Historical/Archaeological Preservation Board Agenda 12/14/2018
Growth Management Department
Zoning Division
HAPB Cover Letter
November 29, 2018
Ms. Megan McDonald
Certified Local Government (CLG) Coordinator
Bureau of Historic Preservation
R.A. Gray Building
500 South Bronough Street
Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250
RE: Collier County Preservation Board Meeting
Dear Ms. McDonald:
Please be advised that a public meeting for the Collier County Historic and Archaeological
Preservation Board has been scheduled on Friday, December 14, 2018, and will begin at 9:15 a.m.
at the Collier County Growth Management Department – Planning & Regulation, Conference
Room 610, located at 2800 North Horseshoe Drive, Naples Florida
I have attached a copy of the agenda for your reference. A copy of the October 19, 2018 minutes
has been attached for your records. Please note that the 11/16/18 Preservation Board was
canceled.
If you have any questions concerning this meeting, please do not hesitate to call me. My phone
number is 239-252-1035, or you can e-mail me at Timothyfinn@colliergov.net.
Sincerely,
Timothy Finn, AICP, Principal Planner (Historic Preservation Board Liaison)
Planning and Zoning Division - Zoning Services Section
cc: Preservation Board Members (7)
Amanda Townsend
Mike Bosi
Ray Bellows
BCC Office
County Attorney’s Office
AGENDA
COLLIER COUNTY HISTORIC/ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION BOARD WILL MEET AT 9:15
AM, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018 AT THE COLLIER COUNTY GROWTH MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT – DIVISION OF PLANNING & ZONING, CONFERENCE ROOM 610, LOCATED
AT 2800 NORTH HORSESHOE DRIVE, NAPLES, FLORIDA.
NOTE: ANY PERSON WHO DECIDES TO APPEAL A DECISION OF THIS BOARD WILL NEED A
RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS PERTAINING THERETO, AND THEREFORE MAY NEED TO
ENSURE THAT A VERBATIM RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS IS MADE, WHICH RECORD
INCLUDES THE TESTIMONY AND EVIDENCE UPON WHICH THE APPEAL IS TO BE BASED.
Any person in need of a verbatim record of the meeting may request a copy of the audio
recording from the Collier County Growth Management Division Department of
Planning and Zoning.
ALL MATERIAL USED IN PRESENTATIONS BEFORE THE HAPB WILL BECOME A
PERMANENT PART OF THE RECORD. THESE MATERIALS WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR
PRESENTATION TO THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
1. ROLL CALL/ATTENDANCE
2. ADDENDA TO THE AGENDA
3. APPROVAL OF THE AGENDA
4. APPROVAL OF MINUTES: October 19, 2018 (The 11/16/18 meeting was canceled)
5. OLD BUSINESS:
A. Rural Lands SRA – A vote to recommend approval of the SRA subject to a
condition that a Cultural/Archaeological Assessment be provided for all
subsequant development orders.
B. Historic Guide Update – Eugene Erjavec
C. Update to the Historic & Archaeological Probability Maps
D. Horse Creek Estates Historic Marker
6. NEW BUSINESS:
A. Christ Episcopal Church of Immokalee Cemetery
B. CLG Annual Report
C. Updated HAPB Contact List to include George Thompson – Law Category
7. REVIEW OF PROJECT AND ACTIVITY LOG:
8. PUBLIC COMMENTS:
9. HAPB COMMENTS:
10. ADJOURNMENT:
August 17, 2018
1
MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE COLLIER COUNTY
HISTORICAL/ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION BOARD
Naples, Florida, August 17, 2018
LET IT BE REMEMBERED, the Collier County Historical/ Archaeological Preservation
Board in and for the County of Collier, having conducted business herein, met on this date at
9:15 A.M. in REGULAR SESSION at the Collier County Growth Management Division –
Planning and Regulation, Conference Room #610, 2800 North Horseshoe Drive, Naples,
Florida with the following members present:
CHAIRMAN: Eugene Erjavec
VICE CHAIRMAN: Eileen Arsenault
Elizabeth Perdichizzi
Austin Bell
Elaine Reed
Stuart Miller
Sharon Kenny (Excused)
ALSO PRESENT: Ray Bellows, Planning Manager, Zoning Services
Timothy Finn, Principal Planner, GMD
Jessica Velasco, Staff Liaison, GMD
August 17, 2018
2
1. Roll Call/Attendance:
Chairman Erjavec called the meeting to order at 9:18 a.m. Roll call was taken and a quorum was
established.
2. Addenda to Agenda
The following item was added to the Agenda – Seminole Episcopal Mission Church Grave Site to be
incorporated into Item 5B.
3. Approval of Agenda
Ms. Arsenault moved to approve the Agenda subject to the addition as referenced in Item 2. Second
by Ms. Reed. Carried unanimously 6 – 0.
4. Approval of Minutes: June 20, 2018 (the 7/18/18 meeting was cancelled)
Mr. Stuart moved to approve the minutes of the June 20, 2018 meeting subject to the following
changes:
• Page 2, Item 5b, line 1 from “Tin Finn…” to “Tim Finn…”
Second by Ms. Arsenault. Carried unanimously 6 – 0.
5. Old Business
A. Rural Lands SRA Update
Mr. Bellows provided the update on Rural Lands West noting the developer has submitted a final
version of the cultural assessment. The assessment is an overview of the entire project and moving
forward the concept for the landowner to submit project specific information when a site
development plan, plat plan, building permit, etc. is filed with the County. Much of the area has
been previously converted to agricultural land uses.
The Committee requested Staff to distribute a copy of the assessment to the Members and the
name of the consultant who developed the report.
B. Historic Guide Update
Chairman Erjavec reported:
• He contacted Patty Huff who is guiding the effort to incorporate any changes in the guide. A
review of the Everglade City area is required due to the damage sustained during Hurricane
Irma.
• She intends to have the endeavor completed by the Fall. The Committee will review the
proposed guide before it is sent out for printing.
• This edition will be the third publication and the existing guide is out of stock but available
on line.
• The Naples Historical District Boundaries will be included in the publication and further
investigation is required to determine if the Seminole Church grave sites in Immokalee
should be incorporated as well.
C. Set HAPB Meeting Update
The Committee discussed the feasibility of changing the meeting date from Wednesdays to another
day given the City of Naples conducts public business on this day.
August 17, 2018
3
Ms. Reed moved for the Committee to begin meeting on the 3rd Friday of the month at 9:15 a.m.
Second by Ms. Perdichizzi. Carried unanimously 6 – 0.
6. New Business
A. Discuss the Reappointment of Eugene Erjavec, Elaine Reed and Sharon Kenny to the HAPB
Mr. Bellows reported Eugene Erjavec and Elaine Reed have filed the necessary applications to be
considered for reappointment to the Committee. Ms. Kenny did not file an application as she may
not be eligible for serving on the Committee as she has reached the limitation of 2 consecutive 3 year
terms.
Ms. Arsenault moved to recommend the Board of County Commissioners appoint Eugene Erjavec
and Elaine Reed to the Historical & Architectural Preservation Board. Second by Mr. Bell.
Carried unanimously 6 – 0.
The Committee requested Staff to forward them a copy of the requirements for term limits,
categories required for service, current Board Members term of expiration, etc. for their
information.
B. Historical & Archaeological Probability Map Funding
Mr. Bellows requested the Board consider endorsing the concept of Staff, with assistance from the
Committee undertaking the necessary measures to update the map. The Land Development Code
requires the document be updated every 5 years and the task can be completed “in house.”
During Committee discussion, the following was noted:
• Staff should clarify local, statutory, etc. guidelines required for the mapping and provide their
findings to the Committee.
• The map has been digitized and made available to Staff only for security purposes given the
sensitive nature of some of the sites.
• There are funds available for the activity and the maps are related solely to unincorporated
Collier County however areas in the City’s may be added for information purposes at the
County’s discretion.
• The City of Marco Island, at this point, has not entered into any Interlocal agreements with the
County on historical preservation, however sites in the City may be identified on the map for
information purposes.
• The goal is to ensure the mapping is a user friendly system.
Chairman Erjavec moved for the County to undertake the necessary measures to update the
Historical & Archaeological Probability Map as proposed by Staff. Second by Ms. Perdichizzi.
Carried unanimously 6 – 0.
Staff to clarify the requirements for the update and develop the schedule and timeline for the
activity for discussion at the next meeting.
6. Review of Project and Activity Log
The Committee reviewed the “Collier County Archeological and Preservation Board Project Activity
Tracking Log (Revised 8/17/18)” with the following noted:
#2 – Interlocal Agreement with the City of Marco Island – The project is on hold however it was noted
it would be beneficial to locate any necessary sites on the GIS map during the update and present
August 17, 2018
4
the information at a City Council meeting under a public comment period to educate the Council
and public on the benefits of a program.
#4 - Indian Hill Site on Marco Island – the owner has chosen to list the property for sale.
#5 – Update the H/A Probability Maps – add the GIS mapping to the description.
7. Public Comment
None
7. HAPB Comments
Discussion occurred on the responsibility of owners of sites and demolition of the buildings with Staff
noting if the site is identified it is subject to regulations however a decision can be appealed to the Board
of County Commissioners for a final determination. It was noted the City of Naples requires a 6 month
“stay” in the demolition to determine if other opportunities are available.
Ms. Reed provided an update on the Naples Historical Society’s and City of Naples adopting a local
program noting the Society has informed the Mayor and City Council they are no longer pursuing the
option and utilizing any programs available through the State of Florida. One concept is to work with
owners whenever possible given 7 structures have been demolished in the last 18 months.
There being no further business for the good of the County, the meeting was adjourned at 10:29
A.M.
HISTORICAL/ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION BOARD
__________________________________
Chairman, Eugene Erjavec
These meeting notes approved by the Board/Committee on ___________________as presented _______or
as amended__________.
COLLIER COUNTY HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION BOARD
PROJECT NAME:
ACTIVE ITEMS
1 Rural Lands West SRA PL201500
01335 SRA 1/19/16 02/17/16 Pending Pending Pending Pending Pending Staff is reviewing the draft the revised SRA Application -
Update scheduled for 6-20-18
2 Interlocal Agreement with the
City of Marco Island N/A N/A 6/8/11 Pending Pending Pending Pending ON HOLD On Hold
3 Old Marco Inn Certificate of
Appropriateness (COA)18-01 COA 1/17/18 04/18/18 Pending N/A N/A 4/18/18 N/A Vote on the COA to approve plans to remodel the inn. Site
Visit was held on 3-21-18
4 Indian Hill Site on Marco Island N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
The HAPB indicated that this site is a good example of why
an interlocal agreement would be helpful. The owner has
now listed the property for sale.
5 Update the H/A Probability
Maps N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Pending Pending The County GIS staff will add new sites from the Florida
Master Site File to the Probability Maps.
6 Historic Guide 2018 Update N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Patty Huff is revising the guide.
7 Horse Creek Estates Historic
Marker & Designation N/A HD N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
10/19/01
2/15/12
9/18/13
N/A
Amanda Townsend will check to see if the County Museum
can provide an updated historic marker.
COMPLETED PROJECTS
1 Historic Guide N/A N/A Done Done Done Done Done 12/19/12 N/A Completed; Distributing Copies from the second printing
2 Pepper Ranch Hunting Lodge
PL-
20160000
438
HD N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1/20/16 12/12/17
The HABB recommended approval of the historic
designation application. The BCC designated the structure
historic with the adoption of Resolution 17-248
3 The Bula Mission AR-2008-
12981 HD 2/29/08 3/14/08 3/15/08 N/A N/A 11/21/07 5/13/08
The BCC approved Resolution No: 08-139. The HAPB
subsequently issued a COA to demolish the structure since
it was deemed unsafe. The mission was demolished in
2011.
4 JT's Island Store AR-2008-
12980 HD 2/29/08 3/14/08 3/15/08 N/A N/A 11/21/07 5/13/08 The BCC approved Resolution No: 08-138
5 Nehrling's Tropical Garden AR-2007-
11828 HD 6/5/07 6/19/07 9/19/2007 N/A N/A 3/21/07 10/28/08 The BCC approved Resolution No: 08-317
6 Hart Cottage on Keewaydin
Island [Fascher House]
AR-2006-
10449
HD
COA 9/7/06 9/21/06 9/22/2006 4/18/2007 5/2/2007 11/15/06
7/18/12 6/12/07
The BCC approved Resolution No: 07-150; The HAPB
voted to approve a COA allowing the owner to demolish the
subject condemed historic structure.
