Clam Bay Committee Agenda 11/12/2013 (Revised)PELICAN BAY SERVICES DIVISION
Municipal Service Taxing and Benefit Unit
NOTICE OF PUBLIC MEETING TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 2013
THE CLAM BAY COMMITTEE OF THE PELICAN BAY SERVICES
DIVISION BOARD WILL MEET TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12 AT 1:00 PM
AT THE COMMUNITY CENTER AT PELICAN BAY, 8960 HAMMOCK
OAK DRIVE, NAPLES, FL 34108.
AGENDA
The agenda includes, but is not limited:
1. Roll Call
2. Audience comments
3. Agenda Approval
4. Updated NRPA maps
5. Latest draft on passive recreation
6. Discussion of goals and objectives
7. Next step for Clam Bay Management Plan draft
8. Monitoring copper in Clam Bay
9. Adjourn
ANY PERSON WISHING TO SPEAK ON AN AGENDA ITEM WILL RECEIVE UP TO
ONE (1) MINUTE PER ITEM TO ADDRESS THE BOARD. THE BOARD WILL
SOLICIT PUBLIC COMMENTS ON SUBJECTS NOT ON THIS AGENDA AND ANY
PERSON WISHING TO SPEAK WILL RECEIVE UP TO THREE (3) MINUTES. THE
BOARD ENCOURAGES YOU TO SUBMIT YOUR COMMENTS IN WRITING IN
ADVANCE OF THE MEETING. ANY PERSON WHO DECIDES TO APPEAL A
DECISION OF THIS BOARD WILL NEED A RECORD OF THE PROCEEDING
PERTAINING THERETO, AND THEREFORE MAY NEED TO ENSURE THAT A
VERBATIM RECORD IS MADE, WHICH INCLUDES THE TESTIMONY AND
EVIDENCE UPON WHICH THE APPEAL IS TO BE BASED. IF YOU ARE A PERSON
WITH A DISABILITY WHO NEEDS AN ACCOMMODATION IN ORDER TO
PARTICIPATE IN THIS MEETING YOU ARE ENTITLED TO THE PROVISION OF
CERTAIN ASSISTANCE. PLEASE CONTACT THE PELICAN BAY SERVICES
DIVISION AT (239) 597 -1749. VISIT US AT
HTTP: / /PELICANBAYSERVICESDIVISION.NL I -.
11/8/2013 12:47:33 PM
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
4. Updated NRPA Maps (submitted by Susan O'Brien 11/08/13)
Page 1 of 3
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November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
4. Updated NRPA Maps (submitted by Susan O'Brien 11/08/13)
Page 2 of 3
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November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
4. Updated NRPA Maps (submitted by Susan O'Brien 11/08/13)
Page 3 of 3
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November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
5. latest draft on passive recreation (submitted by Susan O'Brien, 11/08/13)
Page 1 of 1
Passive Recreation (Latest draft)
The Clam Bay system provides a variety of opportunities for passive recreation, such as
walking, kayaking, canoeing, paddle boarding, swimming, fishing, and snorkeling.
Many Collier County residents and visitors enjoy the natural environment of the
preserve, and it is important that all who participate in passive recreational activities
do no harm to Clam Bay's unique habitat.
Clam Bay's dense forest of mangroves significantly limits walking in the preserve.
Most walkers seeking to enjoy the rich natural environment of Clam Bay use the three
boardwalks that cross the preserve and provide access to the beach. The southern
boardwalk is open to the public and is accessed from the parking lot at the south end of
the system. Pelican Bay residents use the northern and middle boardwalks. Trams are
used on all three boardwalks to transport those choosing not to walk on the boardwalk
to the beach. Some visitors to Clam Bay participate in nature walks led by volunteers
on the nature trails in Clam Pass Park at the south end of the system.
Kayaks, canoes, and paddleboards are used by those wanting to enjoy the natural
setting and serenity of Clam Bay's waterways. There is a public launching area for
nonmotorized vessels adjacent to the parking lot at the south end of the bay, and there
is a launch area for Pelican Bay residents along the northern boardwalk. The
canoe /kayak trail is clearly designated by canoe trail markers from Outer Clam Bay to
Upper Clam Bay.
Fishing and swimming are also popular pastimes. Fishing can be done from the
boardwalks and canoes or by wading into the water. Swimming is usually confined to
the beach areas, but some swimmers and waders, if conditions permit, venture into
Clam Pass.
The operation of motorized watercraft in Clam Bay is restricted by Collier County
Ordinance 96 -16 that requires vessels with motors to travel at idle speed with no wake
throughout the Clam Bay system. The relatively shallow waterways of the system and
the heights of the boardwalks limit the size and draft of motorized watercraft. Some
residents of the Seagate neighborhood immediately south of Clam Bay use motorized
watercraft in Clam Bay, but they must adhere to the County ordinance. Violation of this
ordinance is a civil infraction for which a fine may be levied. Occasionally motorized
vessels, including personal motorized watercraft, have been reported to be in violation
of this ordinance. Efforts to identify and report violations of the County ordinance will
continue to insure that Clam Bay is not only a safe place for all its users, but that its
unique environment is protected. In the future should any adverse effects on Clam
Bay's natural resources or water quality be found to be related to motorized
watercraft, additional options will be explored to minimize these adverse effects.
At this time the rental of personal motorized watercraft is not being done at Clam Pass
Park or at Pelican Bay. For the safety and enjoyment of all Clam Bay users as well as
the health of the Clam Bay system, the goal is to make sure that no adverse impacts
occur due to the use of such rental equipment.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Page 1 of 12
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Goals and Objectives (NEW) material submitted by Tim Hall 11/8/13
Page 1 of 5
6.0 Management Plan Goals and Objectives
The following goals and objectives for the management of the Clam Pass Natural
Resource Protection Area were developed in accordance with the directives of the Collier
County BOCC and the Pelican Bay Services District. The goals and objectives were
formed in conjunction with stakeholder input and are based on the management issues
present in the preserve as well as the purposes for which the land is help in public trust.
The document goals set forth in this plan should not appreciable change over time but the
management techniques and activities proposed may be modified based on ongoing
coordination with stakeholder and user groups or when management objectives are not
being met.
Management concerns are addressed in the following sections along with the
management techniques or activities proposed for addressing those concerns. The ability
to implement specific goals or objectives presented in this plan will be based on funding
and staffing availability. The following goals were identified during the stakeholder and
PBSD committee meetings.
Goal 1 - Provide sufficient tidal exchange to maximize benefits to the estuary
while minimizing environmental impacts.
Goal 2 - Maintain and protect the native floral and faunal communities
Goal 3 - Manage and improve water quality
Goal 4 — Protect the integrity of known archaeological sites within the system.
Goal 4 - Address recreational uses with emphasis on passive recreation
Goal 5 - Improve community awareness and involvement
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Pape 2 of 12
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Goals and Objectives (NEW) material submitted by Tim Hall 11 /8/13
Page 2 of 5
GOAL 1 - Provide sufficient tidal exchange to maximize benefits to the estuary while
minimizing environmental impacts.
A. Establish appropriate metrics to determine when dredging is necessary.
Monitoring of the Pass and internal waterways will provide information to
determine when and how much dredging is necessary. Bathymetric surveys of
cross - sectional areas of the Pass, Tide gauge data, and biological indicators can all
be used to trigger dredging events as needed. Dredge for tidal exchange benefit
necessary to maintain or improve environmental aspects of the system only, not
for navigation or beach renourishment.
B. Minimize dredge footprint(s) to the least damaging practicable
alternative.
Dredging should be conducted only in those areas necessary to achieve the
desired flow improvements. Current survey data and cross sectional areas will be
examined before establishing the dredge footprint for each dredging event.
C. Maximize the dredge interval as much as possible while maintaining
environmental standards.
While dredging smaller amounts may be less damaging in the short term, the
potential need to dredge more often may offset that benefit. Develop a scope
which balances the tidal exchange benefits while minimizing the number of times
dredging is needed.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Pape 3 of 12
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Goals and Objectives (NEW) material submitted by Tim Hall 11/8/13
Page 3 of 5
GOAL 2 - Maintain and protect the native floral and faunal communities
A. Establish baseline floral and faunal resource populations
Conduct floral and faunal surveys as needed to document baseline conditions and
establish parameters upon which future survey efforts can be compared.
B. Protect Listed Species
Identify listed species utilization of the NRPA. Provide buffers around nesting
activities to prevent adverse anthropogenic impacts during nesting seasons.
Increase public awareness as necessary through signage or other efforts to
minimize adverse impacts.
C. Protect and maintain vegetative communities
Regularly inspect habitats for exotic vegetation. Remove exotics when observed
without damaging integrity of native communities. Conduct periodic monitoring
of habitats to track changes over time.
D. Protect and where possible enhance wildlife utilization of the NRPA
Conduct periodic monitoring of wildlife populations within the NRPA
boundaries. Identify utilization priorities and enhance protection as needed to
insure that continues use is viable.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Page 4 of 12
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Goals and Objectives (NEW) material submitted by Tim Hall 11/8/13
Page 4 of 5
GOAL 3 - Manage and improve water quality
A. Insure adequate freshwater inputs
Freshwater inputs are an important factor in maintaining a healthy mangrove
system. Mangroves typically thrive in estuaries, where salt and freshwater mix.
The reduced salinities lessen the energetic burden involved in excreting or
excluding salt while the presence of some salt prohibits different aquatic
vegetation from establishing and out - competing mangrove species.
Freshwater flows into this system provide valuable flushing activities in the
northern reaches where tidal exchange is decreased. Freshwater flows also
contribute to the Pass stability by adding outgoing flow which helps to keep the
pass open. Activities within the development area will be examined to insure that
adequate flows into the estuary are maintained.
B. Coordinate with adjacent developments to improve upstream inputs.
Adjacent developments will be made aware of the ongoing water quality
conditions of the NRPA and provided information on how they can help maintain
or improve their stormwater contributions into the system.
C. Develop a monitoring program to build on past data and provide basis by
which to make future water quality related decisions.
Develop a long term monitoring program to track water quality conditions within
the system. Include the means to track inputs into the system.
GOAL 4 - Protect archaeological sites within the system
A. Establish baseline floral and faunal resource populations
Insure that archaeological sites identified by the Florida Master site file are not
impacted by management or recreational activities.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Pape 5 of 12
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Goals and Objectives (NEW) material submitted by Tim Hall 11 /8/13
Page 5 of 5
GOAL 5 - Address recreational uses with emphasis on passive recreation
A. Maintain access and required facilities for intended uses
Conduct periodic inspections of access
trimming of vegetation as needed to
waterways for canoe and kayak passage.
points and visitors facilities. Conduct
maintain boardwalk access and open
B. Maintain existing signage or develop new signage to educate visitors
Site specific signage can developed, or maintained where already present, to
educate visitors on plant identification and general habitat information. Also
included should be information on how to help preserve habitats and prevent
unwanted impacts to the plants and animals sharing the area.
GOAL 6 - Improve community awareness and involvement
Continue to foster stakeholder involvement through public meetings, information
dispersal, and periodic management and monitoring plan reviews.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay ComrrMee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Page 6 of 12
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Survey Stuff for Clam Bay (submitted by Tim Hall 11 /8/13)
Page 1 of 1
SURVEY STUFF FOR CLAM BAY
Mangroves Continue annual plot surveys
Continue annual Aerial comparison
Continue quarterly Rooftop reference photos
Seagrass Transects of dredge areas around pass - as needed for dredging
Random point sampling — biannual if possible, annual if not
Benthics Every 3 - 5 years
Hardbottom Update now then pre and post Dredging events
Beach Vegetation transects added to Mangroves
Keep up with County Profiling
Tortoises 3 year counts
Sea Turtles Coordinate information that County already collects
Birds shorebird surveys as needed for dredging
Presence / Absence rest of time
Fish Update then 5 years
Other Wildlife Look into volunteer lists or FGCU projects
Pass Per Engineer at least annually
Creeks Every 3 — 5 years
Hand dug Annual, clean and maintain as much as budget allows
Tidal Maintain Gauges with redundancy
Loggers Continue biannual collection
Water Quality Monthly continuing
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Page 7 of 12
September 5, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board
3. Disc= Draft Gam Bay Management Plan - Chapter 6 (Received 91312013)
Page 1 of 3
6.0 Management Plan Goals and Objectives
The following goals and objectives for the management of the Clam Pass Natural
Resource Protection Area were developed in accordance with the directives of the Collier
County BOCC and the Pelican Bay Services District. The goals and objectives were
formed in conjunction with stakeholder input and are based on the management issues
present in the preserve as well as the purposes for which the land is help in public trust.
The document goals set forth in this plan should not appreciable change over time but the
management techniques and activities proposed may be modified based on ongoing
coordination with stakeholder and user groups or when management objectives are not
being met.
Management concerns are addressed in the following sections along with the
management techniques or activities proposed for addressing those concerns. The ability
to implement specific goals or objectives presented in this plan will be based on funding
and staffing availability. The following goals were identified during the stakeholder and
PBSD committee meetings.
Goal I - Provide sufficient tidal exchange to maximize benefits to the estuary
while minimizing environmental impacts.
Goal 2 - Maintain and protect the native floral and faunal communities
�- Goal 3 - Manage and improve water quality
---TM"--AWr—ess)recreationaI uses w'
Goal 5 - Improve community awareness and involvement
GOAL 1 - Provide sufficient tidal exchange to maximize benefits to the estuary while
minimizing environmental impacts.
A. Establish appropriate metrics to determine when dredging is necessary.
Monitoring of the Pass and internal waterways will provide information to
determine when and how much dredging is necessary. Bathymetric surveys of
cross - sectional areas of the Pass, Tide gauge data, and biological indicators can all
be used to trigger dredging events as needed. Dredge for tidal exchange benefit
only, not for navigation or beach renourishment.
B. Minimize dredge footprint(s) to the least damaging practicable
alternative.
Dredging should be conducted only in those areas necessary to achieve the
desired flow improvements. Current survey data and cross sectional areas will he
examined before establishing the dredge footprint for each dredging event.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Pape 6 of 12
September 5, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board
3. Discuss Draft Clam Bay Management Plan - Chapter 6 (Received 9F312013)
Page 2 of 3
C. Maximize the dredge interval ywhile ible while maintaining
environmental standards.
White dredging smaller amounts mag in the short term, the
potential need to dredge more often enefit. Develop a scope
which balances the tidal exchange benzing the number of times
dredging is need ed.
GOAL 2 - Maintain and protect the nativeJloral and faunal communities
A. Establish baseline floral and faunal resource populations
Conduct floral and faunal surveys as needed to document baseline conditions and
establish parameters upon which future survey efforts can be compared.
B. Protect Listed Species
Identify listed species utilization of the NRPA. Provide buffers around nesting
activities to prevent adverse anthropogenic impacts during nesting seasons.
Increase public awareness as necessary through signage or other efforts to
minimize adverse impacts.
C. Protect and maintain vegetative communities
Regularly inspect habitats for exotic vegetation. Remove exotics when observed
without damaging integrity of native communities. Conduct periodic monitoring
of habitats to track changes over time.
D. Protect and where possible enhance wildlife utilization of the NRPA
Conduct periodic monitoring of wildlife populations within the NRPA
boundaries. Identify utilization priorities and enhance protection as needed to
insure that continues use is viable.
GOAL 3 - Manage and improve water quality
A. Insure adequate freshwater inputs
Freshwater inputs are an important factor in maintaining a healthy mangrove
system. Mangroves typically thrive in estuaries, where salt and freshwater mix.
The reduced salinities lessen the energetic burden involved in excreting or
excluding salt while the presence of some salt prohibits different aquatic
vegetation from establishing and out - competing mangrove species.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Pape 9 of 12
September 5.2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board
3. Discuss Draft Clam Bay Management Plan - Chapter 6 (Recelved 913/2013)
Page 3 of 3
Freshwater flows into this tem provide valuable flushing activities in the
northern reaches her idal exchange is decreased. Freshwater flows also
contribute to e P tability by adding outgoing flow which helps to keep the
pass open. ctiv' ies thin the development area will be examined to insure that
adequate flo s into th estuary are maintained.
B. Coordinate with adjacent developments to improve upstream inputs.
Adjacent developments will be made aware of the ongoing water quality
conditions of the NRPA and provided information on how they can help maintain
or improve their stormwater contributions into the system.
C. Develop a monitoring program to build on past data and provide basis by
which to make future water quality related decisions.
Develop a long term monitoring program to track water quality conditions within
the system. Include the means to track inputs into the system.
GOAL 4 - Address 4creational uses with emphasis on passive recreation
A. Maintain access and required facilities for intended uses
Conduct periodic inspections of access points and visitors facilities. Conduct
trimming of vegetation as needed to maintain boardwalk access and open
waterways for canoe and kayak passage.
B. Maintain existing signage or develop new signage to educate visitors
Site specific signage can developed, or maintained where already present, to
educate visitors on plant identification and general habitat information. Also
included should be information on how to help preserve habitats and prevent
unwanted impacts to the plants and animals sharing the area.
GOAL 5 - Improve community awareness and involvement
Continue to foster stakeholder involvement through public meetings, information
dispersal, and periodic management and monitoring plan reviews.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Page 10 of 12
May 14. 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board
3. Input from Clam Bay Stakeholders - Tim Hall's stakeholders summary
Page 5 of 6
Goals for the Management Plan as Identified by Stakeholders:
Goals
• Protect and maximize environmental health of the System
• Improve native floral and faunal communities (biodiversity)
• Keep areas natural
• Address entire system
• Keep Pass Open
o As much as possible, assure that quality, quantity, and timing of salt and fresh water is correct to
support and benefit the System
o Maintain access
o Protect fish hatchery
• Protect Wildlife
o Listed Species (sea turtles, fish, birds)
• Minimize Dredging
• Only do for health of System
• Keep sand within the System (Do not haul away)
• Not for beach renourishment (no sand mining)
• Not for navigation
• Improve Water Quality
o Coordinate with developments to improve upstream inputs
• Include Monitoring to establish basis for future decision making
• Appropriate to goals and objectives of final Plan
• Used as metrics to base success of management and maintenance activities.
