Donofrio, FPL Government Account Specialist, 239-434-1254,
kate donofrioia!fpl.com
LCEC, Trish Dorn, Key Account Executive, 239-656-2164, Tricia.Dornia!lcec.net, Colleen Humphries,
Key Account Executive, 239-656-2206, Colleen.Humphriesia!lcec.net
Natural Gas
TECO Peoples Gas, Lance Horton, Director, Business Services, 813-228-4561,
lehortonia!tecoenergV.com
Propane
Community Analysis: Department of Revenue tax receipts at
http://dor.mvtlorida.com/dor/taxes/colls from 7 2003.html
Further infonnation from the Bureau of Liquefied Gas Inspection at
http://www.doacs.state.tl.us/standard/lpgas/. John Antonio, 850-251-6851
Government Analysis: Collier County Transportation, Dan Croft, 239-793-5655,
DanCroftia!colliergov.net
Coliier County Facilities Management, Damon Gonzales, 'r'acilities'Manager 23<;-2:;2-8380,
DamonGonzales@collierQov.net
Community Transportation
Traffic data at http://www.dOl.state.tl.us/planning/statistics/mileage-rots/public.shtm
Gordon Morgan, Florida Department of Transportation, 850-414-4730, gordon.morgania!dol.state.tl.us
Department of Revenue tax receipts at http://dor.mvtlorida.comJdor/taxes/certgallons07.xls
Air Transportation
Collier County Airports fuel sold: Robert Tweedie, Airport Manager, Collier County Airport Authority,
239-642-7878, RobertTweedieia!colliergov.net
Facility electric accounts, Debi Mueller, Office Manager, Collier County Airport Authority, 239-642-
7878 exl. 36, DebiMueller(iiJ,colliergov.net
Naples Municipal Airport, fuel sold, Ryan Frost, Director of Airport Operations, Naples Airport
Authority 239-643-3773, rfrostia!tlvnaples.com
Vehicle Fleet
Collier County Transportation, Dan Croft, 239-793-5655, DanCroftia!colliergov.net
Collier County Sheriffs Office, Michelle Beatty, CCSO Fleet Office Coordinator, 239-530-5690,
mowensia!co 11 iersheri ff. net
Employee Commute
Commuter Services, Lauren Henry Lane, Commuter Services Outreach Coordinator, 1.866.585.RIDE
www.ComrnuterServicesFL.com.LaurenHenrv(Q)urscoro.com
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Appendix III Data Sources
XII
Refrigerants
Collier County Facilities Management, Kurt Jokela, Senior HV AC Technician, 239-252-8380
Waste
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Total Tons Managed by County, 2007 at
hup ://appprod.dep.state. fl. us/www rcraJreports/WRJRecy cling/2006A nnualReport/ A ppendixA/4 A -1 . pdf
Collier County Solid Waste, Beth Ryan, 239-252-8480, BethRvanla1colliergov.net, Jodi Walters,
JodiWaltersla1colliergov.net, Sheree Mediavilla, 239-252-5375. ShereeMediavillala1colliergov.net
Waste Management, Fernando Casey, District Manager, 239-776-5565, fcasev2la1wm.com,
DEP, Sherill Culliver, South District, Environmental Manager, Compliance and Enforcement, 239-332-
6975 ext. 142, sherrill.culliver@den.state.fl.us
Transit
Collier County Area Transport, CAT, Michelle Arnold, Director, Alternative Transportation Modes, 239-
252-2440 MichelleArnoldla1colliergov.net, fuel usage provide by Dan Croft, see vehicle fleet.