PROJECT & ACTIVITY TRACKING LOG (Revised on 10/7/18 )
PETITION
NUMBER
PETITION
TYPE
ACCEPTED
DATE
REVIEW
DUE DATE
COMMENT
LETTER SENT RESUB DATE SECOND
REVIEW BCC DATE HAPB/STAFF COMMENTS
HAPB
HEARING
DATES
REVISED ON:11-5-16
COLLIER COUNTY HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION BOARD
7 North Naples Country Club AR-2003-
4796 HD 2/29/03 3/29/03 3/29/03 4/6/2003 4/16/2003 4/16/03 5/21/03 The HAPB voted 4 to 0 to reject the application for Historic
Designation
8 Robert's Ranch (Tract D)AR-2001-
0404 HD 1/19/01 5/8/01 The BCC approved Resolution No: 01-180
9 Stewards of Heritage Award N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A The Florida Archaeological Council award to HAPB
10 Old Marco Inn HD-98-1 HD 2/10/1998 3/10/98 3/10/1998 N/A N/A 4/17/98 8/10/98 The City of Marco Island approved Resolution Number: 98-
24.
11
Morris Property - 151
Smallwood Drive (Initiated by
the HAPB)
HD-97-02 HD 05/29/97 6/20/97 9/22/97 N/A N/A 10/24/97 1/27/98
The BCC denied the request by the HAPB to designate an
archaeological shell work as locally significant because the
site was previously impacted by development and the
property opposed designation.
12 Roberts Ranch (Tract E)HD-97-01 HD 06/02/97 7/2/97 7/3/97 N/A N/A 5/9/97 9/16/97 The BCC approved Resolution No: 97-358
13 Captain John Horr's Residence HD-95-1 HD 2/10/95 3/13/95 3/13/95 10/3/1995 11/3/1995 3/13/95 1/16/96 The BCC approved Resolution No: 96-20. The site was also
placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
14 Ochopee Post Office HD-94-1 HD 6/16/94 7/16/94 7/20/94 N/A N/A 8/17/94 9/27/94 The BCC approved Resolution Number: 94-706
14 Rosemary Cemetery HD-93-3 HD 11/8/93 11/23/93 11/23/93 N/A N/A 9/10/93 12/21/93 The BCC approved Resolution Number: 93-614
15 Margood Park Historic
Designation
AR-2006-
10679 HD 10/18/06 11/15/06 12/20/06 1/17/2007 2/28/2007 6/18/14 1/13/15 The BCC designated as an historic site with the adoption of
Resolution Number: 2015-15
16 Ted Smallwood's Store HD-93-2 HD 6/22/93 7/15/93 8/4/93 N/A N/A 8/13/93 9/13/93 The BCC approved Resolution Number: 93-387
17 Weaver's Station HD-93-1 HD 9/10/93 9/15/93 5/15/93 N/A N/A 5/25/93 6/8/93
The BCC approved Resolution Number 93-230; A COA was
approved to allow a museum addition but the structure was
destroyed by Hurricane Andrew.
18
318 Mamie Street Historic
Designation (Initiated by the
HAPB)
N/A HD
HAPB
Notice
Letter
N/A N/A N/A N/A 5/20/15 N/A
The HAPB voted not to recommend that the subject
property be designated since the property owner opposed
the designation and because the site was previously
impacted by development. The applicant has been informed
of this decision.
19 Add H/A Probability Maps to
the County's GIS N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3/19/14 N/A The H/A Probability Map data has been added to the GIS
database for staff use.
REVISED ON:11-5-16
Name Home Phone
Appt'd Exp. Date Term
DateRe-appt 2ndExpDate 2nd Term
Work Phone
Historical/Archaeological Preservation Board
10/26/04 10/01/07
12/13/16 10/01/19
3 Years
1200 Butterfly Court
Citizen-At-Large
1
3 Years
District:
Category:
Ms. Elizabeth M. Perdichizzi
Marco Island, FL 34145
394-6717
E-Mail:betsyperd@comcast.net
03/27/18 10/01/19 1.5 Years
1175 Mainsail Dr., Unit 704
History
1District:
Category:
Mr. Austin J. Bell
Naples, FL 34114
(605) 366-4048
( ) 389-6447
E-Mail:curator@themihs.org
04/11/17 10/01/18
10/09/18 10/01/21
1.5 Years
178 Vintage Circle #201
History
3
3 Years
District:
Category:
Ms. Elaine L. Reed
Naples, FL 34119
( ) 352-9526
( ) 261-8164
E-Mail:ereed@napleshistoricalsociety.org
12/13/16 10/01/17
01/23/18 10/01/20
10 mos.
6510 Sable Ridge Lane
Real Estate
2
3 Years
District:
Category:
Mr. Stuart W. Miller
Naples, FL 34109
( ) 776-8770
E-Mail:smiller@johnrwood.com
05/12/15 10/01/18
10/09/18 10/01/21
3+ Years
601 Tigertail Ct.
Citizen-At-Large
1
3 Years
District:
Category:
Mr. Eugene V. Erjavec, Jr.
Marco Island, FL 34145
( ) 777-5272
E-Mail:gnerjavec@aol.com
Friday, November 16, 2018 Page 1 of 3
Name Home Phone
Appt'd Exp. Date Term
DateRe-appt 2ndExpDate 2nd Term
Work Phone
Historical/Archaeological Preservation Board
11/13/18 10/01/21 3 Years
1127 Vernon Pl.
Law
1District:
Category:
Mr. George Gunnar Thompson
Marco Island, FL 34145
(419) 265-2593
E-Mail:leslee.anette@gmail.com
03/10/15 10/01/17
11/14/17 10/01/20
2.5 Years
1188 Gordon Dr.
Archaeology
4
3 Years
District:
Category:
Ms. Eileen B. Arsenault
Naples, FL 34102
( ) 261-1978
( ) 263-1214
E-Mail:dollfin85@comcast.net
Friday, November 16, 2018 Page 2 of 3
Name Home Phone
Appt'd Exp. Date Term
DateRe-appt 2ndExpDate 2nd Term
Work Phone
Historical/Archaeological Preservation Board
This 7 member committee was created by Ord. No. 91-70, and repealed and amended by LDC
Div. 1.22.1 Ord. No. 91-102. This board is vested with the power, authority, and jurisdiction to
designate, regulate, and administer historical and archaeological resources in Collier County,
under the direct jurisdiction and control of the Board of County Commissioners. Membership is
composed of 7 members from the following categories: a. history; b. archaeology; c. Real Estate,
land development, or finance; d. architecture; e. law or urban planning; and f. 2 citizens at large.
Terms are 3 years.
cc: Tim Finn
Ray Bellows: 252-2463Staff:
FL STAT:
Friday, November 16, 2018 Page 3 of 3
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF
THE TWIN EAGLES PARCEL
COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA
AHC TECNICAL REPORT NO. 1189
MAY 2018
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSERVANCY, INC.
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AHC PROJECT NO. 2018.92
AHC TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1189
MAY 2018
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSERVANCY, INC.
4800 SW 64th Avenue, Suite 107
Davie, Florida 33314
954-792-9776
archlgcl@bellsouth.net
By:
Robert S. Carr, M.S.
John Beriault, B.A.
John Crump, B. A.
For:
NAPLES ASSOCIATES IV, LLLP
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF
THE TWIN EAGLES PARCEL
COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA
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Packet Pg. 421 Attachment: Addenda to the Agenda Pt. 1 (7678 : Historical/Archeological Preservation Board - December 14, 2018)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ii
Consultant Summary 1
Project Setting 4
Previous Research 9
Cultural Summary 16
Methodology 26
Summary of Sites 29
Results and Recommendations 52
References Cited 55
Appendix I: Field Specimen Log 65
Appendix II: Survey Log Sheet 68
Appendix III: Florida Site Forms 72
i
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. USGS map of the Twin Eagles parcel area 2
2. 1963 black and white aerial photograph of the project area with modern
parcel boundaries superimposed 6
3. 2014 aerial photograph of the project parcel with archaeological sites
depicted 7
4. 2017 aerial photograph of the project parcel with remaining and destroyed
archaeological sites depicted 8
5. USGS map showing all previously recorded sites within one mile of the
project parcel 15
6. USGS map of the project parcel showing the location of archaeological
sites documented in 2003-2005 28
7. Map of the Twinberry Site, 8CR830, depicting shovel tests 30
8. Contour map of the Colyott Site, 8CR831, showing shovel tests 32
9. Contour map of the Centipede Site, 8CR832, showing placement
of shovel tests 34
10. Contour map of the Camphorwood Grove site, 8CR833, and the Coppice
Site, 8CR835 36
11. Contour map of the Psychotria site, 8CR834, showing shovel tests 38
12. Contour map of the Great Circles Mound, 8CR836, showing shovel tests 41
13. Map of the Serenoa site, 8CR837 43
14. Map of the East Midden, 8CR1097 45
15. Map of the Godwin site, northern component, 8CR841 47
16. Area of former Coppice site 8CR830 and Colyott site 8CR831 looking north 48
17. Centipede site 8CR832 (hammock island) looking east 48
18. Centipede site 8CR832 looking northeast at mechanical excavation into
site edge beyond silt fence 49
19. Godwin site 8CR841 looking east 49
ii
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iii
20. Area of Great Circles site 8CR836 looking north 50
21. Area of 8CR836 looking west. Stakes depict site boundaries 50
22. Serenoa site 8CR837 looking south 51
23. East Midden 8CR1097 looking north 51
24. USGS map of the project parcel showing the location of archaeological
sites remaining after the parcel was cleared in 2016-2018 54
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CONSULTANT SUMMARY
From May 3 through May 23, 2018, the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc.
(AHC) conducted a re-assessment for Naples Associates IV, LLLP of the Twin Eagles
parcel located south of County Road 846 (Immokalee Road) in northeastern Collier
County. The 224.8-hectare (562-acre) parcel was surveyed to assess sites of
archaeological and/or historical significance that had been previously assessed on the
parcel.
This cultural resource assessment was conducted to fulfill historic resource requirements
in response to Florida Statutes, Chapters 267 and 373, and in accordance with Section
106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665), as amended
in 1992, and 36 C.F.R., Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. The work and the
report conform to the specifications set forth in Chapter IA-46, Florida Administrative
Code.
From November 2004 through January 2005, AHC conducted a Phase I cultural resource
assessment of the project parcel identifying ten archaeological sites (8CR830, 8CR831,
8CR832, 8CR833, 8CR834, 8CR835, 8CR836, 8CR837, 8CR1097 (formerly 8CR838),
and 8CR841). In December 2004 through October 2005 AHC conducted a Phase II
archaeological assessment of four of those sites (8CR831, 832, 834, and 836). In June,
2013, AHC archaeologists revisited the parcel and assessed the current condition of the
parcel’s archaeological sites.
The project parcel encompasses parts of Sections 29, 30, 31 and 32 in Township 48S,
Range 27E (Figure 1). In 2004-2006 the parcel encompassed uncleared woodland with a
few cleared areas (Figure 3). The project area is hydric to mesic woodland vegetated in
slash pine/saw palmetto communities, hardwood oak hammocks, and a cypress slough
that traverses part of the north and central part of the parcel.
It was determined that the parcel’s high-ground areas closest to wetlands (such as ponds,
sloughs, and cypress heads) were medium to high probability zones (MPZ/HPZ) for
containing archaeological sites (AHC 2006, 2013). Thirty-six MPZs and HPZs were
assigned during the initial Phase I assessment. Many of these were hardwood hammocks
and tree islands identified on aerial photographs and subsequently ground-truthed; others
were observed during the pedestrian survey and transect testing.
In addition to judgmental testing and systematic testing of the MPZ/HPZs additional
shovel tests were dug along 21 transects. These transects largely sampled low probability
zones (LPZ). A total of 222 shovel tests (50 cm2) were dug across the parcel resulting in
the documentation of the ten archaeological sites. Eight of these sites represent habitation
and/or black earth middens and two (8CR836 and 8CR837) are sand burial mounds. In
The consultant concluded that all ten sites are at least of local significance and were
potentially eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and
that these sites should be preserved as green space in any future development, that
1
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additional documentation would be required for any sites where preservation was not
feasible, and that all clearing within 100 feet of a site should be subject to monitoring by
an archaeologist.
