TR 85-1FLORIDA
RECOMMENDATIONS AND A PROGRAM FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
AND PROTECTION FOR THE UNDEVELOPED LANDS OF
COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE
1985
Research supported in part by the
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation and the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, Administered by the
Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
TECHNICAL REPORT 8�-1
1985
Research supported in part by the
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation and the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, Administered by the
Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
C. EDWARD PROFFITT, PH.D.
Director
ROBERT H. GORE, PH.D.
Coastal Zone Management
Specialist
MAURA E. CURRAN
Coastal Zone Management
Associate
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT
COLLIER COUNTY GOVERNMENT COMPLEX
3301 TAMIAMI TRAIL EAST
NAPLES, FLORIDA 33942-4977
I
RECOMMENDATIONS AND A PROGRAM FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
AND PROTECTION FOR THE UNDEVELOPED LANDS OF
COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE
By
Robert H. Gore
Coastal Zone Management Specialist
Department of Natural Resources Management,
Collier County, Florida 33962
4
CM-97
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION PROGRAM FOR THE UNDEVELOPED
PORTIONS OF COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE
Dr. C. Edward Proffitt
Project Administrator
Dr. Robert H. Gore
Project Supervisor
Department of Natural Resources Management, Collier County, Florida
0
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"Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all."
T Garrett Hardin
1968
0
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...,.,
,�.,,,,.• ,
THE
AREA ......................
............................... .....
4
THE
PROBLEM ........
METHODOLOGY... ........
.....
The OWNRLIST Program ..........••............................
10
����'�.. " " "
The COASTVAL Program ...
..,,,,,,•
The OWNRZONE Program ........ �••'•� " " •'•� " " " '•
11
The Vegetational Indicators Program ..
11
.............
................
The LUMACT Program . ..............
15
- .......................
•16
THE
APPROACH
I.
WHAT ARE THE ESTUARINE AND COASTAL VEGETATIONAL RESOURCES IN
THE UNDEVELOPED AREAS OF COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE? .....
20
Vegetational Assemblages in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone
23
.
Land Resources in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone
...
24
II.
WHO OWNS THE LAND ON WHICH THE RESOURCES OCCUR?
......,
Land Ownership in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone
The RFD (Restricted Future Development) Classification•.•'•��
26
Land Ownership by Coastal Zone
32
..............................
33
Water Management No. 6
.............
Belle Meade .........
34
Camp Keasis
36
Fakahatchee...................................� ........
38
Turner River ....., " ••••••••
39
Big Cypress West, Big• Cypress• East •........••.•'•.......•
41
..............
42
THE SOLUTION
III. HOW CAN THESE RESOURCES BE PROTECTED, OR PUT TO THE BEST AND
HIGHEST USE WITHOUT SUBSTANTIALLY DEGRADING THE COASTAL ZONE
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEMS?
1. Land Held in Private Ownership .......................... 44
A) Creative Zoning ...... ••45
B) Tax and Developmental Relief orModification•••••... 45
C) Restrictive or Environmental Zoning ...........•..
D) Environmental Easements ......• 46
• ' � " � • ' �� � � • ' � � � � "
E) Buf ferzone Mandates ' 47
F) Population Cap for Collier County ................... 47
G) Enforcement of Environmental Ordinances.............
47
49
2. Coastal Lands and Public Welfare .•
3. The Maintenance of Healthy CoastalEcosystems•.,,,,,,•... 49
51
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......
REFERENCES....................
iii
Table of Contents (Continued).
APPENDICES
Appendix
1.
OWNRLIST Program Example...............................60
Appendix
2.
COASTVAL Program Example...............................61
Appendix
3.
OWNRZONE Program Example...............................62
Appendix
4.
LUMACT Program Descriptors and Definitions.............63
Appendix
S.
LUMACT Program Example................................119
"
I
iv
INTRODUCTION
The coastal zone in the State of Florida faces an impending crisis.
In the the 15 years between 1960 and 1975 the population of Florida
approximately doubled from 4.9 million to 8.5 million, increasing at a
rate of nearly 24,000 people per month. Projected population by the year
2000 is nearly 15 million persons. It is anticipated that most of these
will settle in defined regional centers either along the shoreline or in
major populational nodes within the interior of the state. Presently,
75% of the state's population occurs in the coastal zone areas (Division
of State Planning, 1976). These populational figures become more impor-
tant when it is realized that 1) development in the state of Florida
continues to take place with little consistent strategy of management;
2) the coastal margins of Florida are now incapable of supporting un-
managed growth; and 3) there seems to be little incentive to take a
responsible position in growth management.
Portions of the coastal zone of Collier County comprise one of the
few unaltered major environmentally sound areas remaining in the state.
The natural resources of the county, consisting of subtropical climate,
relatively untrammeled beaches, nearly pristine seagrass and mangrove
ecosystems, extensive salt and freshwater marshes, expansive coastal
prairies, and associated cypress and pine upland forest systems, all
occur within the zone and provide a wealth of natural habitats and
environmentally attractive amenities. Indeed, without these resources
Collier County would not exhibit the attractiveness that it does --an
attractiveness which has resulted in the county becoming one of the
fastest growing areas in the entire United States. The Naples Metropol-
2.
itan area is the third fastest growing in the entire United States. U.S.
Census Bureau stated that population increased 29% between 1980 and 1984
with nearly 111,000 living in the coastal area from North Naples to Marco
Island.
In Collier County, according to the Community Development Division
of -this county theie are presently over 100 planned unit developments
(PUD) being considered or actively being developed through the entire
area of Collier County. These developments, when realized, will cover
approximately 22,000 acres and consist of nearly 84,000 single and
multifamily units, as well as nearly 100 commercial units. A popu-
lational increase of 170,000 is projected which would raise the total
Collier County population to over 285,000 people by the year 2,000. The
effects of extensive development on the coastal zone ecosystems may be
( massive.
One management tool for this rapid growth has been the formulation
of the county Comprehensive Plan,.which established two major land -use
and management categories. One was the Coastal Resources Management and
Recreation Area (CRMRA) which identifies some 138 square miles of the
unaltered coastal zone still held in private ownership, and noted it as
an area where future developmental activities will require a detailed
review to ensure compatibility with existing natural resources. The
second category, Parks and Preserves, designated and mapped the un-
developed areas of the coastal zone presently under administration of
Federal, State and County governmental agencies. The Natural Resources
Element in the Comprehensive Plan also provides a detailed listing and
functioning of the natural resources in the county, especially the
a'
b. coastal barrier islands, lagoons, marshes, maritime forests, and other
3.
wetlands which are coming under increasing pressure as man's impact
impinges on, alters, or eliminates these biotopes.
Although the Comprehensive Plan has identified the remaining un-
developed areas of the coastal zone, and set general goals and policies
to protect these areas, its implementation has been quite general and
exhibits many deficiencies. Prior to.1984.no functional water district
management units, or much data related to these, existed. Estuarine
resources were acknowledged but were not categorized in any meaningful
manner. There were no summational data on property ownership, zoning,
vegetational cover, ecosystem interlocking, or other important input
relating to environmental factors and land use management. Consequently,
developmental activities that were permitted on parcels of land did not
necessarily take into account such aspects at the time of development.
CNor was the affect of the permitted development on adjacent areas, or the
future environmental consequences of such development on any contiguous
areas, considered in depth.
The impact of existing development has now been well documented (see
Benedict 1984, Benedict et al. 1984, Gore 1984a, b). Attention has been
drawn to the potential detrimental effects future development might have
on primeval areas, especially in undeveloped regions of the county. This
attention fits well with the goal of the Collier County Coastal Zone
Management Program which seeks the protection of the undisturbed natural
resources of the county on the one hand, and the careful management of
coastal development within and adjacent to these resource areas on the
other. Such a policy, if adhered to, will ensure that future land -use
activities will have minimal adverse impact on the existing natural
resources.
4.
It is apparent that many, if not all, of the pristine ecosystems in
Collier County are sufficiently resilient to recover from mild environ-
mental insult. Any impact, however, produces some change and no eco-
system can remain totally unaltered. Nor can an ecosystem that has
been changed ever be restored to its primeval and pristine state. Only
by.careful management of growth -and development will these systems remain
resilient and persist into the future.
THE AREA
The coastal zone of Collier County is defined here as that area of
the County on the south, or Gulf of Mexico, side of US 41 (Tamiami
Trail). This areas comprises a relatively narrow strip of land that
stretches 57 miles from the northwest terminus at the Lee County line to
the southeastern terminus at the Dade -Monroe County lines. The strip
varies in width from 2 miles in the north, to 12 miles in the area of
Marco Island, to 8 miles wide near the southeastern county border. The
coastal zone comprises 16 percent of the total land area of Collier
County and is inhabited by nearly 40,000 people, or roughly 35 percent of
the total county population. Nearly 30,000 additional people (approxi-
mately 30% more of the population) live eastward of US 41 within a five
mile strip paralleling that highway. Thus, nearly 65% of the total
county population occurs within 10 miles of the Gulf of Mexico.
The Collier County Coastal Zone contains both developed and un-
developed areas. Approximately 67 square miles (21%) of the total 328
square miles comprising the Zone are developed, with the majority of this
development found in five major populational centers:
Vanderbilt Beach,
Park Shore, City of Naples, East Naples, and the Marco Island -Isles of
Capri areas. The first three centers are located north of Gordon Pass,
5.
the mouth of Gordon River that forms the southern terminus of the Naples
headland. The fourth area is inland and southeast of the Pass, and Marco
Island is to the southeast and forms the southernmost terminus of de-
velopment in western Collier County.
The undeveloped coastal zone as defined for this report comprises
the areaSouthof US 41 that extends from Gordon Pass in the northeast to
the Monroe County line and Everglades National Park in the south, and to
the Dade County line and the Big Cypress National Preserve areas in the
east (Figure 1). This region contains approximately 261 square miles of
land (about 79% of the.total coastal zone), most of which is uninhabited
or slightly to moderately developed. Populational centers in this area
include the towns of Goodland (population 332), Everglades City and
,hokoloskee Island (population 514) and Ochopee (population 204). The
two most important factors affecting this region are the existence of
several large parks or preserves which make up about 37% of the un-
developed lands, and the fact that nearly 52% of the remainder of un-
developed lands remains in private ownership. The existence of parkland,
which is non -developable, forces future development and growth into the
undeveloped lands which, although inherently undevelopable, or develop-
able only with difficulty and great expense, nevertheless remain poten-
tially so and are held for speculation by many of these same owners.
The vast majority of undeveloped coastal land in Collier County is
relatively remote and exists in its natural or nearly primeval condition.
The coastal physiography of this region includes active barrier islands,
tidally influenced estuarine lagoons, mainland coastal bays, and associ-
ated wetlands and maritime seasonally inundated upland areas. A number
of rivers, creeks and tributaries also occur as important hydrological
Rp
features in the undeveloped Zone, the most prominent being Henderson
Creek and Royal Palm Creek, the Blackwater, Fakahatchee, Whitney, Wood,
and East, Barron and Turner Rivers, and the Turner River and Faka Union
canal systems. The latter two conduits drain upland hardwood forest and
coastal prairie lands north of US 41.
Included within these land and water regions are several major
vegetational biotopes, such as marine seagrass beds, extensive mangrove
forests, well -developed coastal saltwater marshes, maritime upland pine
.and cypress forests, and wide low coastal prairies. In several delimited
areas large stands of RUE (rare, endangered or unique) vegetational
h
assemblages occur. These include a mature coastal hardwood (predom-
inantly oak) hammock on Cannon Island, a unique Mastic -Gumbo Limbo
hammock on Little Marco Island adjacent to Cannon Island, a complex and
now unique high island xeric-hydric forest community on Horr's Island,
and large hydric oak -maple -cabbage palm hammocks in the Camp Keasis and
Fakahatchee districts. North of US 41 large pine barrens, and mixed
swamp hardwood strands are found from east of SR 951 to the Turner River
area.
Before alteration and development the vegetational and physiograph-
ical relationships of Collier County's coastal ecosystems extended
northward to link with similar systems in Lee County, and southward to
blend with the coastal ecosystems of the Everglades in Monroe County.
The upland systems, in turn, reached northeastward and southeastward to
unite with the coastal prairies and pine and cypress islands of Broward
and Dade County and eventually also merged into the vast saagrass and
hammock -dotted plains of the Everglades (Conservation Foundation, 1968).
Now, many coastal areas north of Gordon Pass have been completely al-
rA
tered, or are presently undergoing massive destruction through develop-
mental land clearing. The remaining coastal ecosystems are restricted to
four main areas south of US 41. These are 1) the Rookery Bay-Keewaydin
Island estuarine lagoonal and coastal barrier systems in Water Management
District No. 6; 2) the large and relatively undisturbed seagrass-
mangrove-saltmarsh systems north of Marco Island and east of SR 951,
which extend to SR 92 in the Belle Meade and Camp Keasis districts;
3) the vast reticulated coastal mangrove swamps east of Marco Island
comprising the western Ten Thousand Islands, plus.the associated fresh-
water marshes occurring from SR 92 eastward to SR 29 in the Fakahatchee
district; and 4) the complex reticulated mangrove swamp-salt/freshwater
marsh -cypress forest -coastal prairie systems of the eastern Ten Thousand
Islands area and the associated maritime margins east of SR 29, and
extending to Dade and Broward Counties. The distinctness of this latter
system is especially apparent in the upland regions north of US 41 along
SR 84 (Alligator Alley) where a noticeable transition from sawgrass
prairie to cypress dome prairie can be seen in a 5-10 mile stretch
between western Broward and eastern Collier County. The importance of
all these areas has been well documented previously (see Gore 1984a,
Benedict et al. 1984 for bibliography).
The vegetational systems noted above all intergrade into the coastal
estuarine system of Florida Bay. This region, including the Ten Thousand
Islands area, has been characterized as "...a complex system of tidal
creeks and mangrove swamps with islands separated by shallow tidal
lagoons and natural passes. Sand beaches are infrequent in this area."
(Warinner et al. 1976). This same report notes that important habitat
and nursery grounds for estuarine -dependent fish and shellfish, including
91
commercially exploited stock, occur throughout the region. The authors
list 8 concerns including Major Concerns of domestic and industrial
pollution, dredging, and diversion of freshwater flows; Significant
Concerns of pesticides, electric power generator impacts, pulp and
textile mill -wastes, and filling of marshes; and the Lesser Concern of
ditching and draining of wetland areas. They point out that the Ever-
glades/Ten Thousand Islands systems are acutely sensitive to freshwater
supplies, and that severe curtailment of freshwater inflow can be ex-
pected to decrease overall amounts of mangrove and marshland habitats,
affect salinities and flushing of waters through these systems, and
induce additional physiological stress on the fauna and flora. At least
13 endangered species of mammals and birds are found in these estuarine
systems or rely on them --in some manner.
0
9.
THE PROBLEM
The program embarked upon during 1984-1985 by the Collier County
Natural Resources management Department is a continuation of the Coastal
Zone Management Program begun in 1983 and 1984. Attention in 1985 was
focused on updeveloped.coastal resources and how they may best be manag-
ed, This study began by.asking.three important questions:
1. WHAT ARE THE ESTUARINE AND COASTAL VEGETATIONAL RESOURCES IN
THE UNDEVELOPED AREAS OF COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE?
2. WHO OWNS THE LAND ON WHICH THESE RESOURCES OCCUR?
3. HOW CAN THESE RESOURCES BE PROTECTED, OR PUT TO THE BEST AND
HIGHEST USE WITHOUT SUBSTANTIALLY DEGRADING THE COASTAL ZONE
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEMS?
Toward this end a detailed land -use review and permitting process in-
corporating a land -use matrix is herein proposed which delineates the
natural resources of a given section of land (concentrating on vegeta-
tion, for reasons which will become clear), and which recommends develop-
mental categories and activities within each category that are amenable
to that particular land section. This process, if adopted, will ensure
that future land -use activities will not, or only marginally, degrade
existing natural resources, not only in the section being developed, but
in adjacent sections which might also be affected by developmental
activities. It is now apparent that no land -use activities should be
conducted in any portion of the undeveloped coastal zone of Collier
County without giving serious consideration to existing ecosystem values,
functions, and limiting factors in contiguous sections as well. To
ignore these factors is to put the coastal zone environment in jeopardy
and ultimately to alter the entire coastal ecosystem, the prime factor
10.
that makes Collier County such an attractive place to live.
METHODOLOGY
In order to develop a Land Use Matrix it was necessary to determine
ownership and zoning of all land in the undeveloped coastal zone, and the
major vegetational systems on such lands. A list of the types of activi-
ties that might take place was developed and the activities ranked on a
descending scale of compatibility or desirability. This scale was then
applied to each section of land within the seven major coastal zones.
From this application recommendations could be made as to the type and
extent of the various activities, thus forming the basis of the Land Use
Matrix. A series of land use Categories and Impacts was developed with
categories ranging from Compatible (benign or very low adverse impact) to
Prohibited (severe or catastrophic impact). Each general activity
category in this series was defined on the basis of potential ecosystem
impairment using vegetational recovery as the criteria. In addition, the
required agency permits, approval, guidelines or environmental impact
statements was listed, as well as situations in which a performance
bond Iwould be posted, with a a listing of penalties for non-compliance.
These data are provided in Table 1.
The OWNRLIST program
To determine the general land ownership and extent of holdings by
various corporations, individuals or other legal entities within the
undeveloped coastal zone a listing of all property owners within the
1 The performance bond refers to the Performance Bond Ordinance
designed by the author in a previous report (Gore 1984b).
11.
sections, townships and ranges of the zone was obtained from the Collier
County Tax Assessor. Each owner was given a unique owner number, named,
listed under the appropriate map reference (section, township, range) and
sorted under one or more of seven coastal zone water management dis-
tricts. These data were entered in an expandable r:Base program named
_ OWNRLIST, which allows a general determination of land ownership and
distribution within each district. A synopsis of these data will be
discussed in more detail below (see also Fig. 5). An example of the
program printout is provided in Appendix 1.
The COASTVAL Program
A second program was developed which compiled the tax valuation and
assessments for land and assets of all major land owners in Collier
- County. The owners were listed under 14 general names in the r:Base
r program COASTVAL which allows a summary of land values within each
t
section, or within each coastal zone.
is given in Appendix 2.