• Ensure long term solutions and sustainability wherever possible
• Base activities and monitoring on best available science
• Minimize impacts and protect System and people from incompatible uses
• Protect Cultural Resources
• Incorporate ability to respond quickly to emergencies (i.e. pass closures)
• Clarify acceptable uses and restrictions within the System
• Ensure stakeholder representation in formulation of plan and in any future revisions.
• Make sure Plan is consistent with County and Agency overlays already in place.
• Address funding for both long and short term management and maintenance activities
This list is ranked in terms of the number of times an item was mentioned in stakeholder responses. Mangrove
health was most often mentioned while funding concerns was the least mentioned.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Pape 11 of 12
May 14. 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Servioes Division Board
3. Input from Clam Bay Stakeholders - Tim Hall's stakeholders summary
Page 3 of 6
Uses of the System Identified by Stakeholders:
Anthrownentric•
• Kayaking / Canoeing / Paddleboarding
• Nature Appreciation / Bird Watching
• Fishing
• Boating
• Swimming
• Sunbathing
• Shell Collecting
Natural / Environmental:
• Fish Habitat and Nursery
• Flood Protection
• Bird Rookery / Foraging Habitat
• Manatee habitat
• Water Quality filtering
These are items specifically identified by stakeholder responses. The list is by no means all inclusive but it does
indicate the importance of items as seen from stakeholder view points.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
6. Discussion of Goals and Objectives
Pape 12 of 12
May 14, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board
3. Input from Clam Bay Stakeholders - Tim Hairs stakeholders summary
Page 4 of 6
Concerns for the System Identified by Stakebolders:
Concerns
• Mangrove Health
• Tidal Flushing
o Over Dredging
o Erosion
• Water Quality / Pollution
• Upstream Inputs
• Copper
• Seagrass Health
• Idle Speed not Enforced
o Jet -skis in system
• Fish Populations
• Shore nesting protection
o Sea Turtles
o Birds
• Political instead of Science Based Decision Making
o Emphasis on Recreation instead of Conservation
• Loss of Benthic communities
• All Stakeholders not treated equally
This list is ranked in terms of the number of times an item was mentioned in stakeholder responses. Mangrove
health was most often mentioned while stakeholder equality was the least mentioned.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
Miscellaneous Correspondence (submitted by Susan O'Brien 11/12113)
Page 1 of 2
Clam Bay Update by the Clam Bay Committee (for possible submission for
midDecember or early January PB Post)
Clam Pass
The six -month post dredging report following the opening of Clam Pass in late
March, 2013, is being completed by Humiston and Moore engineers. The three -
month report was completed in September, 2013, and indicated that Clam Pass
seemed "relatively stable after the initial post construction adjustments" and that
the channel entrance "is dynamic in nature and seems to shift within the ebb shoal
delta in response to seasonal wave climate and tidal conditions." Because the Pass
is vulnerable to ever changing local weather conditions, it is being monitored very
closely. A one -year post dredging report will also be completed. The three -month
report is available at Pelican BayServicesDivison.net.
Clam Bay Management Plan
The Pelican Bay Service Division's Clam Bay Committee is overseeing the
development of an updated Clam Bay Management Plan. Last spring about 35 area
stakeholders were asked to participate in establishing appropriate goals and
objectives for the management plan. Among the major goals identified were the
following:
• provide sufficient tidal exchange to maximize benefits to the estuary
• maintain and protect the native floral and faunal communities
• manage and improve water quality
• monitor passive recreation activities
The committee's goal is to complete the management plan in early 2014 when it
would be submitted to the PBSD Board and the Board of County Commissioners for
their approval. This management plan would be submitted along with an
application for a ten -year dredging permit to dredge Clam Pass when needed for the
health of the Clam Bay system. Copies of the drafts of the management plan are
available with the agenda materials for Clam Bay Committee meetings from May,
2013 to the present at PelicanBayServicesDivision.net.
Members of the Clam Bay Committee are Joe Chicurel, Tom Cravens, John Domenie,
Mike Levy, and Susan O'Brien. Tim Hall of Turrell, Hall and Associates serves as the
consultant.
Proposal to replace culverts at Seagate Drive with a bridge
This proposal was presented to the Naples City Council in September, 2013, and as
of the writing of the article, the Naples City Council has not acted upon it Because
approximately 80% of the water that flows through the culverts travels from north
to south, this proposal may have adverse effects on Clam Bay, like "dewatering"
Clam Bay or causing Clam Pass to close more frequently, the Clam Bay Committee
and the PBSD Board are monitoring this proposal very closely.
November 12, 2013 Clam Bay Committee of the Pelican Bay Services Division
Miscellaneous Correspondence (submitted by Susan O'Brien 11/12/13)
Pape 2 of 2
Water Quality
In 2012 the Florida Department of Environmental Protection tested Clam Bay's
water for copper and found that Upper Clam Bay (an average of 8.3 ug /1) and Inner
Clam Bay (an average of 5.7 ug /1) had higher levels of copper than the acceptable
level of 3.7 ug /1. Thus FDEP found Clam Bay to be impaired for copper and has
asked for a plan from the PBSD /County within five years that will outline steps to
address this impairment. In April, 2013, the PBSD added copper to the list of tests it
performs on the monthly water samples taken from the Clam Bay system. After
analyzing recent data on copper in Clam Bay, the Clam Bay Committee and the PBSD
Board will develop a plan to submit to the FDEP. The PBSD's Landscape and Water
Management Committee's work to reduce copper levels in PB's upland water
management ponds will no doubt reduce the amount of copper that is
found in Clam Bay.
Members of PBSD's Landscape and Water Management Committee are Joe Chicurel,
Tom Cravens, Frank Dickson, John Domenie, Scott Streckenbein, and Dave Trecker.
Motorized watercraft in Clam Bay
Collier County Ordinance 96 -16 requires that vessels with motors travel at idle
speed with no wake throughout the Clam Bay system. Occasionally motorized
watercraft, including personal motorized watercraft, have been reported to be in
violation of this ordinance. This season a more concerted effort will be made to
address this issue.
Interested PB residents are encouraged to attend PBSD Board and committee
members that are posted at PelicanBayServicesDivision.net and on the PBF's weekly
email blast and message boards.
f
Date of aeriat:Aug 23, 2013
Background
This summary report provides the 3- months post dredging monitoring update for Clam Pass. Clam Pass is a small
wave dominated inlet on the southwest coast of Florida that provides a tidal connection to 500 acres of wetland
preserve. The relatively small tidal prism for Clam Bay provides a critical balance between tidal flow in and out of
the inlet channel and littoral processes moving to the inlet. This affects the inlet hydraulic efficiency over time,
especially when littoral transport rates are high due to periods of high wave energy. During the 1990's, Clam Pass
was subject to channel migration as well as closure, and frequent dredging was necessary to keep the inlet open.
In 1999 Collier County, in cooperation with the community of Pelican Bay which borders Clam Bay, implemented
The Clam Boy Restoration and Management Plan. The purpose of the plan was to provide more sustainable tidal
flushing of the wetland preserve by keeping Clam Pass open longer. The plan included dredging the inlet channel
and parts of the extensive flood shoals which had accumulated sand over many years. Those interior shoals when
present, reduce the tidal prism by obstructing tidal flow to bay areas beyond the immediate vicinity of the inlet.
The combined effect of The Clam Bay Restoration and Management Plan resulted in significant increase of the
tidal prism relative to conditions prior to the 1999 dredging. The plan also included monitoring and maintenance
dredging which occurred at approximately 4 year intervals. As a result, the inlet remained open for 12 years, and
the areas of stressed or dying mangroves have recovered.
Clam Pass requires maintenance dredging. With the previous maintenance dredging having been completed in
2007, and due to high energy wind and wave conditions during 2012, the inlet shoaling progressed rapidly
resulting in inlet closure in September of 2012. At the same time, the permits included in the original Clam Bay
Restoration and Management Plan needed to be renewed. The County obtained a state permit for the continued
maintenance dredging of the inlet. Subsequently, the County, through the Pelican Bay Services Division (PBSD),
therefore obtained a federal permit to reopen the inlet, following the same channel template that had been
dredged since 1999. This allowed obtaining needed dredging permits to reopen in a relatively short time with
limited conditions requiring all dredged sand to be placed upland of Mean High Water. The inlet reopening was
completed in April 2013 and tidal exchange between the bay and the Gulf of Mexico was restored to near design
levels. The complete closure of the inlet in late 2012 resulted in the collapse of its ebb shoal onto the beach with a
relatively large large volume of sand being pushed by waves onshore. The collapse of the ebb shoal and presence
of large volumes of sand at the adjacent shoreline provided additional challenges for Clam Pass hydraulic stability.
A stable inlet system requires the ebb shoal features which supports the inlet channel from rapid shoaling at the
inlet mouth. The Clam Pass reopening design was limited by the Nationwide permit from the Corps of Engineers.
The design still was based on minimal dredging to connect the Gulf waters with bay system to protect the valuable
environmental resources by restoring flushing and to allow natural evolution of the inlet morphological features.
Given the critical nature of Clam Pass as a small tidal inlet and its vulnerability to rapid shoaling during storms, an
interim monitoring plan was prepared. The plan proposed monthly aerial photography, 3- month, 6 month, and 12
months hydrographic survey of inlet bathymetry to observe the natural evolution of the inlet features and be
prepared for any necessary maintenance to avoid detrimental shoaling of the inlet. Current measurements at the
pass are also collected to document the flow rates in the pass.
Monitoring Data
This report documents the physical conditions of the inlet based on the monitoring data collected for the 3 -month
post dredging.
Aerial Photos:
Perspective aerials views are taken on monthly basis are provided to document the channel alignment and the
overall condition of the inlet. The aerial photos are included in Appendix A.
Hydroeraphic and Beach Survey
A hydrographic and beach survey following the proposed monitoring scope was completed on August 4, 2013. The
scope of the survey and comparative profile plots with previous survey data are included in Appendix B. Contour
maps of Clam Pass and adjacent beach areas where prepared based on the collected data and compared to
previous data sets. Figure 1 shows the inlet morphology for pre dredging conditions of January 2013 and post
dredging conditions of April 2013. The figure also shows the evaluation change due to the dredging and initial
adjustments immediately post construction. Figure 2 shows the inlet morphology for post dredging conditions of
April 2013 and monitoring data of Aug 2013. The Figure also shows the evolution change due to the natural
adjustments and response to tidal flow and wave events over the 4 months period post construction.
The data shows the inlet and beach response to the inlet morphology adjustment to interaction between tidal flow
and prevailing wave conditions over the 4 months period post dredging. During this period of time the prevailing
wind and wave conditions were primarily from SW and WSW direction. This resulted in sand moving toward the
inlet from the south creating beach build up on the south side while the north beach shoreline retreated landward.
The monitoring data also indicate the formation of the nearshore features for the inlet ebb shoal and some
shoaling within the flood shoal area. However, the shoaling rates inside the pass represent natural adjustment
post dredging as the cross section areas of the flow remained within the design range.
Flow measurements:
The monitoring data were used to update the Clam Pass model to evaluate the hydraulic efficiency of the inlet.
Field current measurements were collected on July 23, 2013 at maximum flood and ebb tide conditions and
compared to model simulations. The field current measurement for peak flow at flood and ebb tide are included
in Appendix C. Figure 3 shows the model results for maximum flood and ebb tide conditions for July 23, 2013. The
Figure also shows the approximate location where current velocities were measured. The magnitude of the
measured velocities corresponded with the model simulation results which provides validation to the numerical
model capability to simulate the existing conditions of Clam Pass. The measured and calculated velocities were
within the design velocity range needed to sustain the inlet flow under peak tide conditions. It is important to note
that the measurement and model simulations were done for a period of time of peak tide with no significant wind
or wave conditions.
Summary and Recommendations:
The monitoring data collected following the 90-day post dredging monitoring indicate that the Clam Pass system
seem relatively stable after the initial post construction adjustments. The bathymetric survey, current
measurements, and aerial photos taken 4 months post construction indicate adequate tidal flow that maintains
the inlet open under prevailing weather conditions over that time period. The channel entrance is dynamic in
nature and seem to shift within the ebb shoal delta in response to seasonal wave climate and tidal conditions.
Clam Pass remains a wave dominant small tidal inlet which can be subjected to rapid shoaling following sustained
wind and wave events or sequence of events. The inlet becomes more vulnerable when the sustained winds and
waves move higher levels of sand toward the inlet entrance during neap tide conditions where tidal flow is at a
minimum. The large volume of sand that has accumulated in the nearshore when the inlet closed last year
continues to complicate the level of vulnerability for shoaling following sustained storms.
It is recommend to continue the interim monitoring program as proposed and develop dredging contingencies in
order to be able to respond to any future large shoaling events that may be detrimental to inlet stability.
It
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Clam Pass morphology Pre dredging Conditions (January 2013)
Clam Pass morphology Post dredging Conditions (April 2013)
Clam Pass morphology change (January-April 2013)
Figure 1. Clam Pass morphology for pre dredging and post dredging conditions (January 2013 -April 2013).
Clam Pass morphology Post dredging Conditions (April 2013)
Clam Pass morphology Post dredging Conditions (Aug 2013)
Clam Pass morphology change (April 2013- August 2013)
Figure2. Clam Pass morphology for post dredging conditions and 4 -month change (April 2013 - August 2013).
Figure 3 Clam Pass model results for maximum flood and ebb tide conditions for lily 23, 2013
• r 1
AERIAL PHOTOS
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APPENDIX C.
CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
July 23, 2013
CLAM PASS NRPA MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
Pelican Bay Services Division
November 12, 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
Purpose and Scope of the Management Plan.
Overview of the Clam Bay NRPA
Personnel / Consultants Responsible
Role of Pelican Bay Services Division
2.0 Clam Bay Location and Setting
Maps, description of Pelican Bay and the estuary system
Natural history of the system and pass
3.0 Historical Overview
Historical time line
Original mangrove die -off causes
Restored characteristics of Clam Bay
4.0 Resource Descriptions
Soils
Climate
Natural Communities
Species
Hydrology
Water Quality
Inlet Dynamics
5.0 Authorized Construction Activities
List of permits and work undertaken to date
6.0 Management Goals and Objectives
Management action/work required, performance criteria and monitoring, responsible
entities, timeframe
6.1 Provide sufficient tidal exchange to maximize benefits to the estuary while
minimizing environmental impacts.
6.2 Maintain and protect the native floral and faunal communities
63 Manage and improve water quality
64 Address recreational uses with emphasis on passive recreation
65 Improve community awareness and involvement
Page 1 of 70
CLAM PASS NRPA MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
Pelican Bay Services Division
November 12, 2013
1.0 Introduction
Purpose of the Management Plan
The purpose of this management plan will be to provide guidance and direction for the
management of Clam Pass and the Clam Bay estuary system by identifying the goals and
objectives necessary to avoid or minimize impacts to the natural resources and biological
integrity of the system. This plan will form the basis by which future management decisions can
be made by identifying the appropriate management techniques necessary to preserve, enhance,
restore, maintain and monitor the uses and resources within the Natural Resource Protection
Area.
The plan will attempt to balance resource protection with passive recreational use. It will
consider Clam Pass monitoring and maintenance, restoration needs, water quality, listed species
protection, education and other issues as identified in the Plan's formulation process.
The final management plan and any subsequent revisions shall be submitted to the Collier
County Board of County Commissioners (BOCC) for its approval. When approved, this plan will
form the basis for future permitting and other management activities within the system.
Overview of the Clam Bay System
The Clam Bay estuarine system is a 570 -acre area of sandy beaches, shallow bays, seagrass beds
and mangrove forests on the coast of Collier County in southwest Florida. The community of
Pelican Bay abuts the northern and eastern edges of the system, while the Seagate and Naples
Cay communities abut the southern portion of the system. This system is an important natural
and recreational resource for local residents and visitors. It was designated a Natural Resource
Protection Area (NRPA) by Collier County in 1994.
This plan, in addition to providing a brief history of activities undertaken within this system,
outlines management goals, objectives and methods to achieve optimal functioning of the
delicate mangrove system. Drawing on an earlier plan (The Clam Bay Restoration and
Management Plan prepared by the firm of Wilson Miller Barton & Peek, CBRMP 1998), and the
findings of 14 years of monitoring activities within the system, this plan outlines the goals for
future enhancements to, and maintenance of, the ecosystems throughout Clam Bay.
The Clam Bay Restoration and Management Plan, 1998
In 1992 a small area of dead black mangroves was first observed in the northern part of the
system. In 1995 a significant area (approximately 50 acres) of dead and dying mangroves was
reported (Turrell, 1996). Following the die -off, restorative dredging was proposed to increase
tidal flushing by opening up the pass and widening several tidal creeks within the system. The
CBRMP was prepared in conjunction with State and Federal environmental permits to carry out
the work, and consequently focused on management objectives which were proposed at that
time, namely;
Page 2 of 70
CLAM PASS NRPA MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
Pelican Bay Services Division
November 12, 2013
• Deepening and maintaining Clam Pass
• Dredging portions of the interior tidal creeks to improve flushing capacity
• Studying the potential for improvements in upland stormwater /freshwater management
• Installation of flushing culverts under Seagate Drive
The Clam Pass Natural Resource Protection Area Management Plan, 2013
This Clam Pass Natural Resource Protection Area Management Plan (CPMP, 2013) combines
the comprehensive outline and background provided in the original 1998 plan with lessons
learned during and subsequent to its implementation. The goals of this Plan will be to direct the
management activities undertaken to enhance the estuarine and associated habitats in a manner
that maintains and contributes to the overall integrity of the Clam Bay ecosystem. Namely, the
activities undertaken under the Plan will:
• Provide sufficient tidal exchange to maximize benefits to the estuary
• Maintain and protect native floral and faunal communities
• Improve water quality while maintaining the stormwater discharge and surface water
management necessary to support the adjacent communities
• Address recreational uses within the system with emphasis on passive recreation
• Continue to educate and inform residents and visitors about the importance of the
ecosystem
Personnel / Consultants Responsible
This CPMP has been prepared by the firm of Turrell, Hall & Associates, Inc., who, as project
managers for the restorative dredging and associated monitoring work has a long history with the
project and ecosystem. Input and monitoring data has been incorporated from coastal engineers,
Humiston & Moore, Inc., as well as other interested stakeholders such as the Pelican Bay
Foundation, the Mangrove Action group, the Conservancy of Southwest Florida, adjacent
community associations, and the City of Naples. The ongoing support and assistance of the
PBSD and Collier County is gratefully acknowledged.