At the conclusion of the Phase I assessment in 2004-2005, a Phase II assessment of sites
8CR831, 832, 834, and 836 was conducted (Beriault et al. 2005). It was the consultant’s
opinion that 8CR831 and 8CR832 were eligible for listing in the NRHP; however,
8CR834 was an artifact scatter and was not considered eligible, and there was insufficient
information to evaluate the significance of 8CR836 which was recommended to be
avoided due to the likelihood that it was a burial mound. The Phase II assessment report
was not submitted by the property owner to reviewing agencies.
In 2010, the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) reviewed the Phase I report
(survey #17294) without the benefit of the Phase II assessment and evaluated all ten sites
as having insufficient information for determination of eligibility for listing in the NRHP.
In June, 2013, a field assessment was conducted of the project parcel for a new owner,
Naples Associates IV, LLLP, of the parcel confirming that all ten sites were intact and
unaltered since the 2004-2005 assessments. In 2013 the new owner proposed to preserve
all ten archaeological sites. That report was not submitted for agency review.
In May, 2018, Naples Associates IV, LLLP, owner of the parcel since 2013, informed the
consultant that clearing of the parcel had been conducted, and that some archaeological
sites may have been destroyed or adversely impacted and requested a reassessment of the
parcel. This assessment was undertaken in order to determine their current condition.
As a result, it was determined that four of the ten sites had been destroyed. These include
three middens, 8CR830, 8CR831, 8CR834, and one likely sand burial mound, 8CR836.
A fifth site, 8CR835, was severely damaged but intact basal deposits were observed. Sites
8CR832, 833, 837, 841, and 1097 were determined to be intact and in similar overall
condition as observed in 2013.
It is recommended that sites 88CR832, 8CR833, 8CR837, 8CR841 and 8CR1097 be
preserved. The basal remnants of 8CR835 should be subject to Phase II testing to
document remnants of the site as mitigation of extensive impacts to the site. Each site
should be protected with a fence prior to any additional clearing or ground disturbing
activities, and the fence placement and location should be monitored and confirmed by
the consultant archaeologist.
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PROJECT SETTING
The project parcel is located in parts of Sections 29, 30, 31 and 32 in Township 48S,
Range 27E immediately south of County Road 846 (Immokalee Road) in northeastern
Collier County (Figure 1) about 12 miles east of the coastline. The 224.8-hectare (562-
acre) project area is a polygon in shape with sides more or less oriented to the cardinal
points. The project parcel is bordered by County Road 846 on the north and on the other
sides by cleared fields, residences, and undeveloped woodland. The relevant USGS maps
are Corkscrew SW and Belle Meade NW.
Prior to clearing, the parcel encompassed natural areas of saw palmetto, slash pine
flatwoods, hardwood hammocks, and marsh ponds and cypress sloughs. Most of the
parcel has been subject to clearing and grading. The immediate region is low-lying to
moderately elevated (10-15 feet above sea level).
Historically, much of this area was southern slash pine/saw palmetto flatwoods and low
pond cypress forests, linear cypress sloughs, and cypress dome/ponds. In the project area
are numerous emerging cabbage palm hammock “islands” covering several hundred
acres, part of what was historically called the Curry Island system. Bird Rookery Slough
drained to the north and west of the project parcel. To the south the drainage patterns
were southwesterly through a series of cypress sloughs. To the west between the coast
and the interior were a series of linear sand hills that were remnant Pleistocene marine
terraces shaped by subsequent wind activity. There is also the ever-increasing presence
throughout the tracts of invasive exotic plants such as meleleauca (meleleauca
quinquenervia) and Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius). In many areas the
presence of these exotics exceeds 50% of the vegetative biomass.
The vegetative community that dominated the parcel prior to clearing was cabbage palm
(Sabal palmetto) hammock with several deep marshes containing a few cypress
(Taxodium distichum) and a community of succulent marsh plants such as fire flag
(Thalia geniculata), arrowhead (Sagittaria spp.), and pickerelweed (Pontederia
lanceolata). Small stands or groves of pop ash (Fraxinus caroliniana) and buttonbush
(Cephalthanthus occidentalis) provide a woody midstory growth along marsh edges. In
the cabbage palm hammocks are remnants (both alive and dead) of large slash pines
(Pinus elliotii var. densa). In portions of the parcel were large strand systems of bald
cypress and pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens). In the southern portion of the subject
parcel the cabbage palms were in dense, low canopy formations.
Toward the north and western areas of the tract the cabbage palms formed a dense and
mature hammock with a canopy height of as much as 40+ feet. It is in these hammocks
abutting several marsh ponds that three of the eight sites were discovered. These discrete
higher ground areas contained myrsine, wild coffee, camphorwood (Myriacanthes
fragrans), and hackberry (Celtis laevigata). Often these areas are in close proximity to a
seasonal water source such as marsh ponds or cypress solution dome features. It was
found during the initial assessment that the portions of these areas with groves or
coppices of camphorwood and hackberry were associated with black dirt middens.
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The geology of Collier County is characterized by fine-grained wind and wave born
sands overlying shelly marls. Most of the surfacial sands are characterized in the
Collier County Soil Survey as “hydric, level, poorly drained” and are fine-grained wind
and water-born deposits from the late Pleistocene/early Holocene. The Immokalee Road
South Parcel contains six soil types (Figure 4). Most of these are characterized as fine,
poorly drained sand or sandy loams. Many of these occur in the area as formations on
moderately elevated ground; others are depressional and are located in the ponds, sloughs
and cypress heads of the parcel.
Among the soils present on the subject parcel are: Riviera, limestone substratum-
Copeland fine sands; Hallandale fine sand; Riviera fine sand, limestone substratum; Fort
Drum and Malabar, high, fine sands; Boca fine sand; and Hallandale and Boca fine sands
(Figure 4). Gray and tan sands found extensively in the district usually overlie relict
marine deposits of shelly marl and marly limestone caprock that are part of Pleistocene
formations. Many of these formations are linked to the Caloosahatchee / Fort Thompson /
Coffee Mill Hammock series.
Marine marls contain lenses and deposits of clay intermixed with varying percentages of
sand. These clays may have been a source for ceramic manufacture by the Formative
period Native Americans. Mantling the Pleistocene sands are windblown deposits of
gray sands of varying depths. Areas of the parcel contain tan and gray sand surfacial
zones overlying a dense brown sand spodic horizon (often referred to as “hardpan”).
This formation is a zone of organic leaching accumulation. Occasionally, harder
“nuggets” or nodules of an iron oxide precipitate will be found in this zone, which is
sometimes a basal archaeological zone.
Limestone caprock can contain the index fossil bivalve, Chione cancellata, in quantity.
Many higher ground formations in the area appear to be bedrock unconformities that
consist of fully exposed tabular slabs of limestone caprock containing numerous rounded
solution holes.
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PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Southwest Florida has been a focus of archaeological investigations since the 1880s,
although much of the early work was directed toward the recovery of museum quality
artifacts rather than understanding cultural processes. Griffin (1988:48-50) discussed
some of the very early references to archaeological sites in South Florida. He noted that
these early reports were mostly casual observations, and few appear to refer to southwest
Florida, but rather refer to the southeast and Key West areas.
Kenworthy’s (1883) informal report on shell mounds and ancient canals was one of the
first reports on southwest Florida archaeological sites. At about the same time as
Kenworthy’s investigations, Simons (1884) gave a narrative account of some of the very
large coastal shell middens, and Douglass (1885) provided further information about
prehistoric canals (although he did not accept that they were prehistoric). One account
described a canal near Gordon’s Pass that is probably the Naples Canal (8CR59), and
another further north may be the Pineland Canal. Douglass’ diaries record excavations of
a post-contact era site (8CR41) on Horrs Island, as evidenced by the presence of
European artifacts (Griffin 1988:50-51). Douglass visited Lostman’s River and other
areas in the Ten Thousand Island area including Horrs Island (1890).
In 1895 Durnford reported that cordage and other artifacts were recovered from a
mangrove muck pond on Marco Island (8CR49). The material was shown to Cushing,
who mounted a major project to recover more material from the site. Cushing (1897)
reported recovering wood and other perishable artifacts from the muck pond on Marco
Island, adjacent to a large shell works and midden village site. Publication of illustrations
of the spectacular finds generated a great deal of subsequent interest. Wells M. Sawyer, a
young artist accompanying the expedition, produced an excellent and presumably
accurate contour map for the entire Key Marco Shell Midden. This map is valuable to
present-day efforts in understanding many of the now obliterated features and
interpreting (reconstructing) the “architecture” of the shell midden. Widmer (1983) notes
that Cushing also focused attention on the nonagricultural chiefdom level of social
organization supported by the rich estuary and marine resources, although his
anthropological observations have remained overshadowed by the wealth of artifacts.
Moore (1900, 1905, 1907) investigated a number of sites along the Collier/Lee County
coast, apparently attempting to find material comparable to Cushing’s finds. Although
Moore provided information about site locations and general contents, most of his work
was extremely crude and uncontrolled, by both contemporary archaeological standards,
and by modern standards.
The first attempt to systematically survey and investigate archaeological sites was
initiated by Ales Hrdliĉka, who visited a number of sites along the coast and tidal
mangrove estuaries in 1918, focusing on the Ten Thousand Island region (Hrdliĉka
1922). Hrdliĉka noted that southwest Florida was a distinct region within south Florida
and made an attempt to type sites by function.
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Matthew Stirling’s (1931, 1933) excavation of a burial mound on Horrs Island represents
one of the first controlled excavations in Collier/Lee Counties (although he attempted
stratigraphic control, Cushing had little success in his wet site excavation). The site was
named the Blue Hill Mound, but it is not recorded under that name in the FMSF (either as
a primary or secondary name), so it is unclear exactly which site he excavated, although
it was probably site 8CR41 (McMichaels 1982). These reports by Stirling are
preliminary, and apparently neither a final report nor a skeletal analysis has been
published.
John M. Goggin was the first to define a south Florida cultural area (Glades Area), and
describe south Florida ceramics (Glades ware), establishing a basis for later
archaeological work. He published an analysis of the ceramic sequence in south Florida
(Goggin 1939, 1940). In later reports (Goggin 1947, 1949a, 1949b), he formulated a basic
framework of cultural areas and chronologies that is still current (although modifications
with additional data have been made, see further discussion below). Goggin (1949b)
summarized much of this information in an unpublished manuscript, which Griffin
(1988) thoroughly described.
In passing, one unfortunate aspect of Goggin’s work was a dependence on informant
information for location of sites (especially interior sites) and he had a real concern that
existing sites would be looted. This concern resulted in his either deliberately or
incidentally reporting vague locational data for many sites. Some of these sites have
never been satisfactorily relocated, although a few have undoubtedly been re-recorded by
later investigators.
For several decades, much of the subsequent archaeological investigations in the region
took place in Lee and Charlotte Counties, especially in the Cape Haze, Charlotte Harbor
and Pine Island areas. It is rumored that Goggin had a “gentleman’s agreement” with
many of the other leading practicing Florida archaeologists of the time that the South
Florida area was his exclusive province to investigate. If this rumor is correct, it might
explain the neglect shown the southwest Florida area in the archaeological arena from the
end of World War II to Goggin’s death in 1964.
In 1956, Sears reported on a large village and mound complex at the mouth of Turner
River on Chokoloskee Bay south of Marco Island, and in 1967 he reported on the results
of a survey of the Cape Coral area (Sears 1956, 1957). Laxson (1966) reported on
excavations at Turner River Jungle Garden site, which is upriver from the Turner River
site, although these have been confused in recent accounts.
Van Beck and Van Beck (1965) excavated three small test pits on Marco Island (at the
Marco midden, 8CR48) associated with the Cushing site (8CR49). The resulting
publication of this work was some of the first reported scientific archaeological work to
come from the southwest Florida area in nearly twenty years (Van Beck and Van Beck,
1965).
In 1967 through 1969, Marco Island was extensively surveyed and a few sites were tested
through excavation by Cockrell, Morrell, and others (Morrell 1969). No complete site
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preport was ever published, although an unpublished and incomplete manuscript is
available. Some of these sites were discussed in Cockrell’s master’s thesis (1970).
Widmer performed a survey of Big Key, John Stevens Creek, Barfield Bay, Blue Hill
Bay, and Collier Bay, which are proximal to Marco Island (Widmer 1974). Widmer
eventually utilized his southwest coast experience to write a doctoral dissertation on the
Calusa that not only remains the definitive work on that group, but also explored the
relationship between subsistence adaptation and cultural evolution (Widmer, 1983).