The OWNRZONE Program
An example of the COASTVAL program
A third program, ancillary to OWNRLIST, was developed which con-
tained data on zoning, dominant vegetation, alterational aspects, and
general location notes, including major physiographical features, for
every section in the undeveloped coastal zone. An example of this
program, termed OWNRZONE, is provided in Appendix 3. As with the other
programs, OWNRZONE is expandable. This program may eventually be com-
bined with OWNRLIST to provide a more expanded database once the as-
sessment for all of Collier County (and not just the undeveloped coastal
zone) has been completed.
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14.
It must be emphasized that the entry of these data is a tedious and
time-consuming process. If programs are to be combined, and particularly
as new data are entered owing to the massive projected growth in Collier
County, a full time data entry position will need to be established.
Each of the programs can conceivably be tied into existing data bases in
the Property -Appraiser's and Tax Collector's Offices. These combined
with the presently developed data base in Community Development, offer a
comprehensive overview of all parameters in Collier County. However,
gaining access to each -is presently time-consuming and immediate
print-outs for reliable data assessment are not readily available.
E
15.
The Vegetational Indicators Pro ram
The most important part in determining land use activities within
this study is the use of vegetational assemblages as a major and more or
less permanent ecological indicator. Vegetation descriptions also
provide information on general characteristics of the ecosystem in an
-area and feflect the general environmental health. These assemblages
thus allow guidelines and recommendations to be made for nearly every
developmental or recreational activity in any given section.
Because much of the undeveloped coastal zone in Collier County is
remote or generally inaccessible by normal land vehicles three methods
were employed to determine the major vegetational assemblages in each
section: 1) aerial photography using REDI (Real Estate Development
Institute) photographs, usually at 1:600 or 1:1200 scale; 2) State of
Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) aerial overflight transects
which produces a section by section series of photo mylars at a scale of
1:200 or 1:400; 3) ground truthing and photography in selected sections
where known vegetational assemblages could be identified and provide
"signatures" for aerial photograph interpretation. In this phase a
series of ground photographs were also made approximately every mile
along the south side of US 41 from the Collier -Dade County lines westward
to Rattlesnake Hammock Road (SR 864). These stations are shown in Fig.
2.
The REDI photographs allowed a major overview of entire ecosystems,
including watercourses, sheetflow ways, large vegetational assemblages
(such as pine -cypress forests or hardwood hydric strands), and important
geomorphological features. Zoning categories and areas within each
r' section were listed on each page facing a photograph. A major drawback
16.
was that at the scale used many smaller vegetational features were
indistinct or impossible to evaluate. In such a case the DOT photographs
filled the gap, because at their scale individual trees or other vegeta-
tional units, major physiographic features, hydrological characteristics,
and other important terrestrial components were usually easily dis-
cernible and interpretable. The close-up scaling, however, provided a
less holistic view of the surrounding biome, and no zoning was indicated
within each section.
The ground truthing of the program provided more detailed data on
physiographical and hydrographical features, as well as micro -vegeta-
tional assemblages in selected areas of the coastal zone. They allow
fine-tuning of features interpreted from the DOT or REDI aerial photo-
graphs.
Interpretation of the photographs produced a categorization of the
predominant vegetational communities occurring in each section. Not
every community was listed because this would have made the database too
unwieldy. After categorization these data were combined with physio-
graphic features and assembled as a series of worksheets from which
assessments and recommendations for developmental or recreational activ-
ities could be made. Each section was assessed in this manner.
The LUMACT Program
Finally, data from OWNRLIST, OWNRZONE, and vegetational information
was combined into a single working unit for each section. A series of
seven major developmental categories was established for activities
within the undeveloped coastal zone (Table 2). Each category contained
10 sub -categories listing general developmental, non -developmental, or
recreational activities which might be applicable within a given section
17.
Table 2. Categories for developmental activities within the Collier
County undeveloped coastal zone.
NON -DEVELOPMENT
(NONDEVEL)
Land should be maintained in existing state or
modified only toward non -developmental activities
such as park, preserves, or other restricted public
usage.
RECREATION
(RECUSE)
Landis suitable for one or more recreational
activities and maybe developed along guidelines
appropriate for the particular type of recreation.
Emphasis is toward non -major construction or land
modification activities.
AGRICULTURE
(AGRIUSE)
Land is suitable for one or more agricultural or
agriculture -related activities, and may be developed
under guidelines appropriate for such activity,
including construction and land -clearing.
LAND MODIFICATION
(LANDMOD)
Land is suitable for any developmental activities
that require alteration of the surface, provided
guidelines (as necessary) are adhered to. Magnitude
and areal extent is dependent on particular
vegetational assemblages.
WATERFLOW USES Land is suitable for storage, construction of
(WATERFLO) flowways or conduits, or otherwise acting as
reservoir or flowway for particular types of water,
including sewerage and wastewaters, subsurface
storage or disposal, under appropriate environmental
guidelines.
CONSTRUCTION Land is suitable for constructional activities as
(CONSTRCT) delineated and recommended providing appropriate
guidelines are met and environmental concerns (if
any) are suitable addressed.
DREDGE & FILL Land and related bottomlands suitable for dredge and
(DRDG&FIL) fill activities which meet the criteria of all
appropriate governmental permitting agencies.
19.
recommendations may eventually prove inapplicable at some future time
owing to greatly altered conditions (e.g. hurricane damage). To fore-
stall discrepancies of this order recourse can be made to the DOT aerial
photographs where specific features come into question. On -site surveys
may also be made in those cases where disagreement arises as to which
recommendations may -or may not apply. In such cases the developmental
guidelines may require modification in order to be properly implemented.
0
18.
The categories were then listed on a second series of computerized
worksheets, one for each section in any given township and range. Each
applicable activity was ranked in a Land Use Activities Matrix as being
Compatible (C), Provisional (P), Restricted (R), Incompatible (I) or
Prohibited W . An example of this worksheet is provided in Appendix 4.
-These-recommendations were combined with map references appropriate to
each coastal zone, the presently established zoning, the numbered owners
of property, and a general comments portion relating to any special,
unique, vegetational or alterational features existing in the particular
section. Once assembled the data were entered into a r:Base program
named LUMACT. The LUMACT program thus allows a section by section
appraisal of any pertinent activities that might be proposed within a
parcel of land in any given section. It also provides recommendations
for or against such activities and notes the reason why. An example of
LUMACT and its explanation is provided in Appendix S.
Once computerized, the worksheet data become quickly retrievable, or
modifiable as conditions warrant (e.g. zoning changes). The LUMACT,
OWNRLIST and OWNRZONE Programs thus allow the Department of Natural
Resources Management to provide a more complete assessment of proposed
activities in any section of the undeveloped coastal zone. The LUMACT
program also allows the land owner or developer to see just how the
various ecological factors aid in determining the type and magnitude of
permitted activities on land in any given section. It is important to
realize, however, that this method and program only provides general
recommendations, based on predominating physiographical-hydrological-
vegetational conditions existing at the time of aerial or ground surveys.
It is expected that within any given section some or all of the
20.
THE APPROACH
I. WHAT ARE THE ESTUARINE AND COASTAL VEGETATIONAL RESOURCES IN THE
UNDEVELOPED AREAS OF COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE?
The ecological resources in the Collier County undeveloped coastal
zone have been considered in depth in previous reports (Gore 1984a,b;
Benedict et al. 1984). As a general definition, the resources to be
managed in this area are primarily those natural factors, parameters or
objects which may be exploited for human usage. The Florida Comprehen-
sive Plan Land Development Element lists 10 land resources, as follows:
1. Air
2. Uplands
3. Wetlands and submerged lands
4. Water
5. Soils
6. Agricultural lands
7. Minerals
8. Amenities
9. Beaches and dunes
10. Natural hazard areas
As might be expected, these categories are often too broad for any
meaningful application of management techniques. Moreover, statements of
purpose such as "Achieve the highest long-term quality of life for all
Floridians consistent with sound social, economic and environmental
principles through proper land development." (p. 8) in the same report
are mere exercises in acrimonious vacuity if the modifiers "highest, long
term, sound . . . principles, etc." are not clearly defined. It is also
disarmingly easy to have similarly unclear objectives such as "Main -
that previously existed (resulting in its growth) as well as to determine
whether any changes have or can be predicted to take place. In this
23.
populational health reflected to a large degree by the health of the
surrounding ecosystem. A much -touted example of this interrelationship
has been the mangrove forests upon which larval and postlarval inverte-
brates and fishes are dependent for their juvenile growth, and which in
turn support adult populations of commercially valuable fishes and
shellfish, and aesthetically valuable bird and mammal populations.
Vegetational Assemblages in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone
As seen in Figure 3 the predominant vegetational assemblages in
Collier County south of US 41 extend in four relatively well-defined,
more .or. less _parallel strips. _Progressing from the estuary landward (and
generally northward) these are: 1) the mangrove forests and reticulated
coastal swamps along the margins of a series of bays beginning with
Rookery -Bay and extending into the Ten Thousand Islands area; 2) the
saltwater -freshwater marshlands contiguous with and generally shoreward
of the marginal mangrove fringes; 3) the upland maritime pine barrens and
pine -cypress forests on the higher lands above the marshes; and 4) the
coastal prairie -cypress dome systems in the freshwater drainage areas to
the northeast.
Interspersed within each of these major systems are numerous sub-
systems consisting of numerically dominant species -groupings that reflect
more localized ecological conditions. Some examples are the sabal
palm -halophyte islands east of Collier -Seminole State Park, the isolated
hardwood hammock islands within portions of the coastal mangrove forest,
and the high island xeric communities seen on Horr's Island, or in their
remnant state on southeastern Marco Island.
Ecotones, or transitional vegetational assemblages also are found
between one dominant community and another. Of no less importance than
24.
the major systems just delineated, ecotones function either as plant
species intergradational areas in major waterflow regions, or as species
refugia for those plants which would be outcompeted, or which are ex-
cluded by resident ecological factors from growing in any abundance in
the larger adjacent systems.
The predominant assemblages considered and employed in this report
are given in Table 3. The program descriptor provides a summary rotator
for the dominant vegetation and is used in the General Comments section
in the LUMACT Program (q.v.).
Land Resources in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone
In areal extent the coastal land resources with associated vegeta-
tional assemblaged comprise approximately 270,000 acres. This figure is
misleading in one sense because adjacent bodies of water such as coastal
bays, tributary or river mouths, mangrove swamps, salt or freshwater
marshes, and tidal mudflats are often alternately inundated or exposed,
or may be under water for most or all of the year, depending on the tidal
regime, and may thus have little dry land associated with them. Yet the
overall extent of these areas is extremely important insofar as their
relationship to the coastal margin is concerned. There is no need to
delineate the importance of mangroves or saltmarshes because their
intrinsic, real monetary, and aesthetic values are now well recognized.
Closely coupled with simple areal extent are physiographical,
hydrological and ecological aspects. Lowlying, perpetually inundated
mangrove swamps along coastal margins are now less attractive in a
developmental sense than are high and dry (at least seasonally) pine
f
barrens. At present, development is proceeding rapidly in many of the
upland areas of the county, partly as a consequence of available and
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relatively cheaper land, and partly as a result of the ecological pen-
dulum which has swung so far in one direction that mangroves have now
become the sacred plant of Florida. Without denying the very real value
of mangroves or any wetlands, it nevertheless must remain a major con-
sideration that to develop the uplands completely while leaving the low
wetlands untouched will eventually result in the degradation of the
latter, simply because of curtailment or interruption of nutrient and
waterflow to these systems (see Clark, 1975). Moreover, permanent
alteration of uplands places an additional burden on water resources
because groundwater supplies and shallow aquifer recharging may be
interdicted by concrete and asphalt. Percolation is slowed or prevented
in wet years adding to local flooding; in dry years hard surface runoff
also eliminates groundwater recharge.
II. WHO OWNS THE LAND ON WHICH THE RESOURCES OCCUR?
In this study 416 sections in 4 townships located in 10 ranges south
of US 41 were delineated and compared. An estimated 266,240 acres in
total overall area were calculated to be available either partially or
completely for various types of developmental activities. Excluded from
this total are approximately 16 sections on Marco Island proper which
have already undergone complete development or alteration resulting in
the total destruction of the previously occurring ecosystem. This
acreage is not considered further in this report.
Land Ownership in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone
Land in the undeveloped coastal zone can be classified into five
main owner -categories: Corporations, Large family -oriented holdings,
f
Bank and Savings 6 Loans Institutions, Miscellaneous small owners
controlling individually and collectively less than 25% of a section, and
27.
Social, Church or Government Agency holdings. Individual categories
within this groups reflect control to a varying degree of much or nearly
all sections within some coastal zone management districts. It should be
remembered, however, that ownership within any given section of a coastal
zone is often patchy and only rarely are entire or nearly entire sections
owned by a single corporate or individual entity. Although there may be
substantial land area controlled by such entities, these may often be
overshadowed by the holdings of numerous smaller entities.
Approximately 50% of the 261 square miles of undeveloped coastal
zone in Collier County.is under the ownership or management of federal,
state or county governmental agencies whose sole mission is management
and preservation of these areas for public use (Figure 4). In the
undeveloped coastal zone the State of Florida presently administers
Collier -Seminole State Park, Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve, and the
Cape Romano -Ten Thousand Islands Aquatic Preserve. Under Federal juris-
diction are the Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National
Park. Rookery Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary is administered in a
tripartite arrangement involving land ownership by national private
agencies (e.g. Audubon Society), and management by the State of Florida
Department of Natural Resources, under the aegis of the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The only County -administered park
within the boundaries of the undeveloped coastal zone is Tigertail Beach
Park on the northwest coast of Marco Island. The approximate total
acreage and the percentage of the undeveloped coastal zone involved in
these preserves is presented in Table 4.
Slightly more than 50% of the undeveloped coastal zone remains in
private ownership and is presumably available for any development contin-
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29.
gent on applicable zoning categories. As seen in Table 5, much of these
lands is zoned A2-ST or agricultural, special treatment. Although the
prime usage is expected to be for agricultural purposes, secondary usage
such as single family residential is also permitted, as are projected
other uses. It becomes moot whether these lands, used in their major
category as farm or citrusor pasture or pulpwood lands, or in secondary
categories as single family developments, would be more inimical to the
environment. Many of these same properties are slated for, or are
actually undergoing agricultural, residential or commercial development.
This development imposes a two -fold threat to the preserved lands: 1)
potential development of coastal zone lands presently held in private
ownership eliminates usage of valuable upland and wetland areas needed to
maintain present ecosystems; and 2) projected development of lands
adjacent to or contiguous with preserved lands increases the threat of
subsequent environmental degradation within the preserved areas when
interlocking ecosystems are altered or destroyed.
As seen in Figure 5 private ownership of land in the undeveloped
coastal zone is a well -marked patchwork of residential, commercial,
agricultural, and undeveloped areas. Two important points must be noted.
First, nearly all the coastal land north of Gordon Pass has been com-
pletely developed. Second, major development south of Gordon Pass is
centered on the Marco Island area. Both of these regions have had
relatively little management of resources insofar as maintenance of
ecosystem or environmental amenities. This is primarily a consequence of
a now -outmoded land ethic which, in effect, restructured existing coastal
margins and wetlands into putative uplands suitable for construction. It
is also a consequence of ignorance deliberate on the part of county and
30.
city governmental bodies before the concept of living within (instead of
over) the environment became fashionable. Inasmuch as these two areas
are either completely developed (City of Naples) or have been totally
altered (Marco Island) they are not considered further.
Instead, attention has been directed toward the remaining areas in
either private or public ownership. These lands, lying southeasterly
from Naples and nearly due east of Marco Island have great potential. As
noted by numerous authors (see Gore 1984a) most of this area can be
divided into several major coastal zone or waterflow districts. Prog-
ressing from Gordon Pa$s to the southeast these originally included:
Water Management No. 6, Belle Meade, Camp Keasis, Fakahatchee, and Turner
River. With the completion of the present study the sixth district
previously listed as Big Cypress has been separated into Big Cypress West
and Big Cypress East, respectively, because the general waterflow pat-
terns can often be separated south of US 41. For example, vegetational
indicators show that waterflow in. the Big Cypress West district trends
primarily southwest, toward Everglades City and the Chokoloskee Bay area,
whereas that of Big Cypress East trends predominantly southward into
Monroe County and Everglades National Park.
For development purposes much of these lands could be altered,
either for constructional or agricultural purposes. By the same token,
nearly all of these properties could be removed from further development
for preservational purposes, or at least restricted in part as to the
type and extent of development allowed. Approximately 68% of these lands
are zoned Al-ST, another 9% is zoned A2-ST, and another large percentage
(11%) is zoned RO-ST. The predominant zoning in each coastal zone is
listed in Table 5 and indicates the approximate percentage by section of
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32.
zoning classifications within each district.
The RFD (Restricted Future Development) Classification
Before considering land ownership in each of the water management
districts the possibility of potential adverse environmental impacts on
properties in those sections which lie adjacent to parks or preserves, or
in relatively pristine regions must be addressed. The critical nature of
many of these lands reemphasizes the importance of the ST (Special
Treatment) classification attached to their present zoning. These areas
will assume major importance in future years as the remaining undeveloped
portions of the coastal zone become altered through development. They
may thus be employed as a bufferzone around critical areas so as to allow
hydrological and ecological factors to continue to operate. Many of
these lands deserve a special additional categorical appellation, herein
{ termed "RFD", or Restricted Future Development, so as to maintain and
enhance their environmental integrity.
The RFD classification emphatically does not mean no development.
It does mean that any type of developmental activity must receive in-
creased scrutiny from the Department of Natural Resources Management,
even more so than those properties designated "ST", before any approval
for alteration can be given. It is apparent that the "ST" designation in
the Collier County Zoning Regulations has several loopholes. This
designation is no impediment to unbridled development of environmentally
critical lands. The suggested "RFD" classification simply emphasizes
that any developmental activities which involve major alteration or
modification to land, water, or vegetation within any sections of the
undeveloped coastal zone must be conducted under appropriate guidelines,
determined on a case by case basis by the Department of Natural Resources
33.
Management. An outline of these guidelines is listed in Appendix 6. The
"RFD" classification is thus equivalent in part to the "Restricted"
category of the Land Use Management Matrix insofar as alteration or
modification is concerned, but is not necessarily subject to all the
restrictions of this classification in regard to constructional or
recreational activities or permitting.
