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PBSD MSTBU Agenda 10/18/2012 Landscape Subcommittee LIB PELICAN BAY SERVICES DIVISION Municipal Service Taxing and Benefit Unit NOTICE OF PUBLIC MEETING THURSDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2012 THE LANDSCAPE WATER MANAGEMENT SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE PELICAN BAY SERVICES DIVISION BOARD MEETS THURSDAY, OCTOBER 18 AT 1:00 PM AT THE COMMUNITY CENTER AT PELICAN BAY, LOCATED AT 8960 HAMMOCK OAK DRIVE, NAPLES, FLORIDA 34108. Fiala Hiller 4 Henning AGENDA Coyle Caletta The agenda includes, but is not limited: 1. Roll call 2. Possible alternatives for use of copper sulfate to control algae/duckweed 3. Landscaping best management practices (BMP) a. Pelican Bay Services Division employees utilization of BMP b. Pelican Bay community outreach regarding the importance of BMP 4. Audience Comments 5. Adjournment Misc. Corres: Date: k X113 Item#: Ls) Copies to: ANY PERSON WISHING TO SPEAK ON AN AGENDA ITEM WILL RECEIVE UP TO THREE (3) MINUTES PER ITEM TO ADDRESS THE BOARD. THE BOARD WILL SOLICIT PUBLIC COMMENTS ON SUBJECTS NOT ON THIS AGENDA AND ANY PERSON WISHING TO SPEAK WILL RECEIVE UP TO THREE (3) MINUTES. THE BOARD ENCOURAGES YOU TO SUBMIT YOUR COMMENTS IN WRITING IN ADVANCE OF THE MEETING. ANY PERSON WHO DECIDES TO APPEAL A DECISION OF THIS BOARD WILL NEED A RECORD OF THE PROCEEDING PERTAINING THERETO, AND THEREFORE MAY NEED TO ENSURE THAT A VERBATIM RECORD IS MADE, WHICH INCLUDES THE TESTIMONY AND EVIDENCE UPON WHICH THE APPEAL IS TO BE BASED. IF YOU ARE A PERSON WITH A DISABILITY WHO NEEDS AN ACCOMMODATION IN ORDER TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS MEETING YOU ARE ENTITLED TO THE PROVISION OF CERTAIN ASSISTANCE. PLEASE CONTACT THE PELICAN BAY SERVICES DIVISION AT(239) 597-1749. 10/10/2012 3:01:47 PM October 18,2012 Landscape Water Management Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 2. Possible alternatives for use of copper sulfate to control algae/duckweed Page 1 of 5 From:James Hoppensteadt[mailto:jimh©pelicanbay.org] Sent:Sunday,October 14,2012 11:03 PM To:Jerry Moffatt; Mary Johnson;Noreen Murray; Robert W. Uek;robpender @gmail.com; Ronnie Bellone(vbellnpls©yahoo.com);Suzanne Minadeo;William Carpenter Cc:'Keith Dallas'; neil @dmgfl.com; McAlpinGary; LukaszKyle; ResnickLisa;daniel.hammond @cardno.com;Tim Hall; Doug.Durbin @cardno.com;Sherona Mills; Bridget Nunez; Frank Laney;JohnSusanBoland @aol.com Subject: FW: FDEP response to Clam Bay comments Importance:High Attached is the letter Dan Hammond received from FDEP on copper impairment and dissolved oxygen. Dan's comments are below. The results ore exactly as we had hoped for. First let me emphasize how fortunate we are to be represented by such exceptional professionals and have such valued relationships. As you know,it was the County's staff which first caught wind of FDEP's recent focus on Clam Bay. Because of our established working relationship,the County included the Foundation immediately in discussions. We were able to harness the expertise and ongoing work of Dan Hammond and Tim Hall,and Dan was able to craft well supported technical letters to FDEP. The contacts and relationships of both the County,and our professional consultants were important factors as well as we reached out proactively to FDEP. Really an outstanding example of the power of effective public- private partnerships and of being prepared strategically—in this case,both outcomes of our last 18-months of working with the County on water quality,Clam Bay markers,and dredging. However,as you will see,we still have work to do on the copper impairment issue. Dan Hammond and Tim Hall are working with Kyle Lukasz on reducing the use of copper sulfate and helping to identify alternates. This effort will have to be a priority of both the PBSD and the Foundation involving not only significant operational changes—which may require more funding,but also substantial education of the community about what is being done and why. Attached is the letter I received today from FDEP in response to the comments we submitted regarding the DO and copper issues in Clam Bay. It is good news on both fronts;here is a brief synopsis... Dissolved Oxygen—FDEP agreed with our assessment of DO in Clam Bay and that Clam Bay exhibits healthy biological conditions. They have agreed to move Clam Bay to a category 4c for DO,which means that no TMDL will be pursued. Clam Bay DO is a natural condition and does not constitute an impairment. Copper—It was good to get our comments on file with FDEP,but they have decided to continue with the impairment listing for copper. It will be finalized in December or January. The good news is that they have given it a medium priority,which means they will not move forward with TMDL development for at least 5 years. This gives us plenty of time to generate a water quality management plan for copper and get it approved by FDEP. Once approved and implemented,FDEP can move Clam Bay to a category 4e or 4b,both of which mean they can remove the waterbody from the list of waters needing a TMDL. So although there is still more work to do with regard to copper(which we expected),we are already on the right track and we have plenty of time to avoid TMDL development. Daniel G.Hammond SENIOR PROJECT SCIENTIST CARDNO ENTRIX Sincerely, Jim Hoppensteadt President Chief Operating Officer • r, :t` Pelican Bay Foundation,Inc. 6251 Pelican Bay Blvd. Naples,Florida 34108 Tel: 239.260.8460 Cell: 239.398.7074 Fax: 239.597.6927 pelicanbay.org *****The information transmitted is intended only for person or entity to which it is addressed and may contain confidential and/or privileged material.If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient,you are hereby notified that you have received this message in error and that any review, dissemination,distribution or copying of this message including any attachments is strictly prohibited.If you received this in error,please contact the sender and delete the material from any computer.***** 'a October 18,2012 Landscape Water Management Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 2. Possible alternatives for use of copper sulfate to control algae/duckweed Page 2 of 5 WIC" RICK SCOTT FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION JENNIFER CARROLL 40 BOB MARTINEZ CENTER LT.GOVERNOR 2600 BLAIRSTONE ROAD INVONOMMUSer TALLAHASSEE,FLORIDA 32399-2400 HERSCHEL T.VINYARD JR. SECRETARY October 8,2012 Mr.Daniel G.Hammond Cardno ENTRIX 3905 Crescent Park Drive Riverview,FL 33578 Dear Mr.Hammond: Thank you for your comments regarding the draft assessments for the Everglades West Coast basin. It is important that we receive input from interested stakeholders to ensure accurate assessments of Florida's waters. This letter is in response to your comment letters received via e-mail dated July 25 and 31,2012. In the evaluation of these waterbodies,our assessment takes into consideration whether the results are representative of the current conditions of the waterbody. Please keep in mind that the assessments you commented on were conducted in June and all of the WaterBody IDentification assessment units (WBIDs)identified in your letter will be reassessed using the most recent data available to produce revised assessments. Your questions and/or comments are provided below,or excerpts when comments included graphs and tables or were lengthy; with our response immediately following. Cardno ENTRIX—Clam Bay Copper comment:The current dataset used to evaluate Clam Bay for copper conforms to the requirements of the Impaired Waters Rule(62-303,F.A.C.);however the existing data may not provide an accurate representation of current conditions with respect to copper concentrations. Of the 12 exceedances observed in the samples,five have associated comments stating that a small or moderate amount of particulate was observed in the sample. These comments indicate that error may have occurred during sample collection. Since all of the exceedances were observed in Middle and Upper Clam Bay,where flushing is lowest and potential re-suspension of sediments is greatest,the potential for error during sample collection is also greatest. The comments associated with the analysis state that the copper concentration was confirmed in the undigested sample. While this may confirm that the preservative itself may not have contributed to the copper concentration in the sample,it does not mean that sampler error didn't contribute to the concentration. Since FDEP Standard Operating Protocols dictate the sample for copper be preserved in the field with nitric acid,a proportion of particulate would be dissolved during preservation and release copper into the water. Therefore,even in the undigested sample,the potential exists for particulates in the bottle to result in an unrepresentative amount of copper observed during analysis. Based on the comments associated with the copper analyses,it is appropriate to conduct further sampling that include split field filtered and unfiltered samples to confirm observed copper concentrations accurately reflect current conditions and are not associated with effects of sample collection. October 18,2012 Landscape Water Management Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 2. Possible alternatives for use of copper sulfate to control algae/duckweed Page 3 of 5 Daniel G.Hammond Page 2 October 8,2012 Aside from the potential issues with copper analysis,the Foundation and Collier County recognize that the major freshwater inputs to Clam Bay are associated with stormwater discharge. In an effort to identify the potential effect this discharge may have on Clam Bay,the Foundation and Collier County are currently working together with Turrell,Hall&Associates,Inc.to develop a water quality management action plan to identify potential water quality issues and implement solutions where necessary. This plan includes four distinct management efforts: 1)Mapping the flow of water through the developed areas to Clam Bay;2)Soil analysis to improve fertilization techniques;3) Water quality monitoring to identify sources of potential contaminants and document improvements following action plan implementation;and 4)Landscape management through the creation of a guidebook providing protocols for fertilizer,herbicide,and pesticide application. This effort will allow for the identification of potential sources of copper to Clam Bay,provide and implement source control solutions(if necessary)and monitor the effectiveness. Finalization of a copper impairment in Clam Bay and development of a TMDL at this time may hinder or slow current management plans designed to improve water quality in Clam Bay by diverting scarce water resource management funds to a TMDL driven implementation plan from the current stakeholder, locally driven water quality management effort. In summary,the Pelican Bay Foundation,Collier County Coastal Zone Management Department and Cardno ENTRIX request the Florida Department of Environmental Protection(FDEP)allow Clam Bay(WBID 3278Q1)to remain on the Planning List for copper during this cycle and allow the affected stakeholders to implement the currently developed management action plan. Leaving Clam Bay on the Planning List for copper would allow the affected stakeholders to work with FDEP to implement a robust sampling plan to identify if the perceived impairment is representative of actual conditions in Clam Bay or the result of sample collection efforts. In addition,stakeholders will implement the management action plan,identify if copper is an issue in stormwater runoff, propose and implement solutions(where necessary)and monitor the improvement to Clam Bay. If an actual copper impairment exists in Clam Bay,the implementation of the management plan will document improvement and allow the locally affected stakeholders to continue cost effective water quality management and oversight of this key southwest Florida water resource. FDEP Response-Clam Bay Copper: Clam Bay(WBID 3278Q1)is impaired for copper based on meeting the requirements of the Impaired Waters Rule(IWR rule:62-303,F.A.C.)with 12 exceedances/25 samples during the cycle 3 verified period(January 1,2005—June 30,2012). As you state in your comment,of the 12 exceedances observed in the samples,five had comments stating a small or moderate amount of particulate was observed in the sample. This comment was provided to indicate that during the lab analysis particulates were observed in the samples;however,undigested samples were analyzed and those results confirmed that copper was in fact dissolved in the water. The relative percent difference between the undigested and digested results was less than 20%. Even if these 4 samples were excluded from the assessment,Clam Bay would still be identified as impaired for Copper based on 7 exceedances/20 samples. The seven other copper exceedances(with similar results and no particulate matter observed in the samples)were well above the 3.7µg/L threshold indicating a copper impairment for Clam Bay. A water quality management action plan designed to address stormwater discharges and other potential sources of copper(including marinas and algaecide applications)could be used as the basis for placing the waterbody in category 4e(Impaired,but recently completed or on-going restoration activities are underway to restore the designated uses of the waterbody)or even Category 4b (reasonable assurance). However,we need detailed documentation,and it seems highly unlikely that October 18,2012 Landscape Water Management Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 2. Possible alternatives for use of copper sulfate to control algae/duckweed Page 4 of 5 Daniel G.Hammond Page 3 October 8,2012 a plan could be completed before the scheduled adoption of the Group 1 lists in December or January. Based on meeting the verification requirements of the IWR,we plan to place Clam Bay on the Group 1 Cycle 3 Everglades West Coast verified list for copper with a medium TMDL priority(5-10 years for TMDL development). A medium priority for TMDL development will give stakeholders time to develop a water quality management action plan that could potentially lead to the removal of Clam Bay from the Verified