In Lee County, Arlene Fradkin and other investigators from the University of Florida
began an ongoing involvement with the Pine Island Sound/Sanibel Island area in the
1970s. Her first investigations were at the Wightman site on northern Sanibel Island
(Fradkin 1976).
Several archaeologists excavated at Horrs Island in the 1980s. McMichaels (1982)
reviewed sites on Horrs Island in a Master’s thesis. In 1983, Marquardt began a series of
investigations at Josslyn Key, Useppa Island, Pineland, Buck Key, Galt Island in Lee
County, and at Big Mound Key in Charlotte County (Marquardt 1984, 1987, 1988, 1992).
Marquardt and Russo have investigated Horrs Island in Collier County. A number of the
large shell midden village sites they excavated appear to be late Archaic, and they expect
to document a more elaborate social organization at these sites and larger sedentary or
semi-sedentary population sizes than previously known for that period (Russo 1990, and
pers. comm.).
Most of these studies focused on the coastal sites, as have subsequent summaries and
discussions. Recent work on the interior has made significant advances in documenting
the extent and intensity of inland resources, especially in the Big Cypress and Everglades
parks (Ehrenhard et al. 1978, 1979; Ehrenhard and Taylor 1980; Ehrenhard et al. 1980;
Taylor and Komara 1983; Taylor, 1984, 1985). Griffin’s (1988) synthesis of the
Everglades Park data is the defining work on south Florida archaeology to date. Athens
(1983) summarized some of the results of the Big Cypress survey, but more analysis of
this data resource is needed.
Beriault and colleagues (1981) reported on salvage excavations at Bay West Nursery
(8CR200). Their description of the site includes a well known but rare and infrequently
documented Early and Middle Archaic use of ponds for cemeteries.
In 1995, Widmer and Story began an ongoing investigation at the Key Marco Midden
(Widmer 1996). In the first season they excavated with the help of graduate students and
volunteers. The results of their work have appeared in the Florida Anthropologist.
In the last two decades the pressure of development as well as a recognized need for
preservation or mitigation of prehistoric sites has led to a number of reports by
commercial cultural resource management consultants. While most of these reports are
limited in scope due to restriction to a small tract of land, many have produced useful
summaries of regional archaeological, as well as insightful analysis of the relationship
between site types and location and ecotypes (Almy and Deming 1982, 1986a, 1986b,
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1986c, 1987, Austin 1987, Carr and Allerton 1988a, 1988b, Deming and Almy 1987,
1988, Fay and Carr 1990, Fuhrmeister et al. 1990, Martinez 1977, Miller and Fryman
1978, Swift and Carr 1989).
Arthur W. Lee, John Beriault and others in the Southwest Florida Archaeological Society
(SWFAS) have recorded and investigated a large number of archaeological sites in
Collier and Lee Counties. It is an ongoing effort of the Society to publish and disseminate
reports and manuscripts (Lee et al. 1993, 1997, 1998, Beriault 1973, 1982, 1986, 1987,
Beriault and Strader 1984). Many of these reports deal with small interior seasonal sites.
In addition, Beriault has provided several unpublished manuscripts as to site types and
areas (Beriault 1972 1987).
In 1997, SWFAS excavated the Goodland Point Midden on the east end of Marco Island.
In 1995 and 1998, this same group of avocationalists worked with Dr. Widmer on two
locations at the Key Marco Shell Midden. Most recently in 1999, the group has worked
with the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy (AHC) in the recovery of material
during scientific excavations at the Olde Marco Inn, the Barnes House property, the
Seaman House Lot, and the Sunset Builders Lot, which are all located at the Key Marco
Shell Midden (8CR48) at the north end of Marco Island.
RECENT PREVIOUS RESEARCH – IMMOKALEE ROAD AREA
In January to May 1980 the Southwest Florida Archaeological Society (SWFAS)
conducted salvage work at the Bay West Mortuary Pond Site (8CR200) which is located
about three miles from the subject parcel. In 1989, SWFAS conducted controlled test
excavations at the Mulberry Midden (8CR697) located six miles west of the subject
parcel.
The Archaeological and Historical Conservancy has documented numerous sites near
Immokalee Road. These sites include Eagles Nest during a Phase I and a Phase II survey
in 1994 (Carr, Steele, and Davis 1994a and 1994b). Nine prehistoric sites, including four
probable burial mounds were discovered and surveyed. In 1998 and 1999 AHC found
two sites south of this grouping and located a suspected seasonal campsite, the Persea
Hope Site (8CR797), 4.5 miles north of the road corridor.
Other work done within a mile of the project parcel includes general historic and
archaeological surveys and inventories (Florida Preservation Services 1986), individual
parcels (Carr and Davis 1994; Almy 1997; Archaeological Consultants 2005; Carty 2005;
Altes 2006; Beriault 2005, 2006, 2013a, 2013b ), Utility and Road Surveys and
Improvements (Beriault 2001, 2004, 2013c; Janus Research 2005), and celltower
placements (Sims 2005a, 2005b).
LITERATURE REVIEW
A search was requested on 5/7/18 with the Florida Division of Historic Resources for
archives and literature associated with the project area. This included site forms and
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cultural resource assessment reports from the Master Site File in Tallahassee of
previously recorded archaeological sites and surveys within the project parcel and within
one mile of the parcel (Table 1).
Table 1. Literature Review Summary
Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites: 17
Within Project Parcel 10
Within One Mile of Project Parcel 7
Previous Assessments: 16
Within Project Parcel 1 (Beriault 2006)
Within One Mile of Project Parcel 15
A review of Florida site files determined that seventeen previously recorded
archaeological sites occur within the project or within a mile of the project (Table 2).
Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites Summary1
Site No. Site Name Site Type References In Survey
Parcel
Outside of
Parcel
8CR755 Piper #1 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR759 Piper #5 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR760 Piper #6 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR761 Piper #7 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR763 Piper #9 Prehistoric Midden Carr and Davis
1994 X
8CR827 Little Rowdy Swamp
Midden Prehistoric Midden Bertone 1997;
Beriault 2009 X
8CR830 Twinberry Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR831 Colyott Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR832 Centipede Prehistoric
Midden/human burials Beriault 2006 X
8CR833 Camphorwood Grove Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR834 Psychotria Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
Beriault 2006 Coppice Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR836 Great Circles Possible earthwork Beriault 2006 X
8CR837 Serenoa Mound Constructed sand
mound Beriault 2006 X
8CR841 Godwin Site Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR1097 East Midden Prehistoric Midden Beriault 2006 X
8CR1305 Oak Grove Site Lithic scatter Beriault 2013 X
Note: 1Based on sites within or within one mile of the project parcel, standing structures and Resource Groups within 500
feet.
A review of the state report files indicated that sixteen cultural resource assessments were
previously conducted within one mile of The Immokalee Road South/Twin Eagles
project parcel (Table 3).
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Table 3. Previous Cultural Resource Assessments1
Survey
No. Date Author Title In Parcel Out of
Parcel
1108 1986 Florida Preservation
Services
Historical/Architectural Survey of Collier
County, Florida X
3948 1994 Carr, Robert S. and
Davis, Joe
A Phase II Archaeological Survey and
Assessment of the Piper Parcel, Collier County,
Florida
X
4927 1997 Almy, Marion Cultural Resource Assessment Survey, Naples
Mine, Collier County, Florida X
6608 2001 Beriault, John G.
An Archaeological Survey of the County Road
846 (Immokalee Road) Expansion, Collier
Boulevard (CR 951) to Oil Well Road (CR 855),
Collier County, Florida
X
7255 2002 Sims, Cynthia L.
Cultural Resources Evaluation for the Proposed
Golden Gate Boulevard Tower Location in
Collier County, Florida
X
8286 2002 Sims, Cynthia L.
An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the
Proposed North Golden Gate Tower Location in
Collier County, Florida
X
11274 2005 Janus Research, Inc.
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the
FPL Collier-Orange River #3 230 KV
Transmission Line: Segment E, Collier County,
Florida
X
12096 2005 Archaeological
Consultants
Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Living
Word Family Church, Collier County, Florida X
12105 2005 Beriault, John G.
A Phase I Archaeological Survey of the
Vanderbilt Beach Road (CR 862) Extension
Area, Collier County, Florida
X
12192 2006 Carty, Thomas J.
An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the
Caloosa Reserve Project Area in Collier
County, Florida
X
13344 2006 Altes, Christopher
A Phase I Archaeological Assessment of the
Collier County Public Schools Elementary L
Parcel, Collier County, Florida
X
14204 2004 Beriault, John G.
A Phase One Archaeological Assessment of
the North Collier County Regional Water
Treatment Plant Fast Track Water Supply
Wellfield, Collier County, Florida
X
17294 2006 Beriault, John G.
A Phase I Archaeological Assessment of the
Immokalee Road South Parcel, Collier County,
Florida
X
20465 2013 Beriault, John G.
A Cultural Resource Assessment of the Golf
Club of the Everglades Parcel, Collier County,
Florida
X
20106 2013 Beriault, John G.
A Reconnaissance Cultural Resource
Assessment of the Olde Florida Golf Club
Parcel, Collier County, Florida
X
21314 2013 Beriault, John G.
A Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment of the
Tree Farm Road and Drainage Basins, Phase 2
Parcel, Collier County, Florida
Note: 1Based on assessments within one mile of the project parcel.
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CULTURAL SUMMARY
Stirling was the first to distinguish the indigenous prehistoric cultures of southern Florida
in 1936 by defining a Glades cultural area, including all of south Florida (Carr et al.
1994b:9; Milanich 1994:5-6). Griffin (1988) pointed out that this was not formulated as a
strict cultural area, but it was rather a geographic region with some common cultural
traits. Kroeber (1939), in a review of North American prehistory, utilized a slightly
different term, the “South Florida Area,” basing his definition on both environmental and
cultural factors. Subsequently Goggin delineated more particular boundaries for southern
Florida and divided the region into three sub-areas: “Okeechobee” around Lake
Okeechobee, “Tekesta” for southeast Florida and the Florida Keys, and “Calusa” for
Southwest Florida (Carr et al. 1994b:10; Goggin 1947:114-127).
Following Goggin’s study, subsequent researchers have refined or altered the cultural
distinctions attributed to southern Florida’s prehistoric populations. There has been
criticism that Goggin’s names and definitions were based on historic accounts of the
main (proto) historic groups found in the respective regions and not on the archaeological
evidence of spatial, temporal, and cultural differences (Sears 1966; Griffin 1974; Carr
and Beriault 1984; Griffin 1988). Griffin, in particular, questioned the distinctions. He
believed that South Florida cultures varied only by local environmental conditions and
ceramic exchange rates. Griffin believed the inhabitants of prehistoric southern Florida
were mainly dwelling on the coast and that the interior was nearly uninhabited and under-
utilized. Griffin designated the entire southern Florida region as the “Circum-Glades”
area (Eck 1997:5; Griffin 1974:342-346). This new designation for the area was furthered
by a widely circulated book on Florida archaeology by Milanich and Fairbanks (1980).
Griffin later (1988) retreated to some extent from his earlier position as further research
(particularly by Ehrenhard, Carr, Komara, and Taylor in the Big Cypress and Carr in the
eastern Everglades in the 1970s and 1980s) showed abundant sites (and concomitant use
and habitation) in the interior and Everglades.
Carr and Beriault, in particular, have taken issue with the concept of a Circum-Glades
region. Carr’s research in the Big Cypress and Everglades and his subsequent analysis
demonstrating variation of key cultural markers (particularly in decorated ceramics)
formed the basis for this contention. There is abundant evidence for cultural (and
probably political or tribal) diversity in the various areas of south Florida. Carr and
Beriault particularly noted and defined differences between the lower southwest Florida
coast, which they termed the “Ten Thousand Island” region, and the area to the north,
which they called the “Caloosahatchee” region. This latter area they believed to be the
seat of the historic Calusa chiefdomship, although previous (and some subsequent)
researchers have called the entire southwest Florida from Cape Sable to the Cape Haze
peninsula (and beyond) in Charlotte County “Calusa.”