The sections recommended for "RFD" classification are depicted in
Figure 6: It is easily seen that the majority of these areas lie adja-
cent.or contiguous to -park or preservation areas, or extend to a distance
on either side of such areas. The sections involved are restricted
primarily to ensure uninterrupted, or minimally altered waterflow and
ecological intergradation between the ecosystems to the north and the
south of US 41. It should also -be noted that the "RFD" classification is
applicable primarily to privately owned land west of SR 29, an area which
is of increasing critical concern owning to developmental pressures. A
small area in the far eastern corner of the undeveloped coastal zone at
the Dade County line is also recommended for "RFD" because there is
little resource management in these sections and because the area is
important as a water flowway to the south Big Cypress National Preserve
and ultimately Everglades National Park. It is anticipated that addi-
tional county border protection will be required in the future for
sections north of US 41 to the Hendry County line in order to ensure
maintenance of environmental integrity along the Broward County border-
line.
Land Ownership by Coastal Zone
A district by district assessment of land holdings and vegetational
systems provides much insight on the value of undeveloped lands, as well
34.
as allowing some predictions for land use in the future. In the assess-
ment that follows data were assembled from Collier County tax rolls, the
zoning atlas, and from DOT aerial photographs and/or ground-truthing by
field surveys or area walkovers. Table 6 summarizes the land holder and
tax base data.-
Water Management No 6
In the Water Management No. 6 area a total of 42 sections were
considered. The assessed tax value is approximately $758,789. Land
ownership in this district is varied, with the majority of property in
the hands of several corporations or environmental groups. Keewaydin
Island ownership resides for the most part in Key Island Club, Incor-
porated. The Rookery Bay area is held by National Audubon Society, The
Nature Conservancy, and The Conservancy, Incorporated. Some additional
land is owned by the State of Florida Department of Natural Resources.
Other important owners include Industrial Concern Investment Company,
Neapolitan Enterprises, and Collier Development Company. Miscellaneous
small owners of individuals parcels complete the distribution.
Water Management No. 6 is an important region for three reasons.
First, Rookery Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary occupies a large portion
r_ of the district. Although delimited as an estuarine sanctuary, its ties
to the surrounding ecosystems, including pine barrens and adjacent salt
marshes are strong. Loss of these biotopes would undoubtedly affect
habitats within the sanctuary to some, or a major degree (see e.g. The
Nature Conservancy, 1968).
Second, this district contains the northernmost part of the func-
tioning estuary and contiguous coastal ecosystems in Collier County.
These lands remain critical to the health of the estuary at large, and
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36.
have come under pressure in recent years to be developed as large,
country -club PUD's both south and north of US 41.
Third, the last unspoiled remnants of coastal barrier islands occur
within this district, and include not only Keewaydin Island (the longest
barrier island) but the important RUE lands of Cannon Island and Little
Marco Island, both of which are unique in Collier County, and both of
which are presently held in private ownership.
It is for these reasons that nearly all of the sections surrounding
Rookery Bay, and throughout the Dollar and Johnson Bay area have been
recommended for RFD classification. Because much of the land is pre-
sently mangrove forest the pressure to develop will undoubtedly be
shifted to the upland maritime systems which are predominantly given over
to pine -cypress forests. Reference'to Table 5 shows that the majority of
sections in the district carry A2-ST zoning, (50%) followed by A-2 (19%)
and RO-ST (16%).
Several large >1000 acres) planned unit developments (PUD) have
either been approved or are in planning stages. The Lely development
would add some 10,000 new residences and approximately 20,000 people to
the population along the coastal zone. In addition to general popu-
lational pressures several 18 hole golf courses are planned, thus pro-
moting a major destructive use of fragile pine -cypress maritime forest
lands, as well as being a prime nutrient -pesticide -herbicide source for
groundwaters and runoff into the estuary.
Belle Meade
A total of 49 sections were assessed within this district with a tax
,
value of approximately Pp y $1,399,569. In the Belle Meade district the
Deltona Corporation is by far the largest private landholder, controlling
37.
some 18 sections (although some parcels have been deeded to the State of
Florida under conditions of a settlement/land swap agreement involving
jurisdictional lands of the Department of Natural Resources and the US
Army Corps of Engineers). The next largest private landholder is Duda
Farms, along with some other -agricultural interests. Miscellaneous small
owners constitute the third ranked private group. The State of Florida
controls much of the bottom lands, and the Lamar Gable Trust owns some
acreage in the eastern boundary of the district along SR 92.
The Belle Meade district is a critical area because it lies at the
southern terminus of a_major sheetflow waterway, which drains the lands
in the vicinity of Golden Gate Estates. South of US 41 these lands are
predominantly pine -barren, saltmarsh and mangrove ecosystems, that
comprise an important and viable series of biotopes utilized by birdlife
and other estuarine fauna and flora. A series of ragged bays, oyster
bars, seagrass beds and mudflats make up the lower portions of the Belle
Meade system and undoubtedly enhances the maintenance of the estuarine/
marine ecosystems in the region. In addition to birdlife this region is
also noted for gamefishing, and is exploited commercially for stone
crabs.
The major zoning in this district is A2-ST (27%), followed by A-2
(16%), PUD (14%) and RSF (12%) (Table 5). Presently, land development is
occurring to the east of SR 951 by Deltona Corporation in an area front-
ing McIlvane Bay. To the north much of the land has been cleared and
turned over to agriculture by Duda Farms. Both types of development will
have serious impacts on the saltmarshes of the lower estuary as more and
more land is removed from the sheetflow way. Portions of the district
adjacent to Collier -Seminole State Park and above Addison Bay have been
38.
recommended for RFD status in order to act as bufferzones, or to provide
some protection for major parts of the estuary to the southeast, respect-
ively. Critical habitat, including an RUE coastal hammock, also occur on
John Stevens Creek in the vicinity of Goodland. A PUD by Deltona Corp-
oration is underway in this area but the company has stated its intention
of leaving the intra-mangrove coastal hammock property as a nature
preserve.
Camp Keasis
A total of 100 sections were considered in this district with a tax
value of approximately.$82,775. Nearly all of this land is in private
holdings except for Collier -Seminole State Park. Three major land
owners, the Gable Trust, the Collier Family, and Deltona Corporation
share this district, controlling approximately 65% of the land. State
of Florida ranks fourth at 28%. Miscellaneous small owners comprise a
fifth group which, collectively, owns about 5% of the land.
Most of the land in private ownership is salt marsh and mangrove
forest, although a large parcel of coastal hardwood hammock and associat-
ed sabal palm -halophyte island assemblages occur adjacent to and within
Collier -Seminole State Park. Moreover, much of the coastal fringe,
primarily lowlying mangrove islands forming the northwestern gateway to
the Ten Thousand Islands, is relatively remote and mosquito -infested
black and red mangrove forests. As such, it is to all extents and pur-
poses undevelopable, although it functions as a major recreational area
for local boaters and fishermen, and contributes to a stone crab fishery.
Other land, however, on southeastern Marco Island is prime waterfront
property which has undergone developmental conversion via dredging and
filling. Planned unit developments occur along the upland margins of
39.
Barfield Bay, a remnant area of prime coastal hammock, and adjacent to
John Stevens Creek in the Goodland area. Horr's Island, a unique high
island with RUE coastal hammock and xeric-high island pine assemblages
lies directly in the center of the estuary and points toward Caxambas
Pass and the open Gulf of Mexico. Also of great importance are Kice and
Morgan -Islands south of Marco Islands. Although considered coastal
barriers, their areal extent and accretional tendencies suggest that they
are more correctly considered incipient headlands which have not yet
united with Marco Island (itself a headland in formation). Kice and
Morgan Islands are nearly pristine areas, supporting a few vacation -type
houses. Much of these islands is hammock, fringed by extensive beach and
dune assemblages or surrounded by extensive mangrove forest.
-Of additional importance in the Camp Keasis district are the lands
draining the southern terminus paralleling US 41, and the large mangrove
forest-saltmarsh ecosystem that lies on the western boundary of the
Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve. The Cape Romano -Ten Thousand Islands
Aquatic Preserve is found predominantly in the Camp Keasis district and
incorporates many of the southernmost Ten Thousand Islands and much of
the shallow nearshore Gulf of Mexico bottomlands in the Gullivan Bay
area.
Major portions of the region have been recommended for RFD status in
order to preserve these biotopes, or ensure that bufferzones exist for
the valuable wildlife areas and marine/oligohaline ecosystems.
Predominant zoning is Al-ST (86%) followed by RSF (4%), A2-ST (32) and
RO-ST (3%) (Table 5).
1
Fakahatrlloe
A total of 76 sections were considered in this district. Tax value
40.
was assessed at approximately $5,272. Landholdings in the Fakahatchee
district are in large part held in protected status, being managed under
one or more agencies either by the State of Florida as the Fakahatchee
Strand State -Preserve,- or by the Federa-1 `Government as the Everglades
-National Park. Nevertheless, a small but important area consisting of
.a-pproxima-tely 14 sect -ions located in -the vicinity of the US 41/SR 29
junction at Carnestown remains in private ownership. This land is
controlled primarily by Collier Development Company, the Gable Trust, or
the Collier Family, plus miscellaneous small owners. A southern part of
_the area is incorporatgd as Everglades City and Chokoloskee Island, again
mostly in small tracts held by miscellaneous owners.
-Only the uplands near US 41 would seem to have any potential for
development. The lower part of the Fakahatchee coastal zone is almost
completely given over to reticulated coastal mangrove swamp and salt -
marshes, and innumerable small, oyster -bar built mangrove islands. The
upland areas are critical because roughly 502 of these lands lie in the
flowway for the eastern margin of the Fakahatchee Strand and the
northwestern Everglades National Park. These lands form an important
saltmarsh-freshmarsh interlock between Fakahatchee and Faka-Union Bays.
They are thus extremely important as sheetflow and tributarial water-
courses for the region.
It seems probable that SR 29 forms a dike of sorts within this area,
directing sheetflow and tributarial flow westward into the Ten Thousand
Islands and Chokoloskee Bay. This input probably does not match in
importance that of the Faka-Union Canal. This canal drains freshwater
from much of the Golden Gate Estates subdivision and thus produces
relatively low salinities within Faka-Union Bay, in contrast to higher
41.
and more normal salinities (28-38% )in Fakahatchee Bay.
.This district is zoned primarily A2-ST (57%) and RO-ST (42%.) in the
preserve areas. These include the lower portion of the Fakahatchee
Strand State Preserve, the Everglades National Park, and the bay and
upland/salt marsh portions of -the Cape Romano -Ten Thousand Islands
Aquatic Preserve. Owning to -the proximity of the Fakahatchee Strand
State Preserve and Everglades National Park 10 sections are recommended
for RFD classification because they lie directly adjacent to these
preserves.
Turner River
A total of 48 sections with an assesed tax value of about $2,364
were considered- In the Turner River district with the exception of a
large parcel lying parallel to SR 29 most of the lands belong to the
Federal Government, either as part of the Big Cypress National Preserve
or as Everglades National Park. The State of Florida has some scattered
holdings. The remainder of the area ownership is with miscellaneous
small owners in the incorporated section containing Everglades City and
its environs.
The land adjacent to SR 29 is either mangrove forest or saltwater or
freshwater marsh. Approaching US 41 the land begins to intergrade into
coastal prairie although freshwater marsh remains extensive. It is
probable that the salinity of this region is determined in large part by
lunar tidal ingress and storm -tide modification. Mangroves are seen
north of US 41 in an area otherwise given over primarily to cattail
(Typha) marsh.
Although some development has occurred, it is mostly of very low
density (Carnestown, Ochopee) and of little ecological consequence at
42.
present. Primary impact seems to be swamp buggy and airboat trails which
remain for long periods of time after the makers have departed. The
Turner River district is in a relatively remote part of Collier County,
served by US 41, and economical, logistical, zoning, hydrological and
entomological factors are all operating against future major development.
Although Everglades City has now become something of a rustic resort town
its expansional abilities are few owing to its geographical position ..
between the Big Cypress National Preserve to the east, Everglades Nation-
al Park to the south, and the Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve to the
west. Whether the northern areas near US 41 that are still open for
development will be exploited remains to be seen.
Three sections are recommended for RFD, all to the east of SR 29.
The -area around the Chokoloskee Causeway is also recommended as RFD as
{ insurance against adverse impact from residential development to the
Chokoloskee Bay bottomlands. The Turner River district is otherwise
zoned almost entirely Al-ST (98%) or RO-ST (2%).
Big Cypress West, Big Cypress East
A total of 60 sections and 41 sections comprise the two districts,
respectively. Assessed tax values are $3,762 and $7,747. Land in the
Big Cypress area is owned primarily by the Federal Government, but with
some notable private holdings (Figure S). Development in these two
districts is mostly at a very low level, consisting of isolated or
small -group home -sites, limited commercial facilities, and scattered
Seminole Indian villages. Hunting cabins, some of which are equivalent
to small, self-contained rustic resorts, are also scattered throughout
the area, but to a lesser extent than north of US 41. A small commercial
hub occurs at SR 92, Monroe Station, and limited agricultural development
43.
and land clearing has occurred. The entire area south of US 41 is nearly
pristine but undergoes some stress with extensive swamp buggy and airboat
usage, the trails of which are clearly visible on aerial photographs.
Just what effect these seasonally periodic trail scars will have on the
coastal prairie ecosystem remains to be seen.
Both -districts Comprise some of- the most -beautiful land in Collier
County. Vast expanses of coastal prairie, interrupted by the green domes
of cypress forests, and scattered cabbage palm hammocks on tear -drop
shaped islands in the norther margins of the River of Grass, all add up
to a scene of untrammeled and exquisite wilderness beauty. Because it is
greatly removed from urban hubs the landscape offers a peaceful serenity
that has been discovered by many Collier Countians, who explore its
verdant vistas on weekend escapes. Its Federal preserve status will
ensure that no major residential development will occur, although
agricultural, forestry and petroleum development remains possible. The
region should be maintained primarily for recreational purposes, and as
an important recharge and sheetflow area.
The two districts are 100% Al-ST. A group of sections south of 50
mile Bend on the Tamiami Trail just before the Dade County line is
recommended for RFD because present development is unmanaged and appears
to be uncontrolled. The zoning atlas indicates that both commercial and
residential development could occur in this vicinity.
s
44.
THE SOLUTION
III. HOW CAN THESE RESOURCES BE PROTECTED, OR PUT TO THE BEST AND HIGHEST
USE WITHOUT SUBSTANTIALLY DEGRADING THE COASTAL ZONE ENVIRONMENT AND
ECOSYSTEMS?
Three _major -considerations are salient in addressing the problem of
land ownership in the undeveloped coastal zone and how these areas may
best be managed. These are 1) the amount and distribution of lands held
in private ownership; 2) the necessity of restricting degradational
development on much of the coastal lands; and promoting its direct and
indirect use for the needs and general welfare of the general public; and
3)-the absolute necessity of maintaining a healthy environment on such
lands regardless of their ultimate use. Although these considerations
may seem to be mutally exclusive, a little reflection will show that they
are not.
1. Land Held in Private Ownership
In this report several r:Base programs have been developed which
allow continued input and assessment of data from these lands, so that
the Department of Natural Resources Management can more properly arrive
at sound environmentally compatible decisions. These programs also can
show potential developers the criteria used in judging how their property
is to be best managed during development. In addition, there are permit-
ting guidelines and penalties indicated for non-compliance. The latter,
if correctly, properly and expeditiously implemented should go far in
enhancing an environmentally proper land -use ethic in Collier County.
There are other means available to aid in accomplishing these
i
recommendations. One effective technique is the concept of "Creative
Zoning", which includes transfer of developmental density rights (TDR).
45.
Others include tax relief incentives; restrictive or environmental zoning
(ST, RFD); environmental easements; bufferzone mandates; a population
cap; and strict enforcement of environmental ordinances. Each or all may
be used with lands held in private ownership.
A) Creative Zoning
This is a relatively recent term (see Blackwelder 1985). Creative
zoning is defined as the application to resources of specifically tailor-
ed techniques for controlling land -use which traditional comprehensive
planning and Euelidian zoning would not adequately address. This cate-
gory utilizes several poncepts, including clustering of development in
selected portions of environmentally sensitive or critical areas, or as
urban -clusters; groundwater wellfield ordinances for aquifer protection;
developmental -restrictions- far estuarine margins, floodplains, or sheet-
flowway; designation of local critical areas by a zoning notator such as
ST, or RFD; -coastal setback or vegetational provisions; and parks and
special use restrictions including area designators such as Preservation,
Conservation, or Recreation. All of these concepts are addressed at
length in Blackwelder (1985).
B) Tax and Developmental Relief or Modification
Of increasing usage in the State of Florida, financial "rewards" to
the developer or landholder are an attractive way to ensure preservation
or conservation of critical lands. One of these concepts employs tax
relief whereby higher taxes paid for a number of years on properties now
considered non -developable or restricted can either have the differences
carried forward or applied to relieve in part tax burdens on other
non -critical properties, or assessed in part toward future (lower) taxes
on the same property. As an example, if a landholder or developer deeds
46.
to a county non-devlopable wetland property which was taxed under a
higher zoning category (e.g., RSF) and the property is subsequently
rezoned RO-ST, taxes previously paid on such lands may now be pro -rated
and applied to relieve in part taxes on other lands to which the land-
holder- retains ownership-
- .Another.concept involves. the transfer of density rights from en-
vironmentally sensitive property to adjacent non -sensitive or other
property held by the landowner. This often involves a "bump -up" pro-
vision where non -developable acreage densities are incorporated into a
higher density on the remaining acreage, or are transferred to properties
considered non -critical.
C) Restrictive or Environmental Zoning
This concept is already employed in part in Collier County with the
ST or Special Treatment zoning appellation. Unfortunately, portions of
t - -
the ST requirements contain serious loopholes. Even in the Big Cypress
Area of Critical State Concern (ACSC) any privately held land used for
agricultural or related purposes may be exempted from ACSC regulations.
The largest proportion of lands having ST designation are agricultural
A-1 or A-2, with only a limited number of parcels zoned RMF-ST or RSF-ST
(single or multifamily residential). As noted earlier, most of these
lands are environmentally critical and are located within or adjacent to
major flowways or other important habitats. Thus, the addition of an RFD
classification will require a more thorough and detailed examination of
any developmental activity proposed for these lands, although it does not
necessarily prevent carefully controlled modification. Included in this
'
concept is the establishment of RFD corridors leading from the develop-
able uplands to the coastal margins, and major delineated RFD sections in
47.
a checkerboard pattern. Both will ensure continued nutrient and hydro-
logical flow patterns from north to south through the County.