list. FDEP requests that,once the water quality management action plan is completed by stakeholders,it be provided to the Department for review and documentation of how copper will be addressed in Clam Bay. FDEP has provided on the enclosed disk an example of the support documentation used for placing Clam Bayou in category 4e(Ongoing Restoration Activiti,s), and general guidance on reasonable assurance(category 4b). Cardno ENTRIX—Clam Bay Dissolved Oxygen comment: FDEP has proposed to list Clam Bay(WBID 3278Q1)as a category 4d impairment for DO as part of the Group 1 Cycle 3 TMDL assessment. Category 4d listings are submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)and added to Florida's 303(d)list of impaired waters. This listing would indicate Clam Bay is impaired for DO,but no causative pollutant could be identified,and target the waterbody for further evaluation to identify a causative pollutant so a TMDL could be developed. However,data and analysis provided here suggests that a category 4d listing is not appropriate for Clam Bay. A more accurate category would be 4c,which would recognize that Clam Bay does not meet the current DO criteria as a result of natural conditions,and not caused by a pollutant,therefore eliminating the need for a TMDL. FDEP has concluded that Estero Bay WBID 3258A represents natural conditions with minimal anthropogenic influence and is an adequate reference waterbody(FDEP 2008). The data provided in this Technical Memorandum indicate Clam Bay exhibits a statistically similar DO regime to this reference estuary segment,therefore concluding Clam Bay DO also represents a natural condition. FDEP does not intend to list marine systems with naturally low DO as impaired and acknowledges that natural estuaries in areas surrounded by mangrove forests or tidal marshes(of which Clam Bay is an example)are especially subject to low DO(FDEP 2012b and Hendrickson et al 2003). Furthermore, biological evidence suggests Clam Bay functions as a healthy estuary. The diversity of invertebrates recorded in the estuary, and the presence of indicator and oxygen sensitive species indicate that the DO regime in Clam Bay is supporting a healthy biological community. Based on the data and analysis provided here,a category 4c listing for Clam Bay provides a more appropriate water resource management goal than the proposed category 4d listing. The Pelican Bay Foundation,Collier County Coastal Zone Management Department and Cardno ENTRIX respectfully request FDEP change the proposed listing for Clam Bay(WBID 3278Q1)from a category 4d to a 4c listing. Upon fmalization of the revised DO criteria for marine waters,it will be appropriate for Clam Bay to be removed from the 4c category for DO with the determination that the DO regime in Clam Bay meets the revised DO criteria. FDEP—Clam Bay Dissolved Oxygen response: The Department has reviewed the Clam Bay dissolved oxygen technical memorandum prepared by Cardno Entrix and based on the demonstration that Clam Bay supports a healthy biological community and has a similar DO regime to the reference r October 18,2012 Landscape Water Management Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 2. Possible alternatives for use of copper sulfate to control algae/duckweed Page 5 of 5 Daniel G.Hammond Page 4 October 8,2012 waterbody Estero Bay(WBID 3258A1)we have determined that 4c is the appropriate assessment category. The Department appreciates Cardno ENTRIX taking the time to submit comments on the draft lists for the Group 1 basin. Your input helps the Department in producing better assessments. If you have additional questions about our response or the assessments,please contact the Environmental Manager for the basin,David Tyler:(850)-245-8458,David.Tyler(a/dep.state.fl.us or me:(850)-245-8416, J ilie.Espy Adep.state.fl.us Sincerely, ceffussoc.5, Julie Espy Environmental Administrator Watershed Assessment Section Florida Department of Environmental Protection Division of Environmental Assessment and Restoration 2600 Blair Stone Rd, MS3560 Tallahassee,FL 32399-2400 SONICSOLUTIONS:C �/4V (i le I . / FACTS & SPECIFICATIONS How it Works The SonicSolutions® transducer, submerged just beneath the surface, is programmed to generate ♦ w ultrasonic waves that inhibit the growth and spread of algae. Electron Microscopy of Effects of SonicSolutions® SonicSolufionsT'I Effect on Algae on Chlorophyll Levels Day 0 Day 14 a)250 0 r, ,!� '' 1 '200 > Certified to J NSF/ANSI 61 .: 3 py _150. Models a M0. f i ii,l .., SS 600 and SS BOO y .• i '1"..i U 50 1" p This algae control system $ employ a �� 0 Days from Installation of Unit C OUS LISTED aaraaa power wpply for outdoor use. It's Easy to Install and Maintain PLACEMENT Figure 1 Figure 2 2 units in large pond 1 unit in small pond The SonicSolutions® Algae Control device emits ultrasonic waves that "fan .E,; out" at approximately 180° from the front of the transducer (see Figure 1). The nutrient level, turbidity, shape of the body of water and the closeness to the equator may affect the coverage area. The potential coverage for the SS 400 model can be as much as 1 .5 acres and for the N Island SS 500 model up to 3 acres. Aran sonar \ \, weve6 do not Set up your device to provide the optimal exposure of the ultrasonic waves to the tom' body of water you are treating. Place close to the edge as sonic waves extend only 7 ) ,'^°4e8'°d�y 1 �- a si le SonicSol lions® in front of the transducer unit. Large installations and certain shapes of ponds or l eltraso°i`°ni, lakes may require installation of more than one device. Multiple devices can be installed at opposite sides of a lake or pond or attached together pointing in different directions, depending on your site requirements (see Figure 2). The SonicSolutions® device, like all ultrasonic devices, is a "line of sight" / ~=_ -- technology. Ultrasonic sound waves will not go around corners or navigate around \ S �j� islands that may be in your body of water. Ultrasonic sound waves reflect or bounce =1-�\,,' Pond treated by 4) Iwo SonicSolutions"s off of hard surroundings, such as concrete, rip-rap, and large rocks. °Itra=° °°nits Distributed by: SONiC SOLUTIONS: Call us for a quote,toll free: 1-866-KO-ALGAE (1-866-562-5423) • www.sonicsolutionslIc.com I SS 500-US,-EU,-UK US 105-125V AC, 50/60 Hz,0.5 Amps EU/UK 210-250V AC,50/60 Hz,0.25 Amps E249834 NSF/ANSI 61 500 ft/154 m SS 500-24* US 24V DC,0.3 Amps — — NSF/ANSI 61 500 ft/154 m SS 600-US,-EU,-UK US 105-125V AC,50/60 Hz,0.6 Amps EU/UK 210-250V AC,50/60 Hz,0.3 Amps E249834 NSF/ANSI 61 600 ft/182 m SS 600-24* US 24V DC,0.7 Amps — — NSF/ANSI 61 600 ft/182 m *24 volt units are compatible with any 24 volt DC power source: 1) Battery(require a minimum of two 105 deep cycle 12V batteries wired in series) 2) Irrigation system 3) Solar Power System,which includes two batteries, may be purchased separately from SonicSolutions) SonicSolutions' Parts and Dimensions A. Transducer length:8"diameter:3"height: 9"cord length: 50' B. Power Supply Box depth:2.5",length:7.75",width:4.5"cord length:6'(US&EU);5'(UK) C. Float 15"x 15"x 1.5"with four.75"tie down holes and two 2"x 3.5"slots for stakes D. Float Shackle length: 1.5",stainless steel Shipping Weight:items A-D 20 lbs.(shipped in single carton) E. Solar Unit solar panel and control box(includes mounting brackets and batteries—designed to mount on a pole) F. 50'and 100'cord(purchase separately) 50'and 100'transducer extension cord(SJTOW)with waterproof connectors G. dB Meter (measures strength of ultrasonic signal)length:8.5",width:5.5",height:3.5",runs on two 9 volt batteries SS 100 AND SS 200 SS 400, SS 500 AND SS 600 C-12- D UK Plug EU Plug US Plug 24 Volt i ❑ C o rl I. -- , 0 0 1( mil B �_ ((((— it / MI rata So�a,a gd (not drawn to scale) °.� B A SOLAR UNIT (((( �A Direction of ultrasonic waves ■Ativutz„, (not drawn to scale) �� `-' ACCESSORIES rtinD E �/ U J F 50'or 100'cord 11111111111 (SJTOW) (not drawn to scale) G ---a 1?l Solid state �. electronics display e 9a wa / LI lTwo at t deep qde •Designed for pole mount 12V batteries included d6 Meter (pole not included) Receiver — Iliaraler ri 2012 r L, AIWA • r I t xar KeetonAquati3 toll -free : 800 .493 .483 1 I phone : 970. 568 .7754 f a x : 9 7 0 . 5 6 8. 7 7 9 5 I N D U R T H I E S OTHER PONDS AND LAKES ARE GREEN WITH ENVY' 00.7....1: - - TDN I N D U S T R I E S,''.'-,' ' (.4 .-.,,,--, KE E OTHER PONDS AND LAKES ARE GREEN WITH ENVY' vK .. ..p iner " d 3 °i t d& Zb a4 WE ARE Based in Wellington Colorado,Keeton Industries,Inc.is a family-owned and operated aquatics manufacturing company. Since its founding in 1972, Keeton Industries continues to promote naturally healthy aquatic habitats, lakes,fisheries and waste water facilities.We create and develop the best technology and equipment available to improve the environment v and benefit the world's population.Our innovative aeration system designs and eco-friendly beneficial microbe technology N. continue to keep us at the forefront of our industry. Our focus at Keeton Industries is to provide you,our customers,with 03 \ \ quality products,excellent service,comprehensive technical support and cost-effective solutions. 0 a, CU a SOLUTION a ISSUES y 7 . M . ,�- �, Tr '` �-� w ..ti „"'" mil. 0 E o WHAT N .= Over the last 35 years,Keeton Industries has worked to develop a totally biological approach to pond and lake management. Y A Any long-term approach to eutrophic water bodies should utilize a biological system to reduce nutrient loading;to improve cr water quality and clarity. It is well known that chemical treatments act as a short-term remedy and have no value as a a o solution to constant water quality problems. We have learned that a biological system including subsurface aeration and a beneficial microbe application has been proven to be the most effective solution to water quality issues. a 1 I i i r MANAGEMENT TOOLS R .. ., , { r al Use these lake management tools INDIVIDUALLY ti,t {: 61 "e or TOGETHER for maximum results. 14 t' 4. aerationSubsurface aeration is a proven technology,and is considered '''. CLY 0 SYSTEMS to be the foundation for improving and maintaining proper r water quality and clarity in ponds and lakes. Subsurface 1. aeration eliminates stratification, increases dissolved oxygen levels and discourages , S. the growth of algae and aquatic plants. It also creates the proper conditions to grow ...... �° `' F.'. and maintain large populations of beneficial microbes. .,. %1 ; BENEFICIAL.., ��•., Beneficial microbes are naturally occurring microorganisms 11/4. microties that perform beneficial tasks in the aquatic environment. These bacteria are capable of improving water quality and s• clarity by targeting organic particulates and excess nutrients, such as Nitrogen and Phosphorus, brought in by various sources. Although beneficial microbes are naturally occurring, they typically are present in low =, concentrations that are not able to improve water quality and clarity on their own. '4,'-` '''' *11111::;;''-The application of beneficial microbes can boost their populations giving them they ;. :'°-141.1.' ability to affect water quality and clarity. N's t ..1.., IP i -, , .- .t ° - 114.- .1 r �: t ‘'-a".. dye AQUATIC Alpine Blue'"aquatic dye is a helpful tool to help create a natural,healthy ?N �±� ? f t ); 4 .. looking lake environment.Adding a dye to your pond or lake can turn ugly r F 1i '►, if ss----.. :.`"V' water into a pleasant blue color. Not only does it create an aesthetically " '' jf ',�, pleasing body of water,it shades the water to aid in protecting fish and a 1 F � .a' ��;ft other aquatic inhabitants from poaching by predatory birds. 4I }+ le* 11 ,"1.I'i'i y I t f t. . : 3&4 Understanding Your Lake and Why Chemicals Don't Work 1 4 5&6 Beneficial Microbes:Aqua-Tron'',Waste&Sludge Reducer",and NEW Fishery Prime" , 7&8 Why Aerate and How Aeration Works t, i t,' 9&10 Quiet Line'"'Aeration Systems . 11 &12 Solaer'"Aeration Systems 13& 14 Determine Which System is Right for You and Easy Install Instructions , -. KeetonAquatics.com I toll-free: 800.493 .4831 I phone: 970.568. 7754 2 . • YOUR LAKE Ponds and lakes are very dynamic ecosystems.Their overall health is dictated by a number of factors including physical attributes, geographical location,incoming water source and the local environment.Obviously,many of these factors cannot be altered in any way,but there are things that can be done to ensure a healthy ecosystem. Water quality is obviously the most important factor to consider when determining the health of a pond or lake.The vast majority of recreational ponds and lakes are bombarded with nutrients from various sources. This process, known as Eutrophication, is responsible for the excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants as well as the buildup of organic sludge and offensive odors. These ponds and lakes are typically very productive and can sustain large populations of fish and other aquatic life. However, they are more susceptible to oxygen crashes and fish kills. Thankfully,Eutrophication is a process that can be stopped and reversed in most situations.Taking a proactive approach to lake er management will ensure the health and beauty of your pond or lake for years to come. h. to so .+ Ponds and lakes experience a phenomenon known as stratification where different layers of water are created due to differences in water density.The density of water is temperature dependent.It is at its greatest density at 4°C and becomes less dense at both higher and lower temperatures. CU During the warmer months of the year, C o warm,oxygen rich water is trapped above winter cooler, nutrient rich, low oxygen water. — - t The thermocline prevents the transfer of oxygen from the upper layer to the lower Co 1 layer. Over time,the bottom layer of water Fall Turnover Spring Turnover loses more and more dissolved oxygen and can become uninhabitable for game ° MIX IX fish. This oxygen poor environment also ANNUAL . slows the breakdown of organic matter CU CYCLE OF that accumulates on the bottom, leading t THERMAL to the build up of vast quantities of STRATIFICATION bottom sludge,which is high in nutrients. Early Fall Early Summer Stratified water bodies are also susceptible 1111771111111- to turnover in the spring and fall when o E warm Cold water temperatures in the top and C N bottom layers equalize. This allows the NI, Summer Turnover if low oxygen bottom layer to mix with the upper layer, bringing up large quantities a warn) 4 of nutrients and causing the dissolved ° Cold oxygen concentrations to plummet. In a some situations this can lead to fish kills. w 3 ....,,,.R r,a..:«ww.,✓aara,tsrrE 6.,,,M .wa.