Griffin, in his definitive 1988 synthesis on Everglades archaeology, attempted to
reconcile and refine some of the conflict in the definition of south Florida prehistoric and
historic culture areas. As stated by Carr and colleagues (1994b), “the issue...appears in
part to be one of trying to determine the significance of regional and temporal variation,
rather than whether these differences are real.” There is evidence that changes through
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time in regional political affiliations or realties makes any model not addressing this
complex issue two-dimensional. The Calusa hegemony that was in place by the time of
the arrival of Europeans may have begun as early as 800 AD in the Ten Thousand Island
“district” or area (Griffin 1988:321; Carr et al. 1994b:12). There is currently ongoing
research to further refine present thought as to cultural affiliations in south Florida. It
would seem only a matter of time before new directions and emphases provide a more
accurate summation of south Florida cultural affinities.
Using the present models, the coastal zones of Collier County and southern Lee County
contain three distinct culture areas. Indian Hill on Marco Island lies thirty miles from the
projected interface by Carr and Beriault (1984) of the Caloosahatchee area (called the
“the ‘heartland’ of the Calusa,” Carr et al. 1994b:12) to the north, and the Ten Thousand
Islands area to the south. At a yet undefined point to the east lies the Okeechobee cultural
area, but the boundary, if it is a definite, fixed one, is likely to occur in the vicinity of the
Immokalee rise forty miles or more to the northeast of Indian Hill. Further work is in
progress by Carr to address the issue of where the southwest boundaries of the
Okeechobee culture area occur.
At the same time that the south Florida archaeological cultural models have evolved over
the past 60-plus years, so have the temporal markers or framework on which we base
evolution of that culture. Much of this latter effort has resulted from comparisons made
between the recovered artifacts from the 100-year period of scientific and nonscientific
excavation and collection by the various individuals and institutions (and others)
enumerated in part above. This Floridian effort must be seen against the broader
background of archaeological work in eastern North America and the New World as a
whole. All of these efforts have been mutually complimentary and certainly not
exclusive.
In south Florida, the following periods and adaptations are generally accepted. Part of
this chronology involving the later or Formative period is called the Glades sequence in
honor of Goggin, the greater part of whose work in defining the ceramic sequence or
markers has withstood the test of time and subsequent criticism (Goggin 1939, 1947,
1949c). From Goggin’s day to present, pottery variability in form, substance, and
decoration has proven useful for providing time markers, at least during the
archaeologically-brief (± 3500 year) period spanning the late Archaic and Formative
periods that it was produced. Other artifact types and their variations have, to present,
proven somewhat less reliable as absolute indicants of prehistoric age. Radiocarbon
dating, a phenomena of the last 30-plus years, provides, within the standard deviation
expressed in plus-or-minus years BP (before present), a relatively absolute date for a
given sample and provides a yardstick to measure traits or distinctions in provenienced
artifacts. Determining and adequately defining what traits we can discern against this
absolute is part of the ongoing function of the regional archaeological effort.
The following information is generalized and abbreviated. The dates are approximate;
transitions between periods are in reality more gradual that the manner they are expressed
for convenience.
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PALEO PERIOD (14,000 - 8,500 BP)
During the Paleo Period, the first Native Americans began moving into the southeastern
portion of North America and Florida. Most evidence of their presence in Florida can be
reliably dated to about 10,000 BP.
There are no known Paleoindian sites in Collier County. Several are documented from
elsewhere in south Florida, including Warm Mineral Springs and Little Salt Springs in
Sarasota County (Cockrell and Murphy 1978; Clausen and Gifford 1975), Harney Flats in
Hillsborough County (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987) and the Cutler Fossil Site in Dade
County (Carr 1986).
During this period, the terminal Wisconsian ice age, the climate was probably less
extreme, with cooler summers and warmer winters. The climate was also drier, and sea
levels were lower (Carbone 1983; Allerton and Carr 1988a; Griffin 1988).
One reason that possible Paleo period sites have not been discovered in Collier and Lee
Counties is that the shoreline may have been as much as 100 miles further west due to
lower sea levels. Drier conditions may have made the interior very inhospitable, and the
shallow estuarine and littoral sites that existed were flooded by post-ice age Holocene sea
rises.
Any possible interior sites from the Paleo Period may be unrecognizable due to lack of
diagnostic artifacts, subsequent reuse of site areas, low population density, and few
permanent camps. These and other factors may help explain the absence to date of
identifiable Paleo period sites in Collier and Lee Counties. On the other hand, the
southwest Florida coast south of Charlotte Harbor may have been uninhabitable during
this period due to an absence of key conditions for the successful hunting of large game,
a trait of the Paleo period.
ARCHAIC PERIOD (8,500 - 2,500 BP)
The Archaic period reflects a post-Pleistocene shift in adaptation marked by an increase
in the seasonal exploitation of a broad spectrum of food resources, a more restricted use
of territory due to regional specialization, and more semi-sedentary habitation sites. No
ceramics are known until the Late Archaic. During the Archaic, regional specializations
became more marked, not only with material culture but also with distinct local
utilization of local plant and animal resources.
As mentioned above, there is, as yet, no firm evidence of human presence in southwest
Florida during the Paleo period. This apparently is also true for the Early Archaic (8500-
7000 BP), as there is evidence of an environment too arid to support scrub oak, and the
presence of shifting wind formed dunes (Watts 1975; Widmer 1983). No early Archaic
sites are known from southwest Florida (Allerton and Carr 1988:14).
By about 6500 BP mesic conditions began to spread, although localized xeric conditions
continued (and still exist in some areas) through south Florida. Middle Archaic sites
dating from this time are rare, although the Bay West Nursery site (8CR200) in Collier
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County and the Ryder Pond site (8LL1850) in Lee County near Bonita Springs provide
evidence of occupation, as do several sites in southeast Florida. The Bay West site is a
Middle Archaic cypress pond cemetery, associated with a lithic scatter. The Ryder Pond
site is a similar mortuary pond site surrounded by pine flatwoods (Carr and Heinz 1996).
Beriault has also recorded several aceramic shell scatters in coastal sand hills (paleo
dunes), some of which may date to the Middle Archaic. Griffin (1988) summarizes
evidence indicating that despite the rise of available surface water, brackish estuaries and
other major modern landscape features had not formed, and population (or repopulation)
was still sparse.
During the Archaic period sea levels began to rise at a fairly rapid rate, estimated at 8.3
cm. per 100 years 6000-3000 BP, and 3.5 cm per 100 years afterwards (Scholl et al.
1969), although whether sea levels were steadily rising or oscillating is still unclear (see
Griffin 1988; Allerton and Carr 1990 for recent reviews of the literature). Data is
somewhat difficult to sort out as sea level rise was accompanied by both shore regression
and transgression in places. As conditions became wetter (and warmer) in the interior,
cypress swamps and hardwood sub-tropical forests established themselves by about 5000
BP (Carbone 1983; Delcourt and Delcourt 1981).
By late Middle or early Late Archaic times (4000 years BP) there were significant shell
mounds and middens on Horrs Island, Marco Island, and elsewhere in the coastal regions,
suggesting that the estuary system had been established and was being utilized to provide
the subsistence basis for denser populations and semi-sedentary settlements (Morrell,
1969; Cockrell, 1970). At Useppa Island in Lee County, excavations have provided
radiocarbon dates from pre-ceramic shell middens ranging between roughly 4900 BP and
5600 BP, suggesting that the Middle Archaic as well as Late Archaic periods saw a
growing dependence on shellfish resources (Milanich et al. 1984). There are aceramic
coastal sand hill and interior wetland sites as well, but these have not been demonstrated
to be Archaic despite some investigators equating aceramic with preceramic.
Radiocarbon dates for these sites would clarify this point.
Allerton and Carr (1988) noted that a number of stratified sites in the wet mangrove and
marsh areas of the Everglades, as well as on Horrs Island, contain Archaic preceramic
horizons, although it is unclear if aceramic was equated with preceramic. Additional
supporting evidence of interior use by Archaic peoples will provide a new dimension to
the archaeological understanding of Archaic resource utilization. Allerton and Carr point
out that if the wet tree islands were initially used by Archaic people, then at least some of
the hardwood hammocks in swamp environments were raised in elevation (with
subsequent changes in vegetation) due to human activities. Post-Archaic people
extensively utilized these hammocks and continued to advance their development as
distinct geomorphic features. This is obviously an area where additional archaeological
investigations have a potential to contribute to understanding the interaction of
geomorphic and cultural evolution in southwest Florida.
Toward the end of the Archaic there was the introduction of fiber-tempered pottery into
the archaeological record, often used as a marker of the Orange Phase, commencing at
about 4000 BP, either coincident with or soon after the development of the extensive
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shell middens. The Late Archaic Orange Phase subsistence strategy is characterized by
intensive use of shellfish and marine resources, as well as being marked by an accelerated
trend toward regional specializations.
A number of the large shell middens on Marco Island (Cockrell 1970), Horrs Island
(Russo n.d.), Cape Haze (Bullen and Bullen 1956), and elsewhere date from this period
or earlier, as they contain fiber-tempered ceramics, although there are known aceramic
(preceramic?) levels below the Orange Phase deposits that may date to the Middle
Archaic. These shell middens are usually capped by deposits from later occupations as
well.
FORMATIVE STAGE OR GLADES PERIODS (2500 BP - 500 BP)
The Formative or Glades adaptation, based on hunting, fishing, and the harvesting of
shellfish and plants, was similar to the Archaic, but was characterized by increasing
specializations in gathering strategies and tool-making. Earlier writers have typed this
hunter-gatherer society as primitive or “low-level” (Kroeber 1939). However, there is
certainly evidence from the specialization of tools, from the beautifully-executed wood
carvings from Key Marco in Collier County and those from Fort Center near Lake
Okeechobee (Cushing 1897; Sears 1982), and from the historic accounts of the Calusa
hegemony, that the south Florida area had an advanced culture that Goggin (1964) has
called a “stratified non-agrarian society.”
The preceding Late Archaic late Orange phase (also known as the transitional phase) was
marked by changes in pottery, and terminated with the relatively rapid replacement of
fiber-tempered pottery with sand-tempered, limestone-tempered, and chalky “temperless”
pottery. It was also characterized by changes in ceramic style and often by reduction in
the size of stone projectile points.
The Formative Stage (beginning about 2500 BP) is divided in south Florida into the
Glades Periods sequence. Subsistence adaptation is marked by a narrowing spectrum of
resource use, as well as continued trends toward regional diversity and ecological
specializations, marked in part by the proliferation of inland resource extraction
encampments.
Formative Period cultural evolution eventually led to increased political sophistication,
perhaps initially of modest dimensions, but culminating in broad regional political
alliances and regulation of materials and goods (i.e. resources) between the coast and
inland areas (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). By protohistoric and contact times the
Calusa were the dominant tribal group, gaining broad political influence and at least
partial control over much of south Florida as far north as central Brevard County.
Historically, the main Calusa village has been regarded as “Calos” on Mound Key in
Estero Bay in Lee County, although 50 to 70 large villages were under direct Calusa
control by contact times (Griffin 1988).
During the Formative Periods, village sites grew to the proportions of large multi-use
complexes, particularly along the coast and barrier islands of southwest Florida. Some of
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the projected intra-site functions of the elements of these complex shellworks were as
temples, canals, causeways, temple and platform mounds, courtyards and watercourts.
Current research involving the excavating of large contiguous areas of these shell mound
complexes is beginning to establish demonstrable uses for the features of these large
sites, upon which heretofore were merely speculated (Widmer 1996).
Tidal estuary rivers and inland hammocks along deep water sloughs, marshes, and
permanent ponds were seasonally visited for extraction of natural resources, and are now
marked by small to relatively large black dirt middens, some of which may have been
semi-permanent hamlets. The pine and cypress flatwoods appear to have supported few
sites, although areas around Lake Trafford and other rich interior areas developed
substantial sites, including sand mounds, and may be more similar to the Okeechobee
cultural area than to the coastal cultures.
In 1992, Dickel and Carr excavated a Deptford Period burial mound (the Oak Knoll Site)
in the Bonita Bay Tract north of the Imperial River. Exotic trade items and seventy or
more human burials were among the material findings. The resulting conclusions and
subsequent surveying and testing of the Bonita Bay Shell works (8LL717) suggest social
stratification and complexity may extend further back into the past than the Formative
period (Dickel and Carr 1992).
Coastal sites (shell middens) reflect a predominate dependence on fish and shellfish, wild
plant foods and products, and larger inland game. The inland sites show a greater reliance
on interior resources, including large, medium and small mammals, turtle, small
freshwater fish, alligator, snake, frogs, and, sometimes, freshwater shellfish. Interior and
coastal resource exchange can be documented by the consistent finds of moderate
amounts of marine shell in many interior middens, as well as interior resources in coastal
middens.
