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Agenda 02/26/2015 PELICAN BAY SERVICES DIVISION Municipal Services Taxing & Benefit Unit NOTICE OF PUBLIC MEETING THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2015 THE WATER MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE OF PELICAN BAY SERVICES DIVISION WILL MEET AT 1 PM ON THURSDAY, JANUARY " AT PELICAN BAY SERVICES DIVISION, THIRD FLOOR, SUITE 302, SUNTRUST BUILDING AT 801 LAUREL OAK DRIVE, NAPLES, FLORIDA 34108. AGENDA 1 . Roll call 2. Agenda approval 3. Approval of 12/10/14 meeting minutes 4. Audience comments 5. Review of lake locations receiving aeration and littoral plantings 6. Reevaluate potential pros and cons of algae control using blue tilapia 7. Update on community educational outreach 8. Copper remediation with Geoffrey Noble 9. Adjournment ANY PERSON WISHING TO SPEAK ON AN AGENDA ITEM WILL RECEIVE UP TO ONE (1) MINUTE PER ITEM TO ADDRESS THE BOARD. THE BOARD WILL SOLICIT PUBLIC COMMENTS ON SUBJECTS NOT ON THIS AGENDA AND ANY PERSON WISHING TO SPEAK WILL RECEIVE UP TO THREE (3) MINUTES. THE BOARD ENCOURAGES YOU TO SUBMIT YOUR COMMENTS IN WRITING IN ADVANCE OF THE MEETING. ANY PERSON WHO DECIDES TO APPEAL A DECISION OF THIS BOARD WILL NEED A RECORD OF THE PROCEEDING PERTAINING THERETO, AND THEREFORE MAY NEED TO ENSURE THAT A VERBATIM RECORD IS MADE, WHICH INCLUDES THE TESTIMONY AND EVIDENCE UPON WHICH THE APPEAL IS TO BE BASED. IF YOU ARE A PERSON WITH A DISABILITY WHO NEEDS AN ACCOMMODATION IN ORDER TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS MEETING YOU ARE ENTITLED TO THE PROVISION OF CERTAIN ASSISTANCE. PLEASE CONTACT THE PELICAN BAY SERVICES DIVISION AT (239) 597-1749 OR VISIT PELICANBAYSERVICESDIVISION.NET. 2/19/2015 3:09:58 PM PELICAN BAY SERVICES DIVISION WATER MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE MEETING MINUTES DECEMBER 10,2014 The Water Management Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division met on Wednesday, December 10, 2014 at 1:00 p.m. at the Community Center at Pelican Bay, 8960 Hammock Oak Drive,Naples, Florida. In attendance were: Water Management Committee Tom Cravens, Chairman Henry Bachman Joe Chicurel Scott Streckenbein Dave Trecker, ex officio PBSD Board Members Also Present Ken Dawson Mike Levy Susan O'Brien Pelican Bay Services Division Staff Neil Dorrill,Administrator Mary McCaughtry, Operations Analyst Marion Bolick, Operations Manager Lisa Jacob, Recording Secretary Also Present Kevin Carter,Dorrill Management Raphael Vasquez-Burney, CH2M Hill REVISED AGENDA 1. Roll call 2. Agenda approval 3. Audience comments 4. Slide presentation 5. Update on copper levels in lakes and Clam Bay 6. Update on pilot lake treatments, including status of Blue Tilapia installations 7. Discussion of lake bank erosion restoration methods 8. Update on filtration systems: Filter marsh vs.vacuum airlift 9. New business a. Development of educational outreach campaign to alert residents to the presence of nutrients in recycled water and the need to reduce the use of fertilizer as a result 10. Adjournment 1 15-6391-Lake Aeration for Pelican Bay Attachment 9: Bid Schedule Item Description Basin Lake Type Location Cost 1 6 Diffuser 2 5 Electric Georgetown $9,450.00 2 4 Plate 2 6 Solar Golf Course $15,600.00 3 4 Plate 2 7A Solar Golf Course $14,975.00 4 4 Plate 2 7B Solar Golf Course $19,600.00 5 4 Plate 4 8 Solar Golf Course $14,500.00 6 4 Diffuser 4 1A Electric Oakmont $7,250.00 7 4 Diffuser 4 1B Electric Oakmont $7,050.00 8 3 Plate 4 5 Solar Golf Course $13,230.00 9 2 Plate 4 4 Solar Golf Course $6,900.00 10 2 Plate 4 6 Solar Golf Course $6,900.00 11 2 Plate 4 7 Solar Golf Course $7,000.00 12 2 Plate 4 9 Solar Golf Course $6,800.00 13 6 Diffuser 5 2 Electric L'Ambiance $8,900.00 14 TOTAL $138,155.00 li(: 1 S Buglns uo�Ieluawuonnu�ag au t.NISVB dl ,,, > v • 9s e-( n7neey910£49 6£Z uod 'satins'ow ayuuax8 t•8cc O 9`9EZ0 ` H 7. ,s,„„,,,1N2Iel1(1N 1V8 AV10 DNI'SILV}DOSSVV TIVH 7'IMf11 rw�l �. . �d. e an3 co l J FV p'•,..''y''A t 1' g+ 4.1.'p: `r, ,rr''i'''..41' .' 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' } ''' va P q s It P:\0235.6 PBF-Nutrient Mm ogemerll\CAD\0235-FLOWS_BASINS.dwn 9/23/2013 RANDI.JONES / An Update on WATER QUALITY in Pelican Bay BACKGROUND Over the past several years, the Pelican Bay Services Division (PBSD) has been addressing a serious water pollution problem in our inland lakes and Clam Bay. Nutrients from fertilizer runoff—dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus— caused an epidemic of algae blooms in our upland lakes. To deal with the algae, which is unsightly and a threat to aquatic plants and wildlife, a copper algaecide was applied over a period of many years. The copper accumulated and, through a storm water drainage system, made its way to Clam Bay. There, over time, it reached levels that exceeded the State limit of 3.7 microgram/liter. As a result, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection classified Clam Bay "impaired for copper" in 2012 and gave the community five years to come up with a plan to fix the problem. STATUS The PBSD stopped using copper in the 44 lakes for which it had responsibility in August 2013. Associations that maintained the additional 19 lakes agreed to stop using copper shortly thereafter. As a result measurable copper levels in the lakes and Clam Bay have dropped dramatically. However, the algae problem has worsened. Non-copper algaecides were tested and were found to be more costly and less effective than copper. The PBSD also explored aeration, littoral plantings, bacteria and fish as means to control algae. Aeration and littoral plantings, widely used throughout Florida, were found to be beneficial in a number of test lakes. They will be added to other lakes in 2015 and beyond. Fish (Blue Tilapia) were found to be effective in one test lake, but were not used further on the advice of consultants and because of reported problems elsewhere in the state. Other chemical and mechanical means for controlling algae are being evaluated. An Update on WATER QUALITY in Pelican Bay COMMUNITY EFFORTS But the best way to control algae is to cut off its food source: Keep nutrients from entering the lakes. And here the community can play a critical role. Every condominium association, homeowner association and individual homeowner should demand that its landscape maintenance company adhere strictly to the following guidelines. (1) Employ Best Management Practices (BMP) in applying fertilizer, as mandated by county ordinance (11-24). These practices are highlighted on the next page. (2) Use a mowing bag to collect grass cuttings near the lakes. Cut grass blown into the lakes is unsightly, adds to organic buildup in the sediment, and acts as algae collection sites at the surface. (3) Minimize use of recycled (irrigation) water. Ensure that irrigation heads are in good repair and directed at grass or landscape, not at the street. Recycled water has very high levels of dissolved nutrients. As such, it is both beneficial (less fertilizer is needed) and troublesome (it adds nutrients directly to the lakes). Dealing with this problem is everybody's responsibility. If we are to have clean groundwater and healthy waterways in Pelican Bay, it is essential that fertilizers and irrigation water be used responsibly. The alternative, which nobody wants, is increasing taxes to deal with costly cleanup. MIGO 5/854936 Cecil's Copy Express Invoice 13040 Livingston Road#14 Naples,FL 34105 239-353-4285 DATE INVOICE# 239-353-1775 Fax Marvin @cecilscopyexpress.com 7/30/2013 36862 BILL TO SHIP TO PELICAN BAY SERVICE 801 LAUREL OAK DR.#605 NAPLES,FL.34108 P.O. NUMBER TERMS REP SHIP VIA F.O.B. 4500144600 7/30/2013 QUANTITY ITEM CODE DESCRIPTION PRICE EACH AMOUNT 15,000 DIGITAL 7500 SETS OF 2 ORIG.WATER QUALITY 0.053 795.00T BROCHURES/MARY Out-of-state sale,exempt from sales tax 0.00% 0.00 Total $795.00 r • "rte:"�, -' .,stiO3s � .• , li M! r t ;t 411N,t/7 '.1 F' i i, 4'1'' � �� + r 1myr�, ¢ , if �.:., + •Mr•�•�' ' ' 14' '' I 446 ' ` '' k'' • li 1. I -'°', te a.in CI it 11 r' 1 /_�l � ,, � �,+ ii 4 , \�\t " 'i i! t ' { Y \ ,. ,,Z , ! 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Clr�y `'"'tio `� / �' °W / .