Water
County totals provided by: Collier County Water Administration, James Price, Technical Support
Professional, 239-252-6246, iamespricela1colliergov.net
Waste Water
Data and background information provided by: Collier County Wastewater Department, Jon Pratt,
Manager, North County Water Reclamation Facility, 239-597-5355, ionprattla1colliergov.net
Population Projections
Collier County Comprehensive Planning, MiKe Bosi, Plannmg Manager, 259-252-6819,
MichaeIBosila1co lliergov .net
County Staff Numbers
Ofelia Tallon, Interim Compensation Manager Board of Collier County, 239-252-8715,
Ofe I ia Tallonla1co lliergov .net
EECBG
Background information provided by: Collier County Grant Coordinator, Marlene Foord,
Administrative Services, 239-252-4768, marlenefoordla1colliergov.net
Details on park lighting projects, Vicky Ahmad, Collier County Parks and Recreation,
Vicky Ahmad@colliergov.net and Lewis Gilbert. Musco Lighting, http://www.musco.com/contact.html.
954-629-9235
Details on MMP, Claudine Auclair, Principal Planner, Transportation Planning. Department, 239-252-
8192, ClaudineAuclairla1colliergov.net and Adam Ahmad, CH2M Hill Staff Engineer, Transportation
Business Group, 239-596-1715 Ext: 59222, Adam.Ahmadla1Ch2m.Com
Landfill Gas to Energy Project
Collier County, Dayne Atkinson, Project Manager, Public Utilities Engineering, 239-252-5337,
DavneAtkinsonla1co Iliergov. net
Waste Management, Leslie Wong, Director, Greenhouse Gas Programs, 713.328.7183,
LWongla1wm.com
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Appendix IV: References
XIV
ApPENDIX IV: REFERENCES
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Ground. Philosophical Magazine 41: 237-76.
Beecher, N., 2009 Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Biosolids Management, Biocycle, March
2009
Beever J.W., Gary W., Trescott, D., Utley, J., Cobb, D., Beever, L.B., 2009, Southwest Florida/Charlotte
Harbor Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council
Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program Technical Report 09-2. Available at
htto://www.swfroc.org/contentJABM/VulnerabilitY AssessmentT ACDraft 20090630.odf
Brown, S., 2009, Suddenly Greenhouse Gas Regulations, Biocycle, Vol. 50 Issue 4, P76-79
Cakir, F.Y., Stenstrom, M.K., 2005. Greenhouse Gas Production: A Comparison Between Aerobic and
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CCX, 2009, Chicago Climate Exchange htto://www.chicagoclimatex.com/
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DOE, 2009. See htto:/ /aoos l.eere.energy .gov/states/residential.cfm/state~fl#elec
EDC, 2009, Economic DevelojJment Counci of Collier County, Market Facts. Available at
htto:/ /www.enaolesflorida.com/contentother/ contentotherdetail. asox?ContentID=3 207 &Categorv ID~866
&m=3#Downloads
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EIA, 2009. See htto://www.eia.doe.gov/
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78.odf
Executive Order 07-127. July 13,2007. Florida Governor Crist issued EO 07-127 to establish statewide
GHG emission reduction targets: reaching 2000 levels by 2017, 1990 levels by 2025, and 80 % below
1990 levels by 2050. Details are available from: htto://www.flgov.com/odfs/ordersJ07-127-emissions.odf
FPL, 2009, Kate Donofrio, pers. comm.
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Appendix IV: References
xv
Gillenwater, 2008, Forgotten Carbon: Indirect C02 in Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories,
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usa. org/acti on-center/too Is/I gO-protoco 1- I
ICLEI 2008, Local Government Operations Protocol Version 1.0; Available from http://www.iclei-
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LFGTE Agreement, 2008. Collier County, provided by Dayne Atkinson
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McKinsey, 2009, Unlocking Eenergy Efficency in the U.S. Economy. Available at:
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New York Times, 4-18-2009, http://www.nvtimes.com/2009/041l8/science/earth/I8endanger.html
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sparks-sudden-Iook -at -c1imate-6 51 02 .html
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Appendix IV: References
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RGGI, 2009, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative htto:llwww.rggi.org/home
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UNFCCC, 2009 http://unfccc.int/2860.oho
WCI, 2009, Western Climate Initiative: http://www.westernc1imateinitiative.org/
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