Pelican Bay Services Division Turrell, Hall & Associates
Tom Cravens — Chairman Tim Hall — Project Manager
801 Laurel Oak Drive, Suite 605 3584 Exchange Ave
Naples, FL 34108 Naples, Fl 34104
(239) 597 -1749 (239) 643 -0166
Humiston & Moore Engineers
Brett Moore — Project Manager
5679 Strand Court
Naples, FL 34110
(239) 594 -2021
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CLAM PASS NRPA MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
Pelican Bay Services Division
November 12, 2013
Pelican Bay Services Division
In order for the management and enhancement of the Clam Pass NRPA to be successful,
coordination between a myriad of local, state, and federal agencies and concerned citizen's
groups is required. The Pelican Bay Services Division (PBSD) has undertaken that role for most
of the past fifteen years.
The PBSD is a dependent special district known as the Pelican Bay Municipal Services Taxing
and Benefit Unit. It was formed pursuant to Chapter 125 of the Florida Statutes and was
formally enabled by the Collier County Commission pursuant to Ordinance numbers 90 -111 and
91 -22. These ordinances were replaced in 2002 by Ordinance 2002 -27 which further clarified
the basis and role of the MSTBU and PBSD Board. This MSTBU was created to, among other
things, provide for the maintenance of conservation and preserve areas within Pelican Bay. This
responsibility was undertaken diligently from 1998 to 2009 and resulted in the implementation of
the previous Management Plan and the recovery of the mangrove die -off area. The Collier
County Coastal Zone Management Department assumed responsibility of the Pass monitoring
and maintenance for a short while from 2009 to 2012 while the PBSD continued to monitor and
maintain the mangrove communities within the system. At the beginning of 2013, the Collier
County BOCC returned responsibility of the Pass to PBSD via Ordinance 2013 -19 and it is under
their direction that this current management plan is being written.
As a dependent special district, the PBSD is an arm of local county government and as such does
not enjoy the ability to make decisions concerning the implementation of the Management Plan
independent of the desires of the Collier County BOCC. The PBSD budget, and therefore its
ability to undertake work projects, is controlled by the Collier County BOCC. In practical
application, this has not proved problematic, as the BOCC has routinely approved the mangrove
management undertakings of the PBSD and the BOCC has authorized the development of this
Management Plan. The PBSD implements County policy within the confined geography of the
Pelican Bay community and the defined responsibilities of the PBSD. The PBSD sets it own
budget and agenda and routinely submits same to the Collier County BOCC for approval. The
actual workings of the relationship suggest therefore, that the PBSD has experienced a
significant degree of practical autonomy and that this is expected to continue in regards to the
implementation of this Management Plan. The result is that the PBSD will be the official
manager of this Management Plan with delegated authority to be implemented consistent with
Ordinances 2002 -27, and 2013 -19 of Collier County.
The PBSD will direct this Management Plan and have the responsibility for its implementation
and operation over time. As such, the PBSD will plan and implement defined management
activities (with BOCC approval) whose purpose will be to protect, enhance and maintain the
natural communities and ecological integrity of the Clam Bay NRPA.
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CLAM PASS NRPA MANA GEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
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The PBSD has several attributes which already make it a logical guiding force in the
management of Clam Bay. The PBSD:
• Is located within the Clam Bay drainage basin;
• Has an advisory board (appointed by the County Commission) made up of residential,
and business members within Pelican Bay;
• Garners fiscal support collected from local benefit assessments;
• Is accessible by the public due to its local governing board and advertised public monthly
meetings; and
• Has demonstrated a long -term commitment to the resource and its preservation and
enhancement over the past fifteen years.
These attributes give PBSD the knowledge and expertise in matters of local concern and, in
particular, the problems, opportunities and interests of local residents as they relate to the Clam
Bay ecosystem. Its relationship to the BOCC give it an additional level of access to technical
expertise and oversight that will be necessary to assure that the Management Plan, as
contemplated in this document, is fully implemented in the field.
As part of its responsibilities, the PBSD will assemble and distribute various technical reports
and assessments as required under the Management Plan, as well as coordinate with the other
public and private groups interested in Clam Bay. The PBSD is organized for and designed to
maintain both its knowledge of the Clam Bay resources and to generate public support for the
same. PBSD will insure that the general public, residents in Pelican Bay, PBSD consultants, and
representatives from government agencies with jurisdiction over Clam Bay each have on -going
involvement and input into the Management Plan as appropriate.
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CLAM PASS NRPA MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
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November 12, 2013
2.0 Clam Bay Location and Setting
Maps, description of Pelican Bay and the estuary system
Clam Bay was designated a Natural Resource Protection Area by the Board of County
Commissioners of Collier County in 1994 (Collier County, 1994) and consists of approximately
420 acres of mangroves and some 115 acres of shallow, open water bays, as well as a 35 acre
beachfront parcel (Clam Pass Beach Park). The system consists of three primary bays; Outer
Clam Bay (southernmost), Inner Clam Bay (central), and Upper Clam Bay (northernmost),
connected by a series of tidal creeks.
The entire system receives runoff from adjacent upland and wetland areas. Upper Clam Bay is
connected to Inner Clam Bay by a winding narrow creek. Inner Clam Bay is connected to Clam
Pass through another narrow creek. Outer Clam Bay is connected to the Gulf of Mexico by a
wider creek through Clam Pass. Some water also flows south to Doctor's pass through the
culverts under Seagate Drive.
Clam Bay Vital Statistics
Total acres: Approx. 570 acres
Beaches: Approx. 3 miles
Mangrove: Approx. 420 acres
Open Water: Approx. 115 acres
Latitude and Longitude of Pass: N 26° 13' 11 ", W 81° 49' 01"
Section, Township, Range: Sec. 32 & 33, Twp 485, Rng 25E, &
Sec. 4, 5, 8, & 9, Twp 495, Rng 25E
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Clam Pass is a small, marginally stable inlet that has migrated north and south along the shore
over the years. Prior to dredging, average water depths were -2.5' to -1.0' with a width of 30 -50'
(Collier County, 1994). The Pass remains the primary source of tidal exchange for the Clam Bay
system, but it is restricted by sediment deposits just inside the pass and in the long meandering
tidal creeks surrounded by mangrove forests. The smaller embayments located primarily to the
north of the pass are not subject to normal tidal exchange except during exceptionally high tides.
Tidal range is restricted throughout the Clam Bay system (Turrell 1995; Collier County Report
1996; Tackney 1996).
Tide gauges are installed and monitored on the County boardwalk at the north end of Outer Clam
Bay, the north and south Pelican Bay boardwalks, and in Upper Clam Bay. These gauges
indicate that the dredging done at the pass and in the interior creeks has drastically improved the
tidal exchange throughout the system. Tidal ranges vary from 2 feet out in the Gulf to 1.5 feet in
the southem portion of the system down to about 0.5 feet at the northern end of the system.
South of Clam Pass, a channel oriented north -south with water depths varying between -1.0' to -
4.0' leads to Outer Clam Bay (approx. 72 acres), itself connecting to the Venetian lagoon system
via a couple of concrete culverts under Seagate Drive. There are also three dead end canals off
the south end of Outer Clam Bay that are associated with the Seagate community.
North of Clam Pass, a long narrow (approximately 6,600') tributary leads to Inner Clam Bay
(approx. 32 acres). Evidence in the literature suggests that oyster bars were once present in this
channel (Humm and Rehm, 1972). A further, narrow creek (5,400') leads north from Inner Clam
Bay to the smallest and most isolated; Upper Clam Bay (approx. 20 acres).
Historical aerials and anecdotal recollections from long -rime County residents note a connection
of the system at Upper Clam Bay to Vanderbilt Lagoon and Wiggins Pass to the north via a small
creek (Collier County, 1994, Tropical Biolndustries, 1978). This connection was eventually
severed with the development of Vanderbilt Beach Road in the 1950s.
The system is bounded on the north by Vanderbilt Beach Road, to the south by Seagate Drive, to
the east by the Pelican Bay development and to the west by the Gulf of Mexico.
Pelican Bay is predominately a residential community of private single- family homes, as well as
both high and low -rise condominium units. The community also includes a 27 -hole golf course,
common areas with meeting rooms, tennis courts, beach park facilities, emergency services
facilities, and commercial areas with shopping and hotels. The 2,104 -acre Planned Unit
Development (PUD) was approved in 1977 as a partnership between Collier Enterprises and
Westinghouse Communities. It was one of the first developments in Florida required to save
fragile coastal wetlands and associated ecosystems (Urban Land Institute, 1981). The
development of Pelican Bay had a limited impact on the wetlands themselves (approximately 94
acres in total with about 78 of those acres located in the northwestern corner of the property)
leaving the mangrove forest intact and preserved around the bays. As mitigation for these
wetland impacts, the 35 acre beach park was donated to Collier County.
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Approximate extent of Clam Bay Estuary system.
Development landward of the mangroves required a stormwater management system designed to
spread runoff along the eastern edge of the Clam Bay estuary (Collier County Report 1996). A
four to six foot high and 2 'h mile long berm separates the developed portion of Pelican Bay
from the estuary lying to the west of the development, but numerous culverts through the berm
discharge water to a swale system along the eastern perimeter of Clam Bay. The eastern edge of
Pelican Bay is about 12 -14 feet above sea level at US 41, sloping in an east -west direction to
about 2 feet near the berm. Six drainage basins operate on a gravity system to slowly move
surface water into the receiving area of Clam Bay.
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CLAMPASS NRPA MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
Pelican Bay Services Division
November 12, 2013
Approximate locations of Drainage Basins within the Pelican Bay Development (photo is oriented with east up and
north to the left).
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CLAM PASS NRPA MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
Pelican Bay Services Division
November 12, 2013
Natural History
Prior to development, the entire coastline of south Florida would have resembled the Clam Bay
system with meandering mangrove lined waterways buffering sandy barrier islands and
terrestrial communities. Unique within the moderately developed coastal community of Collier
County, Clam Bay is a valuable resource for wildlife (particularly juvenile marine species and
birds) as well as residents and visitors to the area who enjoy the recreational opportunities the
system offers such as kayaking, fishing, walking, swimming, bird watching, beach going, and
others.
The system is a mixture of mangrove -lined tidal creeks, mangrove forests, shallow bays and tidal
passes, seagrass beds, tidal flats, sandy beaches and brackish interior wetlands. A man-made
water management berm now divides natural and developed portions where historically
mangrove forest would have transitioned gradually into the mesic coastal hammocks and upland
pine scrubs that made up the now developed portions of the Pelican Bay community.
A brief overview of these important habitat types, their key characteristics and value is provided
in the Resource Description Section of this Plan.
Pass History
Historically, Clam Pass was a small part of a large system of waterways extending from Lee
County to Doctors Pass. A limited amount of small boating activities took place within this area.
The construction of Vanderbilt Beach Road in the early 1950's cut off any navigation from the
north from what is presently called Vanderbilt Lagoon. Tidal connection with Vanderbilt Lagoon
was eventually severed as well. Later, the construction of Seagate Drive limited the amount of
tidal flow from the south, the waterway presently called Venetian Bay which connects to Doctors
Pass
Prior to the surrounding development, the natural stormwater (rain run -off) flow in this area was
by sheet flow in a southwesterly direction towards the Inlet. The stormwater flow pattern has
since been modified in direction, volume, and timing by the use of retention/detention basins,
primarily in the Pelican Bay development area.
The Clam Pass opening has moved over its lifetime up and down the shoreline, influenced by
major storm events and by man's alteration of the tidal prism and drainage basin that feeds the
Pass. A detailed discussion of the Pass is provided in the Coastal Processes Element of this Plan.
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CLAM PASS NRPA MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
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3.0 Historical Overview
Original land use, development history, die -off and restoration work.
To properly understand and successfully implement proposed management objectives, actions
and events which have lead to the current situation in Clam Bay should be described. This
chapter starts off with a time -line to most clearly portray the system in its historical context. It is
intended as background information and as a factual recount based on personal experiences and
comments, press reports, published and unpublished reports. The chapter finishes with an
overview of the mangrove die -off including causes, and the work that was undertaken as part of
the 1998 Clam Bay Restoration and Management Plan to restore the system.
Time Line
1920
A dirt road is built by Forest Walker running from the north -east to south portion of Pelican Bay,
a forerunner of US 41.
1950
With 6,000 residents of Naples, Clam Bay is part of a connected system of barrier islands,
mangrove passes and waterways. The orientation of the beaches and passes would have changed
seasonally and with storms
Late 1950's
Vanderbilt Road is constructed severing connection with the Wiggins Pass system to the north.
1958
Seagate Drive is constructed as the Parkshore community is developed. Flow is blocked into
Venetian Bay to the south.
Circa 1960 Aerial Photograph
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Circa 1958 Aerial Photograph
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CLAM PASS NRPA MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
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1972
Tri- County Engineering produces reports:
• An Ecological Study of the Clam Pass Complex is published by Humm & Rehm
• Hydrographic Investigation of the Clam Bay System
Coral Ridge - Collier Properties, Inc. (a partnership between Westinghouse and Collier Properties)
acquired the property and initiated development of Pelican Bay.
1974
Pelican Bay Improvement District is formed to manage common property in Pelican Bay and
provide for long term sustainable infrastructure.
1976
Three, bi- directional 24 -inch culverts are placed under Seagate Drive to provide hydrologic
connection to Venetian Bay.
Report "Environmental Assessment for Development Approval" is prepared for Pelican Bay.
Clam Pass closed in and then was re- opened by dragline.
1977
Pelican Bay Planned Unit Development is approved and construction commences.
1977- 1979
Gee & Jensen Hydrographic Engineers conduct a series of tidal studies within the system and
distribute "A hydrographic study of Clam Bay system" in 1978.
1978
Tropical Bio- Industries produce a report: Carbon Flows in portions of the Clam Pass estuarine
system.
Ecological assessment work by Tropical Bio - Industries for permitting of the north -west fill area,
notes a small area of stressed and dead mangroves close to Upper Clam Bay.
1979
Environmental Assessment of the northwest fill area is distributed.
Tropical Bio - Industries produce biological reports:
• A comparative study of the water and carbon flows of Upper Clam Bay
• Invertebrate Population Studies in the vicinity of Upper Clam Bay
1981
Clam Pass closed in was re- opened by dragline.
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CLAM PASS NRPA MANA GEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)
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1982
Clam Pass preserve is dedicated to Collier County.
1983
Tropical Bio- Industries produce biological reports:
• Fish populations of tidal ponds west of Upper Clam Bay
1986
Collier County constructs a 2,900' boardwalk to provide access across Outer Clam Bay to the
county park, south of Clam Pass.
1988
Clam Pass closes twice, first in the spring and again in the late fall after Tropical Storm Keith
(November 23, 1988).
1989
Small areas of stressed and dying mangroves are noted by residents in the basin west of Upper
Clam Bay and east of The Strand in Bay Colony. A DNR interdepartmental memo highlights
cause of the stress as "the lack of adequate water circulation resulting from the closure of Clam
Pass ".
First emergency dredging permit received from DNR to re -open clogged Clam Pass, following
memo by David Crewz to the DNR highlighting problems and danger if the pass was not re-
opened.
1990
Pelican Bay Improvement District comes under Collier County as the Pelican Bay Services
Division.
1992
The area of dead mangroves is reported at 7 acres.
1994
20 acres of mangroves are reported dead.
1994
Clam Bay is approved by the Board of County Commissioners as Collier County's first Natural
Resource Protection Area (NRPA).
1995
Emergency dredging permit issued allowing opening of the pass, but no work farther back than
600 feet.
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1996
Permits to open Clam Pass received from DEP and USACE and work completed in April. In
summer and fall blasting and hand excavation was permitted and completed in 1997.
1996
Mangrove die -off area estimated at 50 acres.
1997
Clam Pass dredged again under modification to 1996 Permits.
1998
Ten year permits received from DEP and USACE for dredging Clam Pass and the interior
channels and Seagate culverts with associated monitoring work and storm and freshwater
studies.
1999
Dredging work associated with the CBRMP is completed in the spring by Ludlum Construction
Company.
Ellicott Series 370HP Pumping Sand out of Clam Pass (1999)
1999
Staff at The Conservancy of Southwest Florida commences a 3 -5 year study of mangroves,
surface water level and elevation within the mangrove die -off area.
2002
Maintenance dredging of Clam Pass flood shoals completed to improve tidal circulation.
2004
Hurricane Charley comes ashore about 50 miles north of Clam Pass. A lot of sand was
redistributed but the pass did not close. Extensive limb and leaf loss was documented within the
mangrove forest.
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2005
Hurricane Wilma comes ashore about 30 miles south of Clam Pass. More limb and leaf loss is
noted. Pass does not close.
Hurricane damaged mangroves along bay 2005
Same mangroves along bay 2007
2007
Maintenance dredging of Pass and entrance channel completed to 1999 specifications.
2008
Tropical Storm Fay comes ashore about 30 miles south of Clam Pass. The area received over 10
inches of rainfall. Pass not affected.
2009
1998 DEP and ACOE permits for maintenance of the pass expire after 1 -year extensions.
2010
Permits issued to continue maintenance of hand -dug flushing channels throughout the system.
2011
White mangrove die -off was observed in central portion of the system and found to be caused by a
bark beetle infestation of trees that had suffered cold temperature stress.
2012
New interior makers are installed. Markers include canoe trail identifiers and informational signage.
The mouth of the pass moves to the north and threatens the Pelican Bay Beach Facility. The northern
shoreline of the pass is temporarily reinforced with the installation of concrete barriers.
The pass closes in December
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2013
A single event permit is issued to dredge Clam Pass. In March dredge work is completed and the pass
is open.
Development of a new Management Plan is initiated through stakeholder input and multiple public
meetings.