� r ' 40 4, rr I Ln o Ln o Ln o Ln O Ln O io d- dt m m N N %1 O O 'i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO (1/2w) snaoydsoyd m.o.". http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/freshwater/nonnatives/blue-tilapia/ T Florida Fish and Wildlife 74: 4o Conservation Commission Wildlife & Habitats : Species Profiles : Freshwater Fish : Nonnatives : Blue Tilapia: Oreochromis aureus w i :.,�. • L „ r'. � �S 1* + , ft ,41,1,,,,.,,-,, r .tr .r } * 1 J 7 t 0,` t'r ) C ;' Appearance Young nondescript gray with a black spot at rear of dorsal fin; adults generally blue-gray shading to white on the belly; borders of dorsal and caudal fins with red to pink borders; broken lateral line and the spiny dorsal fin is joined to the soft dorsal fin. In central Florida, anglers can assume every tilapia they observe in fresh water is a blue, and any tilapia over 3 pounds is also likely a blue tilapia. Similar Species Female Mozambique tilapia (0. mossambicus) nearly identical, but doesn't grow as large and currently only occurs in coastal areas south of Titusville; possible hybridization between blue and Mozambique tilapias further complicates identification; male Mozambique tilapia easily distinguished by large mouth and black coloration when breeding. Photo to right is of a spawning male and female Mozambique tilapia. Habitat Widespread and abundant in Florida; found in fertile lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and canals. It is tolerant of saltwater and found in some near shore marine habitats, such as Tampa Bay. Native to North Africa and'the Middle East. Blue Tilapia: Oreochromis aureus Behavior Spawning Habits Spawning occurs when the water temperature exceeds 68oF. Males dig large circular nests with their mouths in shallow water over a sandy bottom. The male swims out to a passing female and leads her to the nest where courtship occurs; female lays eggs and immediately takes into mouth after male fertilizes, after which she swims off, possibly to mate with another male. The males continue to guard nests and may spawn again with another female. Eggs hatch in female's mouth, and fry occasionally released to feed, but whenever threatened they return to the female's mouth until they are about three weeks old. This type of parental care is called mouth-brooding. Feeding Habits Feed primarily on plankton and small organisms living in or on bottom detritus; three most common foods consumed in Lake Alice and Lake George were diatoms, green algae, and detritus; dominant food items in stomachs of fish from Six-Mile Creek near Tampa were detritus, algae, diatoms, and plant material. Age and Growth Grow rapidly for first few months, then slow somewhat but ultimately reach 5-6 pounds by age 3-5 yrs; fish weighing 2-4 pounds common; largest caught in Florida weighed 10 pounds and measured over 21 inches in length; Lake Lena fish yielded a maximum age of 6 years, and indicated that males were larger at each age than females. Sporting Quality Not normally known for their angling quality. The exception being some urban anglers catch these in ponds using small pieces of hot dogs, bread balls, dog food, or live worms; no bag or size limits. They are rarely caught on artificial lures. There is also a group of avid bow anglers that target this species. Edibility White flaky meat with a mild flavor; considered excellent eating, and farm- raised fish often sold in grocery stores. State Record State record is open; qualifying weight is 10 pounds. The big catch program recognizes blue tilapia longer than 18 inches or heavier than 5 pounds. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10750-006-0023-5# Hydrobiologia September 2006, Volume 568, Issue 1,pp 111-120 Date: 17 Jun 2006 Feeding and control of blue-green algal blooms by tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) • Kaihong Lu, • Chunhua Jin, • Shuanglin Dong, • Binhe Gu, • Stephen H. Bowen Abstract Outbreak of blue-green algal blooms, with associated unsightly scum and unpleasant odor, occurs frequently in eutrophic lakes. We conducted feeding experiments to study ingestion and digestion of Microcystis aeruginosa by tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) under laboratory conditions and field testing to reduce Microcystis blooms by stocking tilapia in Lake Yuehu and other eutrophic waters in Ningbo, China between 2000 and 2003. Our results show that tilapia was capable of ingesting and digesting a large quantity of Microcystis. Digestion efficiency ranged from 58.6 to 78.1% at water temperature of 25 °C. Ingestion rate increased with increasing fish weight and water temperature. Intensive blooms occurred in Lake Yuehu in both 1999 and 2000. The lake was stocked with silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),bighead (Aristichthys nobilis)and a freshwater mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) at a total biomass of 9.8 g m 3 in early 2001, and tilapia at 3-5 g m-3 in April of 2002. From June to October, average phytoplankton density decreased from 897.6x 106 cells 1-1 in 2000 to 291.7x106 cells 1-1 in 2001 and 183.0x106 cells 1-1 in 2002. Compared to 2000,the annual average phytoplankton biomass in 2001 and 2002 decreased by 48.6%and 63.8%,respectively. The blue-green algal biomass which made up 70% of the total phytoplankton biomass in 2000 was reduced to 22.1% in 2001 and 11.2%in 2002. Meanwhile, Secchi depth increased from 20-50 cm to 55-137 cm during the same time period. Similar results were observed in some other eutrophic waters. For example, algal bloom disappeared about 20 days after tilapia fingerlings were stocked (8-15 g m3)to a pond in Zhenhai Park. Chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton production declined dramatically whereas water transparency increased substantially. However, the impacts of tilapia on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in natural lakes need further investigation. Our studies revealed that stocking tilapia is an effective way to control algal blooms in eutrophic waters, especially in lakes where nutrient loading cannot be reduced sufficiently, and where grazing by zooplankton cannot control phytoplankton production effectively. http://www.ibnature.com/tilapia-for-pond-management Tilapia for Pond Management Three years ago we introduced using Blue Tilapia in your pond to help consume algae and certain submerged rooted plants. Two years later we can say that our tilapia experiment was a great success. We stocked tilapia in over 300 ponds during the 2011 season. Over 85%of the tilapia survey respondents chose to use the tilapia again in 2012! Most respondents found that a majority of the filamentous algae was controlled very well and many of the typical types of submerged pond weeds were also minimized. As we had figured,the amount of tilapia stocked per acre directly affected how well they worked in each pond situation. Our stocking estimates were very close in 2010 but we slightly amended them to allow for even better results in 2011. Blue Tilapia are the most cold tolerant species of all of the Tilapia.They can survive water temperatures down to 45 degrees. This is very important as it allows them to be viable for an additional several months in our latitude. This means more time for consumption of vegetation! This also means the Tilapia will not overpopulate as they will die off in late October to early November. Tilapia will eat many of the common types of filamentous algae,blue green algae,rooted plants and even twigs and other organic debris. They are very efficient consumers. When stocked at the appropriate rates into your pond,the Tilapia can be very effective at dramatically reducing seasonal plant material.They are not problematic for swimmers in the pond like some other types of panfish! The bonus benefit of using the Blue Tilapia in your pond is the fact that you can harvest the largest ones with some effort before the fall die off. Tilapia are excellent table fare. Think of them like a very large panfish. They can achieve weights of up to 2#by the end of the season. Tilapia fillets are sold at most grocery stores and served in many restaurants in our area. • 9 } ,. � ' w*a s° ..::►.wet t http://www.ibnature.com/tilapia-for-pond-management