The Formative Stage (with a nod to Goggin) has been often termed the Glades cultural
tradition. Much of this “tradition” is focused on decorated ceramics, the minority in the
archaeological record, although the majority of recovered (rim) sherds are plainware.
However, despite this, pottery (and its decorations) is usually utilized as the major
temporal marker(s) for fitting sites into a temporal framework. Changes in pottery do not
represent mere changes in artistic motifs, but reflect inter- and intra-regional trade
contacts and outside cultural influences (possibly through exogamy, shifting of
populations, and even the through evolution of a culture through time). Whatever the
influences, the Glades tradition is continuous from post-Archaic times to contact times.
Despite the fact that exogamy is likely to have been practiced, traders or other specialists
probably moved between major cultural areas in small numbers, and genetic flow
probably accompanied cultural exchange, although perhaps not on the same scale. This
may have increased in later times due to use of traditional obligations of kinship and
intermarriage to stabilize alliances that were not codified into a formal legal system.
The following table has been modified from several sources, but it is predominantly
based on Milanich and Fairbanks (1980), Griffin (1988), and Allerton and Carr (1990).
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0Dates have been rounded somewhat and translated to Before Present (BP). There are
some differences of opinion in the dates, particularly about the timing of the Glades Ia
and Ib division.
Table 1: Glades Cultural Sequence
Glades Ia (2500 BP - 1500 BP) First appearance of sand tempered plain pottery,
but little else to mark a difference and the
preceding Late Archaic. Sand tempered plain
remains a predominate type throughout the Glades
sequence.
Glades Ib (1500 BP - 1250 BP) First appearance of decorated sand-tempered
ceramic (Ft. Drum Incised, Ft. Drum Punctated,
Cane Patch Incised, Turner River Punctate),
plainware common. Pottery rim grooving and
incision decorations become widespread.
Glades IIa (1250 BP - 1100 BP) First appearance of Key Largo Incised, Sanibel
Incised, Miami Incised, and plainware is common.
Distinction between ceramics of southeast and
southwest Florida becomes apparent. Ten
Thousand Island area distinct from Caloosahatchee
area. First mound construction- increased social
stratification? Population size may have
approximated that at contact.
Glades IIb (1100 - 1000 BP) First appearance of Matecumbe Incised; Key Largo
Incised common on east coast, Gordon’s Pass
Incised common on the west, and plainware
common throughout.
Glades IIc (1000 BP - 800 BP) First appearance of Plantation Pinched, but few
decorated wares with a preponderance of plainware
(there is some evidence of population reduction-
perhaps due to a cataclysmic event). Non-local
pottery (e.g. St. Johns Plain and Check Stamped,
Belle Glade Plain) appears.
Glades IIIa (800 - 600 BP) First appearance of Surfside Incised, increasing
quantities of St. Johns pottery (especially on East
Coast), and Belle Glade pottery.
Glades IIIb (600 BP - 500 BP) Glades Tooled rims appear (rare on West Coast),
zoned punctate designs, but general decline in
incised decoration. Belle Glade ceramics common
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on west coast. St. Johns ware present but rare on
West Coast, common on East Coast.
Glades IIIc (500 BP - 300 BP) Continuation of IIIb ceramics, with
pronounced flaring of rims and embossing on
Glades Tooled ceramics. Mound burial
construction less common with intrusive burials
into existing mounds, appearance of European
goods, plainware common.
By European contact times (the first half of the 16th century), the southwest coast of
Florida was maintaining a vigorous, possibly expanding political chiefdom with a broad
network of alliances, as well as a rich and ancient cultural tradition without an
agricultural base. However, direct conflict with Europeans and, more importantly,
exposure to European diseases led to the rapid decline of the Calusa. By the mid 1700s
their numbers had greatly diminished. The remnants of this once-powerful tribe may have
left south Florida in the 1760s with the Spanish for relocation in Cuba. Others may have
become indistinguishable from Spanish Cuban fishermen who worked the great fishing
“ranchos” in the Pine Island Sound region catching and salting fish for export to Cuba.
Other groups of Native Americans may have fused with the Creek-derived Seminoles.
In the late 1700s, members of the Creek tribe were forced into Florida from Georgia and
Alabama. They were later called Seminoles, from the Spanish term “cimmarones.”
Pressures from colonial (and later) white encroachment on their traditional territories
forced them into the Big Cypress and Everglades area by the 1830s. By this time, most of
the cultural identity of pre-contact times had been lost, although some of the Calusa
subsistence strategies may have been partly adopted by Seminoles. A number of
Seminole period sites have been documented on earlier Glades middens. This
coincidence may in part reflect the paucity of high land in the interior (Ehrenhard et al.
1978, 1979, 1980; Ehrenhard and Taylor 1980; Taylor and Komara 1983; Taylor 1984,
1985). Older midden sites (particularly those called “black dirt” middens) can be rich
agriculturally as well as archaeologically, making these foci for historic Seminole
gardens and fruit groves.
Seminole periods in south Florida are divided into I (1820-1860), II (1860-1900) and III
(1900-1940) (Ehrenhard et al. 1978). Post-1940 Seminole camps are designated “Late
Seminole” in some reports. These designations reflect the different stages of Seminole
migration into south Florida, Seminole displacement and active conflict with the
expanding American culture, and the eventual refuge by Seminole remnants in Big
Cypress and Everglades regions. Military records, and, in particular, several sketch maps
by military personnel done in the 1830s and 1840s and the Ives military map of South
Florida (1856) shows evidence of investigations at and near “Malco Inlet,” “Casimba,”
“Good Land,” and “Cape Romans.”
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THE SEMINOLE WARS IN SOUTHWEST FLORIDA
The advent of the Second and Third Seminole Wars (1834-38, 1855-58) disrupted the
peaceful settlement of the Southwest Florida region. There were a number of forts,
“temporary” and permanent, established along the Caloosahatchee River during this time.
Fort Dulaney was established at Punta Rassa near the mouth of the Caloosahatchee in
1837 and was occupied intermittently through 1841, and again in 1855. After a hurricane
destroyed Ft. Dulaney in 1841, Fort Harvie was established upriver. The name of this fort
was changed in 1850 by its commander General Twiggs to honor his new son-in-law,
Col. Abraham Myers. Fort Myers was thus created, and became the chief fort of the
region.
From this central administrative point, a line of forts was established up the
Caloosahatchee River. They were: Fort Denaud, Fort Adams, Fort Thompson, and Fort
Center on Fisheating Creek leading into Lake Okeechobee. Other forts and “temporary
depots” were established south into the Big Cypress Swamp such as Fort Simon Drum,
Temporary Depot Number One, Fort Doane, Fort Simmons, Fort Keis, Fort Foster, Fort
Shackleford, and others.
A number of military expeditions were sent south along the coast during the Second and
Third Seminole Wars with the objectives of interdicting trade in guns and ammunition
between the Seminoles and the Spanish-Cuban fishing community, and hunting and
capturing Indians. General Thomas Lawson, who had just been appointed Surgeon
General of the United States, commanded one of the early notable expeditions. Lawson’s
expedition left Fort Harvie (Fort Myers) in February 1838. Elements of Lawson’s
command explored the area in and around the Caxambas Point area, discovering two
abandoned Indian villages in the Blackwater River/Palm Bay area. Other expeditions
bivouacked at Cape Romano and Caxambas Point. Colonel Rogers, of the ill-fated
Parkhill expedition, wrote several dispatches from Cape Romano in the Caxambas area in
1858, describing the ambush of Captain Parkhill’s party at the headwaters of Turner
River. The Collier County Museum is the repository for a collection of military artifacts
purportedly found by a local collector near Indian Hill in the early 1960s. This material
may have originated with one of the various military expeditions stopping at Caxambas
Point.
IMMOKALEE ROAD AREA HISTORY
The area near the road corridor began to be developed by the early 1950s. With the
completion of work on Immokalee Road (CR846) by 1957, the area was opened to
development, some of it agricultural (in the form of large cleared vegetable fields) and
some as cattle range. Much of the ranching was done by local families such as the
Pipers, Whiddens, Johnsons and Roberts. In 1962, Palm River Estates was created eight
miles northwest of the subject parcel, followed in 1966 by Willoughby Acres. By the
1970s other area developments followed, including upscale communities such as Quail
Creek. County Road 951 was constructed by 1964 and was linked in part with the
development of the northern Golden Gate Estates area, a huge grid of over 984 miles of
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paved roads. An elevated pad for the maintenance of equipment was placed at what
would later become the intersection of Vanderbilt Beach Road (CR 862) and CR 951. By
the late 1980s Golden Gate Estates east of CR 951 would become a rural community of
several thousand homes established on 2.5 to 5-acre lots. In 1992, the Olde Florida
Country Club was established, followed by other community golf courses such as
Vanderbilt Pines and Calusa Grove. The Vanderbilt Beach Road extension, CR 862, was
completed circa 1986. Large developments such as Village Walk, The Vineyards, and
Island Walk were begun by the mid 1990s. The entire area of the Immokalee Road
corridor is currently in a state of rapid growth.
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METHODOLOGY
Prior to conducting fieldwork in the project parcel, relevant archives and literature were
reviewed. This included, but was not limited to, studying previous archaeological reports
for sites in Collier County, reviewing information from the Master Site File in
Tallahassee concerning nearby sites, and examining USGS maps of the project area.
Also, black and white and color aerial photographs from the project area, which could aid
in revealing anthropogenic changes to the topography and floral communities and
vegetative communities associated with archaeological sites, were interpreted.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This Phase I archaeological assessment of the Immokalee Road South Parcel
incorporated the use of certain predictive archaeological site models. These models are
based on topographic and vegetative attributes that are associated with prehistoric and
historic sites in northeastern Collier County. These models postulate that high ground
live oak/tropical hardwood hammocks in close proximity to deep wetlands, ponds,
marshes or sloughs are high probability areas for prehistoric archaeological sites (Carr
2002; Schwadron 2006). The elevational information on the USGS Corkscrew SW and
Belle Meade NW maps for the area also was used. Based on the interpretation of vintage
and recent aerial photographs and observations made during ground-truthing, thirty-six
moderate to high probability zones (MPZ/HPZ) were identified on the parcel. These
zones represented discrete hammock tree islands.
FIELD WORK
The project parcel had been assessed by pedestrian survey and subsurface testing in
2004-5. A total of 222 shovel tests (50 cm2) was dug across the parcel to an average of 1
meter in depth where possible. All excavated material was screened through a 1/4” mesh
and any material of archaeological significance collected was sent to AHC in Davie for
cleaning, analysis, and conservation.
A total of 21 transects was tested on the parcel to sample the low probability and medium
probability zones (LPZ/MPZ) (Figures 7, 8). All of the transects were oriented to the
cardinal points and were plotted at 100-meter (327 feet) and intervals. Test holes were
dug along the transects at 100-meter intervals in low probability areas and at 50-meter
intervals or less on medium probability zones. Hardwood hammocks (MPZ/HPZ) were
identified on vintage aerial photographs and in the field and were shovel tested both
judgmentally and systematically at intervals varying from 10 to 20 meters.
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COLLECTIONS
All collected material was transferred to the AHC lab in Davie where it was washed,
sorted, and catalogued.
INFORMANTS
The field biologists available for this project were the principal informants familiar with
the subject parcel. They identified several hammocks on the parcel. Also interviewed
were Mr. Godwin, a property owner who lives adjacent to the subject parcel, who was
familiar with archaeological site 8CR841, located on his property and extending
northward into the subject parcel.
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SUMMARY OF SITES
Site Name: Twinberry
Site Number: 8CR830
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 29
Environmental Setting: Small 20-meter diameter elevated (+80cm) circular
island. Vegetation includes several mature cabbage
palms, mature camphorwood, ferns, and wild
coffee.
Site Type: Black earth midden
Site Function: Habitation / resource procurement
Description: The site was a small island characterized by a
bedrock “unconformity” in the form of an elevated
circular formation as much as 60-70cm higher than
the surrounding wetlands (Figure 7). The site is
about 20m north by south and 20m east to west.
Soil averages about 70cm in depth overlying the
limestone. Abundant archaeological material was
found in the top 15cm of the shovel test, and
extends below the black dirt mantle to a depth of
about 65 to 70cm.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Glades Period
Collections: Ceramics (including flattened rim excurviate sherd);
marine shell; faunal bone (FS 1, 13-16)
Preservation Quality: Destroyed by clearing in 2016-2018
Significance: The site is not eligible for listing in the NRHP.