1995 Die -off and Related Causes
The majority of the original die -off occurred within the northernmost black mangrove areas of the
system. Three defined processes of the black mangrove forest are applicable to the Clam Bay
ecosystem. These three processes are briefly reviewed here are:
Salt balance: Salt is available to the black mangrove forest from a variety of sources, but normal tidal
exchange is the most important. Black mangroves can tolerate slightly higher sediment salinity than
the other two mangrove species but can be affected adversely by an excess accumulation of salt. In a
natural setting, toxic accumulation of salt is usually prevented by dilution and leaching due to rainfall
and washout on outgoing tides. Accordingly, the transport of dissolved and diluted salt back to the
Gulf is critical to the health of the black mangrove.
Organic matter budget: Like the salt balance, the organic matter budget is intimately related to the
flushing component of the tidal cycle. It is generally recognized that even in the best of circumstances
only 60 -86% of the decomposing matter generated by a mangrove forest is consumed on site. The
balance has to be exported. This export is in the form of highly fragmented or dissolved organic
matter fractions and as such is also dependent upon tidal flushing.
Water budget: Water enters the Clam Bay system through rainfall, freshwater run -off and through
the influx of seawater. It leaves via evaporation from water surfaces, transpiration from leaves and
tidal out -flow to the Gulf. Since evapotranspiration rates within mangrove forests are relatively low it
follows that the forest must freely drain or else water logging occurs that quickly leads to stress and
mortality.
Rainfall in South Florida contributes about 53 plus inches of water per year and most of that occurs in
the wet season. Additional freshwater inputs to this system occur from groundwater flow and from
irrigation in the developed portions of Pelican Bay. The irrigation amounts to about 26 to 28 inches
(on average) of rainfall every year but can vary widely due to weather conditions. In a perfect world
this irrigation component would be entirely taken up by the soil and plants but in these non - perfect
conditions, it is expected that some run -off is also generated due to the irrigation. When this amount is
added to normal rainfall, the export capacity of the system to the Gulf becomes critical, especially
when considered in the context of the need to transport the organic matter and salt described above.
The combination of these mangrove species and other intertidal vegetation makes mangrove forests
extremely productive natural resources, but their productivity depends on the right combination of tidal
"flushing" (movement of water and suspended material in and out of the estuarine wetland) and
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freshwater run -off to maintain their ability to function. The freshwater input dilutes the high salinity of
marine waters, thereby reducing the effort needed by the mangrove to exclude or excrete salt. This
allows more of the trees' energy to be directed to normal growth and maintenance.
Tidal flushing also allows nutrients to be distributed within the forest and provides for the
transportation of dead leaves, twigs, etc. As these materials decay, they become food for marine life.
It is this mangrove detritus which is consumed by the many organisms at the base of the food chain
and which in turn create the next level of the food chain necessary to support the fish populations that
characterize the mangrove community. It is the combined interaction of fresh and salt water through
tidal flushing that is critical to the ability of the mangrove forest to sustain itself. It follows therefore,
that anything that materially disrupts the maintenance of the flushing component threatens the long
term viability of the mangrove forest itself.
According to detailed field surveys performed in the early 1970's (Tropical Biolndustries
Company and Gee and Jenson 1978) tree densities ranged from 726 to 7,580 per acre and
maximum canopy height was 39 feet. Within the black mangrove dominated basin forests, 16% of
the trees or 8.8 acres of dead black mangroves were reported in the 1978 document.
Dead and stressed mangroves were again reported for Clam Bay in 1989 when David W. Crewz, a
biologist with the Florida Marine Research Institute, was asked to inspect Clam Pass Park by
Mary Ellen Hawkins, then a Collier County representative to the legislature (letter to Don Duden
dated April 3, 1989). Mr. Crewz concluded that the "dead and stressed mangroves were caused by
lack of adequate water circulation resulting from the closure of Clam Pass.... allowing toxin and
salt buildup."
Westinghouse Consultants, Inc., employees in February 1992 noted additional mangrove die -offs,
north of Clam Pass Park on the west side of Upper Clam Bay. This area was inspected by Dr. Eric
Heald, a consultant to WCI, and reported to WCI in April 1992, as probably due to hypersalinity,
although 1991 was an above average rainfall year. The same conclusion was reached by Robin
Lewis of Lewis Environmental Services, Inc., after an inspection in May 1994. At this time the
die -off area was approximately 6 acres. A widespread mortality of mangroves in Florida Bay was
also reported in the summer of 1991 (Yarbro et al. 1994) and it was attributed, in part, to natural
drought conditions and unusual tidal inundation patterns.
After above average rainfall in the summer of 1995, The Conservancy, Inc.'s staff and residents in
Pelican Bay reported additional mangrove deaths which continued through 1995 and 1996. The
total area of the die -off through July 1999 was around 50 acres.
The death of trees occurred around hyper saline ponds and is consistent with conditions caused by
periods of excessive inundation of freshwater followed by periods of continuous dry down, particularly
where the mechanism for flushing is impaired. (Lugo 1976). During the period immediately
preceding the observed die off, and during the periods following, Clam Bay received record amounts
of rainfall. This rainfall, when coupled with an admittedly impaired circulation system and
intermittent pass closure, resulted in water levels that were high enough for a long enough period of
time to adversely impact the mangroves.
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It should be noted, however, that the death of trees around hyper saline ponds is a process that is now
occurring for a variety of reasons elsewhere in Florida and the Caribbean and is not necessarily
evidence that the forest is in a state of irretrievable decline. The presence of new seedlings confirms
that these conditions may well be able to return. (Lugo 1976;). Presently the die -off areas appear to be
recovering as a result of the restoration work done to date.
The remedial efforts described later in this Plan, in particular the dredging of Clam Pass and the
opening of several of the impacted tidal creeks, have had the desired effect of improving the
circulation of tidal waters within the system. (Humiston, pers. comm. 2007).
Restored Characteristics of Clam Bay
In assessing a variety of alternatives to the restoration of Clam Bay, the original need was not so much
to restore the system to a mangrove forest (although that remained the primary goal) as it was to
stabilize and restore the system as a thriving natural resource. It was recognized that with changes to
naturally induced flushing rates and hydrological regimes the mangroves would likely adjust by
altering zonation patterns, species compositions, rates of growth and mortality, etc. (CBRMP 1998).
Clam Pass
The single most important thing that has been done to restore the health of the Clam Bay system is to
improve the total tidal flushing capacity of the system. (Humiston & Moore 2003; Lewis 2007; Turrell
2007). As has been discussed earlier, the tides in the upper reaches of Clam Bay were weak and
variable. Runoff from rainfall further reduced the interior tidal range and during Tackney's field
study, total rainfall of approximately 4 inches in three days was sufficient to flood Upper Clam Bay to
such an extent that tidal fluctuation was completely eliminated. During Hurricane Charlie, storm surge
and rainfall far exceeded this 4 inch level and yet Upper Clam Bay was experiencing tidal fluctuations
the following day. The restoration efforts of dredging the pass, dredging the interior channels, and
construction of the network of flushing cuts throughout the original die -off area proved very effective
in maintaining the tidal exchange and drainage capability of the system.
In Outer Clam Bay, where the channel leading to Clam Pass is relatively short, the tidal range was only
50% of its potential value. This diminished exchange capacity was a direct result of the constricted
nature of the inlet and its adjacent interior channels.
During flood tides, sand is carried into the pass by tidal currents and settles out of the water column
where the current drops below the magnitude necessary to maintain the sediment in suspension. At
Clam Pass this has resulted in the gradual accumulation of sediment in the channels interior to the
inlet. This sedimentation process reduces the hydraulic efficiency of the channels and results in
diminished tidal ranges for the interior bays.
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In 1998, when the restoration activities commenced, the channels immediately interior to the pass were
so constricted that even when the pass was excavated, the interior tides remained muted. Efforts to
maintain the pass in an open condition were dramatically improved by enlarging the dredge area to
include not only Clam Pass, but also the critical areas of the adjacent interior channels. This action not
only augmented the volume of tidal flow through Clam Pass, but also reduced the likelihood of inlet
closure during adverse weather conditions. Currently, Outer Clam Bay's tidal range has been
improved by 4 to 6 inches as a result of the dredging activities and the increased self - maintenance
capability of the inlet.
The single most critical causative factor of the Upper Clam Bay mangrove die off and lack of natural
regeneration of mangroves was the relative absence of adequate tidal flushing, or tidal pumping,
typically measured in terms of tidal amplitude and its frequency of occurrence ( CBRMP 1998,
Roessler pers. comm. 2004). Tidal pumping refers to the hydraulic change in water pressure in
mangrove sediment that is controlled largely by tidal activity. When rising tides force a rise in the
water table in the sediment beneath mangroves, gasses (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
methane, ammonia) and various fluid wastes (including refractory and labile dissolved organic matter)
are expelled from the sediment. Since some of these compounds are toxic, particularly hydrogen
sulfide, their frequent (daily to twice daily) removal is critical to the health of the mangroves.
Conversely, on falling ties and a drop in the sediment water table, gases (e.g., oxygen) and nutrients
present in the over -lying water are drawn into sediment. The frequent renewal of sediment oxygen is
particularly important because it is required in normal root respiration which, if stopped, causes
mortality. Thus in the absence of tidal pumping, metabolic wastes accumulate in the sediment and it
eventually turns toxic and anoxic, meaning no oxygen. It is important to note that this critical process
has nothing to do with the salinity, or absence thereof, or with the presence of absence of surface and
subsurface water.
Because the tidal amplitude was wholly inadequate mainly due to the restricted tidal circulation and
tidal pumping within the Clam Bay system, and between the Clam Bay system and the Gulf of Mexico,
the correction provided by the restoration activities has been critical to the creation and management of
conditions required to foster mangrove growth in addition to maintaining water quality within Clam
Bay.
Interior Tidal Creeks
It is also important to recognize the interrelationship between the maintenance of Clam Pass and the
maintenance of the interior connecting tidal creeks. The tides in the upper reaches of Clam Bay were
weak and variable. In the absence of rainfall, the tidal ranges of the Upper and Inner Clam Bay's were
on the order of 15% to 19% of the Gulf tidal range. Run -off from rainfall quickly flooded the upper
bays and further reduced the interior tidal range. The reduced tidal range in the interior bays were due
to the restrictive condition of the interior connecting tidal creeks. (Tackney 1996; CBRMP 1998).
These restrictions not only super - elevated the average water surface elevation within the bays but also
retarded drainage. The problem was exacerbated by the addition of pulsed water from the stormwater
management system, which by design stores water in its detention/retention areas and then allows it to
discharge into the bays. The constricted condition of the interior tidal creeks coupled with the
additional water being continuously discharged into the bay elevated the water surface elevation in the
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upper bays and contributed to extending the periods of flooding beyond tolerance levels that
mangroves can accommodate, particularly the black mangrove. (Turrell 1995; Tackney 1996; Lewis
2007).
The second restorative action of the plan required that three sections of interior tidal creek be dredged
open and in some cases enlarged in order to augment the transfer of water. Removing the constrictions
present in these waterways allowed the increased inflow of water as well as enhancing the outflow of
water. These adjustments enhanced the flood tide ingress and allowed for increased volume to exit on
the ebb tide. The results of this work showed an almost doubling of the tidal amplitude in the upper
reaches of the system. While the amplitude is still far below the levels seen in the Gulf, it is still much
improved from the pre- restoration levels.
Interior Flushing Channels
The third restorative action of the original plan was the creation of a network of flushing cuts within
the mangrove forest and die -off areas. These cuts were dug by hand throughout the system the purpose
of which was to connect depressional zones and areas subject to ponding to the main waterways of the
system. This allowed for tidal water to flow into and out of the forest areas much easier and further
enhanced the tidal exchange that could occur.
Biological monitoring work over the past ten years has conclusively shown that the improved drainage,
which has been achieved through excavation of these small flushing cuts within the forest basin, has
greatly alleviated ponding and contributed to the observed improvements in the Clam Bay mangrove
community.
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4.0 Resource Description and Assessment
SOILS
Based on the National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) "Soil Survey of Collier County Area,
Florida" (NRCS, 1998) there are 2 different soil types (soil map units) present within the NRPA
boundary.
It is important to understand that where the soil survey shows mapping units named for soil series, they
represent the dominant undisturbed soils in that landscape that existed predevelopment. They do not
recognize or appropriately interpret the drastically disturbed nature of urban landscapes created after
the Soil Survey was completed.
1}urbin and Wulfert mucks, frequently flooded (Map Unit 940), covers approximately 66% of the
NRPA. These level, very poorly drained soils are most often found in association with tidal mangrove
swamps. Mapped areas can consist entirely of either Durbin or Wulfert or any combination of the two
soils. Individual areas are elongated and irregular in shape and range from 50 to 1000 acres. The
slope is 0 to 1 percent. The permeability of the Durbin soil is rapid and the available water capacity is
high. The permeability of the Wulfert soil is rapid and the available water capacity is moderate. The
water table fluctuates with the tide and is within 12 inches of the surface most of the year. The soil is
subject to tidal flooding. The natural vegetation within these areas consists of red, white and black
mangroves.
Canaveral - Beaches Complex (Map Unit #42) covers approximately 9 % of the NRPA.
This map unit consists of the nearly level, moderately well drained Canaveral soil on low ridges and
beaches. Individual areas are elongated and irregular in shape and range from 20 to 300 acres. The
slope is 0 to 2 percent. Typically, beaches consist of sand mixed with shell fragments and shells and
are subject to frequent wave action. The permeability of the Canaveral soil is rapid to very rapid. The
available water capacity is very low. In most years, the seasonal high water table is at a depth of
between 18 to 40 inches for 1 to 4 months. This soil is subject to tidal flooding under severe weather
conditions.
Natural vegetation consists of sea oats, sea grape, cabbage palm, and salt grasses. They are commonly
invaded by exotics such as Australian pine and Brazilian pepper.
Insert Soils Map when Available
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CLIMATE
Clam Bay's climate falls within tropical classification, more precisely the tropical wet and dry or
savanna type, Aw under the Koppen system. As a consequence, there are essentially two seasons
experienced. The wet season occurs in the summer and the dry season occurs in the winter. Typical
rainfall and temperature data is provided in Tables 4.1 and 4.2.
In the summer the center of the trade winds shift north and moisture -laden breezes blow from the east
or south -east. In winter, the trade winds shift southward and the winds are less constant. Weather, is
then more influenced by fronts advancing from the northwest. This brings cooler conditions, although
temperatures rarely reach freezing, due to the fact that they are being moderated by the surrounding
waters. Cold fronts are typically preceded by winds from the southwest, which clock to the west then
northwest as the front passes, with strong winds of 20 -25 knots and cooler air. In general terms, winds
are predominantly southeast during the summer and northeast during the winter.
Historical meteorology for Clam Bay is based on data collected for 30 years (from 1981 to 2010) from
the Naples Municipal Airport by the Florida Climate Center (NOAA & FSU). The following charts
present meteorological statistics for temperature and precipitation.
1981 -2010 TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION NORAIALS GRAPH
110.0
100.0
90.0
70.0 0
•
60.0 ...•■rte f ...n". w '"*""" ' * `""'`� •
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
Jan filar ttia Jul Sep t1orr
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Temperature
The monthly average temperatures range from 64.5 °F to 83.2 °F. The lowest monthly minimum
temperature is 54.2 °F while the highest monthly maximum temperature is 91.2 °F. The data reflects a
temperate climate with a narrow fluctuation in air temperature.
Precipitation
Annual rainfall for the Naples Municipal Airport NOAA station is documented at 51.89 inches. The
data in the table indicates the highest rainfall occurs during the summer months of June, July, August,
and September.
1981 -2010 T EMPERATUREAND PRFximAnoNNORAIALS CHART
January
1.85
541
64.5
74.7
February
2.10
56.8
66.9
76.9
March
238
60.0
70.0
79.9
April
2.36
63.4
73.3
83-2
May
3.16
68.5
78.2
87.8
June
8.82
73.9
81.9
89.9
July
7.27
74.9
831
911
August
8.58
75.3
832
91.0
September
7.69
74.8
82.4
89.9
October
4.19
70.0
78.5
86.9
November
2.04
629
721
812
December
1 A
57.0
66.8
766
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Winds
Winds are predominantly easterly throughout the year, but with a tendency to become northeasterly
from October to April and southeasterly from May to September. Wind speeds, not including storm
events are, on average, below 10 knots. During the winter months when fronts move through, for a
day or two at a time, winds out of the northwest to northeast may increase to about 25 knots.
Sea breeze
As the land surface around Naples and Clam Bay heats it in turn heats the air above it. The warm air is
less dense and tends to rise creating a lower air pressure over the land than the water. The cooler air
over the water then flows inland creating a sea breeze. In the evening the reverse occurs and the cooler
air over the land will flow back toward the water creating a land breeze.
The incoming sea breeze acts as a lifting mechanism, resulting in the warmer air rising up to higher
altitudes. This creates cumulus clouds that begin to build which leads to the development of afternoon
showers and thunderstorms in the area.
Storms
Naples and Clam Bay specifically are within the Atlantic Tropical Cyclone basin. This basin includes
much of the North Atlantic, Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. On average, six (6) to eight (8)
tropical storms form within this basin each year. The hurricane season lasts from June 1 st to December
ls`. The formation of these storms and possible intensification into mature hurricanes takes place over
warm tropical and subtropical waters. Eventual dissipation or
modification, averaging seven (7) to eight (8) days later, typically
occurs over the colder waters of the North Atlantic or when the
storms move over land and away from the sustaining marine
environment.
Due to the destructive nature of these storms, landfall can result in
significant damage to upland development and facilities from storm
surge, waves, and wind. A good example of this would be
Hurricane Wilma which formed in 2005.
A tropical storm is defined by maximum sustained winds from 35-
64 knots (40 -74 mph). A hurricane has maximum sustained winds
that exceed 64 knots (74 mph). Hurricanes are classified into
different categories according to the Saffir- Simpson scale.
Hurricanes can also spawn severe weather such as tornadoes as they
move inland.
The table below lists the number of tropical storms and hurricanes
that passed through or near Naples over the past 20 seasons
including 1992 through 2012 as reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) Coastal Services Center and Hurricane City (www.hurricanecity.com). Analysis of the
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available information indicates that Naples, on average, is brushed or hit by a tropical storm or
hurricane once every 2.71 years and is directly hit once every 7.05 years.