D) Environmental Easements
Another concept which is receiving increasing scrutiny is the
provision of easements allowing dedication of portions of .sensitive
properties for public use— Control of access may reside in -the County
government, or be jointly held between owner and the County. This
concept is especially attractive for lands which have some unique physio-
graphic, -environmental or -historical feature, such as sinkholes, caves,
springs, RUE vegetational assemblages, or significant Indian mounds. The
owner can retain ownership, and receive tax relief on the portion ded-
icated to easement while still having some control over its usage,
usually as specified -in the deed to the County.
E) Bufferzone Mandates .
This concept is an outgrowth of the basic idea behind a bufferzone,
an"area which acts to prevent direct impact between a developed area and
a non -developed area. Land with Bufferzone Mandate would not necessarily
be removed from developmental consideration, but certain portions of the
land would need to be permanently restricted from any type of development
potentially inimical to the land being buffered, although the overall
zoning is not necessarily changed. Again, tax relief of one sort or
another could also be applied toward the portion mandated as buffer zone
inasmuch as it is now prohibited from future development.
F) Population Cap for Collier County
This is undoubtedly the most unappealing recommendation but one
t
I
48.
which recognizes the absolute carrying capacity 2of the environment. It
is a matter of simple mathematics, already realized too late by the
megalopolis along the southeastern Florida coast ("The Gold Coast"), that
the land may support exponentially_increasing populations, but the water
table will not. Nor will governmental agencies, public utilities,
school, police,_and fire districts be able to -maintain equality with such
growth unless severe tax increases are implemented. Indeed, not even a
greatly expanded tax base is the final solution, as witness the breakdown
or -non -usage -of public transportation, utility blackouts, and popu-
lational disenfranchisement occurring in the metropolitan Dade County
area at present.
Because so much land in the middle and eastern part of Collier
County is in parks and preserves status already, and because it is
absolutely necessary to maintain strict developmental controls on low-
lying coastal areas, most development will be required to locate in the
western areas, a region already heavily developed in places. Although
Populational growth estimates project over 200,000 people by the turn of
the century, there are definite questions whether the environment as it
now is being managed will tolerate such increase. In a region subject to
periodic drought, seasonal storms and hurricanes, having a limited area
for growth, and eventually to become part of a projected megalopolis
extending to Tampa, a population cap may well be required by the year
2000 for Collier County, and probably for other southeastern coastal
counties as well.
2 An ecological concept that refers to the ability of an ecosystem to
sustain a finite number of individual and aggregational floral and
faunal units within its boundaries without being stressed.
49.
G) Enforcement of Environmental Ordinances
None of these recommendations will have any weight without a vigor-
ous and rigorous enforcement of applicable ordinances. Developers should
not be let off with minor wrist slaps for environmental degradations.
Nor should "after the fact" permits be routinely tolerated. If Collier
County. is to retain any control on growth in -any area, and not just the
coastal zone, there must be strong and rapid enforcement of vegetational,
CCCL, ST, EIS, and Performance Bond ordinances. Moreover, County Commis-
sioners and the public must be made aware that now is the time to address
and enforce, and not later. Education of landowners as to the results of
unconscionable development, and government administrators and County
Commissioners as to -the effects of injudicious granting of variances, is
mandatory.
2. Coastal Lands and Public Welfare
In a perceptive and far-reaching paper Hardin (1968) made the
important point that it is mathematically impossible to maximize for two
or more variables at the same time. Referring in this case to popu-
lation growth he held that a purely technical solution may not be pos-
sible. His arguments can be as easily applied to Land Use Management.
That is, it is impossible to obtain the maximum amount of land for
preservation and at the same time allow a maximum for development. The
corollary is that the maximum amount of public good may not be directly
correlated either to the maximum amount of land being developed, or
placed in preservation. Hardin asks: "What is good? To one person it
is wilderness, to another it is ski lodges [or in southwest Florida,
condominiums, RHGJ for thousands. To one it is estuaries to nourish
ducks for hunters to shoot; to another it is factory lands" (Hardin 1968,
50.
p.1244). In pursuing his arguments Hardin used the analogy of the
tragedy (i.e. the solemn remorseless working of things) of the commons.
The commons is an English land -use concept in which land open to all is
used by some people to a greater degree than by others. Hardin's example
Mas_pasture land used by herdsmen. By substituting "development" for
Hardin's "herdsman" the -argument goes as follows.
Given an undeveloped area, development within that area will tend
toward maximal numbers. Until the carrying capacity of the land is
:reached this poses no problem. At that point, however, the scenario
changes. Each developer will continue to try and maximize his holdings,
by adding one more development to the land. This produces a positive
component of +1 directly and only to the developer for each unit de-
veloped and sold. The negative component is the function of additional
environmental stress on land already at its carrying capacity. But the
negative effect is shared not only by this developer, but by all others,
and all other members in the population. Thus, the negative component to
the developer is only a fraction of -1. As each developer realizes his
potential for gain in the commons of the undeveloped coastal land each
tries to maximize his holdings. The result? "Ruin is the destination
toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a
society that believes in the freedom of the commons."
How can this apply to coastal lands? Quite simply, if development
is allowed to proceed untrammeled the lands will cease to become func-
tioning parts of the coastal ecosystem.. The ecosystem becomes severely
strained, and with the addition of one or only a few more otherwise
previously tolerable insults, collapses. The results are dramatic,
extensive, and permanent. No ecosystem once perturbed ever reestablishes
51.
itself precisely as it was before, and none ever returns to its original
pristine state once altered or destroyed.
How does this affect the public welfare? Again, quite simply, if
the highest and best use of undeveloped land is ultimately for the
public good (and not just for the good of the developer) then the dev-
elopment of such lands must be carefully managed. Not -in a manner so
that either the public or the developer obtain maximum benefit (a math-
ematical impossibility as noted earlier) but in a way that both receive
optimum benefit based on mutual participation. For example, a developer
may wish to clear coastal maritime pine forests adjacent to the estuary
to put in single and multifamily residences and a golf course. One may
reasonably ask "With at least 35 golf courses, country clubs and driving
ranges already in Collier County,. do we need yet another?" In other
words is the addition of a direct benefit to a limited number of people
(golf course) worth the cost of destroying a feature of direct or in-
direct be to the majority of people (an upland maritime pine eco-
system)? Instead, cannot the development be modified to incorporate pine
forest, and an alternate use for part of this land be determined? This,
of course, will not seem fair to landowners many of who still hold the
Judaeo-Christian philosophy that a man's land is his property to utilize
as he sees fit. But the results of decades of such use and exploitation
have also had an impact on fairness. What was fair during low population
decades is no longer fair today.
3. The Maintenance of Healthy Coastal Ecosystem
If Collier County is to maintain its attractiveness then the
amenities and features that produce this attraction must be maintained,
and if possible enhanced. Development of coastal lands does not
52.
necessarily mean that the amenities are destroyed, although examples are
numerous where such is the case. Careful land -use can and does enhance
many of the amenities by making them more available and by allowing them
to be managed in part. Two simple examples illustrate this, both at
opposite ends of a well -managed land -use scale. The first is The Wilder-
ness Country Club, a PUD of_377 proposed multifamily units on 218 acres.
Here the majority of the cypress -pine forest ecosystem has been main-
tained, the units carefully placed, and the golf course carefully planned
and laid out. The Wilderness is a reasonably good model of how to allow
inevitable develop in a sensitive area. At the opposite end of the scale
is Big Cypress Country Club, a 620 acre country club in which the entire
vegetational cover was scraped clean. With the exception of a few
isolated cabbage -palms -this "planned development" lies unvegetated and
baking in the sun, a monument to environmentally poor development.
Moreover, being upland from the estuary this type of land alteration will
probably have adverse impact via waterflow, nutrient and pesticide input,
and a number of other factors that impinge directly or indirectly on the
coastal ecosystem.
Throughout this report the emphasis has been on maintenance of
ecosystem viability, and usage of vegetational assemblages as indicators
of health. It must also be remembered that Collier County is a water -
dependent, water -blessed and water -cursed county. Any land use manage-
ment must take into account the presence, absence, and quality of
rainfall, surface and aquifer waters. This is not only important for
flood control reasons, but more importantly because the water supply
within Collier County must remain essentially or potentially potable.
Loss of shallow potable drinking water may be the one factor that
53.
may eventually prove catastrophic to Collier County. It should not be
forgotten that Collier County is in a relatively precarious hydrological
situation because:
1. It is on the lowest downstream side of all upland -
generated waterflow;
2. Sister counties to the north are using groundwaters before
they arrive in Collier County and may be returning waters
of poorer quality into the aquifer;
3. Recent evidence of wet -dry cycles and periodically occur-
ring drpughts, with resultant wildfires, has shown how
critical the sheetflow system is to the county;
4. Projected populational increases over the next 15 years
will severely tax presently available water supplies in
{ good wet years, whereas in dry or drought years well
draw -down or exhaustion may result in disaster both at the
commercial -residential as well as agricultural levels;
5. Present water policies are directed primarily toward
removing standing water during heavy -rainfall years, with
no consideration or provisions for storage above or below
ground against years of drought;
6. Standing surface waters are no longer percolating downward
to recharge shallow aquifers in the amounts that they did
for millenia, but instead are shunted from canal to canal
and eventually pour out into the Gulf of Mexico;
7. Loss of surface recharge increases drastically the possi-
bility of saltwater intrusion in shallow aquifers, with
further resultant loss of potable supplies;
54.
8. Incipient sea level rise, predicted to range from a few
inches to nearly a foot over the next century will exacer-
bate the salt intrusion problem both to humans and to the
surrounding ecosystems (Titus and Barth 1984);
9. Incipient sea level rise will also drastically affect the
ecology of.lowlying coastal areas via inundation, or by
erosion and displacement caused by longshore current
systems (Titus 1984);
10. As water supplies decrease it will become increasingly
expensive to find, obtain, treat and provide such water to
a burgeoning coastal population, most of whom desire a
lifestyle totally foreign to the prevailing environment.
There is a wealth of information and recommendations for guidelines
regulating growth within the coastal zones and wetlands of the State of
Florida. These include publications by the Coastal Coordinating Council
(1973), the Florida Division of State Planning (1976), The Conservation
Foundation (1968), in the professional press (e.g. Clark 1975; Black-
welder, 1985), and in Collier County governmental studies such as the
Demographic and Economic Profile, and the Natural Resources Element and
Future Land Use Element of the Comprehensive Plan. Most of the suggest-
ions made in these reports, and those made herein will be difficult to
accept for those landowners or developers who primarily see the immediate
results of their actions and are profit -oriented with little thought
or care for the environment now or later. It is an unfortunate fact that
a great many of these developers are not native Floridans, as are an
increasing number of landholders. To many of these, Southwest Florida is
not and never should be a land of eroding or accreting coastal barriers,
SS.
cabbage palms, fresh and saltwater marshes, coastal mangrove swamps,
mosquitoes and other insects, snakes, and all the other "non -amenities"
they have perpetrated on the general public in conjunction with public
relations media. Instead Southwest Florida is an ethereal mirage of
sugar sand beaches, swaying coconut palms, verdant golf courses, aerial
"adulticiding", land drainage, habitat destruction, and''other so-called
"amenities" conducive to a manufactured and manipulated subtropical
v.. J paradise. Whether any of these images can be modified or erased is
"'.debatable given"the opinions of a certain faction of the populace (Fig.
7). Implementation will require courage and far -thinking on the part of
permitting agencies in response to those developers who are motivated
.solely,.for profit`
Recognizing that'-prYvabe-ownership of undeveloped lands is a factor
that- must be contended with, it.is far better to promote careful, regul
- -
'gated, and even restricted usage of such lands where necessary, in order
to prevent -continued mismanagement within the coastal zone. On the other
hand, it must also be recognized by landowners that the Judaeo-Christian
ethic of total exploitation of the earth's resources is now no longer `
tenable. Although not discouraging careful development or limited
exploitation it is now necessary to emphasize that any development must
take into consideration not only the potential or actual adverse impacts
on the lands to be developed, but also the results of such impacts on
adjacent, contiguous, or downstream areas. Furthermore, such
developmental considerations are applicable not only in the present,
but to an indeterminate time in the future. Only by considering the
results of present day activities will Collier County be able to ensure a
productive and lasting heritage for its future.
56.
Water Restriction
Decision Delayed
1j DAVID "CMW, wales aeeanp...y S..trta fiartda
} S"M Whew .a.naa.n .oud eK tha 4140ftma.
rt.taor.w _wer M1k41. an Pt" Dw then 1. no rain 1..46L
•.t ...atlW C.err rIt% the —at). TiLPORD CrtE" d.owy.a«.
rr tin dkn f« the Soau none.
LJ w d today Wat I.. ofrloe 1. IV-1,, Mraa.rlMM Dtwrlat, a..d
h.. ' t. 1M.uad— arnd.t_y today thw —..r oelklala 4111 a.a11
�.1rr coatrola for -Cone, Coun[y ana mores .,..a Wore 6.ddIK as
'I.. lair f. ia. 4A aea.oq bat a Impoatot —.Ines ooeVata to —
a.da/oa mom be a.& *sat ...t d1.o. -VUo. @aa. a. C"AW
Ab6arnad
Oefl{lala ar tbd �o.nity. uMtf. of RW O�
d� N.e..t -War _41von at � 4 • -1 eb— .*Mptar M Id .11
q ibyaw
nka.adtlaat of tb 44 I"" - (J'tammarMA23� R.
7M.dip axed vtit fled aiar a aol jay q .tad ty
Mrs LAM&
data -t.apyb at Ire •ttaa tat• �'wtel•
-
dl► Mreo W..M ►br Dapartmam
~�
man I*
alaay M.W tr wales a d.dtdea Maria aftd6ld V} damrmtgsY WWI" lad[ r
lreo
—11�a�ee���aMayyL�pyt�att��y : i
, � Cm�111yGas
KdMda
1Mad7 d•+ir
�d t�rrad w4lo.t A
1rw laat} creemod a6a�jt„il.ab�alr-Im� �tlaot0..l tr M.mary
_ rk
'"Gab iaPaad r �~•' tM V
Q•l'd•d r
r.. DaO� ralar tma b
{ aN lifted afar aattmtJfaedm.ta tarp raaf a.,,rd n r, q,
Oew teo" of dt
fd< a fa bar A1t- - 1-dr r Can 0 br raidura W
"Vewaw nradala,y aatar
aaomm at nda a..r. e � ►era ad v rd 9 ft a a maxi.
WON at
� Omnia" Palos 0941
anal 6aaata Cmd Otld. 'Tr aw. .aT !latr Vim a Jb.r
wry vases .Nth. P. m� rattla.�a.dya5 W
aaK il. rpDa/.cort« -don an
trt agaffar b d.u.da� to W
t Ie.ai.P+d tar. tat f s mma it tf..Ny -cams :.
b
•iOal+ eftrml� of
art tattpatls r, ""I- ile Pas"•r11► ..ar rc4= ab
MPP"" .ad Pro'Oae+ mh-
.~a,r
-_ ound of, DG3s=Overhead
Ms Beautifuf_MU
..-ft
:` — i --
Editor; Naples Daily-News:
Y i• " .
. W2iat~beautifui- music to 'hear ilder our
douse today with those three DC=3s spraying
'Ai tM zoomed over oui-rooftops on Gordon
Drive:.�-t::....,.�:���`.._=►•=-.-:.,�.._=a_::�.�_. �
1= Some of'us'wvho yveri `bom-1 this -beautiful
' tate- know howiinpleasaat.Jt'cari'.be with'
iewarina of,-^-skeeters"�b6mbiMIng_each and
f every one: as _they. •stopped outside:•That war
-before the days"of aerial spraying.`:-:';, s;
iYoit C,aIlaghaa'and'aiembers of FACTS are
-evidently?'newcomers'sto"hui�'area*-and' will
.probably go ba&North'efter they can.t•stand..
Collier officials Allo►w
Beach Densty't�e's:e
MYJOHNLUNSPOftD
wff W UW
Not . U. ►yaew luau o. tlr
Ixrlroam t.1 talaca th.w.y
xaald tale carve. m u. �lr
w.fo« a..ra d...loparm order
lodes alb..•. aaan boa ra 1. er
will Uonr th. b-.k to —A Ca-
1Mr Co...ty,
la w ran at optt«.t— by
wy« ntyl,w.y .M a.nronme.-
W torn.. W Carry Cowm..aa.n
'ad 4-1 to -:b4 wth.r d-wy o.
0, r—mild aar.Yh d Grlr rrp.r
OnP—Y ..d m a.,%att acres !ha,
4a,b1. th. W *ar of re.drnc..
41-0y oa th. woo Comm,.
alowr ►tax N.— taw 11r Alas..
kt aaUdl
T...d.v- hanp
br.cArroat boaara front :.A .o .9J
th.WO th-
1.y« carF.+nt Y •+W
Mntl a.ld t••rn. M.lr rr. '.J'O
p.rm.lt.d o.hruL
mer'Tml �.e T.,,,,."..��
.slur of T\a cancan.-.t
th. 4u has la.. a Cp
tee, ,it they -get �aerlal ,spry ring; halted:rLet's;�� PraY �ey�on't succeed,F��..•t�tgi it�3.c� � x� ��n9�t'0 •tm.:totalyfor spraying,
yinB' �
�--�arJf� �;n*Ni-�s+Jamea J.''Aritie ' • R tor:Stanley1,iSti�e1�� � John Greko
gg;�vlth:•it,''t
a- .Naples tired to death with envitonnienW said.' • �- ;
;+v
• >~ ' r- ...r= ;� �'' tsts.l'mSoraerials 'Don t con[use me with these
P y!a&,� • minority facts,..
Figure 7. Selected examples -of prevailing environmental philosophy in Collier
County, Florida. The excerpts refer to developmental variances, vacillation
in water management decisions during time of drought, and comments from pro -
aerial adulticiding factions on the efficacy of Baytex applications (Naples Daily News) using DC-3's.
57.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report could not -have been completed or been as thorough
without the aid of,Mss..Maura Curran and Linda Weinland who compiled and
entered much of the data into the computer programs and checked the
entries for accuracy. I also thank Drs. Mark Benedict of The Conser-
vancy, Incorporated, Kris Thoemke, Sanctuary Manager, Rookery Bay
National_Estuarine Sanctuary; and C. Edward Proffitt, Director, Natural
Resources Management Department of Collier County, for many fruitful
discussions which clarified much of my thinking in preparing this report.