Tilapia for Pond Management GROW MORE FISH, GROW LARGER FISH! Hate using chemicals? Tilapia will minimize the need for chemical control of algae and most submerged plants and can even minimize duckweed and watermeal. The reduction in algae and overgrown plants reduces the nightly buildup of carbon dioxide and helps reduce large swings and stabilize both the dissolved oxygen (DO) and PH levels. Blue Tilapia offspring and adults are huge consumers of bacteria and readily consume the bottom muck and detritus it grows on. This helps to decrease both the amount oxygen consumed and the toxins released by the decay process. Feeding?Tilapias produce a vast amount of natural forage! This reduces pressure on all other forage fish. Typical predator/prey fish that don't consume the tilapia directly will benefit by eating more freely. The real feast begins in the fall when tilapia become lethargic. Every size predator in the pond will gorge itself on the easy prey just in time for winter. Blue Tilapia do NOT directly compete with other fish for food in the ecosystem,they enhance their survival, size, and numbers. Water quality and dissolved oxygen levels in ponds and lakes are dramatically and rapidly improved by adding tilapia. This is due to the tilapia eating vast quantities of muck and detritus in the pond that would otherwise add ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and many other toxins to the water. Also by eating this detritus, far less oxygen is consumed that would normally be used in the decay process. The tilapia do not intentionally consume the detritus,they eat it to get the bacteria growing on the decaying matter. Their love for the bacteria ensures fresh colonies of beneficial aerobic bacteria on your pond bottom to speed the breakdown of muck even further. Tilapia are the safest, surest, and most cost effective way to rid your pond of the unhealthy blue- green algae, chara and unsightly filamentous algae as well as, duckweed, watermeal, milfoil and many,many more undesirable pond weeds. In lakes and ponds, Tilapia are an incredibly effective, chemical free way to rid minimize choking weeds and unsightly string algae that make fishing and swimming almost impossible and certainly less enjoyable. As a bonus, Tilapia are unmatched for providing huge numbers of offspring which provide a highly nutritious forage, or prey fish, for Large Mouth Bass, Blue Gill, Yellow Perch and other predator fish species. In short, Tilapia eat plant life for nourishment that other fish simply CAN'T and would otherwise go to waste. Tilapia provide your Sport fish with MORE nutrition at less expense than ANY other method! They also move more nutrients up the animal side of the food chain rapidly. It is a win-win solution! Call 419-669-4084 for more information on how to utilize Blue Tilapia in your particular pond situation. Call soon to preorder for the 2014 season as we expect to have limited supplies available due to the overwhelming response by pond owners! 2 Benefits Of Stocking Blue Tilapia • Blue Tilapia eat many of the common types of filamentous algae,blue green algae, chara, duckweed,watermeal, nuisance rooted aquatic vegetation.A perfect par with the amur who will not eat these types of algae • Prolific breeders • Fish spawn when they reach 4" \water temperature is above 68 F • Lay up to 1500 eggs per female • Spawn every 18 to 21 days • The babies are the ones that put the biggest strain on the algae \by converting vegetation into a bait fish for your predator fish. • Reduce demand on minnows and Amurs • Increase the size and population of other fish in your pond. • Fall temp cause fish to slow down allowing predator fish of all sizes to gorge itself just in time for winter • Control Muck • Reduce unpleasant gases • Most Eco Friendly solution to controlling algae, no more chemicals • Finally a solution from vegetation for pond owners who use their pond as a water supply. •A perfect substitution for the bluegills since they can not take over your pond. The list goes on but the time is now we only sell these the first part of June and we have secured a big supply however demand for the fish is great. Please call and place your order for these fish today. Fish supplied first come first serve bases Blue Tilapia Stocking Density Chart r Existing Size of Predator Fish.Iff no Large Mouth Amount of Bass was stocked than subtract 2"from the Pond predator size Covered by Stocked Lbs of Aquatic Tilapia per Acre *Less than *8"-10" *10"-12" *12"+ Vegetation of Water 8" Little 10-151bs Stock Stock Stock Stock Spotty 15-251bs All 75% 25% All 1 ft Around 25-501bs 4"-6" 4"-6" 4"-6" 7"-10" Pond 25% 75% Covered 50-100 lbs 7"-10" 7"-10" http://www.remlingerfishfarm.com/Benefits%200f%20Stocking%20Blue%20Tilapia.pdf ■ Last edited 7 months ago by Sinirrthopsis Oreochromis aureus The blue tilapia[1] or Israeli Oreochromis aureus tilapia, Oreochromis ! . ,�, , aureus, is a species of fish : � ‘j1 in the Cichlidae family. /r/l ' t, 4 4 I I. , Native to Northern and � ■! Western Africa, and the ,1 „s �s a4 j Illi Middle East, through introductions it is now also established elsewhere, Conservation status including parts of the Not evaluated United States, where it has been declared an invasive Scientific classification species and has caused Kingdom: Animalia significant environmental Phylum: Chordata damage.i21 It is known as blue kurper in South Class: Actinopterygii Africa.[31 Order: Perciformes Family: Cichlidae Subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae Tribe: Tilapiini Genus: Oreochromis Species: O, aureus Binomial name Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) Synonyms • Chromis aureus Steindachner, 1864 ▪ Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner, 1864 • Tilapia aurea (Steindachner, 1864 ) • Tilapia nilotica exul Steinitz, 1951 • Tilapia aurea exul Steinitz, 1951 • Tilapia monodi Daget, 1954 • Tilapia lemassoni Blache & Miton, 1960 • Tilapia kashabi Elster, 1958 (ambiguous) • Tilapia kacherbi Wunder, 1960 (ambiguous) IContents Description Range Invasive species In the United States See also References Description The blue tilapia is a freshwater fish with a high tolerance for brackish water. Adults are usually 5 to 8 in (13 to 20 cm) in length'' and weigh 5 to 6 lb (2.3 to 2.7 kg);L Ithe largest recorded specimen was more than 21 inches (53 cm) long and weighed more than 10 pounds (4.5 kg).i4i Blue tilapia are mouthbrooders, and broods range from 160 to 1600 eggs per female.[2] O. aureus is primarily herbivorous, but will occasionally consume zooplankton;i21 the young include small invertebrates in their diet. Hi Range The blue tilapia is native to Northern and Western Africa, and the Middle East, from the Senegal, Niger, Benue and lower Nile Rivers in Africa to the Jordan River in the Middle East.[1] Through introductions, the fish can be found in the United States in Texas, Alabama, Florida, and Nevada. It has also been established in Central and South America, and Southeast Asia.l1' The original stocks of O. aureus in the United States were from Israel.[5' Invasive species Oreochromis aureus has been introduced in many places around the world for use as a food fish, and frequently in order to control aquatic vegetation.l61 Its presence may have in many cases been mis-documented as Oreochromis niloticus, because the two species were only recently distinguished.l61 In the United States Since its introduction into Florida in 1961,HH the fish has increased its range and frequency of occurrence. It is now the most widespread foreign species in Florida, with established populations as far north as Lake Alice, in Gainesville.l51 It is a major management problem for the National Park Service due to its predominance in Taylor Slougl in Everglades National Park, where it has changed the fish community structure.l51 The species is also expanding its range in Texas. It was at one time responsible for inhibition of the population of largemouth bass in Lake Trinidad (in Henderson county) until it was extirpated, and is implicated in the ianionid mussel declines in two bodies of water in Texas.i51 It is also blamed for a severe decline in native fish populations in Warm Springs Natural Area, Nevada.l5i See also • Tilapia • Tilapia as exotic species ^ References 1. . FishBase. Retrieved 2008-06-29. 2. . Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 3. . Flyloops. Retrieved 2012-03-22. 4. .., _ . State of Florida, Division of Freshwater Fisheries. Retrieved 2008-06-29. 5. . US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 6. . Retrieved 31 July 2014. Read in another language WIKIPEDIA` Mobile Desktop Content is available under unless otherwise noted. Terms of Use Privacy lc 1, /ez,i ni vnkoed,,+rnclvvil•ih �' 7 JL srl.` Y �` � 6 1 !tom s �C. v � ty i F•111214:614. �� ^ it a ,� Cdr/C� 4 A''5 t r�`,<! tt'4t�t,fit','1f �, + x • `ril �+i''" „ . it '°+- „�- ' .4 �' fir, // .P > ,.��''. �e� , _±,/ ,�"�` /i. Leonard L.Lovshin - z 1_Ir-eoc r-or r,;_= aure?:_ - Non-native Blue Tilal_Iia Identification: Juvenile Morphology • Grey vertical bars present on body-'- • Caudal fin may have vertical bars Adult Morphology • Grey-blue coloration, darker above and white on belly = ' • May display dark vertical bars on body=° • Dark and light spots alternating on posterior half of dorsal fin and upper margin vermilion or orange in coloration - • White spots on proximal half of caudal fin and posterior portion of anal fin::13 • Caudal fin with broad pink to red margin, anal fin light or with a few spots =° • Eye with red iris and crossed by a black bar-° • Broad pink to bright red distal margin on caudal fin • Breeding males exhibit intense bright metallic blue coloration on head, vermilion edge to dorsal fin, increased brightness of coloration on caudal fin, and blue-black chin and chest=° • Breeding females develop a lighter orange color on edges of dorsal and caudal fins • Maximum length— 37 cm '`' Distinguishing Characteristics Blue tilapia is unlikely to be confused with native North American species but is similar to other introduced cichlids (Mossambique tilapia, Tilapia mossambica and Redbelly tilapia, T. zilli). • 12-15 dorsal rays (as opposed to higher numbers in similar species) 13 • Lower gill rakers 18-26, compared to 6-12 in Tilapia'-') • Tilapia have little or no breeding coloration in males compared to Oreochromis.-i' General Biology: Behavior • A schooling fish, excluding males in breeding condition 17 Diet Juveniles • Similar to adults but more varied. Insects (Tendipedidae and Ceratopogonidae) and small crustraceans were more important for smaller(< 13 cm)fish 1; Adults • Long gut, 8.0-9.4 times standard length 1 • In Florida high intrapopulation diet variation was observed using stable isotope analysis- indicating food was consumed from both the water column and sediment • May be able to shift feeding habits dependant on food sources available '3 • In Alabama adult(15-22 cm TL) diet consisted primarily of phytoplankton 17 • Other food items of lesser importance included Protozoa, Annelida, Formicidae, Rotifera, Nematoda, Oligochaeta, Trichoptera, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, Diptera, inorganic remains, fry of blue tilapia, and unidentified eggs 1; -r' Life Cycle: Growth • Found to live up to 5 years and obtain a total length of 315 mm 1 • Males grow faster than females 1 Maturity • In native range sexual maturity occurs during second year 4 1 • Size at first spawn in native habitat is 18-20 cm TL • In Alabama ovaries started to develop in some individuals only 50 days old and 10 cm in length 17 Spawning • End of March to end of May in Israel 1 • Begins end of April in US 17 • Minimum spawning temperature 20-220 C, similar in both Israel25 and Alabama 17 • Male establishes breeding territory by excavating substrate and detritus to make nest(nest typically 60 cm deep) 17 • After nest construction male defends the nest against other males and establishes a territory approximately 2-3 meters in radius 17 • Males attract females from schools and lead them back to nest 17 • Eggs and milt are deposited in spawning pit(constructed by male) 17 • Females exhibit mouth brooding behavior and immediately remove the eggs/milt from the spawning pit and leave the male's territory :311' • The male will then attempt to attract another female and will spawn with multiple females 17 • After releasing young, a female will prepare to spawn again, if the temperature is suitable:3u Eggs • 2.0 X 3.0 mm when mature 17 • There are typically several size classes of ova in ovaries at any given time 17 • In females 12.8-16.8 cm, egg numbers varied from 64 to 655 per spawn in Alabama 17 • A single female can hold up to 2000 eggs in her mouth 1 • Hatching occurs approximately three days following oviposition Juveniles • The female retains the young in her mouth subsequent to hatching for approx 13-14 days 1; • After leaving the mother, young remain in tight school near mother for several days and will reenter the mouth if threatened 17 Habitat Characteristics: Preferred Environment • Has been able to successfully colonize a wide variety of environments including high and low flow areas • Inhabits shallow warmer water during day and moves to deeper water at night 17 • Appear to prefer soft mud/muck substrate a • Establish quickly in eutrophic lakes/reservoirs • Congregate in warm-water habitats from either artificial (power plants) or natural (thermal springs) sources during winter in United States 4 yr, Temperature • Purposeful release into waterways by private citizens 24 • Accidental escape from aquaculture facilities 1b Impacts: Negative • Ability to spread rapidly and in large numbers in suitable habitat t • In southwest United States and Florida, significant threat to native endemics in warmwater springs -. • Competition with native shads for food may have resulted in shad population declines in lakes and reservoirs in Florida and Texas 15 2CI • Competition with native cichlid species in Texas 12 • Potential competition for nest sites with native centrarchids =" • Increased blue tilapia densities resulted in decreased largemouth bass populations in Texas, underlying cause unknown but attributed to either aggression or overcrowding 2" • Dispersal of exotic diseases and parasites 21:' Positive • Florida- introduction of blue tilapia has resulted in a substantial commercial fishery, providing jobs and increased revenue 14 Management: Control Measures • Cold shock in situations where tilapia have colonized warm waters from thermal effluents Literature: 1. Ben-Tuvia, A. 1959. The biology of the cichlid fishes of Lake Tiberias and Huleh. Bull. Res. Coun. Israel. B. Zool. 8B, No. 4 :153-188 (reprinted as Bull. Sea. Fish. Res. Sta. Israel No. 27, 1960). 2. Binhe, G., C.L. Schelske, and M.V. Hoyer. 1997. Intrapopulation feeding diversity in blue tilapia: Evidence from stable-isotope analyses. Ecology 78(7):; 226 . • Adults could tolerate temperatures as low as 3 deg C for short time periods in Alabama 1 • Young were affected at temperatures as low as 9 deg C and adults at 7 deg C in Alabama 17 • Behavioral changes (reduced feeding)were seen between 13-16 deg C when acclimated to 28 deg C '` • In Israel, fingerlings began to die at 9-11 deg C, depending on acclimatization temperature • Death rate at 11 deg C was twice as high in freshwater as it was in 5-ppt seawater Oxygen • Able to withstand low dissolved oxygen by utilizing atmospheric oxygen • Growth rates were similar for blue tilapia held at freshwater, 6.5, 10 and 15.5% NaCI, although mortality was higher at higher salt concentrations 1'a • Blue tilapia can spawn at 50% seawater, however survival of young is reduced 1' • Can survive transfer from freshwater to 60-70 percent seawater Water Quality • Can tolerate ammonia levels of 11 ppm at pH of 8 and 27 deg C F Distribution: Native Range Israel, Lower Nile, West Africa:-'-' North American Distribution Established: • Arizona- Colorado River drainage • Arkansas- lower Arkansas River -' • California- Colorado River drainage 1=' • Florida- multiple rivers, streams, lakes, and private ponds; considered the most widespread exotic in the state 11 14 • Nevada- Muddy River • North Carolina- cooling impoundment 1^ • Oklahoma- North Canadian River drainage 21 • Texas-several impoundments and Rio Grande, San Antonio and Guadalupe drainages 12 Probable Means of Introduction • Pennsylvania- Escape from an aquaculture facility and subsequent establishment in warm water effluent • For control of aquatic vegetation such as duckweed 22_;1 Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission: fact§hoqt,.php7kpc_id=19,4 Fish Base: t1110./A.vAh.