Table Number of Named Storms Passing through or near Naples
Year # of Storms Names
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Andrew
Gordon
Jerry
Mitch
Harvey
Charley
Wilma
Fay
IIIIIIIIIIEWz- N -0 -20
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Dunes form because of onshore wind action on beach sand. When wind speeds are sufficient,
individual grains of sand start to roll and bounce along the surface. This windborne sand is transported
landward until the wind speed drops below that needed to move the sand. Coastal vegetation is critical
for slowing wind speeds and causing sand to be deposited.
Landward of the highest tides, pioneer or frontal zone sites are stabilized by sand trapping action of
various rhizomatous grasses and low growing shrubs that are tolerant of salt spray. Only a few plant
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species can tolerate the stresses of a dune environment, particularly frontal dune sites. Foredune plants
must be able to survive being buried by blowing sand, sand blasting, salt spray, salt water flooding,
drought, heat, and low nutrient supply. Coastal plants colonizing the dunes are key players in trapping
windblown sand and preventing coastal erosion as the first defense against heavy winds and surge of
tropical storms.
Many plant species that occur on dune areas have developed specific attributes to help them survive these harsh
environments. These include high growth rates, dense root systems, low profiles, and high flower and seed
production rates. Species common on the beaches of the Clam Bay system include; Sea oats (Uniola
paniculata), Seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera), and Railroad vine (Ipomoea pes- caprae).
In addition to the 35 -acre Clam Pass Beach Park, south of the pass, beach habitat also extends north all
the way to Wiggins Pass. Shorebirds feed on marine invertebrates such as coquina clams and mole
crabs at the water's edge and beaches are crucially important habitat for nesting sea turtles.
This particular habitat has not been monitored periodically in terms of width as part of the Collier
County Beach renourishment program though no conclusive statements can be made about the floral or
faunal details of the ecotone over the years. Large scale generalizations can be made that the overall
size, composition, and health of the habitat have remained relatively stable and, with the exception of
the areas immediately adjacent to the Pass, are mostly unaffected by the status of the pass.
INSERT LOCATION MAP FOR BEACH
FLUCFCS Code 322 - Coastal Scrub
Landward of the frontal zone area is the back dune zone (also often called the shrub or scrub zone), a
portion of the dune that is more stable, has greater organic matter, and supports less salt tolerant
grasses and shrubs as well as some trees.
Many of the woody species found in coastal scrub are low growing and shrubby due to low nutrient
and droughty conditions of sandy soils. Additionally, high winds and salt spray often prune the
terminal buds of the trees and shrubs growing on the dunes and result in salt - pruned, windswept
canopies.
Coastal scrub is represented by a conglomeration of coastal species generally found in a narrow band
between the Mangrove forest and the beach areas. Species common on the beaches of the Clam Bay
system include; Seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera), Cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto), Buttonwood
(Conocarpus erectus) and Spanish bayonet (Yucca aloifolia). This is an important habitat as it helps
anchor the back dune sands and provides habitat for several listed plant and animal species including
the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus).
This habitat has not been monitored as a part of the ongoing management of the system. There are two
main topics of concern in the coastal scrub, gopher tortoise habitat management and exotic vegetation
control.
On
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FLUCFCS Code 428 - Cabbage Palm Hammock
This forested zone is composed of the more protected dune vegetation farthest from the ocean. In the
case of Clam Bay this is represented by Cabbage Palm Hammock. This habitat is identified by the
preponderance of cabbage palms (Sabal palmetto). It is generally found in pockets located between
the mangrove forest and the coastal scrub or beach areas. Aside from the cabbage palms, sea grapes
(Coccoloba uvifera), buttonwood, and several other hammock species are common. A hammock is a
habitat that is densely shaded by a canopy of trees. Hammocks usually have a sparse groundcover that
leaves the forest floor mostly open for animals to travel through. Hammocks also provide a reprieve
from the sun for animals and humans alike. In Clam Bay, this habitat is also susceptible to infestation
by exotic vegetation such as Australian pine and Brazilian pepper which are addressed further on in
this Section.
As the majority of monitoring efforts were devoted to the mangrove plots and submerged resources,
the historical changes related to the status of this habitat has not been documented. The historical
emphasis on the health of the Clam Bay system and the mangrove forest in particular resulted in most
monitoring efforts being placed on the indicators most affected by the pass. The primary management
issue of this habitat is exotic control and preventing destructive visitor access.
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FLUCFCS Code 612 - Mangroves
Mangroves are salt tolerant trees that grow in tidal areas of the tropics and are legally protected for
their ecological value, with such functions as;
• Providing habitat for marine and terrestrial wildlife.
• Protecting coastal areas from storm surges and coastal erosion.
• Acting as a natural filter for land based freshwater run-off.
• Forming the basis of an incredibly productive estuarine food chain which includes many
commercially valuable species.
Three species of mangrove are common in Florida as far north as Cedar Key and St. Augustine, where
cold winter temperatures limit their range. All have special biological adaptations to cope with salt
and unstable, mucky, low oxygen soils that result from the tidal, hence continually waterlogged,
environment. The dominance of mangroves in tidal areas is a function of these adaptations and their
ability to out - compete other wetland plants. All three of the common species, red, black, and white
mangroves are found within the Clam Bay NRPA boundary.
Special attention has been given to the mangrove community in the past because of an approximately
70 acre die -off which occurred between 1995 and 1997. Unprecedented community involvement and
support led to the creation of the first Clam Bay Restoration and Management Plan and the
implementation of that plan led to the recovery of the die -off area. More details on this are provided in
the Mangrove Appendix included with this plan.
Red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) are recognized by their tangle of reddish looking prop roots, long
cigar shaped seedlings (the propagules which can be seen in the summer months) and their large,
pointed evergreen leaves. They are typically the most seaward of the three species with the prop roots
and vertical drop roots providing support, small pores on the trunks called lenticels allow oxygen
exchange via air as the waterlogged soils become rapidly oxygen depleted. Salt is excluded from the
plants cells through a process called ultra - filtration in the roots. The characteristic propagules
germinate on the parent tree and drop and float for up to a year, finally becoming heavier at one end so
that when encountering a suitable substrate they are ready to root upright. Good tidal flushing is
essential for healthy development of red mangroves, to prevent the build up of toxic metabolic waste
products in the mangrove soils. The mass of prop and drop roots forms extensive surface area under
water for attachment of sessile, filter feeding marine species (such as sponges, tunicates and mollusks)
as well as hiding places for juvenile fish. Birds, butterflies, insects and mammals find home and food
within the canopy. Leaf drop and eventual breakdown of red mangrove leaves is the start of
productive estuarine food webs.
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Red Mangroves and Propagules (inset)
Black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) are typically found a little further inland and key
identification features include the snorkel like pneumatophores which radiate upwards out of the soil
from the base of the trunk, a grey -black rough bark and slightly pointed, oval leaves which are silvery
with salt deposits on the undersides. The pneumatophores play an important role in oxygen exchange
and unlike the red mangroves, which keeps salt out of body cells through filtration in the roots; the
black mangrove excretes salt out of the backside of the leaves. They are also reliant on adequate tidal
exchange but lack the supporting prop roots that typify the red mangrove. Small white flowers and
lima bean shaped propagules are apparent during the summer months. When these propagules fall
from the parent tree, they are able to float for a short period before rooting in the mucky soil.
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Black Mangrove Pneumatophores
White mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) are the third mangrove species and are often found further
inland than the other two species (although zonations described are typical they can frequently vary).
Since they often occur in drier areas, white mangroves do not exhibit the adaptations to soft, anaerobic
soil of the other species. The bark is characteristically grooved and furrowed and leaves are oval, mid -
green and leathery with two small glands on the petiole at the base of each leaf. White mangroves also
flower in the spring and early summer and the small seedlings have the shortest floating dispersal stage
of the three species. After the mangrove die -off, white mangroves were the initial colonizer of the
die -off areas. As time has progressed, red and black mangroves have moved into the areas and started
displacing the young whites. See the Mangrove Appendix for more history on the die -off and
subsequent recovery over the past 15 years.
Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus) is considered a mangrove associate, usually occurring even further
inland than the white mangrove. Small, round, brown seeds give rise to the name. This is a hardy
species, able to withstand the full sun, high temperatures and salty conditions of coastal Florida. These
characteristics also make it an excellent and attractive landscaping plant. Buttonwoods are present
along the interface between the mangrove and palm hammock communities here in Clam Bay.
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Buttonwood and Seeds
Approximately 66% of the Clam bay NRPA is composed of this habitat type. The community is
composed of both riverine (along the creeks) and basin forest components.
Creeks
On the seaward edges of small islands and the tidal creeks, passes and estuarine waterways that make
up the Clam Bay system, a fringe of Red mangroves will be found growing up to 25 feet in height.
This zone can be just one or two trees in depth or extend landward for some distance, depending on
topography. The habitat provided by the prop roots of red mangroves is of great importance to many
fish and the tidal creeks are popular fishing spots.
INSERT PHOTOS OF CREEK
Forests
Much of Clam Bay is comprised of low -lying basin forests and the dominant species varies between
red, white, and black mangrove throughout the system. Tides inundate these areas via small surface
waterways. Subterranean sources of water are also important. Tidal flushing allows nutrients to be
distributed within the forest and provides for the transportation of dead leaves, twigs, etc. As this
material decays, it becomes food for marine life. It is this mangrove detritus which is consumed by the
many organisms at the base of the food chain and which in turn create the next level of the food chain
necessary to support the fish populations that characterize the mangrove community. Associated
plants include the succulent groundcovers Saltwort (Batis maritime), Glasswort (Salicornia
cervicornis), (especially where a fallen tree provides a break in the canopy and light penetration to the
forest floor) and, further inland and closer to freshwater sources, the Leather fern (Acrostrichum
danaefolia).
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INSERT LOCATION MAP FOR MANGROVES
FLUCFCS Code 642 - Brackish Marsh
At the interface between forested mangrove areas and the water management berm are depressional
areas that have become colonized by aquatic freshwater plants such as cattails (Typha latifolia),
Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana), Bulrush (Scirpus californicus), Needlerush (Juncus romerianus)
and Leather fern (Acrostichum danaeifolium). Wildlife such as otters (Lutra canadiensis), alligators
(Alligator mississippiensis), various turtles, and wading birds can be commonly observed. These areas
require regular maintenance to prevent the spread of nuisance and exotic plant species and ensure
optimal functioning and interface between the natural mangrove forest and the development water
management system.
INSERT LOCATION MAP FOR MARSH
FLUCFCS Code 651 - Tidal Flats
Tidal flats are defined as flat bottom, sub- or intertidal habitats that lack an oyster or seagrass
community and are located inside the outer coastal margin. The two most significant environmental
characteristics that control a flat's infauna (benthic organisms that live within the substrate) and
epifauna (benthic animals that live on the surface of a substrate) are: the height of the substrate relative
to mean sea level and the sedimentary consistency of the substrate. The position relative to mean sea
level dictates whether the habitat is emergent (in air) for part of a tidal cycle or how deep below the
water the bottom sits. This latter characteristic controls other physical water quality measures, such as
dissolved oxygen, the frequency and duration of hypoxic events, and light penetration. Firmness of the
substrate affects the capacity to support an epifauna by both supporting the organism on the substrate
and permitting the burrowing of the infauna. Substrates that consist of sand and sand mixed with mud
(mud is an admixture of clay- and silt -sized particles) tend to be firm, supporting an epifauna, and
typically have high sediment porosity and permeability leading to well oxygenated interstitial fluids
that can support a diverse and deeply penetrating infauna. Substrates that consist of mud alone may be
not support a Shelly epifauna and often have low porosity and permeability, prohibiting the existence
of an extensive infauna.
The sand and mudflats of Clam Bay are rich feeding grounds for many species of wading birds. These
organically rich sediments support a variety of mollusks, worms and invertebrates that scavenge
detritus or, in the case of many bivalve mollusks, extend siphons at high tide and filter vast quantities
of water. Birds such as a variety of herons, ibis, egrets and spoonbills pick through the sediment for
the invertebrate food sources.
The dredging of the pass associated with the 1998 Restoration and Management Plan resulted in an
increase of exposed tidal flats within the southern portion of the system. Increased tidal range
resulting from the dredging allowed more area to be periodically exposed during the tidal cycle. Some
of the area that had supported seagrasses prior to the dredging work were converted into the tidal flats
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by the increased range and reduced phase lag. Management concerns related to the tidal flats include
the templates established for the dredging, the resultant currents that could be expected as a result of
dredging, and the frequency of disturbance.
INSERT LOCATION MAP FOR FLATS
FLUCFCS Code 541— Bays open to the Ocean
The Clam Bay NRPA contains the three larger bays associated with Clam Pass (Outer, Inner, and
Upper) as well as the interconnecting waterways and small open water areas. Second in extent of
aerial coverage within the NRPA boundary, it is the bays and interconnections which serve as the life
blood of the estuary.
This open water habitat serves as the basis for many other communities. Seagrass beds, oyster bars,
clam beds, and other benthic communities can all be supported to varying degrees with the open waters
of the bays and interconnecting creeks. As outlined below, several of these communities are present
within the Clam Bay NRPA and will be considered when deciding on management activities outlined
within this Plan
Multiple studies have indicated that the single most important thing that can be done to restore the
health of the Clam Bay system is to improve the total tidal flushing capacity of the system. (Tackney
1996; Lewis 1996; Wilson Miller, et al 1996; Turrell 1996.) The dredging conducted within the Pass
and the interconnecting channels has been seen as the major contributing factor to the restoration of the
mangrove forest community within the system. (Turrell 2008; Humiston & Moored Maintaining
the flow of water through the system will be a component of this Management Plan.
Tidal Passes
The Clam Bay system was originally part of a larger tidal system connected to the Gulf of Mexico by
three tidal inlets; Wiggins Pass, Clam Pass and Doctors Pass. During the 1950's and 60's this system
was isolated from adjacent bays by the construction of Seagate Drive to the south and the construction
of Vanderbilt Beach Road to the north. The practical effect was to leave Clam Pass as Clam Bay's
only connection to the Gulf. The exchange of seawater between Clam Bay and the Gulf is critical to
the ability of the mangrove forest to export organic matter, as well as excess salt and freshwater. It
also supplies oxygen rich water and nutrients from the Gulf. The greater the tidal amplitude (or tidal
prism) the greater the benefit to the mangroves — more needed resources are delivered and more wastes
are removed. Conversely, in the absence of surface water circulation or tidal activity, mangroves
slowly die due to deleterious changes in the sediment: 1) in the absence of oxygenated water, the
sediments become anaerobic or anoxic, and 2) metabolic wastes and hydrogen sulfide accumulate in
the anoxic sediment (CBRMP, 1998).
Tides in the Gulf of Mexico are mixed, with the norm being two high tides and two low tides
experienced per day and normal amplitude (range) of approximately 2 feet. The highest tides (springs)
are experienced twice per lunar month at full and new moons when the gravitational pull on the earth's
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surface waters is greatest. Neap tides also occur twice per lunar month when the planetary
(gravitational) influences of earth, moon and sun are perpendicular.
Add Tidal Exhibit from Clam Bay Monitoring Report
It can be seen that the health of mangrove forests is directly related to the efficiency of the tidal passes.
These are dynamic creeks whose location vary annually and, as illustrated by Clam Pass, can
periodically close such as has happened at least five times in the last 25 years (Turrell 1995; Tackney
1996).
INSERT PHOTO ARRAY OF PASS FROM VARIOUS YEARS
Tidal creeks are passageways for fish and marine invertebrates between the open waters of the Gulf
and the protected embayments of Clam Bay. Manatees and turtles may also use the passes. Scouring
action of the fast flowing tide generally prevents colonization by seagrasses and other benthic plants
and the substrate is typically sand and shell with the finer sediments carried in suspension and
deposited just outside the mouth of the pass (the ebb shoal delta) or to the interior of the system on the
incoming (flood) tide.
Management concerns related to the bays and associated creeks include maintaining sufficient flow
through them to accomplish flushing needs of the system, stabilization of the pass without harming
other components of the NRPA, and educating recreational users of the NRPA of the need to protect
the shallow water habitats and the communities located therein.
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FLUCFCS Code 911 - Seagrass Beds
Seagrasses are flowering marine plants of shallow, tropical regions. With a creeping growth form
connected by horizontal rhizomes they serve to trap and anchor sediment. Both the grass blades
themselves and the surface area they represent provide food and attachment for marine species and
Seagrass beds are renowned for their value as nursery habitats.
Shoal grass (Halodule wrightii) along interior channel south of Clam Pass
Several areas within the Clam Bay system host seagrass beds, specifically Outer Clam Bay and
waterways just inside Clam Pass. Three species are commonly found in these Clam Bay waters; the
largest Turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) with flat strap shaped leaves, the smaller shoal grass
(Halodule wrightii) with narrow, flat blades and Paddle grass (Halphila decepiens) with the smallest,
paddle shaped leaves. Shoal grass is by far the most common though a small area of turtle grass has
persisted since the original 1998 dredging. Paddle grass is much more ephemeral in nature and
diligence is required to be able to locate it during the time frames when it is present.
Seagrasses rely on good light penetration to enable photosynthesis and are sensitive to reduced tidal
water quality. Growing in shallow regions they are also vulnerable to physical damage by boats. A
variety of marine algae can be associated with grass species, differing in the lack of a true rooting and
vascular system. Several species of both brown and green alga have been observed.
Management concerns related to seagrasses include direct impacts due to recreational use and potential
dredging templates, turbidity and water quality concerns related to flushing and stormwater inputs,
algal infestations due to nutrient increases or flushing decreases.
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A history of the seagrass monitoring efforts in Clam Bay is included in the Seagrass Appendix attached
to this report.
INSERT SEA GRASS LOCATION MAP
Other Benthic Habitats
Oyster Bars
Oysters (Croassostrea americana) are filter- feeding bivalves, which were once common within the
tidal creeks of Clam Bay (Tropical Industries __). Oysters play a significant role in shaping the
environment in which they live by forming a hard structure upon which an intricate biological
community is built. Similar to coral reefs, oyster reefs are `biogenic' (formed by the accumulation of
colonial animals) and provide structure and surface area for numerous other temporary and permanent
species.