Messrs. Jeff Perry and Chuck Lamine, Community Development Division,
Collier County, provided aid and insight into the obscure mysteries of
the r:Base computer program. Mrs. Josie Widner and Julie Fallon did
yeoman service in typing the manuscript in order to meet all deadlines.
Finally, Seana Gore allowed everything to be placed in its proper per-
spective. To all of these my grateful appreciation.
58.
REFERENCES
Benedict, M. A., R. H. Gore, J. W. Harvey, M. C. Curran. 1984. Coastal
Zone management units_: Data inventory and analysis. Natural
Resources of Collier County Florida, Report 84-4, part 4, 238 pp.
Blackwelder, B. 1985. Creative zoning for the environment emerges in
Florida. The Florida Bar Journal, May, 1985:17-22.
Clark, .i_. 1975. Rookery Bay: Ecological constraints on coastal
development. Florida Environmental and Urban Issues, 2(4):9-13.
Coastal Coordinating Council. 1973. Recommendations for development
activities in Florida's coastal zone. State of Florida, Department
of Natural Resources, Marine Advisory Program. 20 pp.
Conservation Foundation, The. 1968. Rookery Bay Area Project. A
demonstration study in conservation and development, Naples,
Florida. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, DC, 61 pp.
Dawson, A D. 1983. Wetlands Regulation, Zoning and Planning Law
report, 6(9):153-160.
Division of State Planning. 1976. The State Land Development Plan.
Land Development Element of the State Comprehensive Plan. Florida
Department of Administration, DSP-BCP-22-76, 146 pp.
Environmental Effects Laboratory. 1978. Preliminary guide to wetlands
of peninsular Florida. Major Associations and Communities Identi-
fied. Technical Report Y-78-2, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways
Experiment Station, 94 pp.
Florida Power & Light Company. 1981. Atlas of environmental
jursidictions in Florida. Florida Power & Light Environmental
Affairs, March, 1981. 22 pp.
Gore, R. H. 1984a. Coastal Estuarine Resources. Natural Resources of
Collier County, Florida, Report 84-3, part 3. 66 pp.
Gore, R. H. 1984b. Draft ordinances for protection of coastal
ecosystems. Natural Resources of Collier County, Florida, Report
84-6, part 6, 199 pp.
Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162:1243-1248.
Nicholas, J. C. & C. Crawford. 1976. The Florida Keys: A case study
of critical area of designation. Florida Environmental and Urban
Issues, 3(5):8-13.
J9.
Titus, J. G. 1984. Planning for sea level rise before and after a
_-coastal disaster. In Barth, M. & J. Titus (eds.). Greenhouse
effect and sea level rise: A challenge for this Reneration. Van
" Nostrand Reinhold Co., NY. Chap. -- --
Titus, J. G. & M.-G. Barth. 1984. An overview of the causes and -
effects of sea level rise. In: Barth, M. & J. Titus, (eds.).
_ __—__Greenhouse_of-fect_and_sea _lev_el_ rise: A--challen a for this
- - generation. Van Nostrand-Reinhold Co., NY. Chap. 1. pp. 1-56.
Warinner1_J._Becker�_R. W, Middletgn,- and _W-,_ M.
Rizzo. 1976.- An assessment of estuarine and nearshore marine _
environments. Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean
_ Engineering-z No,_-93--- -(Revised),_ Office of Biological_ Services, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 132 pp. -
RHG/ jw - -
References
--- - -- ---- 9/17/85- ----- _
0
60.
Appendix 1
,OWNRLIST Program Example. Summary assessment of individual land ownership in the `
undeveloped coastal zone of Collier County.
�.. CL-4nYr. Coa St•Z. on 1 �dp: •E F .- _ _..
*„A 3?-Water M mt. b S is T~=r]—S— �550 S.wra,-- ---- -f --- ---- -- -1 t
9 acres,
Water hlgmt ' b -S r,; T D) "5._'Subu1a
_ R C5 E
=„34. Water Mgmt b S _1J T.- 5u S ,L�6 ewood Country
�1 T
. _ _ Y 44 acres �.
t s t.•�rY •i�r xi,. �♦ fy ,:v t •ti s< ,• -` t r. a•Itr�� s> >� `•'•s
� 5 Water M mt • eS S'73 'T 50 �S � Fan Home Sri ,�' y. r ,., Kt�rr- , .. ?, U=
..1. r l �r.r..�r} - `�-i,► -� ,* yl, ^c r a =
R � J E
.e
b `Water Mgmt .w c
9 5 1,.. `T` O S Hubsch 'A rsscC
RJ �.. - 'r •. r . ', •s. :, `v?'+• It t♦ ;tom... k 'rC'-fau��� �� itiwoCa.,, i•
37 Water Mgmt 6 S !�. T. 50 S H1lgarta [d
�� . r.• _ !. 0. 9^ acres ;X a
;.: TX f �:.!.r,l x:',Xs, 4 yia :.1 r .. r � r "''� +v a E� :-:S r .- c f r+�•.�•S „t,„re
Water Mgmt. �'6 S `23 T 5�, g Hub=�hman A _t +^-
'r F CS E =-�cc t�: 69 accres
-,,.••.{. Ar -Yfr y,, i�i �, _�...., S� a * .' y.. :-• ..r.-/ �4r i.�.}.t � �i.•.- ...t 't i l ,it t c 1 �
4later- Mgmt ,.b. S i3 T`r50 S , ..�Far�
o �_'^`+�..%y`Y -?�i . •.F .t .f :•, •Nap. ea /�. Mart acresl
.R .. �, 5 ..E .` r-jsfj7fr S „t�. •�"f;g iF f.�'h" t aJ �al.,> •.. l..w .c 41,1. ��;4 r:;-'i9",
,
.O Water Mgmt fs. S 13 T.;-,50 S Ramco/S Na
1 es Dev
-lr~� �,^ i nN,>~ _ A n. 69 acres
Water--M mt Oi 1 , Co ts�'`
T _ JrJ S Mob � I e- 2 i acres' " "t
_`C+-. i•P�c .i• ,°'�c....k�- 1� '•�-`�T A�.Ry.-..,,b,•"r. i�w: :25 E
a,.-c. � c..... � .,,� l •••;.. ;, s,,Lt�_ . ,? ,.�4 1�rta=��`�'L'• '�3•?�:
are output .allajas =r press ;IESC3 to ;quit,, any key t0 cantInue E« �a '*�.�=�; ���
.� fiOwner'Coast`�on _�{3=r�Ma refer Ownerl•,'=•GenlCom "ry�J4;M ;mac,
r — r.
-�'x,a.4'' .Water- - _riT ��_..`� __ya, w..:� -'� ..�sra'1..--•.-la�'�, - t ^+ r,
�t Mgmt b : S I.> T .5' S ti Nap i es Aasaci ates q ^Yq acres
R 25 E"
;., e. :s 7a i ' � T �� t�h4� ✓�7"f7t! � GM f��,Ia.
rL
M Mt b S -3 T =•ter a>
4 �Wate`g :,.. ra _:50 ,S enny',s Znc sr}�r� "1 e eo acres •�cs;F±',
., Lr `T•�-l.v�.-i.. %�.�"Y•f.�itYSs �..-'r-'7` } i4• s a t •T..
�.L $• 1+. +? vi•t, r tom•
ay7 R ...�-% C' •r•',� <,J: 9 ri(s��. .i�����`''�".'�-��•c.�..�.r_'`r�`��'�,�,-`r'-Cr��u~:.fi����'�' r�� -� v%.� .l,Yc
�S Glades County �Clb
°; � tr��.'P �ri7.•'i. �M; ,i r3'r�� k 25 E Y >:Gl ades_ country:
. P
4 yi5 7w�Yt''a%�4. J-.•F �.c r ,,j. �,I..�,�'...} a �'. ... r. �4,''b •Y.try. -t�•
Wester M mt orb. S T . S, : In:, .�..� <, 4,r .°:��s r.�t :� As
`Inc•
1 Y .,,� seared Income Pr p 62 ' `�a
oP acres
may;5 E _ r ,cr
;k * Water Mg,n_t 5�3 S_ 1+leinfeld J
l vt
.� .P, 'Oa'b ,•�` <....�.. s zts....c,i R `75 E•,'rr z. ! .t Y� L i .� fA,. �. �+ tv- Von. �! .P Ei'V— lii�r^}ilvt• .,rat �'•� [�r `5 �/•SL
r a •<•.s.r. - ,, 'F )c .+ �-�-)�
`" 47 Water M mt k
':%: ,Y g b S 13 T 5� � S Howard Trus
-%r`�i- ws• <..�c.tir .tr t-• '4 1 r„ny 25 iF: *'a t i r �r Q— Lys aF '„ t •*,`��- ra
t, a"+.•
-+Y�-�YF..A -r_� �. ^w-s•�. �-r� R �.' LJ E `C. �1�r � � rr `a. uf' Y• ( a' J. l-�i• f• t' -' '! 1S• �- � '(�'!•`� Lt...+��ir
? e My * . ^.b - - :i-;.,T ... . r-+ r�o- t,,;• �} ,a1r �r
.,� 4S Wat r _ S Care T yJ•Y
'"
. ICJ _ E .. ° r f ;; f ' a t
1` `49 Water' Mgmt 6 S I3 $'� Smith 'F�+� tti
_:} < .,f _ �,•s" °.r, Sr" - R _rYS a'� +.� a. �. O- ^' ��•T �ir•ra s� \'�.;•�r+y.. �.
50 Water Mgmt by S 13 'r 5,- S National Trust Co.
R 25 E
51 Water' M int. b S 17 T 5,'. S hdati ona? T!-�, t Co. #SOSb
-
a = �•'••s.� t <: .,;, ,r -•• aim > ,t
,fyam, y 1. �1 r yr � I - ' .- -.- •.. a[,'Yr'!Z.
" J7w �V.lSW�("'o;+� t� �T..a�..Ir�}�-4' ,1- <"�yj•[d� �. {%�i. ,,.} j, ..'r 1 - - + .1'.<� `y.- '`,. i� w M a
< ;.- � I.. • ar I. A L � ,.l a1 ,� f �- ; iaw [.r1 y. ( 7�.V. � ti '7 a� J
r
s ��'"'e�✓Y f" ,tU mar y - - e . ,. - i t' ;♦ �lty'! C e�.. -�1•l: ta� aJ
T^ri ate'' ♦ �s- i,- .,c. i7 ..r `,• �� �•. �a �.
."�, lrlP'd1="iI• , �,t?r �r� j� ii�� �� ���� j� yy . r Yf
� Y"'!4:..;.. � w' .:. _ ... � - y •`-.-Y.:;7+� 'ate X+`i :-�x_i3sY .IC_ .r#: � a �. u_ ;N .. � Js.1J � . :r..'+ . ... r .'� . .. . _ � _ r- •r.•� �. a:^-t 'h
61.
Appendix 2
- COASTVAL Program Example. Summary assessment of land ownership and
--.evaluation in the undeveloped coastal zone of Collier County.
Caastei 2cne:FAK,AHATCHEE —_ - ref
+ ----Map- erence: T 52 , 5 S R 28, -9 E
LUMAP:179"'6'
-- --:-
Total No Owners 7
S
� t um" Tdt'al "Assement: $755, 275.
�1 Tax V
Summed " al uati on. $7 2. 95
�WAe•TS �a " fir. r�-Tot
�`an Sects
_ �.-,.a.r--=- .�.,wt:.t<.,+• ...`-•.. "' - '� xf..� �s. _'•_'-•• +Ac�2 TDt Ta: 4a,. -- -
ofAss j;Ln d A s s
- _ `�'T
2 .TI-ITF1S'TAT'E
rJr 58.0_ ,,c��6._b. .67 0 �=��9.00='`'-,75,:64O:OQ: 7�''b00:Ot
:3. COLLIER DEilELQFMETIT . �' 4454. 7 15. 0 1� 9n8. _6. _"' 154i L5. C)O. 2..,472.,. 4C
c G t V i. 11rir, 3 .QT s..c! o
y _ ;'Nc L00 `-^04V- :1,9�V.tC5Gb6C.001560rl, inb:ATURE
^ , l 1CCf 51 7 5. 00 -151375.
�—'' itr �f.r n.r�a`, s� *= "aS ..�ur , - - r d• �- - { ��jc7� -^ ric
%+:B• -� .q.s+,. r 74..k„ r'~ 'ti •f +. .r.r a:;; e r `� r
^�..�
-rt r : �s+3'P 1 e �r ^: rx s �=• +�j +..l#' t v.:.•} Y :. ic+�. � ''r ^ `KL.1+ � �rsy+- �sr^�'"_ •�
_ -. � .�,� .. c- � ,:o �:-'a _ �,.< r a' .+.: � .. .. -r ._ *es r >Yi" ♦ .+ •��i..�~..'e ��.•.'*`�,yTr �-r'� `�,. 7 �.>
-General -'Comments.10 i�q:
�.� _ ' -_ • ' 6; + 19- 1 s , SJ/2b 1-2 11 15
z?-as�.a i.CYPRESS tr w. mreaf.te,,�.r+a senT-
4,.L= tfMA-uF�.37'-
64 1b.vtalSeRF 0?ctos:' :bi d;.IJI
ssessRent Is49, 55B.0
Ta. �-o...•.r--�.,,.,4� 1.+1"` �it'•.,s'� .Summed 'Tax. •. < � f.... s�• h
,� -•�:;, u � _ Valuation : �7 747 �r � + : -L•
'r'r'i r rT �_'`�aB-T-Y". a r ., `i` ,r �- Y +a. ti'Y •�'.. •`'�•."36• �i _ -. ,--- ` ! . b/ _'.r,,} f-...tee- f e v.� ♦} -r -n"s vi
.r: s. � iL.•7Lr.. '-" 'r,. ''">�'' '1-' ��`•i,. ... 1..�{. r ..� .tZ _ �r4 --s''{4''T '�•.+.fh�1c ��_
�'ti`:-i .. .- � _ `�:.v..-...Sti ,.,q, ` IL�t .4: s+abv.G - -� ♦a...�ar•y r � ..
S ._�2`. �'}ir'_I. _._C' .. a.J'['+ ,. _�"- _...f r .. _... �r T.�+- �T.-._r r n._ _ — - -. �:c _.. �"'11'�1..�E}�'d_s•
« J _+. Ll.�%H • T y-i1+.Y �Yy =•• y, .yi � � -`� .ate _ _ - } r y - 3 .4'd ` �.? 3�S �,"* r•r.. °' +..» V
�..�.42.�4
..4 � z >•Y�� ,,,: �- � R �., cam, c ._ ,. � Cfn 4D,t,♦�fl�# nri
::. r va �{�.-{•. e., �' - ••.rz� .-.-, .... ?�. -•Js. vt .r i t.;. L• °' f` %�. :Y � .Ty,4 - t. .+w -
i.'.f� ..t �.-'YY �fr► .s. � �:.._' Yi '[ "t ��r �.x-a7� ,t+� '�t'x ...} Yc. t" ►�. ..:. «. - s " - -� :1.. -. . � +;='li�Z-� v �„o� � `.
- %>` ^► .,� - r�s. a:.. _; ._'� : �.:t.� Y _Ok°.t �,y? Cn=' �' .� ^�"hi �� ...'� %ram.. • w i. :T` • s- n� .r.:• �^. .. - - t-... i ....- _ >. _ .... _. _ e r.r,?';.•
'`~� 'y"f� '• 1. - ... c, ^sz ,♦ y. t'st. i - 1. x��•
r.rt� a.. �i.�Y ��..�; .r:�♦Vaa` .ti� `�"�,`'rin..:�:.
,.,,�
�¢ t'� 14w- r ^' .�,� i a}: �a .r- _ •' :t •j"`Gt «r. r sYt.;! X%y�j+�'r•'.
1 Q
Gener-a2 omnis .Cr
C-
r ` �,�y •EjE C3/,54 3
J
•_'�^,.- �.► � ���.rrtir � r� t Y�..r '�i c=' a � r 7
►.��y
� l))��. n 1� 1 �` a\
� rl.
' z..Ji♦<< •may/\ti Z - �. 1 ! 4Y' S.. r -
_^- • Z _ - yJti-'..t '•• { �S .' f
w � r E
,1e f^'T ♦ A
c. M r.y,.+ Nam.. �",.r � :�. �.� �.
~r �.. }.
7'.i��.K. ,• i, 2 ? '
. n ra - r - _ �
-�
t
..
i.•K �' - � � a� '. ,..♦ _' ti
'4..�,�' /._i,�^V^
`'�...i,'����s�-�� �, y y< s 'a y: S� Y�.O -a�f. .,'.E: Y+•h�_ CYt. :.-', .�, 1r. i . '�i �„r i -
��:.tiJ �'i=•7c=�•,�.:c?"�:.%`•rs�'.':•:�"!'.�a�. �'.�:2�-:!"Kinys�+ _ � �.��. � ��Y''" . % �... =�.t a..�']n,+•P'. � �..•:':._ ... ='' r.. T__:.%i:�---� • �±•TI•.?.:.'..� _
62.
Appendix 3
:•;:�;`'. •....OWNRZONE Program
zoning data for
Example. Summary of
vegetation,
location and
developed developed coastal
individual
sections in
the Collier County un-
zone.
_..
£oast�on Maprefer
Vegetatn
Zoning
Lecnotes
----ti---------------------
----------
r. 3 • 14S]
S 25
T Pine, Cypress,
A -ST
Lel y CanaT
4 -. SC! S
R 25
E
area --
Water Mgmt b 1483
S 26
T Mangrove
A2-ST
Lely Canal area
Water '1471
Mgmt 6
S 27
T Mangrove, Pine
RPD-RI-15
N Keewaydin Island
i ''i•.'Cy-P Ar e`z' ►'; i .�* ,z' d. Fi 25
E %:i Austr-ai art: Fine
,
y
,Water Mgmt =b 3 y •c ..«, F: ,.;.0
Sai
,
T 'Mangrove, Hi
A' ` "e„
ew471
2-STaydin 13land
Water Mgmt 6 C483
S 35
T Mangrove,
A"-ST
-. - 50 S
R 25
E Pine, Cypress
Lely Canal area
i
Ai Q1
�P
c _TA
T_r-T
, 11. - --
p t. V
:;;;,water Mgmt 6 11043 S 2 T Mangrove A^-ST Middle Keewaydin-
�'►: _. 51. S Rn25- E1sland
-Y`ri� •ei;}� i Cam'' _' �,,+'C' a �.a'a. " --.am
� 3 T #l51 S, f1 .�/ E 1 !n0ck' ,�,3 '3 °' N A2 .ST .y., :.:Island "> -t � t- +_
.... .u.