„w, r..:? *�,'. ,wahC t„ CHEMICALS DON'T WORK ,� The use of chemical additives has been very common in the lake management industry for many years. Chemical herbicides and algaecides are very effective at treating nuisance algae and aquatic plants, but they have no positive ' effect on water quality. By treating only the symptoms and not the cause of the ,e '`= problem,they provide no real solution. When algae and aquatic plants are killed, they will quickly decompose and release , nutrients back into the water column.The new abundance of fertilizer released into CHEMICAL > the water column will spur on the next TREATMENT crop of aquatic plants and algae that again 1 a will need to be treated.This is a process �� of regrowth and treatment known as the H -- "Chemical Cycle". p When chemicals are used for long periods .4,,J,,;� " r of time, the frequency of treatments -;"N3/4,.. ' ' tends to increase and can even lead to =. chemically resistant algae and aquatic ` r "' plants. ,€t- =. is r $? 6 � .: VASCULAR PLANTS , & ALGAE BLOOM ` VASCULAR PLANTS NOTE: Many chemical algaecides & ALrAE D I E herbicides have been restricted across the country.The following states have l i-. '',1 -; ' some restrictions: '` " r . r / z ` ' . I, t Alaska-California-Connecticut �. . District of Columbia-Hawaii M f' F F, . P,.- N '- f, .' -' ' 5 Idaho-Iowa-Maine -" �,>g f#. P ' Massachusetts-Montana r Nebraska-New Hampshire " 46 New Jersey-New York 6 r , `r r" �' Rhode Island-Vermont - , . 7410 Washington •-A _, .4. VASCULAR PLANTS & ALG'AE i, - 64' " r Many other states are looking at .' -° DECAY, RELEASING NUTRIENTS, ` - ` making similar restrictions. r: -:FOR NEW GROWTH' - ... w t, r x e s n+ 6.4 ,,f Beneficial microbes are naturally occurring microorganisms that H • • +, *# perform beneficial tasks in the aquatic environment.These bacteria • r' are capable of improving water quality and clarity by targeting q z organic particulates and excess nutrients, such as Nitrogen and 1.1 BEIIEFICIAlle.ih Phosphorus, brought in by various sources. Although beneficial microbes microbes are naturally occurring,they typically are present in low 'iy,M concentrations that are not able to improve water quality and I a * t. clarity on their own. The application of beneficial microbes can boost their populations giving them the ability to affect water quality and clarity. " r ,,,,, uu yet n. aa. '' ; qua- as been developed '"^� E`,` to provide you with clean, clear, beautiful water. The build up of yf, Y _.$ excess nutrients causes pond and :, ,� lake eutrophicaton, which is very -, unsightly. Aqua-Tron is composed .w, of unique classes of beneficial microbes known to rapidly metabolize excess nutrients,pulling them from the water column, returning the water to a naturally healthy and visually pleasing state. "ki. MODEL FEATURES PRICE 3 AQUA-TRON AQUA 10WSP io LBS. $189.00 - AOUA-TRON 25 LBS. $449.50 AQUA 25WSP ,..„, Waste and Slud e g ReducerWaste&Sludge Reducer'"(WSR ')was developed ePirir!!l rpor1 to target the build-up of organic material and Waste and S:11111 bottom sludge in ponds and lakes.As this material RRtluct, accumulates,itformsa layer on the bottom that,when left unchecked, ., will contribute to the degradation of the water body. WSR rapidly WesteandS: consumes this layer, which helps improve the water quality.WSR is ° ?F.: also very effective at eliminating offensive odors,ammonia, nitrite, = nitrate and organics. -_ Kz9N MODEL SIZE PRICE WasteaSludge Reducer WSR 1OWSP 10 LBS. $235.00 WasteaSludge Reducer 25 LBS. $565.00 WSR 25WSP KeetonAquatics . com I toll -free : 800 .493 .4831 ( phone : 970 . 568 .7754 BEMEfICIAIt. Lmicrobes ;4 NEW `��` Fishery TM irol r- ' , . ., X41=. pail' ,x z�' - L: am'� � �, ::° ...-77,. . /11.1*sit NNW soda Vkowtow* oor IK ,:T N 4' � do-m..,,,,,,.., The FIRST EVER Probiotic for lake management... The newest addition to the Beneficial Microbe Family, Fishery Prime is a special blend of Probiotic microbes for A the improvement of recreational fisheries. Fishery Prime -» O MODEL SIZE PRICE improves fish health and survival, enhances growth rates = a Fishery PRIME and immunity, and reduces fish stress. Fishery Prime's 10 LBS. $235.00 = FP 10WSP patented formula promotes conditions beneficial for a_ Fishery PRIME 25 LBS. $565.00 game fish and other aquatic organisms and encourages a FP 25WSP sustainable and healthy fishery. O a 0 APPLICATION The process to apply our beneficial microbes is very simple and requires only a few minutes every other week. Our microbes are available in 10- and 25-pound pails. Inside the pails the microbes are conveniently packaged in 8-ounce (1/2- o, lb) water-soluble packets, which makes the application process very easy. The dosage rate is based upon the surface area o of your pond (acres), not the total volume. An initial dose of 3 to 6 pounds of microbes per surface acre is recommended . for most ponds and lakes. This is followed up with a maintenance dose of 1 to 2 pounds every other week to maintain `^' optimum beneficial microbe populations. co w POND SIZE INITIAL MAINTENANC SEVERELY — E EUTROPNIC ' ::: '' 0 1/4 ACRE 1.5 LBS. 0.5 LB. 1.5 LBS. ° A 1/2 ACRE 3 LBS. 1 LB. 3 LBS. 3/4 ACRE 4.5 LBS. 1.5 LBS. 4.5 LBS. V ois41 ACRE 6 LBS. 2 LBS. 6 LBS. 3 ACRES 18 LBS. 6 LBS. 18 LBS. 00 'r 5 ACRES 30 LBS. 10 LBS. 30 LBS. 'Fishery Prime does not require any additional dosing for severe eutrophication. a 6 n 041IP) SUBSURFACE AERATION i 41110 ■AO Degraded or Eutrophic ponds and lakes can be characterized by low levels of Ld dissolved oxygen and highly stratified water; where warm, oxygen-rich water is a Isuspended above cool,oxygen-depleted bottom water. As anaerobic (devoid of oxygen) conditions begin to develop in deeper water, III SY . 1 :j naturally occurring aerobic microbes can no longer perform beneficial tasks, such as waste digestion or water purification. With time,water quality greatly decreases leading to unsightly blooms of algae,the accumulation of organic sludge and the buildup of gases such as hydrogen sulfide,well known for its offensive odor. Low oxygen levels can also lead to fish kills. Luckily, degraded ponds and lakes can easily be enhanced with the addition of a Lake Bed Aeration System. Lake Bed Aeration acts to increase dissolved oxygen levels while eliminating water stratification.Aerobic microbes can then recolonize deeper water where they rapidly begin to digest accumulated organic sludge and improve water quality. AERATION WORKS f i Lake Bed Aeration can be defined as the introduction of compressed air into the 4,'w .„' bottom of a and or lake using a self-cleaning,non-clogging Dura late"`diffuser. When ,� + pond 9 9- 9g� g p if , compressed air is released at the bottom it will naturally begin to migrate towards �. .1x the surface of the water. As it travels up the water column the pressure surrounding the bubbles slowly decreases causing the bubbles to expand in size. Due to the fact that larger bubbles displace more water than smaller bubbles a slight current begins 1 VI- „, to develop.This current draws oxygen-depleted water from the bottom, oxygenates , .. it and transports it to the surface. This action mixes stratified water while increasing ' dissolved oxygen levels and protecting fish,aquatic organisms and beneficial microbes from suffocation. r AERATION — potential for fish kills increased fish and aquatic life poor water quality improved water quality . lack of oxygen abundant oxygen green-colored water clear water excess vascular plants&algae minimal plants a algae unpleasant odor decreased odors bottom sludge reduced sludge accumulation KeetonAquatics. com I toll -free : 800 .493 .4831 I phone : 970 . 568 . 7754 7 .sins, i � 8 inside the to 0 CABINET 100° RE YCLED aerati I ' SYSTEMS i PLASTIC CABINET: o 52 p Acoustical Sound Proof Foam Programmable Digital Timer Rocking Piston Compressor Adjustable Manifold Air Intake Filter q*. 1 Cooling Blower it . s, fi: ca . ..u, 'fix `4.oero rD K Our 100% recycled plastic cabinets, acoustical foam and sound dampening isolators work to eliminate escaping sound. The high capacity cooling blower works to maintain proper temperatures for optimum performance even in the most inhospitable locations. a A digital timer offers flexibility and allows the system to run during certain times,such as at night only. The systems also include a fully adjustable aluminum distribution manifold. DR Series shown right with Level-aer Equipment Pad-additional upgrade. 3 O ALPINE TUBING Keeton Industries Alpine self-weighted feeder tubing offers the perfect balance of flexibility and weight. Alpine tubing sinks directly to the bottom and will not kink 00 or break. Alpine tubing is a high density, flexible tubing that features a thick, '4" o 0 sidewall. Available in 100'rolls and 500'reels. 0. A DURAPLATE DIFFUSER W .� gin. Our aeration systems use Duraplate self-cleaning,non-clogging membrane diffusers. a ° The Duraplate diffuser is designed to create a large amount of laminar circulation to ,. eliminate stratification. The Duraplate diffusers also offer a very high oxygen transfer t .. rate to increase dissolved oxygen levels at all levels in the pond from the surface to the bottom. Due to their design,the Duraplate diffusers will not need to be removed ° for cleaning like many of the other diffuser designs on the market,and are backed by 0. a lifetime warranty. The rotationally molded Duraplate diffuser shell is also fishhook 00 resistant,making them an ideal choice for fishing ponds and lakes. _" `" ,'• ' 8 Keeton Industries line of electrically powered aeration systems are the premier brand in the subsurface aeration market. For the last four decades,we have strived to provide our customers with the best quality and value. Like the name suggests,our Quiet Line Aeration Systems are by far the quietest systems you t, (11/ on au can find anywhere. The Quiet Line Series of aeration mft 44110 iii e IIn,oNsy systems offer s 3 standard series that are ideal for p onds and lakes from 1/10 to 25 surface acres in size: 41, cii w AE lib . . ' S'' KR Series,DR Series,and TR Series Aeration Systems. ' (1110 11111.11111111111106 KR SERIES — The KR Series of aeration systems , our MODEL FEATURES PRICE most popular,are ideally suited for small KR-1DP 1 Diffuser $1,750.00 ponds and lakes up to 5 surface acres in KR 1DP-B 1 Diffuser&100'of Tubing $1,850.00 size. The single 1/3HP compressor offers KR-211P 2 Diffusers $1,950.00 up to 4.45cfm of air and 40psi of pressure. KR-2DP-B 2 Diffusers&200'of Tubing $2,150.00 The small (18"W x 16"L x 21"T) recycled KR-3DP 3 Diffusers $2,150.00 plastic cabinet blends in perfectly to KR-3DP-B 3 Diffusers&300'of Tubing $2,450.00 maintain a natural look. The KR Series KR-40P 4 Diffusers $2,350.00 can operate up to four Duraplate KR-40P-B 4 Diffusers&400'of Tubing $2,750.00 diffusers. Alpine self-weighted tubing is include with the—B models. 1 compressor-up to 4 diffusers up to 400'tubing f"B"models] .. • .. . .* 4 TR SERIES The TR Series of aeration systems houses three 1/3HP compressors ;., �� in a long(20"W x 36"L x 27"T) recycled plastic cabinet. The TR can � - 4 66 i. operate up to 12 Duraplate diffusers allowing it to effectively aerate ) 1 large ponds and lakes up to 25 surface acres in size. Alpine self- weighted �� R -' weighted tubing can be purchased separately. a 3 compressors-up to 12 diffusers MODEL FEATURES PRICE I TR-6DP TR Series with 6 Diffusers $4,825.00 1 tr �` i� �� T�� q f. TR-9DP TR Series with 9 Diffusers $5,350.00 TR-12DP TR Series with 12 Diffusers $5,950.00 KeetonAquatics . com I toll -free : 800 .493 .4831 I phone : 970 . 568 . 7754 ( g , ,, . , r...°, °. ,----- ,. , . " line, , ,............,,,, Q quie l SESAMES SYSTEMS' ... � 1 ". :L., °.° ..... :,fir._._. j t ""..,� .. ..fir►_ ., .,`... `°'-.}�,f'+'.`�r ,N. , r 'r,- . ° DR SERIES The DR Series of aeration systems houses two 1/3HP compressors in MODEL FEATURES PRICE 0 a medium (20"W x 24"L x 27"T) recycled plastic cabinet. The DR can DR-4DP DR Series with 4 Diffusers $3,625.00 o 2. perate up to eight Duraplate diffusers allowing it to effectively aerate 0 DR-60P DR Series with 6 Diffusers $3,995.00 large ponds and lakes up to 10 surface acres in size. Alpine self-weighted DR-8DP DR Series with 8 Diffusers $4,385.00 d tubing can be purchased separately. TR-6DP 6 Diffusers&3 Compressors $4,825.00 ^ 2 compressors-up to 8 diffuers 0 3 0 ALL SYSTEMS Inside the 100;0 recycled plastic cabinet you will find energy efficient 1/3HP ° Gast Rocking Piston compressors, which provide ample amounts of air, 1. tom' while offering a wide range of pressures for aerating lakes up to 70'in depth. These systems also include digital timers, high volume cooling blowers, fully 1 adjustable manifolds, Duraplate diffusers and Alpine" self-weighted feeder tubing (sold seperately except for"B"models.)The Quiet Line Series has been designed to allow the simple addition of diffusers to an existing system. Each s ' - ' manifold has four valves making it very easy to add aeration diffusers at any "3 time,with no need to modify the system. Each compressor can operate up to `.°. four diffuser aeration zones (KR =4 zones, DR = 8 zones and TR = 12 zones). `O V This gives our customers the flexibilty to start out with a smaller number of ° diffusers and add to the system if needed. Also, all systems include a 2 Year Warranty. 44. * , .. ! V • * V , A 10 t • � f x x «» . ,, x+rt fi; s 4 a �a' ", The energy efficient deli in allows aeration to be ANYWHE shout the need for power. ..., a _ t Ai* M ',,,- .,..„, V 411111111,1111kikli - - . ' a ' ,„,,,z .., r "it I, fill i II r- ., WO 1 . S .