Providing complex habitat structure is the most fundamental of ecosystem services that oysters
provide. The structure provides a place for algae and non - mobile invertebrates to attach, as well as a
place for mobile invertebrates and fishes to be protected from predators. Although the relationships
between sportfish and oyster habitats are not as well studied as in other estuarine habitats such as
seagrass beds, they are considered essential fish habitat.
The numerous ecosystem services provided by oysters can be summarized into three general
categories: habitat provision, water quality improvement, and shoreline stabilization. Oyster reefs
provide habitat to a diverse array of flora and fauna. The role of oyster habitat to the estuarine food
chain is highly significant, as discussed in the previous paragraph. Through their feeding process
oysters filter large quantities of water which transfers energy and material from the water column to
the benthic community, subsequently reducing turbidity and water column nutrients. Through bio-
deposition, nutrients are made available to the flora and fauna which comprise the complex oyster bar
food web. Additionally, oyster reefs stabilize sediments, shorelines and adjacent habitats by buffering
wave energy, further aiding water quality.
Deteriorating conditions related to closure of Clam Pass is thought to have resulted in the
disappearance of oyster bars in the system; though some re- occurrence has been observed to the south
of the pass in the last few years during seagrass transect monitoring. Oysters have been documented
around the perimeter of Outer Clam Bay in past years monitoring efforts.
A 2011 benthic habitat assessment conducted by the Conservancy of Southwest Florida found living
oyster clusters in the upper reaches of Northern Clam Bay (a single cluster), in the tributary between
Outer and Inner Clam Bays (a single cluster), and throughout the shoreline of Outer Clam Bay.
Management concerns related to oyster growth are similar to the seagrass concerns. Protection from
recreation users, water quality, and flushing.
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INSERT LOCATION MAP FOR OYSTERS
Hardbottom Communities
Another important marine habitat marginally associated with the estuarine system is the hard bottom
reef community found just seaward of Clam Pass. In about 10 -15 feet of water a variety of sponges,
stony corals, gorgonians, fish and associated invertebrates can be found within a system of rocks and
ledges. Outcroppings of similar habitat type occur along the length of Collier County and are a little
known resource of regional significance.
Hardbottom outcrop off of Clam Pass
Collier County has mapped this resource through side scan sonar surveys in 2005 and 2009 as part of
its beach renourishment project. The information received from the County shows that the landward
edge of this habitat is located approximately 300 feet offshore from the Pass.
Management concerns related to this habitat include recreation use and potential turbidity impacts
resulting from dredging or other management activities within the NRPA.
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INSERT LOCATION MAP
Invasive, Non - native and Problem Species
In an ecological context, an invasive species is one that is aggressive in growth and expansion of range
and tends to dominate other appropriate native species. Its establishment and dominance can cause
widespread harm to an ecological system by altering the species composition, susceptibility to fire and
hydrology of an area. Non - indigenous species (i.e., non - native or exotic species) are those that have
been introduced purposefully or accidentally to an area outside their normal range. The characteristics
of some of these species (high rate of growth/reproduction, no natural predators, easily dispersed, able
to out - compete native species) make them invasive. Some indigenous species (a species whose natural
range included Florida at the time of European contact circa 1500 AD or a species that has naturally
expanded or changed its range to include Florida) may also become invasive. Invasions by native and
non - native species often follow an alteration to ecosystem function, disruption of the food web, large -
scale fragmentation of an ecosystem and/or disturbance (e.g., clearing, fire, drought, etc.) of an area.
While some native species may become invasive, the establishment and dominance of non - native
species is of particular concern. The exotic plant and animal species documented within the NRPA
and those that have a potential to occur within the NRPA are discussed in the following sections.
Invasive and Problem Plant Species
The Florida Exotic Pest Plan Council (FLEPPC) maintains a list of exotic plans that have been
documented to (1) have adverse effects on Florida's biodiversity and plant communities, (2) cause
habitat loss due to infestations, and (3) impact endangered species via habitat loss and alteration. To
date, 9 non - indigenous plant species have been detected within the Clam Bay NRPA which are listed
by FLEPPC as Category I exotics. FLEPPC defines Category I plants as those that alter native plant
communities by displacing native species, change community structures or ecological functions, or
hybridize with natives. Category II plants have increase in abundance or frequency but have not yet
altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species. These definitions do not
rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but rather on the documented
ecological damage caused by these plants (FLEPPC 2007). One of the objectives of the Clam Bay
NRPA Management Plan will be to maintain the lands free of both Category I and II exotic plants.
Methodology outlining the management activities that will be used to treat exotics is found in Chapter
6 of this Plan.
PLANT SPECIES - List to be added based on FL UCFCS Mapping
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LISTED SPECIES
Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata)
A juvenile smalltooth sawfish was observed in 2008 in the connector creek between Inner and Outer
Clam Bays. Smalltooth sawfish are found in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. In the
western Atlantic they have historically ranged from New York to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico
and Caribbean Sea. Habitat destruction and overfishing have succeeded in eradicating the smalltooth
sawfish from the majority of its former range. Consequently, it survives in small pockets throughout its
current range. The last remaining population in U.S. waters is off south Florida, a small remnant of a
population that once ranged from New York to Texas.
This sawfish primarily occurs in estuarine and coastal habitats such as bays, lagoons, and rivers. It
does at times occur in deeper waters, however, and may make crossings to offshore islands. It can
tolerate freshwater. This fish is easily recognized by its flattened body and wing -like pectoral fins. The
mouth is located ventrally, the eyes are positioned dorsally. The "saw" is approximately 25% of the
body's total length. It is widest at the base, with teeth more broad than long, and spaced apart. The tips
of the teeth are sharp, becoming blunt over time. Dorsally, it is brownish or bluish gray body with a
white underside. The maximum length recorded is 24.7 feet (7.6 m); however, a length of 18 feet (5.5
m) is considered average. The average lifespan for the smalltooth sawfish is unknown.
On April 1, 2003 the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service placed the smalltooth sawfish on the
Endangered Species List, making it the first marine fish species to receive protection under the
Endangered Species Act. Florida has also designated critical habitat areas to further protect its habitat.
Mangrove Rivulus ( Rivulus marmoratus)
This small fish has not been identified within the Clam Bay system in previous surveys or field work
but the mangrove habitat is appropriate and they could be present in the upper reaches of the mangrove
forest. The mangrove rivulus is primarily a saltwater or brackish water species, with limited-
occurrence in freshwater. Within the Everglades and along Florida's west coast, this fish occurs in
stagnant, seasonal ponds and sloughs as well as in mosquito ditches within mangrove habitats. The
mangrove rivulus is able to survive in moist detritus without water for up to 60 days during periods of
drought, anaerobic, or high sulfide conditions.
This fish can reach a maximum size of 2 inches (5 cm) in length, however it is more commonly
observed at lengths between 0.4 -1.5 inches (1.0 -3.8 cm). The head and body are maroon to dark
brown or tan, with small dark spots and speckling on the body, particularly the sides. The dorsal
surface is always darker than the creamy ventral surface. The color of the body is reflective of the
habitat, with light coloration in areas of light colored sediments and darker coloration in environments
with dark leaf litter substrates. A large dark spot surrounded by a band of yellow is located at the upper
base of the caudal fin in hermaphroditic individuals. Males lack this dark spot and have a red - orange
cast to their flanks and fins.
The mangrove rivulus was once listed as a threatened species in the Gulf of Mexico. However, recently
additional surveys have revealed the existence of numerous populations. In Florida it has been
downlisted to a species of special concern. In 1999, it was submitted by the National Marine Fisheries
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Service as a candidate for protection under the Endangered Species Act. As of yet, it has not been
officially listed as endangered or threatened.
The main threat to the survival of the mangrove rivulus is habitat degradation and destruction as well
as exposure to pollutants. Disturbances that alter salinity and temperature as well as vegetation cover
may also reduce naturally occurring populations.
Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta)
Loggerhead sea turtles have been documented nesting on beaches within the Clam Bay NRPA.
Loggerheads are circumglobal, occurring throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the Atlantic,
Pacific, and Indian Oceans. They are the most abundant species of sea turtle found in U.S. coastal
waters. In the Atlantic, the loggerhead turtle's range extends from Newfoundland to as far south as
Argentina.
During the summer, nesting occurs primarily in the subtropics. Although the major nesting
concentrations in the U.S. are found from North Carolina through southwest Florida, minimal nesting
occurs outside of this range westward to Texas and northward to Virginia. Adult loggerheads are
known to make extensive migrations between foraging areas and nesting beaches. During non - nesting
years, adult females from U.S. beaches are distributed in waters off the eastern U.S. and throughout the
Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and Yucatan.
Loggerheads were named for their relatively large heads, which support powerful jaws and enable
them to feed on hard - shelled prey, such as whelks and conch. The top shell (carapace) is slightly heart-
shaped and reddish -brown in adults and sub - adults, while the bottom shell (plastron) is generally a pale
yellowish color. The neck and flippers are usually dull brown to reddish brown on top and medium to
pale yellow on the sides and bottom.
In the southeastern U.S., mating occurs in late March to early June and females lay eggs between late
April and early September. Females lay three to five nests, and sometimes more, during a single
nesting season. The eggs incubate approximately two months before hatching sometime between late
June and mid - November.
Loggerheads occupy three different ecosystems during their lives: beaches (terrestrial zone), water
(oceanic zone), and nearshore coastal areas ( "neritic" zone). Because of this, NOAA Fisheries and the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS) have joint jurisdiction for marine turtles, with NOAA having
the lead in the marine environment and USFWS having the lead on the nesting beaches.
The loggerhead turtle was first listed under the Endangered Species Act as threatened throughout its
range on July 28, 1978. In September 2011, NMFS and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed 9 Distinct
Population Segments of loggerhead sea turtles under the ESA. The population in our Northeast
Atlantic Ocean Segment is listed as endangered. The agencies are currently proposing Critical Habitat
designations on several areas which contain a combination of nearshore reproductive habitat, winter
area, breeding areas, and migratory corridors. The Clam Pass NRPA is contained within the LOGG -N-
27 segment of this proposed critical habitat area.
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Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus)
Gopher tortoises and their burrows are found along the coastal strand portions of the Clam Pass NRPA.
The range of the tortoise includes southern portions or Alabama, South Carolina, Louisiana,
Mississippi, and Georgia as well as most of Florida.
Gopher tortoises are one of the few species of tortoise that dig burrows. These burrows can be up to ten
feet deep and 40 feet long, and are as wide as the length of the tortoise that made it. In addition to
providing the tortoise a home, it has been documented that as many as 350 other species also use the
burrows including the indigo snake, Florida mouse, gopher frog and burrowing owl.
Gopher tortoises can live 40 to 60 years in the wild and average 9 to 11 inches in length. These
tortoises are superb earth- movers, living in long burrows from 5 to 45 feet long and up to 10 feet deep
that offer refuge from cold, heat, drought, forest fires and predators. The burrows maintain a fairly
constant temperature and humidity throughout the year and protect the gopher tortoise and other
species from temperature extremes, drying out, and predators. The mating season generally runs from
April through June and gestation for the eggs is between 80 and 100 days.
The shell or "carapace" of the gopher tortoise is mostly brownish gray and the underside of the shell, or
"plastron," is yellowish tan. Their front legs are shovel -like which helps them when digging their
burrows.
The gopher tortoise has been regulated in Florida since 1972 and has been fully protected since 1988.
Despite the afforded protection, gopher tortoise populations throughout the state have declined. As a
response to the continuing decline of the species, a new management plan was drafted and approved in
September 2007 as a precursor to reclassifying the gopher tortoise from a "species of special concern"
to a "threatened species." The threatened status was approved and went into effect on November 8,
2007.
West Indian Manatee
Manatees have been sighted on numerous occasions within the Clam Pass NRPA boundaries.
Manatees can be found in shallow, slow - moving rivers, estuaries, saltwater bays, canals, and coastal
areas — particularly where seagrass beds or freshwater vegetation flourish. Manatees are a migratory
species. Within the United States, they are concentrated in Florida in the winter. In summer months,
they can be found as far west as Texas and as far north as Massachusetts, but summer sightings in
Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina are more common.
Manatees are large, gray aquatic mammals with bodies that taper to a flat, paddle- shaped tail. They
have two forelimbs, called flippers, with three to four nails on each flipper. The average adult manatee
is about 10 feet long and weighs between 800 and 1,200 pounds. They eat a large variety of
submerged, emergent, and floating plants and can consume 10 -15% of their body weight in vegetation
daily. Because they are mammals, they must surface to breathe air. They rest just below the surface of
the water, coming up to breathe on an average of every three to five minutes. It is believed that one
calf is born every two to five years, and twins are rare. The gestation period is about a year. Mothers
nurse their young for one to two years, during which time a calf remains dependent on its mother.
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Protections for Florida manatees were first enacted in 1893. Today, they are protected by the Florida
Manatee Sanctuary Act and are federally protected by both the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the
Endangered Species Act
ANIMAL SPECIES
The following lists of species have been observed within the Clam Pass NRPA and adjacent Pelican
Bay development areas.
Aquatic Invertebrates — Add from Conservancy Report
Fish
Lu janus griseus
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Atlantic needlefish
Strongylura marina
Barracuda
Sphyraena barracuda
Bay anchovy
Anchoa mitchilli
Blacktip Shark
Carcharhinus limbatus
Blue crab
Callinectis sapidus
Cowfish
Acanthostracion quadricomis
Flounder
Paratichthys alb!gutta
Gray snapper
Lu janus griseus
Great barracuda
Sphyraena barracuda
Gulf killifish
Fundulus grandis
Inshore Iizardfish
Synodus foetens
Killifish spp.
Fundulus spp.
Leatherjacket
Oligoplites saurus
Longnose killifish
Fundulus simitis
Mangrove snapper
Lu janus griseus
Mullet
Mugil cephalus
Mutton snapper
Lutjanus anatis
Needlefish
Strongylura marina
Permit
Trachinotus falcatus
Pigfish
Orthopristus chrysoptera
Pinfish
Lagodon rhomboides
Pipefish
Syngnathus spp.
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Puffer
Sailfin molly
Sand perch
Scaled sardine
Sea robin
Sheepshead
Sheepshead minnow
Silver jenny
Smalltooth Sawfish
Snook
Spot
Spotfin mojara
Spotted seatrout
Tidewater silverside
Triggerfish
White grunt
Whiting
Reptiles and Amphibians
COMMON NAME
Banded water snake
Black racer
Common garter snake
Eastern coachwhip
Mangrove salt marsh water snake
Mud snake
Red rat snake
Ring- necked snake
Yellow rat snake
American Alligator
Brown anole
Eastern glass lizard
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Sphoeroides parvus
Poecilia latipinna
Diplectrum bivittatum
Harengula pensacolae
Prionotus scitulus
Archosargus probatocephal
Cyprinodon variegatus
Eucinostomzts gula
Pristis pectinata
Centropomus undecimalis
L eiostomus xanthun.ts
Eucinostomus argenteus
Cynoscion nebulosus
Menidia peninsulae
Batistes capriscus
Haemulon plumierii
Menticirrhus tittoratis
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Nerodia faciata faciata
Coluber constrictor
Thamnophis sirtalis
Masticophis flagellum
Nerodia clarkii
Farancia abacura
Elaphe guttata guttata
Diadophis punctatus
Elaphe obsoleta
Alligator mississippiensis
Anolis sagrei
Ophisaurus ventralis
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Green anole Anolis carolinensis
Southeastern five -lined skink Eumeces inexpectatus
Cuban treefrog
Osteopilus septentrionalis
Eastern narrow- mouthed toad
Gastrophryne carolinensis
Eastern spadefoot toad
.5caphiopus holbrookii
Giant marine toad
Bufo marinus
Green treefrog
Hyla cinerea
Oak toad
Anaxyrus quercicus
Southern leopard frog
Lithobates sphenocephalus
Southern toad
Bufo terrestris
Squirrel treefrog
Hyla squirella
Chicken turtle
Deirochelys reticularia
Florida box turtle
Terrapene caroling bauri
Florida softshell turtle
Apalone ferox
Gopher tortoise
Gopherus polyphemus
Green sea turtle
Chelonia mydas
Loggerhead sea turtle
Caretta caretta
Pond slider
Trachemys scripta
Striped mud turtle
Kinosternon baurii
Birds
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME
American avocet
Recurvirostra americans
American coot
Fulica americana
American kestrel
Falco sparverius
American oystercatcher
Haematopus palliatus
Anhinga
Anhinga anhinga
Bald eagle
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Barred owl
Strix varia
Belted kingfisher
Megaceryle alcyon
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Black skimmer
Rynchops niger
Black vulture
Rynchops niger
Black- and -white warbler
Mniotilta varia
Black- bellied plover
Pluvialis squatarola
Black- crowned night heron
Nycticorax nycticorax
Black- necked stilt
Himantopus mexicanus
Blue jay
Cyanocitta cristata
Blue -gray gnatcatcher
Polioptila caerulea
Boat - tailed grackle
Quiscalus major
Brown pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis
Brown thrasher
Toxostoma rufum
Budgerigar
Melopsittacus undulatus
Caspian tern
Hydroprogne caspia
Cattle egret
Bubulcus ibis
Chuck - will's -widow
Caprimulgus carolinensis
Common grackle
Quiscalus quiscula
Common ground -dove
Columbina passerina
Common moorhen
Gallinula chloropus
Common nighthawk
Chordeiles minor
Common snipe
Gallinago gallinago
Common tern
Sterna hirundo
Common yellowthroat
Geothlypis trichas
Double- crested cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus
Dowitcher long - billed
Limnodromus scolopaceus
Dowitcher short - billed
Limnodromus griseus
Downy woodpecker
Picoides pubescens
Dunlin
Calidris alpina
Eastern screech owl
Megascops asio
Eurasian collared dove
Streptopelia decaocto
European starling
Sturnus vulgaris
Fish crow
Corvus ossifragus
Forster's tern
Sterna forsteri
Glossy ibis
Plegadis falcinellus
Gray catbird
Dumetella carolinensis
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Great blue heron
Great crested flycatcher
Great egret
Great homed owl
Greater yellowlegs
Green heron
Green - winged teal
Herring gull
Hooded merganser
House sparrow
Killdeer
Laughing gull
Least sandpiper
Limpkin
Little blue heron
Loggerhead shrike
Magnificent frigate bird
Mangrove cuckoo
Merlin
Mocking bird
Mottled duck
Mourning dove
Muscovy duck
Northern cardinal
Northern gannet
Northern parula
Northern waterthrush
Osprey
Painted bunting
Palm warbler
Peregrine falcon
Pied - billed grebe
Pilleated woodpecker
Piping plover
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Ardea herodias
Myiarchus crinitus
Ardea alba
Bubo virginianus
Tringa melanoleuca
Butorides virescens
Anas crecca
Larus argentatus
Lophodytes cucullatus
Passer domesticus
Charadrius vociferus
Leucophaeus atricilla
Calidris minutilla
Aramus guarauna
Egretta caerulea
Lanius ludovicianus
Fregata magnificens
Coccyzus minor
Falco columbarius
Mimus polyglottos
Anas fulvigula
Zenaida macroura
Cairina moschata
Cardinalis cardinalis
Morus bassanus
Parula americana
Seiurus noveboracensis
Pandion haliaetus
Passerina ciris
Dendroica palmarum
Falco peregrinus
Podilymbus podiceps
Dryocopus pileatus
Charadrius melodus
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Prairie warbler
Purple gallinule
Red knot
Red - bellied woodpecker
Red - breasted merganser
Reddish egret
Red - shouldered hawk
Red - tailed hawk
Red - winged blackbird
Ring - billed gull
Robin
Roseate spoonbill
Royal tern
Ruby- throated hummingbird
Ruddy turnstone
Sanderling
Sandwich tern
Semipalmated plover
Snowy egret
Spotted sandpiper
Swallow - tailed kite
Tri- colored heron
Turkey vulture
Western sandpiper
White ibis
White pelican
Willet
Wood stork
Yellow - bellied sapsucker
Yellow- crowned night heron
Yellow - rumped warbler
Yellow- throated warbler
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Dendroica discolor
Porphyrula martinica
Calidris canutus
Melanerpes carolinus
Mergus serrator
Egretta rufescens
Buteo lineatus
Buteo jamaicensis
Agelaius phoenicerus
Larus delawarensis
Turdus migratorius
Platalea ajaja
Sterna maxima
Archilochus colubris
Arenaria interpres
Calidris alba
Sterna sandvicensis
Charadrius semipalmatus
Egretta thula
Actitis macularia
Elanoides forficatus
Egretta tricolor
Cathartes aura
Calidris mauri
Eudocimus albus
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
Scolopax minor
Sphyrapicus varius
Nyctanassa violacea
Dendroica coronata
Dendroica dominica
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Mammals
COMMON NAME
Virginia opossum
Eastern mole
Brazilian free - tailed bat
Big brown bat
Nine -banded armadillo
Marsh rabbit
Eastern gray squirrel
House mouse
Roof rat
Gray fox
Black bear
Raccoon
River otter
Feral domestic cat
Bobcat
West Indian manatee
Bottle -nosed dolphin
HYDROLOGY
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SCIENTIFIC NAME
Didelphis virginia
Scalopus aquaticus
Tadarida braziliensis
Eptesicus fuscus
Dasypus novemcinctus
Sylvilagits palustris
Sciurus carolinensis
MIS musculus
Rattus rattus
Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Ursus americanus
Procyon lotor
Lutra canadensis
Felis catus
Lynx rttfus
Trichechus manatus
Turciops trttncatus
The most critical factor for mangrove maintenance is the hydrological regime, sometimes referred to as
the surface water or surficial hydrology. This is because the surficial hydrology has both horizontal
and vertical components and provides key ecological functions to the mangrove forest.