♦.. 4 •$ Y w?.Mf'��RY :°. 9 `'*t'ii,S7L`'•fl' a•- �h'+ •i .}y..y�t..l..s�y�A, .::� vZ' 1e�' ��y, atT .r? �. yp T M; a .. r.g�,�,��} Y :. • e a ,� �'55' _
i.pe aet: '`yRgi`•� ern, a;.. .oi. �s �7 b ;� p
�_ he# ':YX i�.e.ea
__� �lzit$I�-1it34ii tSs-
i "7 T _T
National
APPENDIX 4 (Report Pages 63 through 118)
LU`SACT Program Descriptors and Definitions
MEANING
01. WILDRNSS WILDERNESS
DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITION
63.
Part or all of a section to be left in a
natural, or as close to natural state, as
possible. No developmental activity of
any kind except for fencing, interpretive
_signs, primitive campsite clearing, em-
placement of minimal facilities (pit toi-
lets, small fire pads, grating, etc.);
accessways unimproved.
02. NATURPRK NATURE PARK Part or all of a section to be developed
or salvaged as interpretive natural park
area. Development confined to minimal
entrance or docking facilities, restrooms
(septic tank or sewerline serviced),
camping pads, campfire pads, grills or
grating, flowing water supply, basic ve-
hicular accessways, improved nature
trails, bikepaths, battery powered tram-
ways or autoways.
03. GREENPRK GREEN PARK Part or all of a section to be developed
or salvaged as recreational park area.
Limited development restricted to paved
roadways, picnic facilities, shower and
restroom facilities (septic tank or
sewerline serviced)
parking areas, lim-
ited numbers of R/V pads and hook-ups,
sporting or playground areas; flowing
Appendix 4 (continued) 64.
water supply, moderate or extensive re-
moval of non-native vegetation, in con-
junction with transplanting or rein-
troduction of native species, including
landscaping.
04. FORESTRY FORESTRY Part or all of a section potentially
utilizable for forestry purposes, in-
cluding maintenance of mono- or poly -
culture tree species for commercial use,
or protected as specimen examples of local
native assemblages. Development restrict-
ed to activities not affecting forestry
resource values, and/or to areas not
indigenous to, or impinging on or within
forestry -designated portions.
05. BUFFRZON BUFFER ZONE Part or all of section potentially capable
of forming a buffer area between partially
or completely developed adjacent areas on
the one side and incompletely developed,
undeveloped or preserved areas on the
other, or acting in such a way as to
modify the influence of adverse environ-
mental parameters in an adjoining or
adjacent region or related ecosystem.
Development restricted to activities
preserving or enhancing the buffering
capability of the portion of the section
in question.
Appendix 4 (continued)
65.
06. RESRMGMT RESOURCE
Part or all of a section requiring care -
MANAGEMENT
ful management of important or influential
environmental resources, either to main-
tain the ecological continuity of part
or all of the area, or to ensure same in
adjacent areas or related ecosystems.
Development restricted to activities which
preserve, enhance, or upgrade the re-
sources in question.
07. ARCHAEO ARCHAEOLOGIC
Part or all of a section has been shown to
RESOURCES
contain widespread or scientifically
significant archaeological artifacts, or
to have noteworthy anthropological value,
as determined by a professional archae-
ologist or other recognized anthropologi-
cal or archaeological authority or group.
No developmental activity permitted until
site has been thoroughly evaluated and
necessary excavations or recovery com-
pleted. Development on significant
archaeological sites restricted to activ-
ities which perserve or enhance arch-
aeological or anthropological features.
Developmental activity on non -significant,
excavated, or recovered sites to be de-
termined with Department of Natural Re-
sources Management approval and guide-
lines, and utilizing existing zoning.
Appendix 4 (continued)
08. HISTORIC HISTORIC Part or all of a section has been shown
RESOURCES to contain cultural attributes of signifi-
cant historical value, such as homestead,
battle, treaty, pioneer or early settler
sites; historical artefacts, buildings or
roadways or other constructions; vege-
tational, biological, geomorphological or
ecological features or settings; or which
otherwise contains important information
relating to the history, culture, or mores
of the vicinity, Collier County, or re-
ional Southwestern Florida, as determined
by a recognized professional historian or
historical society. No developmental
activity permitted until the site, arte-
facts, buildings, topography or other
attributes are fully assessed to determine
the feasibility, necessity, and mode of
preservation or recovery. Development on
significant sites restricted to those
activities which preserve or enhance the
historic features. Development on non-
significant, excavated or recovered sites
to be determined by Department of Natural
Resources Management, requiring approval
and guidelines, and utilizing existing
zoning.
Appendix 4 (continued)
67.
09. Reserved
10. OTHERUSE
11. PASSVREC
12. WATERREC
C
OTHER NON -
DEVELOPMENTAL
USAGE
PASSIVE
RECREATION
WATER
RECREATION
Category reserved for part or all of a
section which requires preservation,
conservation, or limited development owing
to attributes or features not specifically
covered by other categories as listed
Above. Approved developmental activities
are normally restricted to those causing
minimal environmental disruption or
ecological damage.
Part or all of the section in its natural
state is suitable for passive recreational
activities such as hiking, backpacking,
birding, tent -camping, photography, nature
study and other non -sport recreation, via
nature trails, pathways, bike paths,
bridle paths, boardwalks, or similar
access routes or passages. Developmental
activity that normally enhances such
recreation will be encouraged.
Part or all of the section is suitable
for activities on, in, or related to
fresh or saltwater recreation, including
non-commercial fishing by individuals or
using licensed fishing guides, water-
skiing, power boating, houseboating,
canoeing, rafting, tubing, swimming or
wading. Developmental activities that
Appendix 4 (continued)
68.
normally enhance such recreational activ-
ities and which do not alter or sigifi-
cantly_degrade the existing environmental
quality of the areas will be encouraged.
These might include construction of
limited launching or docking facilities,
excluding marinas, and development of
lakefront, riverfront, streamfront or
pondfront beaches, or maintenance of
active flowways for any significant water
bodies.
13. BEACHREC BEACH Part or all of the section is suitable
RECREATION for activities normally associated with
freshwater- or saltwater -bordered beaches
including swimming, sunbathing, surfboard-
ing, windsurfing, snorkelling, SCUBA -
diving, surf -fishing, sailing, picnicking
or family -outing activities. Development-
al activities normally restricted to those
which preserve, enhance, or upgrade the
recreational potential of the area. Such
activities may include grading, clearing
and other small scale maintenance of
beaches, construction of service struc-
tures such as lifeguard stands, restroom
or dressing facilities, picnic stands,
firegrates or braziers, and other related
facilities.
Appendix 4 (continued)
69.
14. LANDREC LAND
15. CAMPGRND
I
3
RECREATION
CAMPGROUND
Part or all of a section in its natural
or partially altered state is suitable for
land -related or land -participatory recre-
ation, including hunting, occupation of
weekend or other short term or interval
-occupied vacation -type housing, camping
using individual or isolated RV or trailer
vehicles not involving RV campgrounds or
trailer (TTRV) parks, and land -based
sporting activities such as tennis,
volleyball, baseball, softball, football,
or other non-professional sporting activi-
ties, and their associated courts, dia-
monds or playing fields. Developmental
activities would include single-family
vacation -type dwellings, limited con-
struction of courts, playing fields and
other sports facilities, and not to exceed
a capacity of 100 persons/developed unit,
nor more than 20 such units/section.
Part or all of a section is suitable for
the establishment of a permanent commer-
cial or agency -operated non-domicilary,
interval -usage tent or RV campground with
or without utilities hookups, pads, shower
and lavatory facilities, restrooms,
running freshwater supplies, concession-
aire services such as laundromats, grocery
Appendix 4 (continued)
71.
more than 2 hard, permanent or semi-
permanent concrete or graded earth run-
ways, not to exceed 2000 feet in overall
length, limited tie -down or other storage
facilities of a temporary nature, confined
petroleum storage and dispensing depots,
and such other structures and facilities
to properly service or maintain the
aircraft while in site and expressly for
short intervals.
17. ORVREC OFF -ROAD- Part or all of a section shall be left
VEHICLE in its natural state but is suitable for
RECREATION the use of swamp buggies, airboats, jeeps
and other 4-wheel drive vehicles, all -
terrain cycles (but specifically excluding
Motocross and all other racing or cross-
country vehicles) and other off -road
vehicles employed primarily for pleasure
and not for hire, racing or other commer-
cial usage. Developmental activities
would include construction or maintenance
of trails and pathways, fenced and pro-
tected areas, open picnic grounds and
other places for passive recreation
(PASSVREC) (q.v.). No permanent or
temporary housing, garages, or structures
for repairs, maintenance or any other
purposes shall be established, nor shall
Appendix 4 (continued) 72.
any petroleum storage or dispensing depots
be incorporated within.
18. AMUSPARK AMUSEMENT Part or all of a section is suitable to
PARK the development of a theme or amusement -
type of park or area, consisting of
conveyances, rides, games, attractions,
support services and ancillary facilities
representative of a given theme, amusement
concept, or a zoo or other enclosed
wildlife facility or display, or other
outdoor recreational activity. Develop-
mental activity would include area land
modification and preparation, employment
of certain discharge activities potent-
ially detrimental in whole or in part to
the surrounding ecosystem, and construct-
ion of rides, mechanical contrivances,
enclosed rinks, eating establishments,
theme or other related housing and con-
structional activities appropriate to the
facility. No permanent housing, hotels,
or other domiciliary structures, whether
commercial or private, shall be included,
and all development will require Depart-
ment of Natural Resources Management
approval, Pp permits, and mandatory guide-
lines and environmental monitoring ser-
vices.
Appendix 4 (continued)
73.
19. GOLFCORS GOLF COURSE Part or all of the section is suitable or
will support development of a private or
public golfcourse not to exceed 18 holes
overall including all related facilities
supporting same. Developmental activities
which may -involve large-scale land modifi-
cation, implementation of various dis-
charge categories, and construction of
permanent structures, may prove inimical
or completely destructive to the surround-
ing ecosystem. No such development shall
occur without prior Department of Natural
Resources Management approval, permits,
and guidelines including mandatory moni-
toring of environmental impacts during all
phases of construction and for a period of
five years or longer thereafter.
20. OTHERREC OTHER RECREATIONAL Part or all of the Section is suitable
ACTIVITIES for employment or development of recrea-
tional activities not specifically defined
or covered in the preceding list. Develo-
pmental activities in regard to such
recreation may or may not be inimical to
the surrounding ecosystem and would
require judgement on its individual merit.
21. SHELFISH , SHELLFISHING
Part or all of the section is suitable
for, or supports habitats that contain
shellfish, specifically oysters, clams,
Appendix 4 (continued)
74.
scallops, mussels, crabs, shrimps, fresh-
water crayfish, or spiny lobsters in
quantities that may be sufficient for
seasonal commercial exploitation, or
individual private consumption. Develop-
mental activities should be confined to
those which have no, or only moderate
adverse environmental impact on the
habitats and biotopes involved, or which
would enhance and not result in inordinate
depletion of, the shellfishery stocks
either directly or indirectly.
22. NETTING NETTING Part or all of the section is suitable for
commercial or private fishery exploitation
of non -sport or non -game finfish, by the
use of seine, cast, or gill nets, but
excluding any type of trawl, dredge, or
other dragged bottom -sweeping device.
Finfish may consist of those commercially
valuable species such as mullet, an-
chovies, sardines, various species of
baitfish such as spot, pinfish, shiners,
minnows, or any other non -sport or non -
game marine, estuarine, or saltwater
species for which a commercial or private
individual market exists. Developmental
activities should be confined to those
which have no, or only moderate adverse
Appendix 4 (continued)
75.
environmental impact to the habitats or
biotopes involved, or which would enhance
and not result in inordinate depletion of,
the finfish stocks either directly or
indirectly.
23. HUSBNDRY ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Part of all of the section is suitable for
the commercial or private utilization of
livestock such as cattle, swine, horses,
or other grazing animals maintained for
food, dray, sporting or recreational
purposes, using pasturage, feedlots,
training or racing tracks, bridle paths or
trails, or for the maintenance and breed-
ing of such animals, also to include
domestic pets such as dogs, cats, and
other animals normally kept as household
pets, either in kennels, studfarms or in
other enclosed maintenance facilities.
Developmental activities would be those
having moderate to severe environmental
impact either as a direct result of
establishing facilities or pasturage, or
through the consequences of grazing, herd
movement, or other activities directly
resulting from physical or biological
activities by the livestock being main-
tained.
Appendix 4 (continued)
76.
24. HORTICUL HORTICULTURE Part or all of the section is suitable for
the establishment and/or maintenance of
horticultural facilities or grounds for
the commercial production of plants, such
as nurseries, garden or agricultural
supply operations, tree farms (exluding
forestry, pulping, mulching, or other
timber operations, TIMBEROPS q.v.),
ornamental or household plants, commercial
flower production, and sod or lawngrass
farms. Developmental activity would be
those resulting in low to intermediate
adverse environmental impact as a con-
sequence of nursery or garden -oriented
concerns, or activities producing moderate
to severe impact on the existing ecosystem
as a result of land modification or
constructional activity. Activities which
are not inordinately detrimental or which
enhance the existing environment would be
encouraged.
25. AQUACULT AQUACULTURE Part or all of the section is suitable
for the establishment and maintenance of
aquaculturing or mariculturing facilities
such as finfish farms, turtle, alligator,
crocodile or other aquatic reptile hatch-
eries, invertebrate aquatic animal rearing
facilities for molluscs, crustaceans and
Appendix 4 (continued)
77.
other non -chordate organisms, or the
culturing of other living aquatic organ-
isms including freshwater and marine
algae, or other hydrophytes. Develop-
mental activities would produce adverse
environmental impacts ranging from small
or neglible to moderate or severe de-
pending on the extent of modification of
the surrounding ecosystem, and the impact
of nutrients, fertilizers, herbicides or
pesticides into the groundwater table and
the associated freshwater estuarine or
marine environment.
26. PADICULT PADDY CULTURE Part or all of the section is suitable for
the establishment and production of
paddy -associated or terraced -farming crops
such as rice and related water -cultured
grains or produce. Developmental activi-
ties would produce moderate to severe
adverse environmental impacts on the
surrounding ecosystem depending on the
amount of land modification, discharge and
nutrient -pesticide input for the area
invloved. This category which invloves
surface -water retention ponds and nutrient
s
and pesticide impoundment, should be
t
reserved for lands of marginal produc-
tivity in which the extant ecosystem
Appendix 4 (continued)
27. ORCHARDS
78.
has already been severely modified or
destroyed, and which would have minimal
environmental impact on contiguous proper-
ties.
ORCHARDS Part or all of the section is suitable for
the establishment and maintenance of
commercially valuable or exploitable
fruit, nut, seed, sap, leaf, root, or
bark -producing trees. Operations would
include citrus and other fruit groves for
fruits, juices or oils, turpentine, resin
and other commercially important sap
production. Developmental activities
would produce moderate to severe adverse
environmental impacts depending on the
amount of land modification involved,
amount of ground water usage, and the
requisite type of horticulture used to
28. VINICULT VINICULTURE
ensure orchard productivity. Nutrient and
pesticide loading to adjacent groundwaters
or estuarine or marine environments is
presumed to be substantial and would
require careful planning for optimum
resource management and minimum environ-
mental impact.
Part or all of the section is suitable for
viniculture for the production of grapes,
or other fruit -bearing vines, and for
Appendix 4 (continued)
79.
byproducts normally associated with this
activity. Developmental activities will
produce moderate to severe adverse envi-
ronmental impact, depending on the amount
of land modification and amount of ground-
water involved and the requisite types of
vinicultural activities needed to ensure
productivity. Nutrient and pesticide
loading to adjacent groundwaters or
estuarine and marine environments may
be substantial and would require mandatory
monitoring for optimum resource management
and to lessen adverse impacts on adjacent
or related ecosystems.
29. FARMING FARMING Part or all of the section is suitable for
cultivation and production of commercial
crops including vegetables, grains,
groundbased fruits such as melons, or
tubers and related produce. Developmental
activities will produce severe to catas-
trophic adverse impacts on existing
ecosystems as a consequence of agricult-
ural field establishment, plowing, til-
ling, planting, fertilization, pesticid-
ing, and harvesting. Environmental
impacts on adjacent areas will range from
moderate to severe depending on the amount
and extent of land
9
Appendix 4 (continued)
80.
modification, and the input and/or reten-
tion of fertilizers and biocides, deplet-
ion or pollution of groundwater resources,
and modification of historical water
flowways. Owing to the drastic alteration
of land area, and the subsequent environ-
mental damages, this category must be
given careful consideration before recom-
mendation, and will require mandatory
monitoring before and during implemen-
tation. Adequate safeguards to protect
adjacent ecosystems must be ensured.
30. TIMBEROP TIMBER OPERATIONS Part or all of the section is suitable for
timber or tree management operations,
including pulpwood for paper or ferment-
ation, cordwood, boardwood or other lumber
usage, mulching and other bark and trunk -
wood use, and any other operation involv-
ing the selective, partial or clear -
cutting of large stands of single species
of trees. Developmental activities will
have severe to catastrophic adverse
impacts on existing and adjacent eco-
systems, involving major or complete
ecosystem destruction with resulting
environmental consequences. This category
should be employed only with extreme care
Appendix 4 (continued)
81.
31. LANDSCAP LANDSCAPING
32. VEGREMOV
VEGETATION
REMOVAL
and requires mandatory monitoring during
all phases of operations. Mitigation of
part or all of habitat destruction may be
required when environmental damage in-
trudes on adjacent ecosystems, groundwater
supplies, existing wildlife, or other
environmental parameters.
Part or all of the section is suitable for
landscaping or horticultural modification,
including transfer, removal and replace-
ment of contained native and non-native
vegetation, and associated land modifica-
tion, contouring, and related landscaping
architectural activities for purposes of
enhancing the ecological and/or aesthetic
value of an area. Developmental effects
will range from benign or moderate to
severe environmental impact depending on
the magnitude of land and horticultural
modification employed. Activities which
utilize, enhance, or encourage the propa-
gation and maintenance of native vegeta-
tional species would be encouraged.