* , * i AE ATI SYSTEMS US Patent No.6,676,837 Keeton Industries Changed the subsurface aeration market forever when we developed the first solar powered aeration system,Solaer Our patented Solaer solar powered aeration system is one Of a kind.The energy efficient design allows them to be deployed anywhere and provide all of the benefits of a standard aeration system without the need for power. . ', MODEL FEATURES PRICE ►' SB-1 Solaer System with 1 Duraplate Diffuser $6,435.00 SB-1B Solaer System with 1 Duraplate Diffuser $6,535.00 t &100'of Alpine Tubing SB-2 Solaer System with 2 Duraplate Diffusers $6,595.00 SB-2B Solaer System with 2 Duraplate Diffusers ,a, a . b $6,795.00 w r &200of Alpine Tung SB-3 Solaer System with 3 Duraplate Diffusers $12,825.00 0 ... S11-3B Solaer System with 3 Duraplate Diffusers - 1 &300'of Alpine Tubing $13,125.00 o ( SB-4 Solaer System with 4 Duraplate Diffusers $12,985.00y � r SB-4B Solaer System with 4 Duraplate Diffusers -, &400'of Alpine Tubing $13,385.00 T. t as _� For larger lakes,it is best to deploy multiple Solaer systems as this will reduce the overall cost. The Solaer Lake Bed Aeration Sytems are protected by United States Patent No.6,676,837. 0 Y Solaer features the same sound reduction package as our Quiet Line aeration systems,also making them extremely quiet. The 100%recycled plastic cabinet houses all of the critical components including the charge control system that monitors the N solar panel array,the equipment load and the battery back-up system. The battery back-up enables the system to run at night . or during extended periods of poor weather.Solaer is designed to operate 20 hours per day and has enough battery capacity to run the system up to three days without any solar input.Solaer systems include solar panels with pole mounting bracket,a a specially designed,energy efficient compressor,a high volume cooling fan,a fully adjustable aluminum manifold,Duraplate o diffusers and self-weighted Alpine tubing. Also,all systems include a 2 Year Warranty. * **8 a 4 YEAR . Y 11 0 0 solaer }AERATIRN SYSTEMS" 9 w_............. ._......... ..,..ten. „...�..,....,,..... ....F.... ,...,. G . I : \ 1 U P T 0 E $ 1, .. M. 0 i I. e N n N n 0 f Pf g II o q' .: Hwy c Ce F a • .. *_ a"o * s � F s f. 0 eG , .,,..:,, ., tr. ' a "� �: 12 ri ....., --. ..., ,,e. \ , it. 0 \ . rt-- aeration -: WHICH SIZE SYSTEM ? \ 0SvsifMS - :-._ „M How do you size an aeration system for your pond or lake? Sizing is not an exact science. d la dnn h g of as size, apeq,depth and water Every q ponuality will and all ke play is iffere a role t in and determining co contributing many ctors diffusers such ea, reuired to get\\\\41 f " _ the job done. Below are 3 main elements to determining which system is right for you: --.4-, ,,,,„ , ,, .„... , ,,,,,, .` { OF INFLUENCE - .w r = of - � Each diffuser will have a specific"zone o :7 ,j- influence;meaning that it will only be able ._ . , ... .:' � ' a 4.=1/4 litre to make improvement to a certain area. ,,. -` This zone of influence is affected most 6'=1/2Ufa .,. ". ,. . ,.. specifically by depth. Diffusers placed y --4 ' / ,. 11`=3/4acre, .,�` in deeper water will be able to circulate ./ larger volumes of water and dissolve more 10v 1 acre oxygen into the water column due to the .00o/ time it takes the bubbles to reach the surface. ....... .1-° As a general rule,one diffuser is sufficient to aerate up to 1 surface acre as long as the v �, diffuser is placed in water that is 10'or greater. As the water depth decreases,so does 0 _� ., � • the"zone of influence",so the same sized pond may require more diffusers if the water depth is less than 10'. r1 i DIFFUSER DISTRIBUTION ' i,. ..,1,1:4V4:: The overall shape of your pond or lake will KIDNEY IRREGULAR also affect the size of the aeration system needed to properly aerate it. Regular shapes like circles,squares or triangles can all be aerated the same. As they spread - out or become irregular more diffusers are typically needed.For example,if you took ROUND LONG a circular pond,a kidney shaped pond and a long,skinny pond all 1 surface acre and z., 6 g,� 10'in depth they will all require a different number of diffusers. See diagram> KeetonAquatics. com I toll -free : 800 .493 .4831 I phone : 970 . 568 . 7754 13,, I' .....rte • —401110*i OFD aeration, SI;TEJIIS 1"4na . * .... ,A $ N z$ LAKE QUALITY The last and probably most important factor to determining the proper aeration system is the overall health and water quality of the pond or lake.A newly constructed pond will typically need less aeration than an older, poorly managed pond of the same size. Highly Eutrophic ponds have so much more organic material and excess nutrients to OD process before improvements can be seen.If your pond or lake is in really bad shape to e* begin with,more diffusers might be the best option. INSTALLATION The installation process for our aeration systems is very simple and can be performed quickly and easily by homeowners and contractors alike. ° Step 1: Find a suitable location for the aeration cabinet. If you are installing a Solaer solar powered aeration system you will want to make sure that there is an m unobstructed view of solar south. •- Step 2:Set the cabinet on a firm, level surface. A Keeton Level-aer Equipment Pad provides the perfect surface for our aeration systems. NM - u � Step 3:Drop the diffuser(s) in the desired location and run the self-weighted feeder w tubing back to the cabinet. Step 4:Hook up the self-weighted tubing to the cabinet and you are ready to aerate! o Once set up,Keeton Aeration Systems will provide you years of worry-free operation with m NO ANNUAL MAINTENANCE! - 14 ti PEOPLE ARE SAYING "We have two ponds:one that is using the KR-1 DP system and one that has r, no aeration.The one without the pond aerators is already an ice rink,but the pond with the KR-1 DP is about 1/3 free of ice.This will end our problems with winter related fish kill.Plus,the system was easy to install and is remarkably quiet:' - Dan Doyle I Cheyenne,WY "After installing your aeration system - and using Aqua-Tron'' and Waste and Sludge Reducer"' microbes this summer -our pond has sprung back to life and has never looked better:' - Mike Novak I Teton Valley,WY "I've been using Aqua-Tron for a number of years now. I've tried a lot of Iz other"beneficial microbes"on the market, but hands down Keeton has the best product.My fish and I are grateful Bret McClain I San Diego,CA "The Solaer"'aerator you sent me is AWESOME!Installation was a cinch and E— the thing works like clockwork.Best part,I don't have to pay for any electricity, EVER:' - Michael Hurst I Aspen,CO "Just like you said,the DR-6DP unit has eliminated the odors in my pond and z Paz` we've not had any problems with fish kill this summer. Keeton makes great W pond pumps:' lake Kennedy I Fort Wayne,IN oc co @KeetonAquatics cc 800.493.4831 N Ida 970.568.7154 fax: 970.568.7195 o info @keetonaquatics.com x : keetonaquatics.com N z KE ETC1 I N D U S I H I L a. ©2012 Keeton Industries,Inc. All rights reserved. Aqua-Tron and Other Ponds And Lakes Are Green OC . With Envy'are registered trademarks and Waste&Sludge Reducer`',WSR'n,Solaer''",Duraplate"', Alpine Bluer',Alpine"'Tubing and Quiet Line—are trademarks of Keeton Industries,Inc. _ The Solaer Lake Bed Aeration Sytems are protected by United States Patent No.6,676,837. Keeton Industries,Inc.1520 Aquatic Drive,Wellington,Colorado 80549 USA ° I r 2012 CATALOG __ 1.. N , c Y ♦ zr° BENEFICIAL:, .•. :microbes• ...• , ,..... „..., ..,.....,..... W • 1,,, wy � ; y ;:.'.+•' `* a,• . .4 • .: s m :far '"'�!�' ' I 1 I Fishery pRi „,). . ..,_, _ , 1 ,, . ,, „ , , „ . Waste '10,, . . . . , . , , . , ..till!w POI b &3 +ems rtiUgv. - • Ii 1k.NAtedi YItl h tl. r t .1.00.. k a a,n+.r w+..:..r..a.w.wrs...m.eww+.+'+.o *4 i,d 3-W I ldv KEETIL7N a 4 KeetonAquatics.com toll free : 800 .493 .4831 ,' IIKEET- ONI � phone: 970. 568.7754 �-► fax : 970. 568. 7795 I NJ fl U ."7 T R I F S I OTHER PONDS AND LAKES ARE GREEN WITH ENVY L I fr ALL NATURAL Keeton Industries is an earth-friendly company.We work hard to keep our waters clean in a way that gives back to the earth at every turn.And we've been doing things that way since the 1970's because caring for the earth has always been important to us. We prefer biological products that work with the natural ecology of the body of water,restoring the balance of nutrients and enhancing the waters'ecological systems in a natural and long- . , , ''' lasting way.All of our beneficial microbial products are made from all natural ingredients. HOW MICROBES WORK -- Lake and pond environments are highly dynamic ecosystems that rely on natural processes to maintain natural order. Under normal conditions,proper water quality is achieved through the activity of naturally occurring microorganisms,most importantly beneficial microbes. Today, most ponds and lakes are bombarded with excess nutrients from multiple sources, including urban and rural runoff, fertilizers and waterfowl. Unfortunately, the naturally occurring bacteria cannot keep up with this influx of nutrients. This leads to a shift in the natural balance in ponds and lakes and encourages the buildup of bottom sludge. All of the microbial species we use in our products occur naturally in most ponds and lakes. Although specialized, they have trouble maintaining large populations and are easily pushed out by other bacteria that do not perform the same beneficial processes. By adding Aqua-Tron and/or WSR,it is possible to maintain very large populations of specialized microbes that can constantly"graze"on excess nutrients and organic sludge. Over time the beneficial microbe populations will return to natural levels,so it is important to reapply them every two weeks to keep the populations high. - EASY APPLICATION The process to apply our beneficial microbes is very simple and requires only a few minutes every other week. Our microbes are available in 10- and 25-pound pails. Inside the pails the microbes are conveniently packaged in 8-ounce (1/2-Ib) water-soluble packets, which makes the application process very easy.The dosage rate is based upon the surface area of your pond (acres), not the total 4r� volume. An initial dose of 3 to 6 pounds of microbes per surface acre is recommended for most ponds and lakes.This is followed up with a maintenance dose of 1 to 2 pounds every other week to maintain , ` optimum beneficial microbe populations. POND SIZE INITIAL MAINTENANCE SEVERELY EUTROPHIC' 1/4 ACRE 1.5 LBS. 0.5 LB. 1.5 LBS. \ 1/2 ACRE 3 LBS. 1 LB. 3 LBS. 3/4 ACRE 4.5 LBS. 1.5 LBS. 4.5 LBS. 1 ACRE 6 LBS. 2 LBS. 6 LBS. .r ; 3 ACRES 18 LBS. 6 LBS. 18 LBS. 5 ACRES 30 LBS. 10 LBS. 30 LBS. Fishery Prime does not require any additional dosing for severe eutrophication, KeetonAquatics. com I toll -free : 800 .493 .4831 I phone : 970 . 568 .7754 , - `- ~ ~ � | /� ^ ��^ _� ,� `��~ � ��'� �`� ' ~ . ��r� ~ °` ''~~~ � Waste ��AO BENEFICIAlt o.. r, Ljnicrobes AQUA-IRON � ��1��L � ______- .o c. ��. �� " �� . TARGETS. TARGETS. TARGETS: .. Aqua�mn° has been developed The newest addition to the Beneficial Wa�e & Sludge Reducer= (VVSR=) vvas � to provide you with clean, clear, Microbe Family, Fishery Prime is a developed to target the build-up of f„, beautiful water. The build up of special blend of Probiotic microbes organic material and bottom sludge 1 excess nutrients causes pond and for the improvement of recreational in ponds and lakes. As this material — lake eutrophicaton, which is very fisheries. Fishery Prime improves fish accumulates, it forms a layer on the °~ " unsightly. Aqua-Tnon is composed of health and survival, enhances growth bottom tha�when left unchecked, will ^` unique classes of beneficial microbes rates and immunity, and reduces fish contribute to the degradation of the "^ known to rapidly metabolize excess stress.Fishery Prime's patented formula water body.WSR rapidly consumes this ".= nutrients, pulling them from the water promotes conditions beneficial for layer, which helps improve the water column, returning the water to a game fish and other aquatic organisms quality. WSR is also very effective at .4; ° naturally healthy and visually pleasing and encourages a sustainable and eliminating offensive odors, ammonia, ^� state. healthy fishery. nitrite,nitrate and organics. _ impmvewater qua|dy enhances fish gmwthmtes � mduebottom dudge � reduce excess nutrients improves fish health&survival reduce odors L create a balanced ecosyst � em reduces fish reduce stress redususpendedsoUds .0 clear ponds"nature's way" patented probiotic formula reduce organic waste -, — MODEL SIZE PRICE MODEL SIZE PRICE MODEL SIZE PRICE ea = AQUA 10 LBl $189.00 FP lOWSP 10 i8S. $235.00 $235.00�O �. $235.00 `= o ~~~~ ~—~ » -.AQ 25 LBS $449.50 25iES. $565.00 25L8S. $65.00 ° ` i rs QUALITY DEVELOPMENT Through years of field research, Keeton Industries is proud to offer an all-natural and eco-friendly, effortless and simple solution to manage your pond and lake...beneficial microbes.Keeton Industries maintains complete control of our microbial products from ?' fermentation to final packaging in water-soluble bags.Having the ability to control this in-house allows us to produce the highest quality products on the market today. " THE KEETON WAY Based in Wellington Colorado, Keeton Industries, Inc.is a family-owned and operated aquatics manufacturing company. Since its founding in 1972, Keeton Industries continues to promote naturally healthy aquatic habitats, lakes, fisheries and waste water facilities.We create and develop the best technology and equipment available to improve the environment and benefit the world's population. Innovative aeration z system designs and eco-friendly beneficial microbe technology continue to keep us at W the forefront of our industry. W Our focus at Keeton Industries is to provide you, our customers, with quality products, excellent service,comprehensive technical support and cost-effective solutions. Na um cc bid ZIC CC YY . @KeetonAquatics gz cr 910.568.1754 I loll-free: 800.493.4831 info @keetonaquatics.com z keetonaquatics.com 0 cL KEETON whd ..r••". ©2012 Keeton Industries,Inc. All rights reserved. Fishery Prime,Waste&Sludge Reducer''and WSR`"'are P... trademarks and Aqua Tron'and Other Ponds And Lakes Are Green With Envy'are registered trademarks O of Keeton Industries,Inc. Keeton Industries,Inc.1520 Aquatic Drive,Wellington,Colorado 80549 USA October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Reclaimed Water Memorandum of January 25,2012 Page 1 of 5 Important Information for our Reclaimed Water Customers January 25, 2012 To reduce the risk of fertilizer runoff contributing to nutrient pollution, the Board of County Commissioners adopted Ordinance 11-24,the Florida-Friendly Use of Fertilizer on Urban Landscapes. This Ordinance requires that— -all lawn and landscape service businesses take the Green Industries Best Management Practices training to obtain an occupational license in 2012; -regulates the proper use of fertilizers by any applicator; -establishes a prohibited application period; -specifies allowable fertilizer application rates and methods; and -establishes fertilizer-free zones, low maintenance zones, and exemptions. Regulation of the nutrients contained in fertilizer, including phosphorus and nitrogen, will help improve and maintain water and habitat quality. For more information on the Collier County Fertilizer Ordinance, please visit www.dontoverfeed.com . Although all golf courses that landscape per the provisions of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's (FDEP) Best Management Practices for the Enhancement of Environmental Quality of Florida Golf Courses are considered exempt from the provisions of Ordinance 11-24, we encourage the golf courses and all other reclaimed water users to consider the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus present in reclaimed water prior to any additional fertilizer application. All reclaimed water distributed is compliant, meeting FDEP requirements. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in reclaimed water is dependent on the constituents of the influent (raw sewage) and the type of treatment process used. The five-year average nitrogen concentration and the one-year average phosphorus concentration in the treated reclaimed water produced at the North County Water Reclamation Facility(NCWRF) and the South County Water Reclamation Facility (SCWRF) are listed in Table 1. The Collier County Wastewater Department intends to provide the nitrogen and phosphorus sampling results to our reclaimed water customers quarterly, to allow for adjustments in fertilizer application. October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 'itat 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Reclaimed Water Memorandum of January 25,2012 Page 2 of 5 TABLE 1 NCWRF (mg/L) SCWRF (mg/L) Average Nitrogen Concentration 9.6 9.9 Average Phosphorus Concentration 1.0 2.7 Before applying fertilizer to your landscaping, please consider the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus already present in reclaimed water. Runoff from over fertilizing is a major source of pollution in waterways such as canals, streams and ponds, producing algal blooms and excessive aquatic weeds, ultimately affecting the coastal ecology. Additionally, if fertilizer is applied without consideration of the phosphorus and nitrogen already present in the reclaimed water you may expose your landscaping to an increased potential for disease and/or fungus. As the above table indicates,there is a considerable amount of nitrogen and phosphorus present in reclaimed water, which needs to be accounted for prior to application of fertilizer. Generally, applying reclaimed water at a rate of 1" per acre per week will provide approximately 2.7 pounds of nitrogen per 1000 ft2 annually, which is 90%of the label limit for Bahia and Centipede grasses, and 50%of the limit for Saint Augustine and Zoysia grass. The same amount of reclaimed water would provide all the phosphorus needed for all the turfs. In addition to improving water quality, reducing the amount of fertilizer used will save you money on the purchase and application of fertilizer and decrease mowing costs. Please avoid sprinkling impervious surfaces, such as sidewalks and streets, and do not irrigate directly or indirectly into a waterway. The Collier County Wastewater Department will continue to provide the nitrogen and phosphorus sampling results to reclaimed water customers on a quarterly basis. For more information regarding the Florida-Friendly Use of Fertilizer on Urban Landscapes contractor education please visit http://www.rookerybay.org/professional-development/project- greenscape. For soil testing and additional fertilizer information please contact the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Collier County extension office at (239) 353-4244 or visit their website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ . Please feel free to contact me at DanetteHuff @CollierGov.net with any questions or concerns. Sincerely, Danette Huff Reuse Manager, Collier County Wastewater Department Page 2 of 5 } October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Reclaimed Water Memorandum of January 25,2012 Page 3 of 5 NITROGEN CALCULATIONS To calculate how much extra nitrogen is needed if you irrigate with reclaimed water please see the example below using Centipede and Bahia grass. You can modify this calculation by adapting this calculation to fit your landscaping area and types. Rule for nitrogen — application rates for slow-release nitrogen are not to exceed 1 pound per 1,000 square feet per application. Application rates for quick-release nitrogen are not to exceed 0.7 pound per 1,000 square feet per application. The required label limits for fertilizer application in south Florida is 2-3 pounds for Centipede grass and 2-4 pounds of Nitrogen annually, per 1000 ft2 of turf. • In this example assume the need for 3 pounds of nitrogen applied once a year: • For this example, assume a 1,000 ft2yard • Irrigate with reclaimed water per South Florida Water Management District Rules: %- 1 inch (this calculation was done using one inch of irrigation) per 1,000 ft2 per week of reclaimed water= 623 gallons per week (2,358 Liters). Convert gallons to liters • If you receive reclaimed water from the SCWRF, use the 9.87 mg/L value for nitrogen in the reclaimed water. • If you receive reclaimed water from the NCWRF, therefore you use the 9.6 mg/L value for nitrogen in the reclaimed water. SCWRF Calculation: Multiply 2,358 Liters x 9.9 mg/I = 23,344 mg of nitrogen applied per week or(1,213,898 mg/year) which equals 2.68 pounds of nitrogen per year before you add any fertilizer. Convert mg to pounds. If we subtract the 2.68 pounds already present in the reclaimed water then you only need to purchase and apply 0.32 pounds of nitrogen each year. 89%of nitrogen is already supplied by the reclaimed water in this example. NCWRF Calculation: Multiply 2,358 Liters x 9.64 mg/I = 22,873 mg of nitrogen applied per week or(1,189,375 mg/year) which equals 2.62 pounds of nitrogen per year before you add any fertilizer. If we subtract the 2.62 pounds already present in the reclaimed water then you only need to purchase and apply 0.38 pounds of nitrogen each year. 87%of nitrogen is already supplied by the reclaimed water in this example. Page 3 of 5 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board � r t 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Reclaimed Water Memorandum of January 25,2012 Page4of5 PHOSPHOROUS CALCULATIONS As a general rule,the University of Florida Institution of Food and Agricultural Sciences recommends soil testing for phosphorus content before any phosphorus fertilizer is applied. Rule for phosphorus — application rates are not to exceed 0.25 pound per 1,000 square feet per application and are not to exceed 0.5 pound of phosphorus per 1,000 square feet per year. • For this example, assume a 1,000 ft2 yard • Irrigate with reclaimed water per South Florida Water Management District Rules: %- 1 inch (this calculation was done using one inch) per acre per week of reclaimed water= 623 gallons per week (2358 Liters). • If you receive reclaimed water from the SCWRF, use the 2.7 mg/L value for phosphorus in the reclaimed water. • If you receive reclaimed water from the NCWRF, therefore you use the .996 mg/L value for phosphorus in the reclaimed water. SCWRF Calculation: Multiply 2,358 liters of reclaimed water x 2.7 mg/L= 6,367 mg of phosphorus applied per week or(331,063 mg/year) which equals 0.730 pounds per year. Reclaimed water exceeds the limit of the phosphorus allowed for fertilization;therefore no additional phosphorus-containing fertilizer should be used if using only reclaimed water and watering once per week. NCWRF Calculation: Multiply 2,358 liters of reclaimed water x 1.0 mg/L= 2,358 mg of phosphorus applied per week or (122,616 mg/year)which equals 0.27 pounds per year. The reclaimed water supplies over half of the annual limit for phosphorus. A soil test for phosphorus should be conducted to determine if additional phosphorus from fertilizer is necessary. ❖ Reclaimed water is supplemented with well water during high demand periods and constituents of influent are subject to change, therefore the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the reclaimed water may change. ❖ Total nitrogen was calculated as Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) + Nitrate (NO3) because NO2 is not normally detected and therefore was not included. Page 4 of 5 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Reclaimed Water Memorandum of January 25,2012 Page 5 of 5 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: Fertilization Guidelines for Established Turf grass Lawns in South Florida Nitrogen Recommendations Turf Grass Species Pounds of Nitrogen per 1,000 ft2 per year Bahia grass 2 -4 Bermuda grass 5 -7 Centipede grass 2 - 3 St. Augustine grass 4-6 Zoysia grass 4-6 Links to: Homeowner Best Management Practices for the Home Lawn University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Summary of IFAS Turf& Landscape Irrigation Recommendations Additional information and history of lawmaking for nutrients Rookery Bay Project Greenscape Page 5 of 5 • $S101 7i October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board i\ 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance r� 3, Page 1 of 10 N d a • '� '' � ORDINANCE NO. 11- 24 -3 �u AN ORDINANCE OF THE BOARD OF COUNTY r . m 41 COMMISSIONERS OF COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA, -;.= "e oesz-ut ADOPTING AN ORDINANCE FOR FLORIDA- FRIENDLY USE OF FERTILIZER ON URBAN y � t1 LANDSCAPES; AND BY PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE. WHEREAS, the Florida Legislature, via the passage of Senate Bill 494 in /009 and the creation of Florida Statute Section 403.9337, mandates the establishment of a Model Ordinance in Collier County concerning the use of fertilizer on urban landscapes. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA, that: SECTION ONE: FINDINGS As a result of impairment to COLLIER COUNTY'S surface waters caused by excessive nutrients, or, as a result of increasing levels of nitrogen in the surface and/or ground water within the aquifers or springs within the boundaries of the county, the governing body of Collier County has determined that the use of fertilizers on lands within the county creates a risk to contributing to adverse effects on surface and/or ground water. Accordingly, the Board of County Commissioners of Collier County finds that management measures contained in the most recent edition of the "Florida- friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries, 2008, " may be required by this ordinance. SECTION TWO: PURPOSE AND INTENT This Ordinance regulates the proper use of fertilizers by any applicator; requires proper training of Commercial and Institutional Fertilizer Applicators; establishes training and licensing requirements; establishes a Prohibited Application Period; specifies allowable fertilizer application rates and methods, fertilizer-free zones, low maintenance zones, and exemptions. The Ordinance requires the use of Best Management Practices which provide specific management guidelines to minimize negative secondary and cumulative environmental effects associated with the misuse of fertilizers. These secondary and cumulative effects have been observed in and on Collier County's Page 1 of 9 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance Page 2 of 10 natural and constructed stormwater conveyances, rivers, creeks, canals, springs, lakes, estuaries and other water bodies. Water bodies are an asset critical to the environmental, recreational, cultural and economic well-being of Collier County residents and the health of the public. Overgrowth of algae and vegetation hinder the effectiveness of flood attenuation provided by natural and constructed stormwater conveyances. Regulation of nutrients, including both phosphorus and nitrogen contained in fertilizer, will help improve and maintain water and habitat quality. SECTION THREE: DEFINITIONS For this Article, the following terms shall have the meanings set forth in this section unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. "Administrator" means the County Manager, or an administrative official of county government designated by the County Manager to administer and enforce the provisions of this Article. "Application" or"Apply" means the actual physical deposit of fertilizer to turf or landscape plants. "Applicator" means any Person who applies fertilizer on turf and/or landscape plants in Collier County. "Board or Governing Board"means the Board of County Commissioners of Collier County, Florida. "Best Management Practices" means turf and landscape practices or combination of practices based on research, field-testing, and expert review, determined to be the most effective and practicable on- location means, including economic and technological considerations, for improving water quality, conserving water supplies and protecting natural resources. "Code Enforcement Officer, Official, or Inspector" means any designated employee or agent of Collier County whose duty it is to enforce codes and ordinances enacted by Collier County. "Commercial Fertilizer Applicator", except as provided in 482.1562(9) F.S., means any person who applies fertilizer for payment or other consideration to property not owned by the person or firm applying the fertilizer or the employer of the applicator. "Fertilize," "Fertilizing," or "Fertilization" means the act of applying fertilizer to turf, specialized turf, or landscape plants. "Fertilizer" means any substance or mixture of substances that