With respect to the horizontal component, incoming water (both tidal and surface water run -off) into a
mangrove wetland brings with it nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and marginally lower salt concentrations.
Conversely, the outgoing water leaving a mangrove wetland (through tidal exchange) removes
metabolic waste products (e.g., carbon dioxide and toxic sulfides) and excess salt. The vertical
component refers to incoming water that percolates down into the sediment and root zone, and the
sediment drainage, on a falling tide, which removes metabolic wastes and excess salt.
It is the inflow and outflow of sea water that is critical to the ability of the mangrove forest to manage
these two ecological functions and as such dissipate salts, organic matter and freshwater. It follows
that anything that affects the system and alters the ability of the system to perform these functions,
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will, in most instances, cause stress to the system and, at some point in time, result in the death of the
system, or portions of it.
The Clam Bay system was originally part of a larger tidal system connected to the Gulf of Mexico by
three tidal inlets; Wiggins Pass, Clam Pass and Doctors Pass. (Turrell 1996). During the early 1950's
this system was isolated form adjacent bays by the construction of Seagate Drive to the south and the
construction of Vanderbilt Beach Road to the north. The practical effect was to leave Clam Pass as
Clam Bay's only connection to the Gulf.
In 1976 culverts were placed under Seagate Drive to provide some exchange from Venetian Bay (a
residential sea wall bay system) and improve water quality in the Doctors Pass area. One -way valves
were placed on the pipes in 1999 but there was not enough head differential to operate the valves and
they ended up acting as plugs instead. In October, 2002 these valves were removed to promote more
flushing and water exchange in this southern portion of the system.
Hydrologic studies indicate that the tidal flushing capacity of Clam Bay prior to the restoration
dredging was limited and almost insignificant in Upper Clam Bay. The preliminary hydrographic
assessment of the Clam Bay system prepared by Tackney & Associates, Inc. (August 1996)
demonstrated rather dramatically that there was a significant reduction in tidal range between the
middle boardwalk and Inner Clam Bay. Tackney described the flow in that area as "measurably
reduced" and "very inefficient ". This connecting tidal creek is the key conduit for tidal input and
outflow to the northern reaches of the Clam Bay system. And its constriction and the ancillary
constriction of tributaries connection to it, impact the quantity and quality of the flushing that can
occur in Inner and Upper Clam Bay.
As noted earlier, it is the daily rise and fall of the ride and the exchange of seawater between Clam Bay
and the Gulf that are critical to the ability of the mangrove forest to export both organic matter, and
excess salt and freshwater as well as receive oxygen rich water and nutrients. The greater the tidal
amplitude (or tidal prism) the greater the benefit to the mangroves — more needed resources are
delivered and more wastes are removed. Conversely, in the absence of surface water circulation or
tidal activity, mangroves can become stressed and, in certain instances, rapidly die due to deleterious
changes in the sediment or water levels. The consequence is that the root systems wither and
eventually the whole tree dies. Note that the tidal exchange mechanism that is critical to the health of
the mangrove forest was, within this ecosystem, seriously constrained. (Turrell 1995). Another key
aspect of the surficial hydrology is the vertical location of the water level elevation relative to the
mangrove sediment elevation. Specifically, the mean low water (tide) elevation has to be sufficiently
lower than the mangrove sediment elevation in order for mangrove sediments to drain during low tide.
A persistent high surface water elevation stops sediment drainage and results in anoxic sediment and
the accumulation of toxic waste products.
It should be observed that the black mangrove forest does not require the kind of intense flushing that
is more typical of the red mangrove systems in order to maximize its productivity. However, the total
absence of meaningful exchange was certainly a contributor to the significant degradation of the
mangrove system within Clam Bay. ( Tackney 1996; Lewis pers. comm. 2008).
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In this context Tackney observed that even in the absence of rainfall, the average water surface
elevations for the inner and upper bays were higher than the average surface elevation for the Gulf.
Analysis of the tidal data indicated that average water surface elevations in the Inner and Upper Clam
Bays were both elevated above the average Gulf water surface elevation by approximately 0.2 feet.
This indicated that the tidal range in Inner and Upper Clam Bays was muted and that the system was
receiving significant additional water through runoff and restricted capacity to drain additional inflow.
In fact, during portions of the Tackney study no tidal fluctuation was noted in the Upper Clam Bay and
only marginal tidal effects were observed in Inner Clam Bay.
The reduced tidal ranges were also accompanied by relatively large phase lags. The phase lag is the
average time delay measured in hours and minutes between the occurrence of slack (high or low) water
in the Gulf of Mexico and the measurement stations. It is affected by both the distance between
measurement stations and the amount and quality of hydraulic resistance of the connecting channel.
The longer the distance and the higher the resistance, the more pronounced one would expect the phase
lag to be. In the upper bays, high and low waters generally occurred over three hours later than the
Gulf tides.
These conditions indicate that the tidal creeks connecting the interior bays are hydraulically very
inefficient. As a result, the upper bays are prone towards extended periods of flooding as a result of
freshwater runoff and the inability of the system to drain efficiently. During Tackney's field studies of
May 1996, rainfall of approximately 4 inches in three days was adequate to flood the Upper Clam Bay
above high tide levels and sustain this flooded condition for over two days. Accordingly, he concluded
that the creeks and bays that serve to connect the Inner and Upper Bays were significantly less efficient
in the ebb tide stage than they were in the flood stage. Studies undertaken by both Lewis
Environmental Services, Inc. and Turrell & Associates, Inc. would support this conclusion. ( Turrell
1995).
Finally, an additional attribute of the system that is directly related to tidal prism and the quantity of
inflow and outflow is the question of inlet stability. Inlet stability refers to a tidal inlet's capacity to
adequately scour out deposited sediments and prevent inlet closure. For a given wave environment,
inlet stability is governed primarily by the volume of water (tidal prism) carried by the inlet. To
remain stable, an inlet must have the characteristic that a temporary constriction in cross sectional area
produces an increase in current velocities adequate to scour out the constriction. To function without
mechanical intervention, the system must generate sufficient volume off water on the ebb tide to scour
out the inlet naturally, otherwise the inlet will, over time, continue to close. This is particularly true
during periods of high wave activity and low tidal ranges. ( Turrell 1995; Tackney 1996). The five
closures of Clam Pass that have occurred in the past twenty-five years indicate that stability of Clam
Pass is marginal. ( Turrell 1995; Tackney 1996).
Freshwater Component
Under predevelopment conditions, much of the area's rainfall was held on the surface of the land in
sloughs and other low areas. This water would either slowly filter through the soil to recharge the
shallow aquifer or move through the mangrove community to the bay. Less than ten inches of the
approximately 53 inch average rainfall is estimated to have been lost from the uplands east of Clam
Bay as surface runoff. The storage capabilities of the land thus moderated surface flows, preventing
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extremely high flow rates during the rainy season and serving to maintain surface flow and
groundwater flow during the dry season. (FDER 1981).
In 1977 the Pelican Bay Planned Unit Development was established by Westinghouse Communities,
Inc. The development contains a mixture of residential, retail, commercial and recreational facilities
and lies east of Clam Bay. As a condition of development, Clam Bay, the area that lies west of the
Pelican Bay and consists of approximately 530 acres of mixed mangrove forest and wetlands was
designated as the Pelican Bay Conservation Area. As such, it was designated for conservation but with
limited recreational access. This area was eventually given to Collier County and is currently
classified as a Natural Resource Protection Area (NRPA).
The development of Pelican Bay had limited fill impact to the Clam Bay system, but it did modify the
pattern of freshwater entering the Clam Bay system. (Wilson, Miller et.al. 1996). The stormwater
management system as designed, permitted and implemented at Pelican Bay employs a series of
detention ponds, swales and culverts to regulate the discharge of run -off into Clam Bay. Discharge
occurs almost continuously along the eastern perimeter of the conservation area. Run -off from the
northern end of Pelican Bay is collected and discharged into Upper Clam Bay. Irrigation water for 27
holes of golf and landscaping in Pelican Bay is approximately 3.0 MGD which approximates 26 inches
per year of additional rainfall equivalent, (Wilson, Miller et.al., 1996). When added to the average
rainfall for South Florida of approximately 53 inches per year, the local area has an effective rainfall of
approximately 80 inches plus annually. This is significant, particularly when viewed in the context of
predictable storm events that have the potential for altering the amount of average rainfall entering the
Clam Bay system.
The "Pelican Bay Water Management System — Stormwater Detention Volume and Water Budget
Analysis" (Wilson, Miller, Barton & Peek, Inc. April, 1996) describes the water management system
as being divided into six watersheds or drainage systems. Rainfall, including irrigation, reaches the
ground and either seeps into the ground or runs off to a stormwater detention area within each system.
The stormwater detention plan for Pelican Bay has a standard, permitted design capacity to hold the
first inch of stormwater during a 25 -year storm event. The stormwater is detained for flood protection
and water quality treatment. Stormwater discharge is controlled by a series of weirs designed such that
the post - development stormwater run -off rate does not exceed pre- development rates. Stated
differently, the system is designed to discharge stormwater in the development portion of Pelican Bay
in the same manner that it discharged stormwater prior to development. The stormwater discharge
exits the weir system for a final release into Clam Bay.
Stormwater runoff from an additional 130 acres of watersheds, outside of Pelican Bay, contributes an
additional and significant volume of discharge to Clam Bay. This water represents 7.9% of the total
stormwater discharge to Clam Bay.
As the area of Pelican Bay to the east has undergone development, it has increased the impervious
surface area, with a concomitant increase in surface runoff, which is eventually discharged to Clam
Bay. The daily irrigation water volume enhances the saturation of the uplands which reduces their
ability to accommodate rainfall volume, thus effectively increasing surface and groundwater discharge.
Groundwater discharge can be commonly observed throughout -the eastern side of Clam Bay and is
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discernable as a very slight sheet flow. Where this water encounters a discharge system, even one that
is not operating at peak efficiency, such as Outer Clam Bay, excess water is effectively removed from
the system. However, in the northern section, sheet flow was not efficiently removed due to lack of
flow through the forest. Thus, it accumulated, increasing soil saturation and raising the mean water
table elevation, and apparently overwhelming the black mangrove's anaerobic soil /gas exchange
mechanisms. Mangroves in these areas became stressed and died.
WATER QUALITY — More detail to be added from annual report
During the initial environmental permitting of Pelican Bay, the agencies required water quality testing
within the Pelican Bay subdivision and the Clam Bay estuary to help evaluate the impact of
development on Clam Bay. The water quality- testing program was first implemented by Pelican Bay
Improvement District (PBID) starting in the early 1980's. In 1991, PBID became the Pelican Bay
Services Division (PBSD), a dependent Division of Collier County. PBSD continued the testing
program after 1991. PBSD is currently the responsible entity for the testing program.
The water quality testing is performed at several sample points within Pelican Bay and Clam Bay. The
sample point locations are shown on Figure 1. There are currently ten sampling locations within
Pelican Bay and Clam Bay. Sample points W -7, W -6, W -1, North Seagate, and Upper Clam Bay
(UCB) are within Clam Bay, which are categorized as Class II waters by the Florida Department of
Environmental Protection (FDEP). The remaining five sampling points are PB -13, E PB -13, PB -11,
Glenview, and St. Lucia, are located in the stormwater treatment portion of the property (Class III
waters) within Pelican Bay.
Water quality sampling is conducted within the Clam Bay system on a monthly basis. The samples are
collected by PBSD staff and transported to the Collier County Pollution Control laboratory for
processing. Parameters sampled and collected, include;
• Field pH
• Field Temperature
• Field Salinity
• Field D.O.
• Ammonia
• Carbon- Total Organic
• Chlorophyll a
• Copper* (added to the parameter suite in 2013)
• Nitrate - Nitrite (N)
• Nitrite (N)
• Nitrogen- Total Kjeldahl
• Orthophosphate (P)
• Pheophytin
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• Phosphorus- Total
• Residues- Filterable (TDS)
• Silica (Si02)
Add Sampling Station exhibit
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES — Waiting on information from Florida Master .Site File
INLET DYNAMICS — To be added from Engineer's reports)
RECREATIONAL USE — See Mrs O'Brien's draft
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5.0 Authorized Construction Activities
List of permits for work undertaken to date and relevant legal framework
Eighteen years ago, Collier County processed a permit to dredge limited areas of Clam Pass to
facilitate the movement of tidal water in and out of Clam Bay. The FDEP permit for this activity was
issued on March 28, 1996 with the companion USACOE permit being issued on April 2, 1996. The
FDEP permit was modified on April 10, 1996 with the authorized work being undertaken and
completed on April 17`b, 1996. The practical effect of implementing this Permit was to reopen the
Pass, but it was clear that without a more comprehensive strategy, this effort, standing alone, would not
revitalize the Clam Bay ecosystem.
A permit to improve the channel flow within defined areas of the Clam Bay system by a combination
of blasting and hand excavation was issued on June 26, 1996. The work was undertaken and
completed in two segments. The first channels were opened in August 1996 and the second channels
were opened in November 1996. The results of these two initiatives were positive in that measurable
improvements in tidal flow were discernible and with that have come improved conditions for natural
revegetation.
A permit was issued on January 5, 1997 to construct a portable pump and pipe system as an interim
measure to divert freshwater within the Clam Bay system to the Gulf while a more permanent solution
contemplated by the construction of an outfall structure was reviewed. Although this plan was never
implemented and is no longer considered, it envisioned two pumps that would be operational when the
water surface elevation within Clam Bay exceeded a specified threshold. The plan anticipated the
direct discharge of excess water into the Gulf with the expectation that this system would augment the
natural discharge through the tidal mechanism after severe storm events.
Subsequently, Collier County authorized the pursuit of a ten -year permit to allow the County, or its
designee (which in this case was the Pelican Bay Services Division), to maintain Clam Pass in an open
condition. The application, as filed, did not address any other issues affecting the operational
characteristics of Clam Bay and essentially mirrored the 1996 Permit described in the first paragraph
above. This permit was issued in 1998 and has been the guiding document for the maintenance
activities undertaken in the Clam Pass system since then.
It is anticipated that new DEP and ACOE permits will be applied for and implemented in conjunction
with this new Management Plan. The permit duration will be coordinated with both DEP and the
Corps of Engineers but is anticipated to be for a minimum period of five (5) years but hopefully for a
longer duration such as the previous 10 -year permits. The permits will allow for ongoing maintenance
and enhancement activities to continue along with occasional, modest removal of material by dredging
within a discreet area of Clam Pass in order to maintain the existing tidal regime within the system.