Part or all of a section may have
naturally occurring (but not necessarily
native or indigenous species) vegetation
which may be removed either entirely or in
part, by excavation, pruning, or other
Appendix 4 (continued)
82.
33. WATERWEL
n
FRESHWATER
WELL DRILLING
non -chemical or non -pyrogenic means,
provided that no greater than 50% of the
total native vegetation growing in the
section, or that portions in each sub-
section add up to no more than 50% of
the total native vegetation overall are
removed, and provided that such removal is
for purposes other than landscaping.
Exception may be made when it can be
demonstrated that greater than 50% of the
naturally occurring vegetation is composed
of noxious exotic species particularly any
species of Casuarina (Australian Pine),
Melaleuca (Punk or Cajeput tree), or
Schinus (Brazilian Pepper). Development
activity will have benign to severe
adverse environmental impact depending on
the extent of vegetation removed and the
methods employed in removal. Development-
al activity which avoids or limits damage
to native species and which employs
mitigation using native species will be
encouraged.
Portions within a section may be compat-
ible for the drilling of shallow or
deep -aquifer freshwater wells for commer-
cial, private, municipal or county pur-
poses. Developmental activities will
Appendix 4 (continued) 83.
range from benign or no adverse environ-
mental impact to moderate or severe impact
depending on the size and depth of the
well and the amount of water removed frog
the standing water table, as well as the
amount of saline intrusion caused by well
drawdown, or as a consequence of extended
drought conditions or failure of the
drilled aquifer to adequately or consis-
tently recharge itself, thereby affecting
both hydrological and ecological systems.
Such activities should be carefully
monitored and regulated, with DNR manage-
ment permits and guidelines mandatory.
34. EARTHMOV EARTH MOVEMENT Part or all of a section may be suitable
for topographical or physiographical dry
land surface modification including
bulldozing, excavating, ditching, swale
formation, water course establishment, or
other activities which emplace or remove
surface and subsurface sediments and
substrata, provided that such modification
does not take place in conjunction with,
or as a consequence of dredge and fill
operations (q.v.). Developmental activity
will range from moderate to severe adverse
impact depending on the extent and magni-
tude of modification, and the methods
Appendix 4 (continued) 84.
employed. Activities which avoid, or
spare, as much as feasible of naturally
occurring native habitats and biotopes
will be encouraged. Activities in prist-
ine, relatively undisturbed, or RFD or RUE
areas will be strongly discouraged, or
will require Department of Natural Re-
sources Management permits and mandatory
guidelines with possible mitigation
involved.
35. LANDFILL LANDFILL Part or all of a section may be suitable
for sanitary landfill purposes, provided
that such fill can be shown to be non-
hazardous or is not detrimental to the
immediate environment, and that future
breakdown of such fill, or its potential
future interaction with environmental
parameters will not result in noticeable
or harmful degradation to the immediately
surrounding ecosystems. Developmental
activities will produce from moderate to
severe adverse impact depending on the
extent of the fill area and the type and
methodology of emplacement of the fill
material. DNR management permits and
mandatory monitoring will be required
during fill emplacement and for a period
Appendix 4 (continued)
85.
0'
of 5 years after cessation of all fill
activities.
36. STORAGE SURFACE OR Part or all of a section may be suitable
SUBSURFACE STORAGE for emplacement of surface or subsurface
storage containers, for petroleum, chem-
ical, biological or other substances used
in either a commercial or private capa-
city, and which may or may not be drawn
upon for future use, or which may or may
not be permanently sealed against any
future use. This category does not
include septic tanks or other sewerage
systems (q.v.) or the use, transport or
storage of any waste substance or refuse
which is demonstrably toxic to any form of
life or which has been, or can be shown to
be, detrimental to the quality of the
environment and which may properly be
labelled as hazardous waste (q.v.).
Developmental activity will have benign to
severe or catastrophic adverse impact,
depending on the size of the storage
facility, its means of emplacement, and
its present and future container integ-
rity. Developmental use in this category
f
requires an EIS, DNR Management permits,
and mandatory monitoring during use,
Appendix 4 (continued) 86.
37. PETROLOP PETROLEUM
EXPLORATION OR
DRILLING OPERATIONS
38. MININGOP MINING OPERATIONS
storage, and for a period of 20 years
after all such use has ceased.
Part or all of a section may be suitable
for initiation or continuation of
commercial -petroleum exploration or
drilling activities, including seismic
detection and exploration methods, test
wells, active petroleum removal, and
transfer of products above or below land
to other facilities, provided that no
refining or purification or other fract-
ionating methods or facilities are estab-
lished or employed. Developmental activi-
ties can range from benign or low adverse
impact in properly constructed and main-
tained facilities, to potentially high,
severe, or catastrophic adverse impact in
the case of well blow -outs, pipeline
fracture, or other related system fail-
ures. This category will require an
EIS, DNR Management permits, guidelines,
and continual monitoring before, during
and for a 3 year period after all petrol-
eum operations have ceased. In addition,
mitigation of all areas affected by such
activity will be mandatory.
Part or all of a section may be suitable
Appendix 4 (continued)
87.
for initiation or continuation of commer-
cial mining operations such as limerock,
phosphate, or other mineral extracting
methods, and which might employ the use of
heavy machinery, explosives, or other
devices for excavating or reducing the
mined material. Developmental activities
will range from severe to catastrophic
adverse impact on the immediate environ-
ment and adjacent ecosystems, and may
continue for an unknwn period of time
after minimg operations have ceased. An
EIS and DNR Management permits will be
required, and guidelines and monitoring
before, during, and for a period of 5
years after cessation of all activity will
be mandatory. In addition, complete
mitigation and restoral of the mined area
is mandatory.
39. LANDCLER LAND CLEARING Part or all of a section may be suitable
for land clearing operations which involve
the partial to complete removal of all
surface vegetation, grading of all topo-
graphical contours and alteration or
removal of surface soils present, provided
such operations are not for landscaping or
I
horticultural purposes, but are employed
in preparation of a site, for construct-
ional, roadway, highway, agricultural or
Appendix 4 (continued) 88.
other major site -alteration activities.
Developmental activities will range from
severe to catastrophic and will result in
the total or nearly complete annihilation
of the contained ecosystems, and produce
moderate to severe affects on adjacent
ecosystems. An EIS, and DNR Management
permits and guidelines are required;
mitigation and restoral may be required
depending on present use and zoning,
should a rezoning application be filed.
40. OTHERMOD OTHER MODIFICATION Part or all of the section is suitable for
employment or utilization of land modify-
ing activities not specifically defined or
covered in the preceding list. Deve-
lopmental activities may be of varying
detriment to contained or adjacent ecosy-
stems and each would require judgement on
individual merits and assessment of actual
or potential environmental degradation.
41. WATERFLO WATER FLOW AREA Part or all of the section is suitable for
the construction, maintenance, enhance-
ment, or modification of swales, channels,
creekbeds, streams, rivers and sheetflow
areas, or other naturally occurring
watercourses or water conduit structures
to maintain historical water passage,
alleviate flooding, or conduct water from
Appendix 4 (continued)
M
surrounding ecosystem after emplacement
and during usage thereafter, will be
encouraged.
43. AGRUNOFF AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF Part or all of the section may be suitable
for the passage, or conducted flow, or
storage of agricultural runoff, such as
irrigation or fertilizer or pesticide
/herbicide containing waters or fluids
associated with farming, produce or grove
operations, silage disposal, containment
ponds or catchbasins associated with
dairy, livestock or other farming operat-
ions, and refuse or waste products from
pastureland, or animal husbandry activit-
ies whether private or commercial in
scope. Such activities may range in
adverse impact from low to severe, depend-
ing on prevailing environmental condi-
tions. Developmental activities would
include construction or excavation of
appropriate facilities normally associated
with agricultural operations under consid-
eration. Activities which have a minimal
or no adverse impact on the environment
would be encouraged, as would construction
or use of containment facilities to
prevent eutrophication of adjacent or
nearby naturally occurring water bodies.
Appendix 4 (continued) 89.
one naturally occurring aquatic body to
another. Developmental activity would
consist of minimal grading or excavating
or other topographic or physiographic
modification to provide for drainage or
passage and would range from moderate to
severe adverse impact. Activities which
utilize existing contours and historical
flowways would be encouraged, as would
r activities which do not, or have only
minimal adverse impact on large sheetflow
and shallow aquifer regions.
42. SEWERAGE SEWER OR STORM Part or all of the section is suitable
DRAIN INSTALLATION for the emplacement of sewer, water, or
storm drainage systems for the express
purpose of providing water to, or conduct-
ing water away from certain areas, and
conveying such water to appropriate
treatment, storage, or disposal facilit-
ies. Such activities normally have low to
moderate adverse environmental impact.
Developmental activities would include
excavation of appropriate ditches and
other subsurface facilities normally
associated with water or sewerage lines.
Activities which cause minimal environ-
mental damage during construction and are
shown to be reasonably fail-safe to the
Appendix 4 (continued)
91.
44. PSTCNTRL PEST CONTROL Part or all of the section may be suitable
for the employment of chemical or biologi-
cal agents or activities required to
contain, control or eliminate larvae or
adults of those organisms recognized as
pests or vermin, and which comprise a
hazard to agricultural, horticultural,
aquacultural, commercial, recreational, or
residential activities or lifestyles, by
• virtue of their direct or indirect affects
on, or by the production of disease or
other trauma to, the health and general
welfare of humans, livestock, pets or
other native organisms whether animal or
plant. Any such activities would invari-
ably have adverse effects which may range
from low to severe, depending on methods
and substances employed. Developmental
activity may consist of application of
appropriate sprays, dusts or other mater-
ials, introduction of biological controls
such as predators or disease -inducing
organisms, or physical modification or
other destruction of habitat with which
the targeted pest or vermin is associated.
Activities, agents and methodologies which
have the least adverse impact to any or to
Appendix 4 (continued)
92.
45. SOLIDWST
SOLID WASTE
PRODUCTION AND
DISPOSAL
46. COMMRWST COMMERCIAL WASTE
PRODUCTION AND
the majority of organisms within the total
ecosystem involved would be encouraged.
Part or all of the section may be
suitable for the disposal or storage of
solid waste materials such as concrete -
building materials, scrap metal, or other
non -degradable and non -organic refuse, but
excluding commercial waste fluids, indus-
trial waste fluids and materials, and any
material or substance which can properly
be classified as hazardous waste (q.v.).
Solid Waste disposal by its very nature
would have a noticeable detrimental impact
on the environment, ranging from moderate
to severe in extent, depending on the
materials, their means of disposal and
their ultimate containment. Developmental
activity would consist of providing access
ways to the site, excavation or other
forms of emplacement of solid waste
materials, and appropriate means of
covering or containing the emplaced
materials. Activities which have a
moderate adverse effect on the environment
would be encouraged.
Part or all of the section may be
suitable for the transport, storage,
Appendix 4 (continued) 93.
DISPOSAL treatment or disposal of commercial fluid
waste, including chemcial or biological
products which may be toxic in part or in
whole, to the immediately surrounding
environment, and which thus would require
special containment or treatment condi-
tions to ensure the safety of persons,
wildlife, native vegetation, or other
parts or all of the ecosystem. Commercial
waste storage because of its nature will
invariably have some detrimental effect on
the environment ranging from low to
severe. Developmental activities would
include those associated with construct-
ion, maintenance, and storage or disposal
factilities involved with waste treatment.
Activities which are designed to minimize
environmental degradation would be en-
couraged.
47. INDUSWST INDUSTRIAL WASTE Part or all of the section may be
PRODUCTION AND suitable for the transport, storage,
DISPOSAL treatment or disposal of industrial waste
fluids or substances resulting from
industrial operations or concerns, and
which may be partially or totally toxic or
otherwise harmful to the immediately
surrounding environment, including surface
and subsurface waters, and to any or all
Appendix 4 (continued) 94.
living organisms. The degree of environ-
mental degradation associated with indus-
trial wastes depends on the type, toxi-
city, method of production, transport, -
treatment or disposal, storage conditions
and the short and long-term cumulative
effects of such substances on the eco-
system. Such effects may range from
moderate to catastrophic. Developmental
activities would include those associated
with the construction of industrial
operations producing such wastes, and
their subsequent treatment thereafter.
Activities which provide maximum contain-
ment, with the highest degree of fail-safe
operation or security, and which are of
lowest possible detrimental effect on the
present and future health of the immedi-
ately surrounding ecosystem will be
encouraged.
48. HAZRDWST HAZARDOUS WASTE Part or all of the section may be
PRODUCTION AND suitable for the production, storage, or
DISPOSAL treatment of certain chemical, radioactive
or biological materials or substances
which, owing to their extreme toxicity to
humans, wildlife or to the general envir-
onment need extreme precautions and
extraordinary care in handling, use,
Appendix 4 (continued)
95.
storage and disposal. Environmentally
detrimental effects may range from severe
to catastrophic depending on the nature of
the material and the extent and magnitude
of exposure to the ecosystem, wildlife or
humans. This category requires extreme
care in its implementation and should not
be permitted without a variance from the
County Commission, and a full EIS.
49. DPINJECT DEEP WELL INJECTION Part or all of the section may be suitable
for the storage or emplacement by deep
well injection of hazardous or environ-
mentally damaging materials or substances.
Environmentally detrimental effects
ranging from severe to catastrophic if
such substances were stored or maintained
at the surface, may continue after in-
jection, or such effects may be mitigated
to some or a great degree by utilization
of the deep well method of storage. This
category should be employed only after
careful consideration of long-term effects
of such substances to shallow and deep
aquifers, complete hydrological and
geological evaluation of the effects of
the injected substance, as well as the
determination that no viable alternative
exists for their storage. Implementation
Appendix 4 (continued)
am
50. OTHERDIS OTHER DISCHARGE
ACTIVITIES
51. PATHWAY PATH OR UNIMPROVED
TRAIL WAYS
r
of this category requires a variance from
the County Commission and a complete EIS.
Part or all of the section is suitable
for discharge activities not specifically
defined or covered in the preceding
listing, and which may vary in the amount
of adverse impact to the environment
depending on their type, mode of employ-
ment, or actual or residual effects either
immediately or cumulatively over a spe-
cific period of time.
Part or all of a section is suitable for
the construction, maintenance, or
enhancement of naturally occurring or
artificial footpaths, biketrails, jogging
paths, nature trails or walkways, board-
walks, scenic overlooks or byways or other
access routes of a non- or semi- permanent
nature, and which are restricted to foot,
bicycle or other non -motorized vehicular
traffic, and in which the prime purpose is
to minimize constructional or roadway
damage to the immediate environment.
Developmental activities would be
restricted to limited landclearing and
vegetational removal, and to those earth -
moving or other activities immediately
necessary for pathway construction or
Appendix 4 (continued)
97.
maintenance. Adverse impacts would range
from none to benign to low or moderate
depending on the extent, size, and con-
structional methodology of the pathway.
Use of environmentally or ecologically
compatible constructional materials and
methodologies would be encouraged.
52. ROADWAY ROADWAYS, AND Part or all of a section is suitable for
STREETS the construction and maintenance of
streets, roadways or other passageways
established primarily for motorized
vehicular traffic either private or
commercial in nature, and which are meant
to provide a means of access or transport-
ability from adjacent sections to or
through the section in question. Develop-
mental activities will range from low to
moderate in adverse impact, depending on
the length, width, and areal extent of the
roadways, their method of emplacement and
maintenance, and the type of construc-
tional matierials employed. Activities
that would minimize damage to the im-
mediately surrounding environment, in-
cluding mitigation of runoff, enhancement
of sheet or tributarial flow within the
section, avoudance of ecologically sen-
Appendix 4 (continued) 98.
sitive areas, and use of environmentally
conscious engineering would be encouraged.
53. UTILITY UTILITY CONSTRUCT- Part of the section is suitable for the
ION AND EASEMENTS establishment of public or private utility
construction or easements, in which only a
moderate amount of alteration is required
for buildings, accessways, or associated
structures. Developmental activity would
include erection of substations, power -
lines, telephone poles, high-tension
towers, microwave towers, radio or tele-
vision transmitting or receiving antennae
or towers, and related structures. Also
included are construction of water treat-
ment and sewerage facilities, polishing
ponds, catch or aeration basins and other
structures associated with municipal or
PUD water and wastewater treatment.
Developmental activity would range from
low to moderate depending on the amount of
land modification and landclearing or
vegetational removal required, or to the
amount of maintenance of easements assoc-
iated with such activities. Development
and construction which utilizes naturally
occurring features would be encouraged.
54. SINGLFAM SINGLE FAMILY Part or all of the section is suitable
Appendix 4 (continued)
99.
RESIDENTIAL HOUSING for the construction of single-family
residential housing, including townhouses,
or mobile home communities, utilizing
appropriate densities to be determined by
the Department of Natural Resources
Management and existing zoning. Develop-
mental activities would include any and
all phases of construction and landscaping
of housing, whether in estate or planned
unit developments. Such activities will
invariably have a moderate or severe
adverse impact depending on the amount of
land affected and the means used to clear
it and the types of housing and their
construction. Activities which are
environmentally conscious, particularly
those utilizing existing natural features
or enhancing native ecosystems would be
encouraged. Mitigation may be required is
some instances, guidelines and environ-
mental monitoring will be mandatory in
developments larger than 10 acres, and an
EIS may be required in any case if so
deemed by the Department of Natural
Resources Management.
55. MULTIFAM MULTIFAMILY
Part or all of the section is suitable
RESIDENTIAL HOUSING for the construction of multifamily
residential housing, such as townhouses,
Appendix 4 (continued) 100.
apartment buildings, condominiums, co-
operatives, and other multifamily dwelling
units including hotels, motels, and other
multiunit dwellings built for commercial
lodging purposes. Developmental activit-
ies associated with -this construction will
range from moderate to catastrophic in
adverse impact depending on the extent of
the area modified and the magnitude of
destruction that results either directly
or indirectly from such modification,
particularly before and during any or -all
phases of construction. Development in
this category which emphasizes or enhances
the natural environment, and includes part
or most of the native vegetational
ecosystem, as well as that which involves
minimum alteration to topographic or
physiographic parameters in the vicinity
will be encouraged. Any such development
will require an EIS and permits, and
guidelines from the Department of Natural
Resources Management.