^i fihtlase.org/ iii-,-i,-r7/ peciesSt!mmary.,cfm?gent!sname=Oreoghrprni &5peciesname=aiirelis USGS Nonindigenous Species Program: http://nas.er.uSQS.govicweries/SpFactSheet.asp?speciesID=463 - , 3. Buchanan, T.M., J. Smith, D. Saul, J. Farwick, T Burnley, M. Oliver, and K. Shirley. New Arkansas records for two nonindigenous fish species, with a summary of previous introductions of nonnative fishes in Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 54(2000):143-145. 4. Buntz, J. and C.S. Manooch, III. 1968. Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), a rapidly spreading exotic in south central Florida. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 22:495-501. 5. Chervinski, J. 1982. Environmental physiology of tilapias, p. 119-128. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe- McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias ICLARM Conference Proceedings 7, 432 p. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines. 6. Chervinski, J. and M. Zorn. 1974. Note on the growth of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) and Tilapia zillii (Gervais) in sea-water ponds. Aquaculture 1:249-255. 7. Chervinski, J., and M. Lahay. 1976. The effect of exposure to low temperature on fingerlings of local tilapia (Tilapia aurea) (Steindachner) and imported tilapia (Tilapia vulcani) (Trewevas) and Tilapia nilotica(Linne) in Israel. Bamidgeh 28(1/2):25-29. 8. Courtenay, W.R., Jr., H.F. Sahlman, W.W. Miley, II, and D.J. Herrema. 1974. Exotic fishes in fresh and brackish waters of Florida. Biological Conservation 6(4):292-302. 9. Courtenay, W.R., Jr., D.A. Hensley, J.N. Taylor, and J.A. McCann. 1986. Distribution of exotic fishes in North America. Pages 675-698 in C.H. Hocutt, and E.O. Wiley, editors. The zoogeography of North American freshwater fishes. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. 10. Courtenay, W.R., Jr., and J.D. Williams. 1992. Dispersal of exotic species from aquaculture sources, with emphasis on freshwater fishes. p. 49-81 in A. Rosenfield, and R. Mann, (eds). Dispersal of living organisms into aquatic ecosystems. Maryland Sea Grant Publication, College Park, MD. 11. Crittenden, E. 1965. Status of Tilapia nilotica (Linneaus) in Florida. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 16(1962):257-262. 12. Edwards, R.J. and S. Contreras-Balderas. 1991. Historical changes in the ichthyofauna of the lower Rio Grande (Rio Brova del Norte), Texas and Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist 36(2):201-212. 13. Grabowski, S.J., S.D. Hiebert, and D.M. Lieberman. 1984. Potential for introduction of three species of nonnative fishes into central Arizona via the Central Arizona Project. A literature review and analysis. REC-ERC-84-7. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO. 14. Hale, M.M., J.E. Crumpton and R.J. Schuler, Jr. 1995. From sportfishing bust to commercial fishing boon: A history of the blue tilapia in Florida. American Fisheries Society Symposium 15:425-430. 15. Hendricks, M.K. and R.L. Noble. 1980. Feeding interactions of three planktivorous fishes in Trinidad Lake, Texas. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 33(1979):324-330. 16. Kushlan, J.A. 1986. Exotic fishes of the Everglades: a reconsideration of proven impact. Environmental Conservation 13:67-69. 17. McBay, L.G. 1961. The Biology of Tilapia nilotica Linnaeus. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 15:208-218. 18. Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. 19. Payne, A.I. and R.I. Collinson. 1983. A comparison of the biological characteristics of Sarotherodon niloticus(L.) with those of S. aureus(Steindachner) and other tilapia of the delta and lower Nile. Aquaculture 30:335-351. 20. Philippart, J-Cl. And J-CI. Ruwet. 1982. Ecology and distribution of tilipias, p. 15-59 in R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 7, 432 p. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines. 21. Pigg, J. 1978. The tilapia Sarotherodon aurea (Steindachner) in the North Canadian River in central Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 58:111-112. 22. Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott. 1991. World fishes important to North America. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 21:243 p. 23. Scoppettone, G.G., P.H. Rissler, M.B. Nielsen, and J.E. Harvey. 1998. The status of Moapa coriacea and Gila seminude and status information on other fishes of the Muddy River, Clark County, Nevada. The Southwestern Naturalist 43(2):115-122. 24. Shafland, P.L. 1979. Non-native fish introductions with special reference to Florida. Fisheries 4(3):18-23. 25. Shafland, P.L. and J.M. Pestrak. 1982. Lower lethal temperatures for fourteen non-native fishes in Florida. Environmental Biology of Fishes 7(2):149-156. 26. Spataru, P., and M. Zorn. 1978. Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret(Israel). Aquaculture 13:67-79. 27. Stauffer, J.R., S.E. Boltz, and J.M. Boltz. 1988. Cold shock susceptibility of blue tilapia from the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8:329-332. 28. Stickney, R.R., L.O. Rowland and J.H. Hesby. 1977. Water quality- Tilapia aurea interactions in ponds receiving swine and poultry wastes. Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society 8:55-71. 29. Taylor, J.N., W.R. Courtenay, Jr., and J.A. McCann. 1984. Known impacts of exotic fishes in the continental United States, p. 322-373 in W.R. Courtenay, Jr., and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 30. Trewevas, E. 1983. Tilapiine Fishes of the Genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Museum of Natural History, Publ. Num. 878. Comstock Publishing Associates. Ithaca, New York. 583 pp. 31. Welcomme, R.L. 1988. International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. No. 294. 318 p. 32. Zale, A.V. 1987. Periodicity of habitation of a stenothermal spring run in North-Central Florida by blue tilapia. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7:575-579. 33. Zale, A.V., and R.W. Gregory. 1990. Food selection by early life stages of blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus, in Lake George, Florida: overlap with sympatric shad larvae. Florida Scientist 53:123-129. Additional Literature Burgess, G.H., C.R. Gilbert, V. Guillory, and D.C. Taphorn. 1977. Distributional notes on some north Florida freshwater fishes. Florida Scientist 40(1):33-41. Cnaani, A., G.A.E Gall, G. Hulata. 2000. Cold tolerance of tilapia species and hybrids. Aquaculture International 8(4):289-298. Foote, K.J. 1977. Annual performance report: Blue tilapia investigations. Study I: Preliminary status investigations of blue tilapia. (Job I-1 through Job 1-7; period July 6, 1976-June 30, 1977). Report to the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. 71 pp. Hogg, R.G. 1976. Established exotic cichlid fishes in Dade County, Florida. Florida Scientist 39(2): 97-103. Hubbs, C., T. Lucier, G.P. Garett, R. J. Edwards, S. M. Dean, and E. Marsh. 1978. Survival and abundance of introduced fishes near San Antonio, Texas. The Texas Journal of Science 30(4):369-376. Langford, F.H., F.J. Ware, and R.D. Gasaway. 1978. Status and harvest of introduced Tilapia aurea in Florida lakes. Pages 102-108 in R. O. Smitherman, W.L. Shelton, J.H. Grover, editors. Proceedings of the culture of exotic fishes symposium, fish culture section, American Fisheries Society, Auburn, AL. Muoneke, M.I. 1988. Tilapia in Texas waters. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Inland Fisheries Data Series 9, Austin. Noble, R.L., and R.D. Germany. 1986. Changes in fish populations of Trinidad Lake, Texas, in response to abundance of blue tilapia. Pages 455-461 in R. H. Stroud, editor. Fish culture in fisheries management. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. Pelgren, D.W., and K.D. Carlander. 1971. Growth and reproduction of yearling Tilapia aurea in Iowa ponds. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 78:27-29. Skinner, W.F. 1984. Oreochromis aureus(Steindachner; Cichlidae), an exotic fish species, accidentally introduced to the lower Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 58:99-100. Smith-Vaniz, W.F. 1968. Freshwater Fishes of Alabama. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. 211 pp. Swift, C.C., T.R. Haglund, M. Ruiz, and R.N. Fisher. 1993. The status and distribution of the freshwater fishes of southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 92(3):101-167. Zuckerman, L.D., and R.J. Behnke. 1986. Introduced fishes in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Pages 435-452 in R. H. Stroud, editor. Fish culture in fisheries management. Proceedings of a symposium on the role of fish culture in fisheries management at Lake Ozark, MO, March 31-April 3, 1985. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. Web Sites: PLOS ONE: Competitive Interactions between Invasive Nile Tilapia and Native Fish: The... Page 1 of 9 • PLOS I ONE • Competitive Interactions between Invasive Nile Tilapia and Native Fish: The Potential for Altered Trophic Exchange and Modification of Food Webs Charles W.Martin ,Marla M.Valentine,John F.Valentine Published:December 21,2010 • DOl:10.1371/journal.pone.0014395 Abstract Recent studies have highlighted both the positive and negative impacts of species invasions.Most of these studies have been conducted on either immobile invasive plants or sessile fauna found at the base of food webs.Fewer studies have examined the impacts of vagile invasive consumers on native competitors.This is an issue of some importance given the controlling influence that consumers have on lower order plants and animals.Here,we present results of laboratory experiments designed to assess the impacts of unintended aquaculture releases of the Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus),in estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico,on the functionally similar redspotted sunfish(Lepomis miniatus).Laboratory choice tests showed that tilapia prefer the same structured habitat that native sunfish prefer. In subsequent interspecific competition experiments,agonistic tilapia displaced sunfish from their preferred structured habitats.When a piscivore(largemouth bass)was present in the tank with both species,the survival of sunfish decreased.Based on these findings,if left unchecked,we predict that the proliferation of tilapia(and perhaps other aggressive aquaculture fishes)will have important detrimental effects on the structure of native food webs in shallow,structured coastal habitats.While it is likely that the impacts of higher trophic level invasive competitors will vary among species,these results show that consequences of unintended releases of invasive higher order consumers can be important. Citation:Martin CW,Valentine MM,Valentine JF(2010)Competitive Interactions between Invasive Nile Tilapia and Native Fish:The Potential for Altered Trophic Exchange and Modification of Food Webs. PLoS ONE 5(12):e14395. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014395 Editor:Peter Roopnarine,California Academy of Sciences,United States of America Received:July 18,2010;Accepted: November 15,2010;Published:December 21,2010 Copyright:©2010 Martin et al.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author and source are credited. Funding:Support for this project was provided through funding from the Northern Gulf Institute, Dauphin Island Sea Lab,and the Department of Marine Sciences at the University of South Alabama.The funders had no role in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Introduction Although debated recently[1]—[4],it has historically been accepted that successful biological invasions detrimentally affect the structure and function of native ecosystems[5]—[7]. In fact,according to the National Research Council[8],biological invasions represent"one of the five most critical environmental issues facing the ocean's marine life."Recent articles of invasive plant impacts on native plant species richness,however,do not always lend support to this paradigm[9]—[11].What impacts higher order invasive species have less are certain,as fewer studies are available to test the validity of these beliefs[2],[11].Even so, it is reasonable to predict their impacts would be intense,given the controlling role that such consumers can have in structuring ecosystems[12]—[17]. The rising numbers of invasive species in marine and estuarine waters are thought to be due to the ever increasing human migration to the world's coastlines[18],transport of organisms across geographic dispersal barriers[19],and further urbanization of coastal ecosystems[6].Concurrent with these perturbations is the probable creation of vacant niches following depletion of native marine fishes by overfishing[20]—[21]. Among the solutions proposed to lessen fishing pressure on coastal resources has been the increased the use of aquaculture[22]- [24].Poorly managed aquaculture can,however,have deleterious impacts on the environment[25], including increasing incidences of: 1)eutrophication[26]—[27],2)disease/parasitism in native species[28]—[30],3)accidental releases of non-native aquaculture organisms into surrounding waters[31],and 4)alterations of vital coastal ecosystems[32]—[33]. Despite these risks,aquaculture is widely used by many nations to increase food production[25]. Among the most popular of the fishes used in aquaculture is the Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).Nile tilapia are members of the Family Cichlidae,whose members have successfully invaded ecosystems worldwide[34]—[36]. Many of the characteristics that make tilapia desirable also allow them to proliferate in areas outside their native range[37]—[40].Tilapias are tolerant of wide http://j ournals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/j ournal.pone.0014395 2/26/2015 PLOS ONE: Competitive Interactions between Invasive Nile Tilapia and Native Fish: The... Page 2 of 9 fluctuations in salinity,dissolved oxygen,and temperature[41]—[44].This tolerance to environmental variability,along with their high fecundity[45], rapid growth rates[46]—[47],and omnivorous feeding habits[48]further contribute to successful invasions in estuaries. Published and anecdotal reports both indicate that tilapia have successfully colonized oligohaline habitats in many areas of the northern Gulf of Mexico(NGOM)(including Florida[49]—[56],Alabama(anecdotal collections),Mississippi[39]—[40],[57]—[59], Louisiana[60],and Texas[54],[61]).Although tilapia are reported to perish at temperatures<10°C[62],tilapia can find thermal refuges(e.g.,deeper waters and warm industrial thermal plumes)that allow them to survive episodically cold winters in the northern gulf[59],[63].With the predicted rises in temperature associated with global climate change,and the warmer winters recently observed in the area[64],it is reasonable to hypothesize that tilapia now persists in many areas of the northern gulf.The impacts of the release of most aquaculture species on native fishes remain unknown.Of the studies that have been done,most are descriptive and are focused on comparisons of dietary overlap with native fishes[e.g., [39]—[40],[57]—[59]].Indirect community impacts of agonistic tilapia, however, have yet to be documented. The repeated reports of tilapia being present in the NGOM is alarming because the oligohaline reaches of these areas are considered to be hot spots of biodiversity that contain a diverse mix of fresh and saltwater species[65].In coastal Alabama,for example,more than 150 species of fish use the watershed as nursery grounds[66], including a number of commercially and recreationally important estuarine species such as spotted seatrout,flounder,red drum,mullet,brown shrimp,and blue crabs,as well as freshwater species such as largemouth bass, blue and channel catfish, and several species of Centrarchid sunfish. It is possible therefore,that the impacts of tilapia may have been catastrophic for native biodiversity,especially if their invasion resulted in the competitive exclusion of native species from protection of structured habitats as would be hypothesized based on their aggressive nature. Here,we