Any changes to the submitted dredging scope or other new management initiatives will be reviewed
and permitted (as necessary) under separate applications. Additional investigations which may be
undertaken at a later date to look at, for example, additional faunal investigations, more in -depth water
quality concerns, dredging outside of previously approved templates, or other issues that may arise as a
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result of stakeholder discussions could also necessitate additional permitting. This Management Plan
is specifically tasked to maintain the improvements and benefits already realized and to insure that the
restoration success observed to date is continued.
The following list contains more details related to existing and historical permits issued for the Clam
Pass system.
Permit Details
Department of Environmental Regulation Construction Permit/Certification No.: 11 -50 -3769
Date of Issue: May 23, 1979
Expiration Date: May 15, 1984
Project Description: To provide construction sites for residential development in a planned community
by: placing approximately 700,000 cy of clean upland fill material onto approximately 94 plus acres
of submerged lands of waters of the state landward of the line of mean high water.
Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Permit No.: 00754929
Date of Issue: November 18, 1981
Expiration Date: November 18, 1984
Project Description: This permitted the filling of 75f acres of mangrove wetlands north, east and west
of Upper Clam Bay and south of Vanderbilt Beach Road.
Department of Environmental Regulation Modification Permit No.: 11 -50 -3769
Date of Issue: December 23, 1981
Expiration Date: November 18, 1986
Project Description: This modification extended the expiration date of the permit to November 18,
1986.
Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Permit No.: 79K -0282
Date of Issue: August 2, 1983
Expiration Date: November 18, 1986
Project Description: This was an extension of the permit authorizing the filling of 75± acres of
mangrove wetlands north, east and west of Upper Clam Bay and south of Vanderbilt Beach Road, plus
approximately 2 acres of mangroves at the existing Collier County beach access at Vanderbilt Beach
Road. The request was reviewed and no objections were raised to the proposed work schedule;
therefore, the completion date of the permit was extended for 2 years until November 18, 1986.
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Department of Environmental Regulation Modification of Surface Water Management Permit No.:
11- 00065 -5
Date of Issue: December 15, 1983
Date of Expiration:
Project Description: Approved modifications to 1) Revise system V, drainage area 3. 2) Construction
and operation of water management system number VI.
Department of Environmental Regulation Permit /Certification No: 110974055
Date of Issue: September 12, 1985
Expiration Date: September 11, 1987
Project Description: To construct approximately 2900 linear feet of 10' wide public access elevated
boardwalk and pier with a 6' wide navigation access lift gate in Outer Clam Bay.
Department of Environmental Regulation Permit No.: 86IPT -20328
Date of Issue: December 18, 1986
Expiration Date: December 18, 1991
Project Description: Discharge f2.3 acres of clean fill to construct an access road.
Department of Environmental Regulation Modification Permit No.: 11 -50 -3769
Date of Issue: January 7, 1987
Expiration Date: December 18, 1991
Project Description: This permit modification extended the expiration date and reduced the amount of
fill in the area extending south along the coastal edge from approximately 13 acres, as permitted, to
2.43 acres in order to construct a linear access road (for The Strand in Bay Colony).
Department of Environmental Protection Permit/Certification No: 112659015
Date of Issue: March 14, 1995
Expiration Date: March 14, 2000
Project Description: Re- establish the connection between the Gulf of Mexico to the Clam Bay system,
by dredging from the mouth of Clam Pass and spoiling the sand over an upland beach site.
Collier County Ordinance No: 96 -16
Date of Issue: April 9, 1996
Expiration Date: n/a
Project Description: To impose idle speed zones in the Clam Bay system.
Department of Environmental Protection Permit/Authorization No.:0128463- 001 -JC
Date of Issue: July 06, 1998
Expiration Date: July 06, 2008
Project Description: This Permit authorized activities to improve the hydrodynamics of, and thus
restore and manage, the Clam Bay ecosystem.
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Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Permit No.: 199602789 (IP -CC)
Date of Issue: April 1, 1998
Expiration Date: July 08, 2008
Project Description: This Permit authorized the following works: 1) Replacement of Seagate Drive
Culverts (pages 44 — 49 of the CBRMP). 2) Clam Pass main channel dredging for Cuts 1, 2, 3 and 4
(pages 49 — 65 of the CBRMP). 3) Excavation and maintenance of Interior Tidal Creeks (pages 65 —
71 of the CBRMP).
Department of Environmental Protection Permit Modification DEP Permit No.:0128463- 001 -JC
Date of Issue: December 15, 1998
Expiration Date: July 06, 2008
Project Description: This permit modification authorized: 1) an alternative to upland spoil disposal
area for Cut #1; 2) an increase in the width of the channel Cut 94 through Clam Pass; and 3) alternative
pipeline corridors between the dredge cuts and the disposal areas.
Department of Environmental Protection Permit Modification for Permit No: 0 128463-00 1 -JC
Date of Issue: February 16, 1999
Expiration Date: July 6, 2008
Project Description: Authorize minor revisions to the mangrove trimming procedures pursuant to site
verification.
Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Modification 41 for Permit No.: 199602789 (IP -CC)
Date of Issue: February 26, 1999
Expiration Date: July 08, 2008
Project Description: This application requested a modification to: 1) discharge the dredge material
from Cut 91 to new disposal area identified as an upland parking area; 2) increase the width of channel
Cut #4; 3) remove native vegetation and excavate a portion of upland Disposal Site #2; 4) remove
native vegetation and excavate a portion of upland Disposal Site #3. Issues 1 & 2 were found to be
insignificant and the permit was modified. The requests regarding issues 3 & 4 were not approved at
this time.
Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Modification #2 for Permit No.: 199602789 (IP -CC)
Date of Issue: March 08, 1999
Expiration Date: July 08, 2008
Project Description: This application requested a modification to: 1) discharge the dredge material
from Cut #1 to new disposal area identified as an upland parking area; 2) increase the width of
channel Cut #4; 3) remove native vegetation and excavate a portion of upland Disposal Site 92; 4)
remove native vegetation and excavate a portion of upland Disposal Site 93. The proposed
modification to widen channel Cut #4 is to be done without any additional seagrass impacts. Based on
the review and coordination with FWS, the permit was modified in accordance with these requests.
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Department of Environmental Protection Permit Modification for Permit No: 0128463 - 001 -JC
Date of Issue: May 19, 1999
Expiration Date: May 28, 1999
Project Description: Re -grade beach fill material during the marine turtle nesting season to remove
pockets of fine silty material and to remove an escarpment which may interfere with nesting marine
turtles.
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission File No: 2003 - 0511 -016BS for Permit No: CO-
016
Date of Issue: March 24, 2000
Expiration Date: n/a
Project Description: This Permit granted approval for placement of canoe markers in Clam Bay.
Department of the Army Corps of Engineers for Permit No: 200001076 (NW -EF)
Date of Issue: April 13, 2000
Expiration Date: February 11, 2002
Project Description: Approved the installation of 32 waterway markers for a canoe trail in the Clam
Bay system.
Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Modification #3 for Permit No.: 199602789 (IP -CC)
Date of Issue: May 05, 2000
Expiration Date: July 08, 2008
Project Description: This application requested modifications to the monitoring and reporting schedule
referenced on page 93 (Biological Monitoring) of DA Permit (CBRMP). The request was to submit
annual reports instead of semi - annual reports. The permit was modified as requested.
Department of Environmental Protection Permit for Permit No: CO -732
Date of Issue: October 25, 2002
Expiration Date: October 25, 2003
Project Description: Perform dune and beach restoration, and plant salt - tolerant native dune vegetation
in association with interim maintenance dredging event.
Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Permit No.: 199602789 (IP -CC) Extension
Date of Issue: May 8, 2008
Expiration Date: July 08, 2009
Project Description: This Permit authorized the extension of the expiration date for a period of one
year.
Department of Environmental Protection Permit/Extension No. 0 12 8463 -00 1 -JC
Date of Issue: June 5, 2008
Expiration Date: July 06, 2009
Project Description: This modification extends the expiration date for a period of one year.
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Department of Environmental Protection Permit No: 11- 0128463 -005
Date of Issue: December 17, 2010
Expiration Date: December 17, 2015
Project Description: Continue maintenance activities to the hand -dug channels in the Clam Bay
system originally permitted under Permit No. 0 128463-001 -JC.
Department of Environmental Protection Permit No: 11- 0295193 -004
Date of Issue: November 2, 2011
Expiration Date: November 2, 2016
Project Description: Install 32 canoe trail markers and informational signage.
Department of Environmental Protection Permit No: 0296087 - 001 -JC
Date of Issue: August 14, 2013
Expiration Date: August 14, 2022
Project Description: Restore the alignment of Clam Pass to the previously approved location and
conducting periodic maintenance dredging of a portion of the Clam Pass Channel in order to maintain
tidal exchange between Clam Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.
Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Permit No: SAJ- 1996 -02789 (NWP -WDD)
Date of Issue: February 28, 2013
Expiration Date: March 18, 2017
Project Description: Dredging from Clam Pass and tidal creek to restore tidal exchange into Clam
Bay.
Department of Environmental Protection Permit Modification to Permit No: 0296087 -002 -JN
Date of Issue: March 1, 2013
Expiration Date: August 14, 2022
Project Description: Modification to re -open Clam Pass
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Clam Bay Management Plan Amendments
Studies within the Clam Bay Estuary as well as in other similar local ecosystems are either ongoing or
expected to occur within the asked for time frame of this document. The Management Plan is not
expected to be a static document and ongoing research and data collection related to water quality,
hydrographic changes in the various areas of the system, benthic community health, mangrove
community health, exotic and nuisance vegetation control and public education will be conducted
and/or collected. Conclusions, recommendations, or alternative management activities that come about
as a result of studies conducted outside of the scope of this management plan will be examined and
considered by the Pelican Bay Services Division and its consultants. Those modification that are
found to be viable, pertinent, and economically feasible alternatives or additions allowed under the
scope of this plan will be added to the plan. Those changes in management activities or new work
items that are outside of the scope of the Plan but are considered important or practicable by the
Pelican Bay Services Division and its consultants will be submitted to DEP and the ACOE for
consideration and inclusion into this management plan.
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6.0 Management Plan Goals and Objectives
The following goals and objectives for the management of the Clam Pass Natural Resource Protection
Area were developed in accordance with the directives of the Collier County BOCC and the Pelican
Bay Services District. The goals and objectives were formed in conjunction with stakeholder input and
are based on the management issues present in the preserve as well as the purposes for which the land
is held in public trust. The document goals set forth in this plan should not appreciable change over
time but the management techniques and activities proposed may be modified based on ongoing
coordination with stakeholder and user groups or when management objectives are not being met.
Management concerns are addressed in the following sections along with the management techniques
or activities proposed for addressing those concerns. The ability to implement specific goals or
objectives presented in this plan will be based on funding and staffing availability. The following
goals were identified during the stakeholder and PBSD committee meetings.
Goal 1 - Provide sufficient tidal exchange to maximize benefits to the estuary while minimizing
environmental impacts.
Goal 2 - Maintain and protect the native floral and faunal communities
Goal 3 - Manage and improve water quality
Goal 4 — Protect the integrity of known archaeological sites within the system.
Goal 5 - Address recreational uses with emphasis on passive recreation
Goal 6 - Improve community awareness and involvement
GOAL 1 - Provide sufficient tidal exchange to maximize benefits to the estuary while minimizing
environmental impacts.
A. Establish appropriate metrics to determine when dredging is necessary.
Monitoring of the Pass and internal waterways will provide information to determine when and
how much dredging is necessary. Bathymetric surveys of cross - sectional areas of the Pass,
Tide gauge data, and biological indicators can all be used to trigger dredging events as needed.
Dredge for tidal exchange benefit necessary to maintain or improve environmental aspects of
the system only, not for navigation or beach renourishment.
B. Minimize dredge footprint(s) to the least damaging practicable alternative.
Dredging should be conducted only in those areas necessary to achieve the desired flow
improvements. Current survey data and cross sectional areas will be examined before
establishing the dredge footprint for each dredging event.
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C. Maximize the dredge interval as much as possible while maintaining environmental
standards.
While dredging smaller amounts may be less damaging in the short term, the potential need to
dredge more often may offset that benefit. Develop a scope which balances the tidal exchange
benefits while minimizing the number of times dredging is needed.
GOAL 2 - Maintain and protect the native floral and faunal communities
A. Establish baseline floral and faunal resource populations
Conduct floral and faunal surveys as needed to document baseline conditions and establish
parameters upon which future survey efforts can be compared.
B. Protect Listed Species
Identify listed species utilization of the NRPA. Provide buffers around nesting activities to
prevent adverse anthropogenic impacts during nesting seasons. Increase public awareness as
necessary through signage or other efforts to minimize adverse impacts.
C. Protect and maintain vegetative communities
Regularly inspect habitats for exotic vegetation. Remove exotics when observed without
damaging integrity of native communities. Conduct periodic monitoring of habitats to track
changes over time.
D. Protect and where possible enhance wildlife utilization of the NRPA
Conduct periodic monitoring of wildlife populations within the NRPA boundaries. Identify
utilization priorities and enhance protection as needed to insure that continues use is viable.
GOAL 3 - Manage and improve water quality
A. Insure adequate freshwater inputs
Freshwater inputs are an important factor in maintaining a healthy mangrove system.
Mangroves typically thrive in estuaries, where salt and freshwater mix. The reduced salinities
lessen the energetic burden involved in excreting or excluding salt while the presence of some
salt prohibits different aquatic vegetation from establishing and out - competing mangrove
species.
Freshwater flows into this system provide valuable flushing activities in the northern reaches
where tidal exchange is decreased. Freshwater flows also contribute to the Pass stability by
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adding outgoing flow which helps to keep the pass open. Activities within the development
area will be examined to insure that adequate flows into the estuary are maintained.
B. Coordinate with adjacent developments to improve upstream inputs.
Adjacent developments will be made aware of the ongoing water quality conditions of the
NRPA and provided information on how they can help maintain or improve their stormwater
contributions into the system.
C. Develop a monitoring program to build on past data and provide basis by which to
make future water quality related decisions.
Develop a long term monitoring program to track water quality conditions within the system.
Include the means to track inputs into the system.
GOAL 4 - Protect archaeological sites within the system
A. Establish baseline floral and faunal resource populations
Insure that archaeological sites identified by the Florida Master site file are not impacted by
management or recreational activities.
GOAL 5 - Address recreational uses with emphasis on passive recreation
A. Maintain access and required facilities for intended uses
Conduct periodic inspections of access points and visitors facilities. Conduct trimming of
vegetation as needed to maintain boardwalk access and open waterways for canoe and kayak
passage.
B. Maintain existing signage or develop new signage to educate visitors
Site specific signage can developed, or maintained where already present, to educate visitors on
plant identification and general habitat information. Also included should be information on
how to help preserve habitats and prevent unwanted impacts to the plants and animals sharing
the area.
GOAL 6 - Improve community awareness and involvement
Continue to foster stakeholder involvement through public meetings, information dispersal, and
periodic management and monitoring plan reviews.
63
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Clam Pass NRPA Management Plan Bibliography
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2. Tri- County Engineering, Inc., 1971, Tidal Datum Plane Determination for the Collier
Company.
3. Davis, R.A. Jr., Gibeaut, James C., 1990, Historical Morphodynamics of Inlets in Florida:
Models for Coastal Zone Planning, Technical Paper.
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Experiment Station, University of Florida, 1970, Proposed Navigation Entrance to Clam Bay
on Marco Island, Collier County, Marco Island Development Corporation, technical paper.
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Associates, Inc., technical paper.
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Durrance, Dallas H., Yeend, John S., 1978, Carbon Flows in Portions of the Clam Pass
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Natural Resources Department, technical paper.
10. Worley, Kathy, Hennig, Markus, July 2000, Clam Bay Mangrove Projects: Interim Summary
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13. Benedict, Mark A., Harvey, Judson W., Curran, Maura E., 1983, Part 3 A Resource
Management Program for the Coastal Barriers of Collier County Florida, Natural Resources of
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Characterization, Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., technical paper.
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Association 50th Meeting, Abstract.
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County Engineering, Inc., Technical paper.
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Biolndustries and Missimer and Associates, Inc., technical paper.
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Vicinity of Upper Clam Bay, Collier County, Florida, Tropical Biolndustries, technical paper.
22. Heald, Eric J., July 1983, Populations of Melampus coffeus and Cerithidea scalariformis West
of Upper Clam Bay, Collier County, Florida, Tropical Biolndustries, Inc., technical paper.
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County, Florida, Tropical Biolndustries, technical report.
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Interoffice Memorandum.
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and Groundwater Flow in the Vicinity of the Mangrove Die Off Adjacent to the Strand, Pelican
Bay, Collier County, Florida, Collier County Natural Resources Department, technical report.
26. Wanless, Harold R., February 1975, Report on the Beaches of Naples, Florida, technical report.
3�
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27. Hawkins, Mary Ellen, Obley, Ross P., "Pelican Bay -Visit and Revisit." Urban Land Vol. 40,
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technical report.
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Pelican Bay's innovative water management system." Draft- memorandum, ABB.
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Engineering, Inc and Tropical Biolndustries, technical report.
31. Acquaviva, Daniel J., October 1993, Responses to Development of Regional Impact Questions
Number 14 and 17 Pelican Marsh Community, North Naples, Florida, ViroGroup
Inc./Missimer Division, technical paper.
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Florida: Models for Coastal Zone Planning. Department of Geology, University of South
Florida, technical report.
33. Knapp, Michael S., Burns, Wm. Scott, Sharp, Timothy S. Preliminary Assessment of the
Groundwater Resources of Western Collier County, Florida. Technical publication 986 -1.
February 1986.
34. "Modification of Permit No. 11- 00065 -5 Pelican Bay." Pelican Bay Improvement District Staff
Report. March 1983.
35. Preliminary Hydrographic Assessment Clam Bay Systems. Tackney & Associates, Inc., August
1996.
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September 1982.
37. Goodrick, Robert L. "Pelican Bay — Environmental Considerations, permit No. 11- 00065 -S."
Memorandum to file, January 15, 1982.
38. Hermanson, George H. "Proposed Modifications to Drainage Area 3, System No. V." Hole,
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-6
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40. Florida. South Florida Water Management District. In Reply to Request for Modification of
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permit Application. April 1997.
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Gill
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Design of Horizontal Well Systems at Pelican Bay, Naples, Florida. Water Resource Solutions,
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.:
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