56. COMMERCE COMMERCIAL Part or all of the section is suitable
CONSTRUCTION for the establishment of commercial,
non -industrial, enterprises or businesses_,
including professional associations,
restaurants and food service
Appendix 4 (continued)
101.
57. HYDROCON
f
HYDROLOGICAL
OR HYDRODYNAMIC
CONSTRUCTION
establishments, medical or technical
services, small proprietary ownership, and
the like, but not including commercial
operations requiring above or under ground
storage facilities such as automobile
service stations, manufacturing facil-
ities, or other small or large industry.
Developmental activities would include
small or large scale land and vegetational
alteration, construction of suitable
structure to house the businesses, em-
placement of parking facilities, roadways,
and utility easements and services.
Adverse impacts will range from moderate
to severe depending on the magnitude of
constructional activity and the type of
activity employed. Commercial construc-
tion which maintains or enhances naturally
occurring vegetation, topography, or other
environmental features would be encour-
aged.
Part or all of the section is suitable
for the establishment or construction,
modification or repair of structures
specifically designed to retard, inhibit,
or prevent waterflow or water ingress into
a given area, to stabilize land subject to
water -induced erosion by the employment of
Appendix 4 (continued)
102.
seawalls, groins, bulkheads, or other
stabilizing structures, or to channel or
direct waterflow from one portion within
the section to another by use of emplaced
structures or confining canals, sluices or
raceways. Included in this activity is
the construction of bridges or viaducts
across standing or flowing bodies of
water. Developmental activity would
include constructional activity using
poured concrete, driving of pilings,
burying of culverts, erections of lift
stations weirs, or other means of ensuring
continual directional waterflow, and other
hydrodynamically associated construction
activity, not specifically employing
natural, minimally disturbed or undisturb-
ed flowways. Adverse impacts would range
from moderate to severe depending on the
amount and type of of construction employ-
ed and the modification of land topography
and vegetational cover that resulted from
such activity. This activity requires
careful monitoring to ensure that any such
construction will not have direct or
x
indirect short or long-term effects on the
immediate or adjacent ecosystem.
Appendix 4 (continued) 103.
58. HIGHWAYS HIGHWAY Part of the section has been shown
CONSTRUCTION feasible for construction of paved,
highspeed, highway or turnpike. Develop-
mental activity would include grade
construction, fill emplacement, land
clearing and topographical -alteration,
interruption of historical continual or
seasonal waterflow patterns, and concomi-
tant affects on the adjacent ecosystem and
contained wildlife. Adverse impacts will
range from moderate to catastrophic over a
limited area in the immediate vicinity of
the highway and the associated shoulder
and berm, and from low to moderate at
increasing distances from the main road-
way. In addition, both short and long
term ecological effects will occur owing
to highway presence, vehicular use,
associated petroleum/petrochemical runoff,
interruption or alteration of waterflow on
plant ecosystems, and impact on tradition-
al wildlife migrational or range routes,
as well as having direct effects on local
wildlife population owing to vehicular
hazards. This activity will require
f
careful monitoring of all development
directly impinging on the ecosystems in
the immediate vicinity, adherence to
Appendix 4 (continued)
104.
59. MARINAS MARINA
CONSTRUCTION
guidelines, filing of a detailed EIS, and
possible mitigation or monitoring of
environmental subsequent to completion of
highway.construction.
Part of the section has been shown
feasible for the construction of a salt or
freshwater marina or boat basin, including
facilities for live -aboard as well as
transient boats, yachts or other water
vehicles, and storage and launching
facilities for same, but specifically
excluding boatyards, shipyards, or other
major boat, yacht, or water vehicular
repair facilities, industries, or ser-
vices. Developmental activity would
include dredging or excavation of tidal or
subtidal lands, emplacement of pilings for
dock or slips, construction of seawalls
and bulkheads for stabilization of
adjacent land, erection of subsidiary
buildings for administrative or minor
service purposes, concessions, ancillary
small nautically -oriented businesses,
placement of necessary utility lines and
conduits for electrical, telephone and
water supply, and construction of associ-
ated land vehicle parking areas and access
points. Adverse impacts will range from
Appendix 4 (continued)
105.
severe to catastrophic given the nature of
marina construction, and the necessity for
disturbing supratidal and subtidal lands.
In addition, environmental disturbances
may be expected to continue for varying
periods of time after construction has.
been completed, or even for the lifetime
of the marina, owing to continual influ-
ences produced by watercraft, waste
fluids, spillage or leakage, and by
_ disruption at least in part of naturally
occurring tidal flow, currents, or cycles
as a consequence of shoreline hardening,
pier, wharf or dock construction, channel
dredging and maintenance, and other
activities impinging on the immediately
surrounding marine or freshwater environ-
ment. Constructional activities will
require mandatory Department of Natural
Resources Management permits and guide-
lines, a continual monitoring during
all phases and for a period of 5 years
after completion of all activity, and for
an additional 5 years commencing from the
point of initiation of additional act-
ivity, the filing of a detailed EIS, and
possible mitigation of environmentally
derogatory effects.
Appendix 4 (continued)
106.
60. OTHERCON OTHER CONSTRUCT-
IONAL ACTIVITIES
61. MAINTNCE MAINTENANCE
DREDGING
This activity category is reserved for
constructional activities not specifically
covered, defined, or delineated in the
above listings, or which may require
modification or special consideration
owning to the type, methodology, magnitude
or extent of construction, or which by
their nature may have unusually severe or
debilitating effects on a given ecosystem
within the section.
Part of the section may be suitable for
maintenance dredging of existing canals,
channels, passes, or other maintained
waterways, public or private, within
recognized navigable waters. Such activ-
ity is specifically directed toward
maintaining depth and/or channel config-
uration deemed necessary for ensuring safe
passage of any watercraft which normally
use the waterway under consideration, but
specifically excludes such dredgings to
deepen, widen or otherwise modify any
channels previously existing. Develop-
mental activity would normally include
emplacement of necessary pipelines, spoil
dispersal equipment, dredging machinery or
vessels, and associated equipment.
Adverse environmental impacts would range
Appendix 4 (continued)
107.
62. DTCHDIKE DITCHING OR DIKE
CONSTRUCTION
from moderate to severe depending on the
amount of dredging required, the volume of
material removed or displaced, the
emplacement sites and methodology employed
for resultant spoil, and concomitant
ecological effects resulting from in-
creased siltation, water turbidity,
benthic community disturbance sediment
overturn, and related perturbational
effects on subtidal, and intertidal areas,
as well as biological or physiological
effects resulting from emplacement of
spoil on adjacent submerged or upland
areas. This activity requires careful and
continual monitoring before, during, and
for a period of 1 year after completion,
permits and guidelines from Department of
Natural Resources Management and other
governmental agencies, and possible
mitigation of environmentally detrimental
aspects resulting from the activity.
Extensive maintenance, longer than 1 mile
or requiring removal of greater than
20,000 cubic yards of fill require de-
tailed EIS.
Part or all of the section may be
suitable for the employment of ditching or
diking to ensure impoundment of waters in
Appendix 4 (continued) 108.
wetlands or lagoonal areas as a means of
mosquito control. Excluded from this
activity category are any land alteration -
al activities involving excavation of
ditches, channels, or other water courses,
or the construction of berms, grades or
other topographically defined water -
retention structures not specifically
directed toward mosquito control or
abatement activities. Developmental
activities would include the employment of
dragline, dredging cranes, rotary ditch-
ers, bulldozers, backhoes, tractors, or
other mechanical devices, whether land or
waterborne, and associated equipment to
carry or disperse material excavated.
Adverse environmental impacts would range
from low to severe, depending on the
magnitude and areal extent of the ditching
or diking, the wetland hydroperiod that
may be affected, and concomitant effects
on the contained or associated ecosystems
and wildlife. Additional effects may
encompass one or more of those already
delineated in the category MAINTNCE
(q.v.). This activity will only be
permitted following receipt and approval
of a detailed EIS, permits, and guidelines
Appendix 4 (continued) 109.
from the Department of Natural Resources
Management and other appropriate govern-
mental agencies, and upon the establish-
ment of a continual monitoring program.
directed toward determining the effect of
the activity during and after its com-
pletion. Mitigation may be required
including complete restoration of the
ditched or diked area to its previous
state if it can be shown that such activ-
ity was or will be detrimental to the.
surrounding ecosystems.
63. RENURISH BEACH OR SHORE- Part of the section may be suitable for
LINE RENOURISHMENT renourishment of beach or shoreline which
has eroded or otherwise been lost specif-
ically and only as a consequence of
natural forces whether climatic, oceano-
graphic or hydrological, operating over a
period of time. Developmental activity
would include emplacement of required
dredging equipment and vessels, associated
pipelines, and related machinery. Adverse
environmental impact would range from low
to moderate on supratidal onshore areas,
moderate to severe on nearshore tidal/
subtidal areas, and catastrophic on the
borrow area offshore from which dredged
renourishing material is excavated. This
Appendix 4 (continued) 110.
category requires a mandatory monitoring
program initiated 6 months before activi-
ties start, and continued during, and for
a period of 3 years after such activities
have ceased, to determine environmental
recovery. In addition a detailed EIS,
permits from DNRM and appropriate govern-
mental agencies, and guidelines directed
toward best and highest use of renourish-
• ment material onshore will be required.
Mitigation of any area adversely affected
during or after cessation of activity
through activities of the operator,
whether negligent or not, may be required
and can be assessed against both the
operator and owners of the property being
renourished.
64. LANDSTAB LAND STABILIZATION Part or all of a section may be suitable
for stabilization of lands with the
potential for, or which actually may be
undergoing, loss as a result of climatic
oceanographical or hydrodynamical forces
operating on them. Included in this
category are emplacement of shore harden-
ing or stabilization structures, including
seawalls, bulkheads, groins, breakwaters,
Jetties, or other wave or current -
modifying devices, the positioning or
Appendix 4 (continued)
maintenance of riprap or other land -
hardening or supporting construction, or
the construction of dikes, levees, or
other water -exclusionary or control
earthenworks. Specifically excluded is
-ditching or -diking (DTCHDIKE) in which the
primary result is for control or abatement
of mosquitoes (q.v.). Developmental
activity will include the emplacement or
. employment of suitable land or waterborne
equipment and machinery for constructing
or positioning shore -hardening materials,
including draglines, dredges, cranes,
caissons and similar constructions, and
other associated equipment or devices.
Adverse environmental effects will range
from moderate to severe and will depend on
the amount of modification previously
existing in an area, the type, method-
ology, magnitude and areal extent affected
by the activity, as well as subsequent
environmental affects resulting from such
activity. A detailed EIS, permits and
guidelines from Department of Natural
Resources Management and appropriate
governmental agencies is required, as is
mandatory monitoring during and after
completion of any project for a period of
Appendix 4 (continued) 112.
3 years. Mitigation may be required if it
can be shown that additional environmental
damages occurred as a direct or indirect
result of negligence by the operator, and
may also be assessed against owners of the
property being stabilized.
65. NEWCANAL NEW CANAL Part of a section may be suitable for the
CONSTRUCTION construction and maintenance of a canal
specifically designed to remove excess
water from a given area in the section and
conduct it to another part of the section
or into adjacent sections or bodies of
water. Excluded is the construction of
new canals as part of any subdivision or
PUD which are constructed primarily as
aesthetic enhancements for same, or in
which the prime purpose is not the removal
of excess water. Developmental activity
would include use of dragline or other
dredging devices and excavating equipment,
both land and waterborne. Adverse
environmental impact would range from
moderate to severe in the vicinity of the
constructed canal, and from low to severe
in adjacent areas, depending on the size
s
of the canal, amount of water carried, and
the effects of water -removal on adjacent
ecosystems and associated water tables.
Appendix 4 (continued)
113.
This category requires careful monitoring
during and after construction, a pre -
constructional detailed EIS and biological
and hydrological survey, and possible
mitigation of effects caused by actual
canal construction or the results of its
water removal.
66. NEWLAND NEW LAND Part of the section is suitable for the
CONSTRUCTION establishment of new land area using
dredge and fill operations to extend the
margin of a land parcel into a contiguous
or adjacent body of water, or to create
new islands by the emplacement of dredge
spoil or other fill within the confines of
a body of water where no land previously
existed. Specifically excluded from the
category are dredge and fill operations
resulting in subdivision creation
(SUBDIVOP, q.v.) by finger -canal and
peninsular fill areas along landward
margins of aquatic areas. Developmental
activities are similar to those occurring
in MAINTNCE, RENURISH and LANDSTAB cate-
gories (q.v.). Adverse environmental
impact would range from moderate to
severe, or locally catastrophic where
emplaced fill materials affect ecosystems
or contained wildlife. Indirect or
Appendix 4 (continued) 114.
long-term effects from the emplaced fill
may occur through sediment or turbidity
increases, leaching of biological or
geochemical products, modification of
current or tidal regimes, and biological
or physiological changes in adjacent
benthic and supratidal communities. This
category requires an EIS, and mandatory
monitoring for a period of 6 months prior,
during, and for three years after cessa-
tion of activity. Mitigation may be
required to reestablish, insofar as is
possible, the ecosystems and communities
extant at the time of dredging.
67. CAUSEWAY CAUSEWAY Part of a section may be suitable for the
CONSTRUCTION construction of a causeway capable of
supporting vehicular traffic, connecting
two or more dry land areas with each other
across wetland, baybottom, or open water
areas. Developmental activity would be
similar to that delineated for LANDSTAB
and NEWLAND categories (q.v.). Adverse
environmental effects would range from
locally catastrophic, to severe or
moderate depending on the distance of an
rea from the causeway proper. Major
effects would occur in interruption of or
modification of current flow patterns,
Appendix 4 (continued) 115.
tidal regimes, and hydrological forces
previously existing in the affected water
body, as well as sedimentary, turbidity,
and water chemistry alterations owing to
causeway fill emplacement. Physiological
and biological impacts would occur to
varying degrees on associated benthic,
intertidal and to a lesser extent supra -
tidal communities, and may be short or
M long term. This category requires an EIS,
a mandatory 6 month pre -construction
activity monitoring program, and a follow-
up program lasting 3 years in order to
ascertain any detrimental effects on the
benthos and related ecosystems. Depart -
went of Natural Resources Management
guidelines, and permits, plus permits or
approval from all appropriate governmental
agencies is required. Construction which
maintains or enhances existing tidal and
current regimes, and which minimizes
ecological damage will be strongly en-
couraged.
68. NEWPASS NEW PASS OR INLET Part of a section has been shown to be
CONSTRUCTION suitable for the opening to allow nautical
ingress and egress between one body of
water and another. This category specif-
ically excludes MAINTNCE and NEWCANAL
Appendix 4 (continued)
116.
categories (q.v.) but developmental
activities would include those associated
with NEWCANAL and NEWLAND dredge and fill
activities. The adverse environmental
effects in this category may be substan-
tial, ranging from moderate to catas-
trophic, depending as much on the means
employed and areal extent of the affected
section as on subsequent hydrological,
physiological, and ecological changes
resulting from such construction. This
category should only be advocated after
careful consideration, including a com-
plete hydrological study of current and
tidal patterns, wave activity if ap-
propriate, geophysical assessments in-
cluding sediment transport, sand budgets,
barrier island erosional or accretional
tendencies if applicable, and any other
major physical parameter liable to affect
the immediate land area or the connected
bodies of water. Biological factors
including a survey of all benthic and
epibenthic communities, upstream associat-
ed ecosystems, and determination if
applicable of the effects of salinity
variations on the flora and fauna of the
region are mandatory. In addition,
Appendix 4 (continued) 117.
scouring and siltational tendencies should
be assessed. A detailed EIS, approval and
permits from all appropriate governmental
agencies, adherence to Department of
Natural Resources Management guidelines as
appropriate for each area, and the pos-
sible classification of this activity as a
DRI must all be considered and satisfied
before any activity is begun.
69. SUBDIVOP SUBDIVISION Part or all of a section may be suitable
DREDGE AND FILL for the construction of a subdivision or
OPERATIONS PUD employing dredging and filling for
canal or waterway construction, and use of
obtained spoil as fill for land creation
or enhancement, along the landward margins
of aquatic areas, or within upland areas
partially or completely unassociated with
any contiguous water body. Developmental
activities include those associated with
NEWLAND, NEWCANAL, and NEWPASS categories.
Adverse environmental effects would range
from moderate to catastrophic depending on
the extent of the area modified, the
methodology employed, and the magnitude of
construction. Immediate severe to
catastrophic impacts would occur on water
tables and vegetational ecosystems in
land -locked operations, and on benthic
Appendix 4 (continued) 118.
ecosystems in estuarine or marine opera-
tions. Long term effects would be de-
pendent on the resiliency of the affected
biotope to recover from extensive dredge
and fill operations in this category.
Activities in this category require a
detailed EIS, permits and guidelines,
including adherence to a monitoring
program established by DNRM for a period
of 5 years after completion of all activ-
ity, or where mitigational damage can be
demonstrated.
70. OTHERD&F OTHER DREDGE & This category is established to cover any
FILL OPERATIONS dredge and fill operations not defined in
the above listing, or is to be used in
special cases involving those so defined
where it is deemed that the general
categorical definition or descriptor is
too broad. Activities and the resultant
impacts Will depend on the type, extant,
and methodology employed.
BOBS WORK
9/18/85
Appendix 5
LUMACT Program Example. Summary of zoning, predominant vegetation,
owner numbers (OWNRLIST) and developmental recommendations for
individual sections in the Collier County undeveloped coastal zone.
zoastzrn:Wlar
Zmning:PUD/RNFS/R5lF4/CZ/MHIO,PZNHSD!3c vegstat: on:A!
Recommendations
CCNFAT13LE- cunstrct Ln"dmot pecwat_
PROV131CNAL: Dischrge NonDeve!
Atrolop Timberops indus"st
PROHIBITED: Drdg&Fil except Dtch%k��
NonDevelopmentl
Grapnprl:
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Agriculturn ise:
HOrticul
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Farmi nq VinIcul',
Land ModiOication:
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General CMMMantM: COMMWCUI-Urban rMSIdential arva;adizon RSFZ,RNF1&,PU4,PU1
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MRP Ref era E7 13 E 10 T 52 S R 22 E 0=2r 7117F
Reccmmendati 3na
First
Second
1hird Acurtn Fifth
COMPATIBLE:
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consurct
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Source; Hamann, 1982