contains one or more recognized plant nutrients and promotes plant growth, or controls soil acidity or alkalinity, or provides other soil enrichment,or provides other corrective measures to the soil. "Guaranteed Analysis" means the percentage of plant nutrients or measures of neutralizing capability claimed to be present in a fertilizer. Page 2 of 9 / October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance Page 3 of 10 "Institutional Applicator" means any person, other than a private, non-commercial or a Commercial Applicator (unless such definitions also apply under the circumstances), that applies fertilizer for the purpose of maintaining turf and/or landscape plants. Institutional Applicators shall include, but shall not be limited to, owners, managers or employees of public lands, schools, parks, religious institutions, utilities, industrial or business sites and any residential properties maintained in condominium and/or common ownership. "Landscape Plant"means any native or exotic tree, shrub, or groundcover(excluding turf). "Low Maintenance Zone" means an area a minimum of ten (10) feet wide adjacent to water courses which is planted and managed in order to minimize the need for fertilization, watering, mowing, etc. "Person" means any natural person, business, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, limited partnership, association, club, organization, and/or any group of people acting as an organized entity. "Prohibited Application Period" means the time period during which a Flood Watch or Warning, or a Tropical Storm Watch or Warning, or a Hurricane Watch or Warning is in effect for any portion of Collier County, issued by the National Weather Service, or if heavy' rain is likely. "Collier County Approved Best Management Practices Training Program" means a training program approved per 403.9338 F.S., or any more stringent requirements set forth in this Article that includes the most current version of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's "Florida friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries, 2008, " as revised,and approved by the County Manager or his designee. "Saturated soil" means a soil in which the voids are filled with water. Saturation does not require flow. For the purposes of this ordinance, soils shall be considered saturated if standing water is present or the pressure of a person standing on the soil causes the release of free water. "Slow Release," "Controlled Release," "Timed Release," "Slowly Available," or "Water Insoluble Nitrogen" means nitrogen in a form which delays its availability for plant uptake and use after application, or which extends its availability to the plant longer than a reference rapid or quick release product. "Specialized Turf Managers" means landscape manager of non agricultural land planted exclusively for golf course, parks, or athletic fields. "Turf," "Sod,"or"Lawn" means a piece of grass-covered soil held together by the roots of the grass. "Urban landscape" means pervious areas on residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, highway rights-of-way, or other nonagricultural lands that are planted with turf or horticultural plants. For the purposes of this section, agriculture has the same meaning as in Florida Statute 570.02. 1 World Meteorological Organization definition of heavy ram:Rainfall greater than or equal to 50 mm'2 inches;in a 24 hour period. hrtp /scverc.worldwcathcr.nrg/rain/,and forecast keyword"likely", hrtp://www.wrh.noaagoy/sew/Media( uide/TermsOutlunks_\ri'atches_\C'arnings.pdf. Page 3 of 9 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance Page 4 of 10 SECTION FOUR: APPLICABILITY - This Ordinance shall be applicable to and shall regulate any and all applicators of fertilizer and areas of application of fertilizer within the area of Collier County unless such applicator is specifically exempted by the terms of this Ordinance from the regulatory provisions of this Ordinance. This Ordinance shall be prospective only, and shall not impair any existing contracts for a period of one year from the effective date of the ordinance. SECTION FIVE: TIMING OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION No applicator shall apply fertilizers containing nitrogen and/or phosphorus to turf and/or landscape plants during the Prohibited Application Period, or to saturated soils. SECTION SIX: FERTILIZER FREE ZONES Fertilizer shall not be applied within ten (10) feet of any pond, stream, watercourse, lake, canal, or wetland as defined by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code) or from the top of a seawall, unless a deflector shield, drop spreader, or liquid applicator with a visible and sharply defined edge, is used, in which case a minimum of 3 feet shall be maintained. Newly planted turf and/or landscape plants may be fertilized in this Zone only for a sixty (60) day period beginning 30 days after planting if needed to allow the plants to become well established. Fertilizer shall not be applied to native vegetated buffers required by Collier County Land Development Code section 3.05.07F.3.f. Caution shall be used to prevent direct deposition of fertilizer into the water. SECTION SEVEN: LOW MAINTENANCE ZONES A voluntary ten (10) foot low maintenance zone is strongly recommended, but not mandated, from any pond, stream, water course, lake, wetland or from the top of a seawall. A swale/berm system is recommended for installation at the landward edge of this low maintenance zone to capture Page 4 of 9 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance Page 5 of 10 and filter runoff. If more stringent Collier County Code regulations apply, this provision does not relieve the requirement to adhere to the more stringent regulations. No mowed or cut vegetative material may be deposited or left remaining in this zone or deposited in the water. Care should be taken to prevent the over-spray of aquatic weed products in this zone. SECTION EIGHT: FERTILIZER CONTENT AND APPLICATION RATES (a) Fertilizers applied to turf and/or landscape plants within Collier County shall be formulated and applied in accordance with requirements and directions provided by Rule 5E-1.003(2), Florida Administrative Code, Labeling Requirements For Urban Turf Fertilizers. (b) Fertilizer containing nitrogen or phosphorus shall not be applied before seeding or sodding a site, and shall not be applied for the first 30 days after seeding or sodding, except when hydro-seeding for temporary or permanent erosion control in an emergency situation (wildfire, etc.), or in accordance with the Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan for that site. (c) Nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizer shall not be applied to turf or landscape plants except as provided in (a) above for turf, or in UF/IFAS recommendations for landscape plants, vegetable gardens, and fruit trees and shrubs, unless a soil or tissue deficiency has been verified by an approved test. SECTION NINE: APPLICATION PRACTICES (a) Spreader deflector shields are required when fertilizing via rotary (broadcast) spreaders. Deflectors must be positioned such that fertilizer granules are deflected away from all impervious surfaces, fertilizer-free zones and water bodies, including wetlands. (b) Fertilizer shall not be applied, spilled, or otherwise deposited on any impervious surfaces. (c) Any fertilizer applied, spilled, or deposited, either intentionally or accidentally, on any impervious surface shall be immediately and completely removed to the greatest extent practicable. Page 5 of 9 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance Page 6 of 10 (d) Fertilizer released on an impervious surface must be immediately contained and either legally applied to turf or any other legal site, or returned to the original or other appropriate container. (e)In no case shall fertilizer be washed, swept, or blown off impervious surfaces into stormwater drains,ditches, conveyances, or water bodies. SECTION TEN: MANAGEMENT OF GRASS CLIPPINGS AND VEGETABLE MATTER In no case shall grass clippings, vegetative material, and/or vegetative debris be washed, swept, or blown off into stormwater drains, ditches, conveyances, water bodies, wetlands, or sidewalks or roadways. Any material that is accidentally so deposited shall be immediately removed to the maximum extent practicable. SECTION ELEVEN: EXEMPTIONS The provisions set forth above in this Ordinance shall not apply to: (a) bona fide farm operations as defined in the Florida Right to Farm Act, Section 823.14 Florida Statutes; (b) other properties not subject to or covered under the Florida Right to Farm Act that have pastures used for grazing livestock; (c) any lands used for bona fide scientific research, including, but not limited to, research on the effects of fertilizer use on urban stormwater, water quality, agronomics, or horticulture; (d) all golf courses provided that landscaping is done within the provisions of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection document, "Best Management Practices for the Enhancement of Environmental Quality on Florida Golf Courses, 2007"(Florida Golf Course BMPs), as updated. Florida Golf Course BMPs shall be followed when performing landscaping on golf course practice and play areas. If Florida Golf Course BMPs are not adhered to, Collier County may take enforcement action in accordance with Section 14 of this Ordinance; Page 6 of 9 ' October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance Page 7 of 10 (e) all Specialized Turf Managers provided that fertilization is based on the provisions of RULE 5E-1.003(2)(d), F.A.C. and OF/IFAS Publication #SL 191 , while maintaining the health and function of their Specialized Turf areas. SECTION TWELVE: TRAINING (a) All commercial and institutional applicators of fertilizer within the (un)incorporated area of Collier County shall abide by and successfully complete the six-hour training program in the "Florida friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries"offered by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection through the University of Florida Extension "Florida-Friendly Landscapes"program, or an approved equivalent. (b) Private, non-commercial applicators are encouraged to follow the recommendations of the University of Florida IFAS Florida Yards and Neighborhoods program when applying fertilizers. SECTION THIRTEEN: LICENSING OF COMMERCIAL APPLICATORS (a) Prior to 1 January 2014, all commercial applicators of fertilizer within the (un)incorporated area of Collier County shall abide by and successfully complete training and continuing education requirements in the "Florida friendly Best Management Practices,for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries", offered by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection through the University of Florida IFAS "Florida-10 friendly Landscapes" program, or an approved equivalent program, prior to obtaining a Collier County Local Business Tax Certificate for any category of occupation which may apply any fertilizer to turf and/or landscape plants. Commercial Fertilizer Applicators shall provide proof of completion of the program to the County Tax Collector's office within 180 days of the effective date of this ordinance. (b) After 31 December, 2013, all commercial applicators of fertilizer within the(un)incorporated area of Collier County shall have and carry in their possession at all times when applying fertilizer, Page 7 of 9 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance Page 8 of 10 evidence of certification by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services as a Commercial Fertilizer Applicator per 5E-14.117(18) F.A.C. (c) All businesses applying fertilizer to turf and/or landscape plants (including but not limited to residential lawns, golf courses, commercial properties, and multi-family and condominium properties) must ensure that at least one employee has a "Florida-friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries" training certificate prior to the business owner obtaining a Local Business Tax Certificate. Owners for any category of occupation which may apply any fertilizer to Turf and/or Landscape Plants shall provide proof of completion of the program to the County Tax Collector's Office. SECTION FOURTEEN: ENFORCEMENT Funds generated by penalties imposed under this section shall be used by Collier County for the administration and enforcement of section 403.9337, Florida Statutes, and the corresponding sections of this ordinance, and to further water conservation and nonpoint pollution prevention activities. SECTION FIFTEEN: PENALTIES Enforcement of the terms of this Ordinance shall be pursuant to the Consolidated Code Enforcement Ordinance (Ordinance 2010-04, as it may be amended). To any degree that the Code Enforcement Ordinance requires or mandates that an opportunity to cure or cure period be granted, said cure opportunity or period shall not apply to this Fertilizer Ordinance. Enforcement proceedings, absent the cure, may be initiated upon the discovery of the violation. SECTION SIXTEEN: EFFECTIVE DATE This Ordinance shall become effective upon filing with the Department of State. Page 8 of 9 • October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance Page 9 of 10 PASSED AND DULY ADOPTED by majority vote of the Board of County Commissioners of Collier County, Florida, this Zlo-k day of_ ok 2011. ATTEST:' =?, BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS DWI HT`.E.i3ROOK' .;ERK : COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA • ti t. 4 .._ 1� By: , Deputy Clerk FRED W. COYLE CHAI N AtLest bS to Chit irtana s ' ,i I gndture oaf!! Approved as to form and legal sufficiency: Steven T. Williams Assistant County Attorney Th1s r'rdir.ance (il.:d with the Se-retcry of St-t' 's Office the — ct;,y of__}� LQ I and a k; w!e'Jgern cn of that fiiirr received iris ___�day of it! • ,o2Q�� :41W Page 9 of 9 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board tl 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Collier County fertilzer ordinance Page 10of10 STATE OF FLORIDA) COUNTY OF COLLIER) I , DWIGHT E. BROCK, Clerk of Courts in and for the Twentieth Judicial Circuit, Collier County, Florida, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of : ORDINANCE 2011-24 Which was adopted by the Board of County Commissioners on the 26th day of July, 2011, during Regular Session. WITNESS my hand and the official seal of the Board of County Commissioners of Collier County, Florida, this 2nd day of August, 2011 . DWIGHT E. BROCK Clerk of Courts ar14,,Clerk Ex-officio to Baat'd of�"i.'