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Site Name: Colyott
Site Number: 8CR831
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 29
Environmental Setting: Mixed swamp forest: emerging cabbage palm
hammock island
Site Type: Black earth midden
Site Function: Habitation / resource procurement
Description: This site was characterized as a mound-like rise that
is about +80 cm above the surrounding wetlands
and approximately 25-30 meters (80 feet) across the
widest part of its east-west axis and about 40 meters
north-south. The site area was approximately 836
square meters. Vegetation includes cabbage palms
and wild citrus. Cultural material was found to at
least 40cm below ground surface in the eastern
portion of the site. Thirteen shovel tests were
positive. Shovel tests and three 1-meter-square test
units revealed two archaeological contexts, an upper
zone averaging 25cm thick of black-earth midden
followed by a basal zone averaging 10cm of gray-
brown marly soil mantling limestone caprock. The
regular shape of this site is uncommon and may
indicate intentional construction.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Glades periods
Collections: Faunal bone, ceramics, (rounded rim), marine shell,
charcoal (FS: JM 4-5; JC 1-16)
Preservation Quality: Destroyed
Significance: Site was potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP
based on criterion D. It is no longer eligible for
listing.
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Site Name: Centipede
Site Number: 8CR832
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 29
Environmental Setting: Mixed swamp forest; cabbage palm island
Site Type: Midden
Site Function: Habitation / resource procurement
Description: This site is characterized as a midden ridge that
extends along a north-south axis for at least 275
meters. Elevation is +40cm above the surrounding
area. The site’s average width is 40-50 meters.
Cultural material was found at depths of up to
114cm below ground surface. Up to three contexts
were observed in the four test units during the Phase
II assessment. Context 1 was characterized as a
loamy zone with minimal cultural material from 0
to 10cm thick, followed by black-earth midden
(Context 2) averaging 15cm thick, above an
increasingly marly horizon (Context 3) averaging
10cm in depth with cultural material occurring to
the top of the limestone caprock. This site contains
abundant marine shell. Some lithic material that
may be low-grade chert debitage was recovered.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Late Archaic to Glades I
Collections: Split deer long-bone fragments, snake and turtle
bone, fragments of large Busycon contrarium
“dipper,” Melongena corona shell, Mercenaria
clam shell fragments, ceramics, sunray venus,
Cardium shell, other marine shell, suspected lithic
debitage, and a possible antler tine tool (FS: JM 1-3;
JC 1-23)
Preservation Quality: Good
Significance: Site is considered potentially eligible for listing in
the NRHP based on criterion D.
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Site Name: Camphorwood Grove
Site Number: 8CR833
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 29
Environmental Setting: Mixed swamp forest; climax cabbage palm
hammock island
Site Type: Black earth midden
Site Function: Habitation / resource procurement
Description: This site is characterized as a high cabbage palm
hammock island located west of a deep cypress
pond (Figure 16). In the north-central part of the
hammock is an oval-shaped grove of large, mature
camphorwood trees. The site is about 140 to 150
meters north to south and 75 meters east to west.
The area closest to the pond has an elevation as
much as +70cm above the adjacent wetlands.
Archaeological material was found at depths of up
to 75cm below the ground surface. This site has
some of the deepest archaeological deposits on the
parcel. A total of 18 shovel tests were dug, of which
14 were positive for archeological materials.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Archaic to Late Glades periods
Collections: Faunal bone, Mercenaria clam shell fragments;
Spisula shell fragments, many small Cerithium
shells, small marine (?) bivalve shells, chert flake at
35 cm, Cardium shell fragment, Busycon fragments
and other marine shell, ceramics (FS 3, 17-29)
Preservation Quality: The site is largely intact with some commercial
cabbage palm tree removal and at least one
mechanical disturbance inside the silt fence.
Significance: Based on depth and extent of intact archaeological
deposits, the site is potentially eligible for listing in
the NRHP under criterion D.
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Site Name: Psychotria
Site Number: 8CR834
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 29
Environmental Setting: Oak hammock
Site Type: Artifact scatter
Site Function: Habitation / resource procurement
Description: This site was characterized by a roughly circular
rise 20cm high and 20 meters in diameter located in
the northern portion of a high-canopy oak
hammock. Wild coffee and myrsine characterized
the understory. Testing here revealed that the site
was only about three meters in diameter.
Archaeological material was found in two distinct
strata separated by a sterile sand stratum. This may
reflect two separated periods of occupation.
Archaeological material extended to at least 45cm
below surface. Most material recovered was faunal
bone, although some sand-tempered plain ceramics
were recovered from the upper level of one of the
two-meter-square units excavated. The site
exhibited four contexts, two of which contained
small amounts of cultural material suggesting at
least two discrete occupations, one being aceramic
(preceramic?). The site’s cultural material was
sparse, suggesting limited use and brief duration.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Late Archaic to Glades periods
Collections: (FS JM 7, JC 1) Faunal bone, ceramics
Preservation Quality: Destroyed
Significance: The site is not eligible for listing in the NRHP.
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Site Name: Coppice
Site Number: 8CR835
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 29
Environmental Setting: Mixed swamp forest: small island
Site Type: Black earth midden
Site Function: Habitation / resource procurement
Description: This small circular site is 9 meters in diameter. It
was approximately 30cm above the surrounding
area, and was vegetated in dense coppice of
camphorwood. The site lies 46 meters south of the
Camphorwood Grove Site (8CR833) and is possibly
a satellite activity area of that site (see Figure 10).
A total of 6 test holes were dug on this site of which
2 were positive. A small amount of marine shell and
several freshwater shell species were recovered
from a shovel test placed in the center of this site.
Archaeological material was found to 30cm below
ground surface.
During the 2018 assessment it was determined that
the site had been bulldozed. Several spoil piles were
observed that contained marine shell (i.e.
Mercenaria and Macrolista) and faunal bone. Some
intact basal deposits also were observed.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Late Archaic to Glades periods
Collections: Fragment of Spisula shell, freshwater pearl
clamshell, Helisoma snail shells, faunal bone (FS 4,
12)
Preservation Quality: Heavily impacted by clearing in 2016-18
Significance: There is insufficient information to determine if
these deposits are significant.
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Site Name: Great Circles Mound
Site Number: 8CR836
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 31
Environmental Setting: Cabbage palm hammock associated with remnant a
cypress swamp/slough
Site Type: Possible burial mound
Site Function: Mortuary
Description: The site lies along an upland/lowland interface of a
cabbage palm hammock/cypress slough. The site
consisted of two contiguous constructed sandy
mounds with elevations as high as 70+ cm above
the surrounding wetlands. The westernmost
component was a crescent ridge about 30 meters
wide and about 15 meters long and oriented roughly
northwest-southeast. This semicircular ridge was
open to the east and opposite an oval sand mound
about 30 meters northeast of the ridge. The eastern
mound measured 25 meters (80 feet) in diameter
and was vegetated in saw palmetto. A systematic
grid of 21 shovel tests was dug across the site area
(Figure 12). No cultural material was recovered.
These negative results are not unusual for sand
burial mounds in southwest Florida. In 2018 the site
had been bulldozed with only redeposited soils
remaining.
Chronology: Unknown
Collections: None
Preservation Quality: Destroyed
Significance: The site is not eligible for listing in the NRHP;
however, it is subject to the provisions of Florida
Statute 872.05.
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Site Name: Serenoa
Site Number: 8CR837
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 31
Environmental Setting: Mixed swamp forest: emerging palm hammock
Site Type: Sand mound (?), faunal bone midden
Site Function: Mortuary (?), subsistence
Description: This small, circular 23 meter-diameter site is an
estimated 40-50cm above the ground surface
(Figure 13). The site is covered by saw palmettos
and moderate-sized red bays. A total of five shovel
tests were dug of which one was positive, yielding a
small quantity of faunal bone. The site is a possible
burial mound based on its format; however, it is
also possible that it is only a small habitation site on
a sandy rise.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Glades Period
Collections: Faunal bone (FS 11)
Preservation Quality: Good
Significance: Based on available data the site has insufficient data
to determine its eligibility for listing in the NRHP.
Recommendations: Preservation is recommended. As the site is within a
green space intended for conservation, it likely it
will be preserved; however, if any ground-
disturbing activities are proposed there, then a
Phase II assessment should be conducted.
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Site Name: East Midden
Site Number: 8CR1097 (formerly 8CR838)
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 29
Environmental Setting: Mixed swamp forest: hardwood hammock island
Site Type: Black earth midden
Site Function: Habitation / resource procurement
Description: This site is located in an oval hammock island
characterized by a dense coppice of camphorwood
(Figure 14). The site measures at least 53 meters
east-west and rises about 20cm above the
surrounding area. The midden is close to a deep
cypress pond. A total of 14 test holes were dug
across the parcel of which 3 were positive.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Late Archaic to Glades
Collections: Shell, Faunal bone (FS 9, 30, 31)
Preservation Quality: Good
Significance: There is insufficient information to determine the
site’s eligibility for listing in the NRHP.
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Site Name: Godwin Site (northern component)
Site Number: 8CR841
Location: Township 48S, Range 27E, Section 29
Environmental Setting: Mixed swamp forest: oak hammock island
Site Type: Black earth midden
Site Function: Habitation / resource procurement
Description: This site is characterized as a linear midden ridge.
Most of the site is located south of the project parcel
fence (Figure 15). The site portion within the
subject parcel is the northern tip of the island. A
total of seven holes were dug of which one was
positive for prehistoric material. Most of the site is
located south of the project parcel.
Chronology: Prehistoric: Glades Period
Collections: Faunal bone, ceramics, marine shell (FS 10)
Preservation Quality: Site preservation within project parcel is good.
Significance: There is insufficient information to determine the
site’s eligibility for listing in the NRHP.
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Figure 16. Area of former Coppice site 8CR830 and Colyott site 8CR831 looking north.
Figure 17. Centipede site 8CR832 (hammock island) looking east.
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Figure 18.
Centipede
site 8CR832
looking
northeast at
mechanical
excavation
into site edge
beyond silt
fence.
Figure 19.
Godwin site
8CR841
looking east.
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Figure 20. Area
of Great Circles
site 8CR836
looking north.
Figure 21. Area
of 8CR836
looking west.
Stakes depict
site boundaries.
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Figure 22.
Serenoa
site
8CR837
looking
south.
Figure 23. East
Midden 8CR1097
looking north.
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RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This Phase I archaeological reassessment of the Twin Eagle Parcel resulted in the
documentation of the condition of ten previously recorded archaeological sites: 8CR830,
8CR831, 8CR832, 8CR833, 8CR834, 8CR835, 8CR836, 8CR837, 8CR1097 (formerly
8CR838), and 8CR841. Eight of these sites are black earth middens. One site (8CR836)
is a constructed sand mound likely associated with human remains. Site 8CR837,
originally identified as a possible burial mound, may be a small habitation area based on
this 2018 reassessment.
A total of 222 shovel tests were dug across the parcel in 2004-2005. Eighty seven tests
were dug in medium probability areas of which 29 were positive for prehistoric cultural
remains. Of the 135 shovel tests dug on transects within low probability zones (areas of
seasonal wetlands), none were positive. No buildings occur on the project parcel.
A total of 31 field specimens were collected representing individual specimens and
cultural materials al shovel tests. Prehistoric material
includes 131 sand-tempered plain ceramic sherds with the largest number (85) coming
8CR841. Three sites
yielded marine shell and six sites yielded faunal bone (i.e. snake, fish, amphibians, and
mammals, including deer)—all evidence of subsistence activity.
The 2013 assessment of the parcel determined that all ten sites were intact and unaltered
since the 2006 assessment. This reassessment conducted in May, 2018, determined that
only five of the ten sites remained intact after mechanical clearing of the parcel in 2014-
2016: sites 8CR832, 8CR833, 8CR837, 8CR1097 (formerly 8CR838), and 8CR841.
8CR835 was largely destroyed although evidence of intact basal deposits within the site
were observed. By this report FMSF is notified of the destruction of sites 8CR830, 831,
834, and 836.
In the consultant’s opinion 8CR832 and 8CR833 are potentially eligible for listing in the
NRHP. There is insufficient information to determine the eligibility of the other four
remaining sites.