describe the results of a series of experiments designed to assess: 1)the extent to which unintended releases of tilapia have altered the habitat utilization patterns of one abundant native fish(the redspotted sunfish Lepomis miniatus)and 2)determine if there are consequences for L.miniatus survival if they are inferior competitors for a mutually preferred habitat. Methods Experimental Organisms To identify tilapia's habitat preferences and to evaluate their impacts on the habitat preferences of native fishes in coastal ecosystems,we elected to use one of the most abundant species of native sunfish found in the oligohaline habitats of coastal Alabama,the redspotted sunfish(Lepomis miniatus).Based on the salinity tolerance(which reaches 20 psu)and distributional maps of L.miniatus[66],as well as the reported locations of tilapia,it is likely that these species co-occur in many estuaries throughout the NGOM.We selected a similarly abundant predator in these same estuaries,the largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)for use in predator-prey experiments.Both sunfish and bass were collected in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta using a 6 m otter trawl.Tilapia used in these experiments were donated by Gadsden State Community College Aquaculture Education and Development Center.This study was reviewed by the University of South Alabama Department of Marine Science and Dauphin Island Sea Lab and approval was received via the issuance of permits to collect by the state of Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources(Permit#:2010000052468680 NH30501570251024). Experiment 1:Competitive Exclusion To determine if tilapia can competitively exclude redspotted sunfish from their preferred habitat,we performed choice experiments in 98L tanks located in the Dauphin Island Sea Lab's(DISL)recirculating wet lab facility to prevent release of tilapia into the adjacent waterways and also because poor visibility and the heterogeneous distribution of vegetated habitats hindered proper identification of behavioral interactions in a field setting.Tanks contained equal areal coverages of either bare sediment or artificial submerged aquatic vegetation(SAV),constructed of equal length green ribbon at 100 stems m-2,similar in appearance to,and within the range of densities recorded for, Vallisneria americana,the dominant native species of submerged aquatic vegetation in many NGOM estuaries.The ribbon was tied onto plastic Vexar(DuPont®)mesh,which was buried in the sediment[see 67]. Salinity,held constant at 5psu,paralleled measurements made at sites where the bass and sunfish were collected and where tilapia is known to occur in the region[39].Artificial lighting,on a 12 h light:dark cycle,was used to approximate natural light cycles. All fish were held in separate tanks until used in experiments.No organism was used twice in trials.The mean sizes(total length)of species(tilapia:7.3±0.48 mm;sunfish:7.29±0.50 mm)paired in the trials were statistically indistinguishable from each other(t66= —0.035,p=0.973). In this experiment,treatments consisted of three combinations of the two species:two tilapia singly,two sunfish singly,or one sunfish and one tilapia.In single species trials,two sunfish or two tilapia were used to document the habitat preference patterns of each fish in the absence of the other.Sunfish density was within the natural range of densities found in the area[1.68±0.68 m-2; 68].At the beginning of each trial,one of the aforementioned fish treatments was randomly selected,then the fishes in the holding tanks were transferred to the center of each tank.Fish movements between habitats were documented for 1 h using a Sony digital video camera.Video recordings were analyzed and the proportion of time each fish spent in the habitats(the artificial structure or bare sediment)was recorded.In analyzing trials with two fish of the same species,the movements of one randomly selected fish was followed throughout the experimental period.A one-way ANOVA was used to compare the proportion of time spent in structured habitat(arcsine square transformed)among the three treatment combinations(2 tilapia,2 sunfish, 1 sunfish+1 tilapia) after assumptions of the tests(normality and homogeneity of variance)were satisfied.Statistics were performed using SPSS v16.0. Arcsine square transformations were performed on proportion data and the results considered significant at p<0.05. Experiment 2:Impacts on Native Sunfish Survival To determine if a significant shift in habitat use by the sunfish occurred in the presence of tilapia,and if there was a consequence should a shift occur,we used a larger tank(492-L)to accommodate the presence of multiple prey as well as a large predator.The same artificial lighting regime was used to mimic field conditions as described above and no fish was used twice in trials. http://j ournals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/j ournal.pone.0014395 2/26/2015 PLOS ONE: Competitive Interactions between Invasive Nile Tilapia and Native Fish: The... Page 3 of 9 In these trials,a patch(0.40cmx0.40cm)of artificial structure(100 stems m-2),similar in construction to that used in Experiment 1, was randomly placed in the tank. Five tilapia and five sunfish were released into the center of the tank and allowed to acclimate to laboratory conditions for 30 min,then the predator was released into the tank.After 1 h,the bass was removed and number of survivors of each species was recorded.Mean bass sizes(total length)were consistent among trials(266±13.5 mm). Separate two-tailed,one sample,t-tests were used to compare survivorship(arcsin square root transformed)of redspotted sunfish and tilapia in trials with and without artificial structure.The response variable(survivorship difference)for each test was calculated following: Survivorship Difference=X,ilapia—Xsunrish Where Xtllapla refers to the proportion of tilapia surviving and Xsunflsh refers to the proportion of sunfish surviving at the end of each trial.The survivorship difference served as the response variable to determine if the mean varied significantly from zero[c.f.,69]. This was done to avoid pseudoreplication(e.g.,if the largemouth bass eats a sunfish then it cannot theoretically eat a tilapia at the same time,thus the two survival percentages are not independent)thus making the test more conservative.Assumptions of the tests were checked using Kolmogorov-Smirnov(normality)and Bartlett's x2 test(homogeneity of variance).Statistics were performed using SPSS v16.0 and arcsine square root transformations performed on proportion data and results considered significant at 00.05. Results Experiment 1:Competitive Exclusion The amount of time each species spent in structured habitat varied significantly among treatments(Figure 1; F(2,21)=10.82,p= 0.001). Data satisfied assumptions of normality(D=0.199,p=0.267)and homogeneity of variance(x2=2.620,p=0.270).Both Nile tilapia and sunfish occupied the structured habitat significantly more often than they did the sand habitat in single species treatments(Figure 1).However,when both species were present,the amount of time that sunfish spent in the structured habitat was significantly lower than in either monoculture trials(sunfish:p=0.014;tilapia:p=0.001).See supplemental online video (Video S1)for documented examples of aggressive interactions between tilapia and sunfish. +r• A A T —® E a6• F B o a.¢- 0 0.4- 0 0.2 0.0 Tilapia Sunfish Sunfish with Tilapia Figure 1.Proportion of time(s;mean±1 standard error)spent in structured habitat during lab trials for each species treatment. Differences in upper case letters indicate significant differences between treatments(00.05). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014395.g001 Experiment 2:Impacts on Native Sunfish Survival In trials without structure,we found no evidence that bass preferred native sunfish over tilapia or vice versa(Figure 2;t(4)=—1.38, p=0.262).However,when structure was present,largemouth bass consumed significantly more sunfish than tilapia(Figure 2;t(4) =—4,p=0.016).Data satisfied assumptions of normality(without ASU:D=0.304,p=0.773;with ASU:D=0.473, p=0.151)and homogeneity of variance(without ASU:X2=0.000,p=0.996;with ASU:X2=0.000, p=1.000). Mb AR MALA$U * T e MOMa ( Tapia Sunfzh Tdspia Swazi- Figure 2.Consumption of tilapia and sunfish by largemouth bass(mean%±1 standard error)with(a)and without(b)artificial structure as a refuge. Asterisk indicates significant differences between species(0.0.05). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014395.g002 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014395 2/26/2015 PLOS ONE: Competitive Interactions between Invasive Nile Tilapia and Native Fish: The... Page 4 of 9 Discussion Recent reviews have suggested a need for scientists,conservationists,and environmentalists to examine the primacy of the historical paradigm that invasive species will reduce the biodiversity of natural ecosystems[4],[11].These investigators showed that early predictions in the field of invasion ecology(i.e.,principles such as competitive exclusion and native species extinction)are not always supported by the data[4],[9],[10],[70]—[72].Comparisons of long term data frequently detected positive correlations between the distributional patterns of native and exotic plant species[e.g.,[10]—[11]],suggesting that competitive exclusion of native species(sessile organisms and plants)by invasive species does not universally occur in lower trophic levels.Still,caution is needed when considering these examples as 1)many studies are focused on invasive plants[73],2)certain areas have received little attention[i.e.],[estuaries;74-75],and 3)the tendency to publish positive results[76]. Among the most successful of the predictions made to date about invasive species is that invasive higher order,vagile consumers do have a great impact on native species,and in many cases led to their local extinction[77].A recent analysis of long term extinction data shows that predation by invasive species is more likely to reduce the local native abundances than is competitive exclusion[11]. In particular,Sax and Gaines[11]note that over 80%of the vertebrate extinctions on islands were attributable to predation.The best documented examples include avifauna)extinctions on islands that have been attributed to increases in predation via mammal[78]and brown tree snake invasion[79]—[80]. Invasive fish are known to strongly impact native community structure in many ecosystems.Relevant examples include round gobies[81],common carp[82],salmonids[83],[84],and Nile perch[85],to name just a few.Our results show that the unintended release of the common aquaculture fish,Nile tilapia,can have negative impacts on the survival of native fishes in the oligohaline reaches of estuaries in the NGOM.Given that top down forces strongly influence most estuarine communities[17],we suggest these findings are applicable to a number of systems containing tilapia and perhaps other aggressive invasive cichlids.These impacts,however,are likely not limited to the competitive exclusion of native fishes from their preferred habitat.Tilapia may also prey on the eggs of many higher trophic level species,such as centrarchid fish,and adult tilapia may be more competitive with larger consumers all of which could further exacerbate their impacts on native ecosystems and food webs(although this is as yet undocumented in the scientific literature). Since tilapia have been routinely recorded in the region[e.g.,[58],[86]],it seems unlikely that the historical explanation of why tilapia do not represent a threat to native ecosystems is inaccurate(tilapia are reported intolerant to temperatures below 10°C[62]). Despite this, recent evidence suggests that low temperatures are unlikely to be a major impediment to the year-round survival of tilapia throughout the southern United States.Tilapia are known to actively seek warmer refuges to survive short term drops in temperature[59],[63].Furthermore, increasing sea surface temperatures,a reported byproduct of global warming,have been observed throughout the NGOM[64].Locally,an inspection of weather station data recorded in the upper reaches of Mobile Bay, AL indicates that there are relatively few days in winter when water temperatures fall below 10°C(in 2005-2008 a total of 6,4,15, and 10 days occurred,respectively(Mobile Bay National Estuary Program,http://www.mymobilebay.com/).These low temperatures are unlikely to occur uniformly throughout estuaries of the NGOM,however,(the same period further south at Dauphin Island,AL experienced 3, 8,12,and 12 d when temperatures were<10°C)and these measurements were made in surface waters,with thermal refuges are probably found in deeper waters.Furthermore,the management paradigm that tilapia may not tolerate estuarine temperatures may not apply to all other strains of aquaculture fish. Evidence for cold water tolerance in many strains of tilapia is lacking[60].Lowe et al.[87]demonstrated that Nile tilapia survive well at temperatures of 15°C.Other studies have shown tilapia to be less tolerant,with 30%survival occurring at 10°C[88],although it was noted that temperature tolerance varied with fish size[89].Other tilapia species,such as blue tilapia[Oreochromis auratus;7° C;90]and redbelly tilapia[Tilapia zilli;some survival at 6.5°C;91]are known to tolerate colder temperatures than Nile tilapia. Tilapia also tolerate the range of salinities that typically characterize the drowned river valley estuaries of the NGOM.Studies show that many cichlids,including Nile tilapia,can tolerate salinities reaching 25psu[60],[92]—[93].Lowe et al.[87],however,found >60%of individuals in their experiments survived at 50 psu,approximately 90%survival at 40 psu,and breeding and growth to occur at 30 psu.Other tilapias have similar tolerance(i.e.,blue tilapia(0.auratus)can reproduce in 19 psu and survive in waters of 54 psu[94]—[95],Florida red tilapia are routinely grown between 12-18 psu[91]—[93],and Mossambique tilapia(Oreochromis mossambicus)can reproduce at 49 psu and survive up to 64 psu[96]—[97]). Consumer control,and the subsequent byproducts of the presence of predators(collectively termed"top down effects"), has been posited to exert a regulating effect on ecosystem structure and function[12]—[17].Given that ecosystems respond strongly to higher order consumers,it is logical to predict that invasive predators will have the strongest impacts on coastal ecosystems. Indeed,Sax and Gaines[11]indicate that consumers are responsible for more native species extinction on islands than plant invaders. Evidence to date has supported this,with strong negative effects occurring as a result of other invading consumers[see 98 and references therein]. Based on this evidence,it seems clear that new precautionary management should be taken to reduce the unintended release of tilapia and other aquaculture species into coastal environments.The increased anthropogenic disturbances[6],together with the warmer winters in the area[64],suggests that the northern Gulf of Mexico coastal areas are very susceptible to tilapia invasion and persistence. Furthermore,tilapia are often grown in outdoor aquaculture facilities and northern gulf is at risk of natural disturbances such as hurricanes[58],[99].While the use of aquaculture holds great promise for decreasing fishing pressure on wild fish stocks, studies of this nature are necessary to understand the potential impacts of invasive tilapia on native fish. Supporting Information Video S1. Interactions between Nile tilapia and redspotted sunfish.Documented instances of aggression initiated by tilapia and resulting in the competitive exclusion of sunfish from the structured habitat in the first experiment. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014395.s001 (11.32 MB MOV) http://j ournals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/j ournal.pone.0014395 2/26/2015 PLOS ONE: Competitive Interactions between Invasive Nile Tilapia and Native Fish: The... Page 5 of 9 Acknowledgments We thank Drs.K.Heck,T.Sherman,S. Powers,and H. Hammer for their guidance and constructive criticism on this project, K. Blankenhorn for assistance in data collection,the Technical Support Staff at DISL for logistic help,M.Peterson for providing critical insights based on his experiences with tilapia,and P. 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