. County Commissioners •. =, QIIU5 4i, ,4.- By: Teresa Pol14,4ka; y� �,,l . Deputy Clerk'' October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance Page 1 of 10 Florida Department of Environmental Protection MODEL ORDINANCE FOR FLORIDA-FRIENDLY FERTILIZER USE ON URBAN LANDSCAPES [alternate title: MODEL ORDINANCE FOR FLORIDA-FRIENDLY USE OF FERTILIZER ON URBAN LANDSCAPES] 2010 !Note: Title revision for clarity. There is no defined Florida-Friendly fertilker product, as timing, chemistry, grade, amount,site-specific conditions and application practices all affect `Florida friendliners'7 INTRODUCTION This attached Model Fertilizer Use Ordinance is another tool to reduce sources of nutrients coming from urban landscapes to reduce the impact of nutrients on Florida's surface and ground waters. Limiting the amount of fertilizer applied to the landscape will reduce the risk of nutrient enrichment of surface and ground waters,but effective nutrient management requires more comprehensive control measures. Such a comprehensive approach is needed that may include,but is not limited to,land planning and low-impact development, site plan design,landscape design,irrigation system design and maintenance, fertilizer application, landscape maintenance,and waste disposal. To assist local governments in improving their existing land development regulations, several "model" ordinances have been developed. These include: • "Low Impact Design" ordinances which seek to reduce the impact of urbanization on our natural resources by stressing"source controls" that either minimize the generation of stormwater or minimize the pollutants that can get into stormwater. For example,promoting development designs that minimizes clearing of natural vegetation and the compaction of urban soils. A Model Springs Protection Code was developed by DCA,DEP,and other stakeholders that includes specific Land Development Regulation recommendations that promote Low Impact Design. This Model Code is available as Chapter 5 in Protecting Florida's Springs:An Implementation Guidebook. It is available at http://www.dca.state.fl.us/fdcp/DCP/springs/index.cfm. • "Landscape Ordinances"because design, construction, and maintenance are major determinants in the amount of fertilizer and irrigation that is needed to maintain healthy urban landscapes and minimize adverse impacts on water resources. A model Landscape Ordinance entitled"Guidelines for Model Ordinance Language for Protection of Water Quality and Quantity Using Florida-friendly Lawns and Landscapes"was developed by a group of agencies,industries, and interest groups over a two year period and published in 2003. It was fundamentally an adaptation of earlier water conservation ordinances revised to include water quality protections for compliance with Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) or stormwater NPDES permit requirements. The language focused on continuing education of lawn care and landscape professionals,proper planning and supervision during development and construction, and the use of best management practices,including the Florida- Friendly Landscape Program. This model ordinance has been renamed"Florida- October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance Page 2 of 10 Friendly LandscapingTM Model Guidelines for Ordinance Language for Protection of Water Quality and Quantity,"updated in 2008 and 2010 and may be downloaded from: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/nonpoint/pubs.htm. • Finally,the 2004 Florida Legislature directed Florida's water management districts to work with interested parties to develop landscape irrigation and Florida-Friendly design standards for new construction (section 373.228,F.S.). Local governments are to use the standards and guidelines when developing landscape irrigation and Florida-Friendly ordinances.The Committee on Landscape Irrigation and Florida- Friendly Design Standards convened and developed the standards.They are published in a booklet called Landscape Irrigation and Florida friendly Design Standards (December 2006).The 2009 Legislature has directed that it be revised in 2011.The current version of this document can be downloaded from: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/waterpolicy/land irr.htm October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance Page 3 of 10 MODEL ORDINANCE FOR FLORIDA-FRIENDLY USE OF FERTILIZER ON URBAN LANDSCAPES (AUGUST 2010) 1. FINDINGS As a result of impairment to (MUNICIPALITY/ COUNTY)'S surface waters caused by excessive nutrients,or,as a result of increasing levels of nitrogen in the surface and/or ground water within the aquifers or springs within the boundaries of(municipality/county), the governing body of(municipality / county) has determined that the use of fertilizers on lands within (municipality/ county) creates a risk to contributing to adverse effects on surface and/or ground water. Accordingly, the governing board of(municipality/county) finds that management measures /Guidance:optional "additional management measures than are otherwise']contained in the most recent edition of the"Florida friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries,2008," may be required by this ordinance. 2. PURPOSE AND INTENT This Ordinance regulates the proper use of fertilizers by any applicator; requires proper training of Commercial and Institutional Fertilizer Applicators; establishes training and licensing requirements; establishes a Prohibited Application Period; specifies allowable fertilizer application rates and methods, fertilizer-free zones, low maintenance zones, and exemptions. The Ordinance requires the use of Best Management Practices which provide specific management guidelines to minimize negative secondary and cumulative environmental effects associated with the misuse of fertilizers. These secondary and cumulative effects have been observed in and on (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY)'s natural and constructed stormwater conveyances, rivers, creeks, canals, springs, lakes, estuaries and other water bodies. /Guidance: as appropriate] Collectively, these water bodies are an asset critical to the environmental, recreational, cultural and economic well-being of (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY) residents and the health of the public. Overgrowth of algae and vegetation hinder the effectiveness of flood attenuation provided by natural and constructed stormwater conveyances. Regulation of nutrients, including both phosphorus and nitrogen contained in fertilizer,will help improve and maintain water and habitat quality. 3. DEFINITIONS For this Article, the following terms shall have the meanings set forth in this section unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. "Administrator" means the (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY) Administrator, or an administrative official of (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY) government designated by the City/County Administrator to administer and enforce the provisions of this Article. "Application" or "Apply" means the actual physical deposit of fertilizer to turf or landscape plants. October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance Page 4 of 10 "Applicator" means any Person who applies fertilizer on turf and/or landscape plants in (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY). "Board or Governing Board" means the Board of City/County Commissioners of (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY),Florida. "Best Management Practices" means turf and landscape practices or combination of practices based on research, field-testing, and expert review, determined to be the most effective and practicable on-location means, including economic and technological considerations, for improving water quality, conserving water supplies and protecting natural resources. "Code Enforcement Officer, Official, or Inspector" means any designated employee or agent of(MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY) whose duty it is to enforce codes and ordinances enacted by (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY). "Commercial Fertilizer Applicator", except as provided in 482.1562(9) F.S., means any person who applies fertilizer for payment or other consideration to property not owned by the person or firm applying the fertilizer or the employer of the applicator. "Fertilize," "Fertilizing," or "Fertilization" means the act of applying fertilizer to turf, specialized turf,or landscape plants. "Fertilizer" means any substance or mixture of substances that contains one or more recognized plant nutrients and promotes plant growth, or controls soil acidity or alkalinity, or provides other soil enrichment,or provides other corrective measures to the soil. "Guaranteed Analysis" means the percentage of plant nutrients or measures of neutralizing capability claimed to be present in a fertilizer. "Institutional Applicator" means any person, other than a private, non-commercial or a Commercial Applicator (unless such definitions also apply under the circumstances), that applies fertilizer for the purpose of maintaining turf and/or landscape plants. Institutional Applicators shall include, but shall not be limited to, owners, managers or employees of public lands, schools, parks, religious institutions,utilities,industrial or business sites and any residential properties maintained in condominium and/or common ownership. "Landscape Plant" means any native or exotic tree, shrub,or groundcover (excluding turf). "Low Maintenance Zone" means an area a minimum of ten (10) feet wide adjacent to water courses which is planted and managed in order to minimize the need for fertilization, watering,mowing,etc. "Person" means any natural person, business, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, limited partnership, association, club, organization, and/or any group of people acting as an organized entity. October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance Page 5 of 10 "Prohibited Application Period"means the time period during which a Flood Watch or Warning,or a Tropical Storm Watch or Warning,or a Hurricane Watch or Warning is in effect for any portion of(CITY/COUNTY), issued by the National Weather Service, or if heavy rain'is likely. "(MUNICIPALITY/ COUNTY) Approved Best Management Practices Training Program" means a training program approved per 403.9338 F.S., or any more stringent requirements set forth in this Article that includes the most current version of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's "Florida friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries, 2008,"as revised,and approved by the (MUNICIPALITY/ COUNTY)Administrator. "Saturated soil" means a soil in which the voids are filled with water. Saturation does not require flow. For the purposes of this ordinance,soils shall be considered saturated if standing water is present or the pressure of a person standing on the soil causes the release of free water. [Guidance:Some have questioned the enforceability of practical field definitions which should be considered before adoption.] "Slow Release," "Controlled Release," "Timed Release," "Slowly Available," or"Water Insoluble Nitrogen"means nitrogen in a form which delays its availability for plant uptake and use after application,or which extends its availability to the plant longer than a reference rapid or quick release product. "Turf," "Sod," or "Lawn" means a piece of grass-covered soil held together by the roots of the grass. "Urban landscape" means pervious areas on residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, highway rights-of-way, or other nonagricultural lands that are planted with turf or horticultural plants. For the purposes of this section, agriculture has the same meaning as in s. 570.02. 4. APPLICABILITY This Ordinance shall be applicable to and shall regulate any and all applicators of fertilizer and areas of application of fertilizer within the area of(MUNICIPALITY/ COUNTY), unless such applicator is specifically exempted by the terms of this Ordinance from the regulatory provisions of this Ordinance. This Ordinance shall be prospective only,and shall not impair any existing contracts. /Guidance:In 403.9336, the Legislature further finds that local conditions, including variations in the types and quality of water bodies, site-specific soils and geology, and urban or rural densities and World Meteorological Organization definition of heavy rain:Rainfall greater than or equal to 50 mm(2 inches)in a 24 hour period.httn://severe.worldweather.org/rain/,and forecast keyword "likely", http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sew/MediaGuide/TermsOutlooks Watches Warnings.ndf y � October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance Page 6 of 10 characteristics, may necessitate the implementation of additional or more stringent fertilker management practices at the local government level. Local government may adopt additional or more stringent provisions to the model ordinance as provided in 403.9337(2). However, the local government should consider the disadvantages of confusing jurisdictional differences and should clearly demonstrate they meet the required criteria: (2)Each county and municipal government located within the watershed of a water body or water segment that is listed as impaired by nutrients pursuant to s. 403.067, shall, at a minimum, adopt the department's Model Ordinance for Florida-Friendly Fertilizer Use on Urban Landscapes.A local government may adopt additional or more stringent standards than the model ordinance if the following criteria are met: o (a)The local government has demonstrated, as part of a comprehensive program to address nonpoint sources of nutrient pollution which is science based, and economically and technically feasible, that additional or more stringent standards than the model ordinance are necessary in order to adequately address urban fertilizer contributions to nonpoint source nutrient loading to a water body. o (b) The local government documents that it has considered all relevant scientific information, including input from the department, the institute, the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, if provided, on the need for additional or more stringent provisions to address fertilker use as a contributor to water quality degradation.All documentation must become part of the public record before adoption of the additional or more stringent criteria.] [Guidance: Florida Statues 125.568(3), 166.048(3), 373.185(3), 720.3075(4), and others provide that a local ordinance, deed restriction or covenant may not prohibit or be enforced so as to prohibit any property owner from implementing Florida friendly landscaping on his or her land or create any requirement or limitation in conflict with any provision of part II of this chapter {373} or a water shortage order, other order, consumptive use permit, or rule adopted or issued pursuant to Chapter 373 part II.] [Guidance: Florida Statues 482.156 and 482.1562. Neither the Limited Commercial Landscape Maintenance Certification Program nor the Limited Certification for Urban Landscape Commercial Fertilizer Application allows landscape maintenance workers to make any kind of pesticide applications (including weed control and or weed and feed products)to any turf areas.] [Guidance:Florida Statues 482.242, and 487.051 (2), F.S. Regulation of pest control businesses and applicators, and of pesticide use, is preempted to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services(FDACS and suspected pesticide misuse should be reported to FDACS. 