The owner, Naples Associates IV, LLLP, proposes to preserve all five remaining intact
sites (8CR830, 831, 834, 836 and 8CR1097), and proposes to conduct a Phase II
assessment of the remaining basal deposits of 8CR835 as possible mitigation for adverse
impacts to that site.
Sand mound 8CR836 is a likely burial mound. However, any of the other sites could have
human remains since human remains have been reported at black earth middens
throughout south Florida. It is recommended that the spoil piles from 8CR836 be placed
in a green space preservation area based on the possibility that human remains may exist
within the bulldozed soils.
groups of associated with individu
from 8CR841. Other artifacts include a Busycon dipper (ladle) from
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It is recommended prior to future development that these six sites should be marked by
visible fencing around them so that all mechanical activity and storage of materials can
be excluded from the site areas. All boundary points and fencing should be subject to
review by the project archaeologist. Any clearing within 100 feet of any of the six sites
should be subject to archaeological monitoring. Any future development should include a
review of any plans by the consultant archaeologist.
Although a systematic effort was made to locate other sites on the subject parcel without
positive results, there is still the potential of small archaeological sites, features or
artifacts occurring on the parcel. Should subsequent development reveal this, efforts
should be made to protect and document these resources. In the event that human remains
are discovered then the provisions of Florida State Statue 872.05, the Unmarked Human
Graves Act, will apply.
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thesis, Department of Anthropology University of Florida, Gainesville.
Marquardt, WH
1984 The Josslyn Island Mound and its Role in the Investigation of Southwest Florida’s
Past. Gainesville: Florida State Museum, Department of Anthropology,
Miscellaneous Project Report Series 22.
1987 The Calusa Social Formation in Protohistoric South Florida. In T.C. Patterson and
C.W. Gailey (editors) Power Relations and State Formation. Washington, D.C.:
61
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Archaeology Section, American Anthropological Association, pp. 98-116.
1988 Politics and Production Among the Calusa of South Florida. In T. Ingold, D.
Riches, and J. Woodburn (editors) Hunters and Gatherers 1: History, Evolution,
and Social Change. London: Berg Publishers, pp. 161-188.
1992 Recent Archaeological and Paleoenvironmental Investigations in Southwest
Florida. In W.H. Marquardt (editor), Culture and Environment in the Domain of the
Calusa. Gainesville: Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies.
Monograph 1, University of Florida, pp. 9-58.
Martinez, C
1977 Archaeological and Historical Survey and Assessment of the Proposed Collier
County 201 Waste Water Management Facilities, Collier County, Florida. Russell
& Axon Inc. and Smally, Welford & Nalven Inc. FMSF #257.
Milanich, JT
1994 Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Milanich JT, J Chapman, AS Cordell, S Hale, and R Merrinan
1984 Prehistoric Development of Calusa Society in Southwest Florida: Excavation on
Useppa Island. In D.D. Davis (editor) Perspectives on Gulf Coast Prehistory.
Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, pp. 258-314.
Milanich, JT. and CH Fairbanks
1980 Florida Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
Miller, JJ and ML Fryman
1978 An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the Collier Bay Tract, Marco Island.
Cultural Resource Management Inc., Tallahassee, Florida. FMSF #3124.
Moore, CB
1900 Certain Antiquities of the Florida West Coast. Journal of the Academy of Natural
Science, Philadelphia 11:369-394.
1905 Miscellaneous Investigations in Florida. Journal of the Academy of Natural
Science, Philadelphia 13:299-325.
1907 Notes on the Ten Thousand Islands. Journal of the Academy of Natural Science,
Philadelphia 13:458-470.
Morrell, RL
1967 Florida site form for site 8CR107.
62
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1969 Fiber-tempered Pottery from Southwestern Florida. Abstract of presented paper,
American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, on file at
AHC.
Russo, M
1990 Report I on Archaeological Investigations by the Florida Museum of Natural
History at Horrs Island, Collier County, Florida. FMSF 2353.
Scholl, DW, FC Craighead, and M Stuiver
1969 Florida Submergence Curve Revisited: Its Relation to Coastal Sedimentation Rates.
Science 163: 562-564.
Sears, WH
1956 The Turner River Site, Collier County, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist
9(2):47-60.
1966 Everglades National Park Archaeological Base Mapping Part I. Unpublished, FMSF
MS# 1009.
1967 Archaeological Survey of the Cape Coral Area at the Mouth of the Caloosahatchee
River. The Florida Anthropologist 20: 93-102.
1982 Fort Center: An Archaeological Site in the Lake Okeechobee Basin. Gainesville:
University of Florida Press.
Simons, MH
1884 Shell Heaps in Charlotte Harbor, Florida. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report
for 1882: 794-796.
Sims, Cynthia L.
2002a Cultural Resources Evaluation for the Proposed Golden Gate Boulevard Tower
Location in Collier County, Florida. Survey #7255 on file, Division of Historic
Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.
2002b An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the Proposed North Golden Gate
Tower Location in Collier County, Florida. Survey #8286 on file, Division of
Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.
Stirling, MW
1931 Mounds of the Vanished Calusa Indians of Florida. Smithsonian Institution
Explorations and Field Work for 1930: 167-172.
1933 Report of the Chief. Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report 48:3-21.
63
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1936 Florida Cultural Affiliations in Relation to Adjacent Areas. In Essays in
Anthropology in Honor of Alfred Louis Kroeber. Berkeley: University of California
Press, pp 351-357.
Swift, A and RS Carr
1989 An Archaeological Survey of Caxambas Estates, Collier County, Florida.
Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Miami, FL. AHC Technical Report
#13.
Taylor, RC
1984 Everglades National Park Archaeological Inventory and Assessment Season 2:
Interim Report. National Park Service, Southeast Archaeological Center,
Tallahassee, Florida.
1985 Everglades National Park Archaeological Inventory and Assessment Season 3:
Interim Report. National Park Service, Southeast Archaeological Center,
Tallahassee, Florida.
Taylor, RC and G Komara
1983 Big Cypress Preserve Archaeological Survey: Season 5. National Park Service,
Southeast Archaeological Center, Tallahassee, Florida.
Van Beck, JC and LM Van Beck
1965 The Marco Midden, Marco Island, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 16:1-20.
Widmer, RJ
1974 A Survey and Assessment of Archaeological Resources on Marco Island, Collier
County, Florida. Ms on file, FMSF #265.
1983 The Evolution of the Calusa, a Non-agricultural Chiefdom on the Southwest Florida
Coast. Ph.D. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, distributed by University
Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
1996 Recent Excavations at the Key Marco Site, 8CR48, Collier County, Florida. The
Florida Anthropologist 49:10-26.
Williams, JL
1837 The Territory of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
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APPENDIX I: FIELD SPECIMEN LOG
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Appendix 1. Twin Eagles Field Specimen Log
FS Site Description Date Initials Provenience Level(s)
1 8CR830 ST 3 1
STP rim (2), STP (8), faunal
bone (8.5g), marine shell
(17.0g), snail shell (0.2g),
charcoal (0.1g)
1/16/2002 JB, GE
2 8CR834 ST 6 1 to 2 STP (3), faunal bone (4.1g),
charcoal (0.1g) 1/18/2002 JB, GE
3 8CR833 ST 8 1 to 3
Faunal bone (12.1g), marine
shell (67.5g), snail shell
(3.3g), charcoal (0.3g)
1/18/2002 JB, GE
4 8CR835 ST 10 1 to 3 Marine shell (2.3g), snail
shell (5.3g) 1/18/2002 JB, GE
5 8CR832 ST 12JB 1
Faunal bone (42.7g),
Busycon dipper fragment,
marine shell (515.2g), snail
shell (17.7g), wood (0.9g),
charcoal (0.7g)
1/21/2002 JB
6 8CR831 ST 16 1 to 2
STP (11), faunal bone
(22.5g), marine shell (3.7g),
snail shell (12.6g), charcoal
(1.0g)
1/28/2002 JB, GE
7 8CR831 Target 28 Surface STP rim (1), STP (2), snail
shell (11.4g)hj 1/28/2002 JB, GE
8 8CR832 ST 18JB 1 to 3
Faunal bone (6.3g), egg,
marine shell (5.5g), snail
shell (7.0g), wood (0.2g)
1/28/2002 JB, GE
9 8CR838 ST 23 20-45cm
Faunal bone (18.2g), marine
shell (1.4g), snail shell
(0.1g), wood (0.1g)
3/12/2002 GE, TO
10 8CR841 ST 24 1 to 2
STP rim (2), STP (83),
faunal bone (2.2g), wood
(0.3g), charcoal (0.3g)
3/12/2002 GE, TO
11 8CR837 ST 25 2 Faunal bone (0.5g), charcoal
(0.1g) 3/13/2002 GE, TO
12 N/A
13 8CR830 ST 174 1 Faunal bone (4.1g), marine
shell (7.7g) 10/31/2006 JC, SF
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14 8CR830 ST 175 1 Faunal bone (5.0g), marine
shell (21.0g) 10/31/2006 JC, SF
15 8CR830 ST 178 1 Faunal bone (3.3g) 10/31/2006 JC, SF
16 8CR830 ST 179 1 Marine shell (32.0g) 10/31/2006 JC, SF
17 8CR833 ST 187 1 to 2 Faunal bone (1.5g) 11/1/2006 JC, SF
18 8CR833 ST 188 1 to 2
STP (9), faunal bone
(22.8g), marine shell
(150.5g)
11/1/2006 JC, SF
20 8CR 833 ST 190 1 to 2 Faunal bone (0.1g), fossil
shell (2.6g) 11/1/2006 JC, SF
21 8CR833 ST 191 1 to 2 Marine shell (5.9g), snail
shell (1.0g) 11/2/2006 JC, SF
22 8CR833 ST 192 1 to 2 Faunal bone (4.8g), snail
shell (12.6g) 11/2/2006 JC, SF
23 8CR833 ST 193 1 to 2 STP (2), faunal bone (1.4g),
snail shell (7.1g), 11/2/2006 JC, SF
24 8CR833 ST 194 1 Faunal bone (0.8g), snail
shell (7.6g) 11/2/2006 JC, SF
25 8CR833 ST 195 1 to 2
Faunal bone (5.3g), marine
shell (4.1g), snail shell
(8.6g)
11/2/2006 JC, SF
26 8CR833 ST 198 1 to 2 STP (1), faunal bone (5.4g),
marine shell (2.1g) 11/2/2006 JC, SF
27 8CR833 ST 200 1
STP (1), faunal bone (2.0g),
marine shell (25.1g), snail
shell (6.9g)
11/2/2006 JC, SF
28 8CR833 ST 201 1 to 2
Faunal bone (10.3g), marine
shell (6.2g), fossil shell
(15.6g)
11/2/2006 JC, SF
29 8CR833 ST 203 1 to 2
STP (6), faunal bone (3.9g),
marine shell (30.7g), snail
shell (7.1g), fossil shell
(11.2g)
11/2/2006 JC, SF
30 8CR1097 ST 205 2 Marine shell (5.1g) 11/6/2006 JC, SF
31 8CR1097 ST 210 1 Marine shell (0.3g) 11/6/2006 JC, SF
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APPENDIX II: FLORIDA SURVEY LOG
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...
Twin Eagles Archaeological Assessment
An Archaeological Assessment of the Twin Eagles, aka Immokalee Road
South, Parcel, Collier County, Florida
Carr, Robert S. Mankowski, Joseph F.
Beriault, John G. Crump, John
2018 67
AHC Technical Report #1189
Carr, Robert S.
Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc.Davie, Florida
Immokalee
hammock
Carr, Robert S.6-4-2018
Collier
CORKSCREW SW 1987
BELLE MEADE NW 1987
5-23-2018 5-30-2018 562
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...
Pedestrian survey of 10 sites recorded in Phase I assessment (FMFS Survey
#6608 AHC Technical Report #578 Beriault 2001)
10 0
CR830 (DESTROYED),
CR831 (DESTROYED), CR832, CR833, CR834 (DESTROYED), CR835 (DAMAGED), CR836 (DESTROYED), CR837, CR841, CR1097
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NTOWNSHIP 48S, RANGE 27E, SECTONS 29,30,31,32
USGS MAPS: CORKSCREW SW AND
BELLE MEADE NW (1958, REV. 1987)0 1/4 1/2 1 Mile approx.
USGS map of the Twin Eagles parcel.
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APPENDIX III: FLORIDA SITE FORMS: 8CR832, 8CR833,
8CR835, 8CR837,
8CR1097, 8CR841
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