5. TIMING OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION No applicator shall apply fertilizers containing nitrogen and/or phosphorus to turf and/or landscape plants during the Prohibited Application Period,or to saturated soils. [dance: One of the most controversial issues associated with recent fertilker ordinances enacted by local governments is the definition of the Prohibited Application Period. Some ordinances have prohibited the application of fertilker, even slow release formulations, during the summer rainy season, typically June 1 to September 30. The reasoning is that rain occurs frequently, saturating the soil, leading to more runoff. Saturated soils are prone to runoff or leaching with little or no additional water, and pose a higher than normal risk until soil moisture capacity is restored. Fertilitier management is largely about keeping the October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance Page 7 of 10 nitrogen and/or phosphorus in the root _zone where it can be used by plants. Periods of heavy rainfall contribute to leaching which is washing nutrients out of the root_zone, and to runoff especially in areas with compacted or bare soils and significant slope. Vegetative ground cover is important to minimi_zing erosion, filtering particulates, and incorporating or promoting the biological transformation of potential pollutants. Many variables influence the relationship between fertili_zer rates, vegetation health and nutrient enrichment of surface and ground waters. According, sound science and carefully reasoned judgment are recommended in determining how to define the Prohibited Application Period.] 6. FERTILIZER FREE ZONES Fertilizer shall not be applied within ten (10) feet of any pond, stream, watercourse, lake, canal, or wetland as defined by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code) or from the top of a seawall, unless a deflector shield, drop spreader, or liquid applicator with a visible and sharply defined edge,is used, in which case a minimum of 3 feet shall be maintained. If more stringent (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY) Code regulations apply, this provision does not relieve the requirement to adhere to the more stringent regulations. Newly planted turf and/or landscape plants may be fertilized in this Zone only for a sixty (60) day period beginning 30 days after planting if need to allow the plants to become well established. Caution shall be used to prevent direct deposition of nutrients into the water. [Guidance:This_zone is a setback to prevent the applicator from inadvertently depositing fertilker in the water while performing the application. It is not designed as a treatment buffer, and is to be adhered to as a fundamental environmental safety aspect of the applicator's job, regardless of the owner's desires. Some communities have existing residential setbacks of as little as 10 feet from water or seawall. Low maintenance _zones, vegetated filter strips, and riparian buffers are strongly encouraged, but such activities are rightly a part of land use planning. Local governments are encouraged to implement these low-impact development practices where feasible.] 7. LOW MAINTENANCE ZONES A voluntary ten (10) foot low maintenance zone is strongly recommended, but not mandated, from any pond, stream, water course, lake, wetland or from the top of a seawall. A swale/berm system is recommended for installation at the landward edge of this low maintenance zone to capture and filter runoff. If more stringent (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY) Code regulations apply, this provision does not relieve the requirement to adhere to the more stringent regulations. No mowed or cut vegetative material may be deposited or left remaining in this zone or deposited in the water. Care should be taken to prevent the over-spray of aquatic weed products in this zone. [Guidance: Care must be taken to ensure erosion of the surface soil does not occur. Excessive erosion may be a greater pollution ha_zard than occasional proper applications of fertili_zer.] 8. FERTILIZER CONTENT AND APPLICATION RATES [Guidance:RUI.P 5E-1.003(2)(d), F.A.C contains the following provisions for golf courses,parks and athletic fields. As such, no additional specific requirements are included for these types of urban turf. The appropriate Best Management Practices listed below must be followed on such sites for nutrient management activities: (d)Fertili_zers labeled for sports tuf at golf courses,parks and athletic fields shall: October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance Page 8of10 1. Have directions for use not to exceed rates recommended in the document titled SL191 `Recommendations for N, P, K and Mg for Golf Course and Athletic Field Fertilisation Based on Mehlich I Extractant", dated March 2007, which is hereby adopted and incorporated by reference into this rule. Copies may be obtained from the Soil and Water Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 or the following website:http://edis.ifas.ufl.edul55404. 2. Have directions for use in accordance with the recommendations in `BMP's for the Enhancement of Environmental Quality on Florida Golf Courses",published by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, dated January 2007. Copies may be downloaded from http://www.dep.state fl.us/water!nonpoint/pubs.htm. Note that this does not exempt applicators at these sites from the required basic Green Industry BMP training. Information on this is located at http:l/fyn.ifas.ufl.edu/professionals/BMP overview.htm. If other provisions of the ordinance are not appropriate for these sites, such exceptions should be noted.] (a) Fertilizers applied to turf within (MUNICIPALITY / COUNTY) shall be formulated and applied in accordance with requirements and directions provided by Rule 5E-1.003(2), Florida Administrative Code,Labeling Requirements For Urban Turf Fertilizers. (b) Fertilizer containing nitrogen or phosphorus shall not be applied before seeding or sodding a site,and shall not be applied for the first 30 days after seeding or sodding,except when hydro-seeding for temporary or permanent erosion control in an emergency situation (wildfire, etc.),or in accordance with the Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan for that site. (c) Nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizer shall not be applied to turf or landscape plants except as provided in (a) above for turf,or in OF/IFAS recommendations for landscape plants,vegetable gardens,and fruit trees and shrubs,unless a soil or tissue deficiency has been verified by an approved test. [Guidance:Soil and tissue tests for phosphorus are normally done by OF/IFAS or another accredited laboratory. IFAS recommendations are available from the County Extension service or http://solutionsforvourlife.ufl.edu/lawn and_garden/] 9. APPLICATION PRACTICES a. Spreader deflector shields are required when fertilizing via rotary (broadcast) spreaders. Deflectors must be positioned such that fertilizer granules are deflected away from all impervious surfaces, fertilizer-free zones and water bodies,including wetlands. b. Fertilizer shall not be applied, spilled,or otherwise deposited on any impervious surfaces. c. Any fertilizer applied, spilled,or deposited,either intentionally or accidentally,on any impervious surface shall be immediately and completely removed to the greatest extent practicable. d. Fertilizer released on an impervious surface must be immediately contained and either legally applied to turf or any other legal site,or returned to the original or other appropriate container. e. In no case shall fertilizer be washed, swept,or blown off impervious surfaces into stormwater drains,ditches,conveyances, or water bodies. 10. MANAGEMENT OF GRASS CLIPPINGS AND VEGETATIVE MATTER In no case shall grass clippings, vegetative material, and/or vegetative debris be washed, • ' October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance Page 9 of 10 swept, or blown off into stormwater drains, ditches, conveyances,water bodies,wetlands, or sidewalks or roadways. Any material that is accidentally so deposited shall be immediately removed to the maximum extent practicable. 11. EXEMPTIONS The provisions set forth above in this Ordinance shall not apply to: (a) bona fide farm operations as defined in the Florida Right to Farm Act, Section 823.14 Florida Statutes; (b) other properties not subject to or covered under the Florida Right to Farm Act that have pastures used for grazing livestock; (c) any lands used for bona fide scientific research,including, but not limited to,research on the effects of fertilizer use on urban stormwater,water quality,agronomics,or horticulture. [Guidance:Limited waivers for special cases such as botanical gardens, etc. should not be considered as less stringent for the purposes of the model as a minimum requirement.] 12. TRAINING (a) All commercial and institutional applicators of fertilizer within the (un)incorporated area of(MUNICIPALITY/ COUNTY), shall abide by and successfully complete the six-hour training program in the "Florida friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries"offered by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection through the University of Florida Extension"Florida-Friendly Landscapes"program, or an approved equivalent. (b) Private,non-commercial applicators are encouraged to follow the recommendations of the University of Florida IFAS Florida Yards and Neighborhoods program when applying fertilizers. [Guidance:A local government may establish a certification/education program for the institutional or private application of fertilisers indicating the completion of an education program for special local requirements not covered in the above programs. It is up to the local government to set a continuing education or renewal provision for these applicators. Persons with statewide FDACS commercial fertilker certification cannot be required to submit to additional local testing after obtaining the FDACS certificate. 13. LICENSING OF COMMERCIAL APPLICATORS (a) Prior to 1 January 2014,all commercial applicators of fertilizer within the (un)incorporated area of(MUNICIPALITY/ COUNTY), shall abide by and successfully complete training and continuing education requirements in the "Florida friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries", offered by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection through the University of Florida IFAS "Florida- friendly Landscapes" program, or an approved equivalent program,prior to obtaining a October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3. Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Model fertilzer ordinance • Page 10 of 10 (MUNICIPALITY/ COUNTY) Local Business Tax Certificate for any category of occupation which may apply any fertilizer to turf and/or landscape plants. Commercial Fertilizer Applicators shall provide proof of completion of the program to the (MUNICIPALITY/ COUNTY) Tax Collector's office within 180 days of the effective date of this ordinance. [Guidance:The ordinance is prospective only. Occasions may exist for a finite time where pre-existing contract terms mandate practices not in accordance with the BMPs. Such terms should be voided at contract expiration.] (b) After 31 December,2013,all commercial applicators of fertilizer within the (un)incorporated area of(MUNICIPALITY/ COUNTY), shall have and carry in their possession at all times when applying fertilizer, evidence of certification by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services as a Commercial Fertilizer Applicator per 5E-14.117(18) F.A.C. (c) All businesses applying fertilizer to turf and/or landscape plants (including but not limited to residential lawns,golf courses, commercial properties, and multi-family and condominium properties) must ensure that at least one employee has a "Florida-friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries" training certificate prior to the business owner obtaining a Local Business Tax Certificate. Owners for any category of occupation which may apply any fertilizer to Turf and/or Landscape Plants shall provide proof of completion of the program to the (Municipality/ County) Tax Collector's Office./Guidance:This is an example of an administrative enforcement mechanism. It may be modified to use other local mechanisms as appropriate]. 14. ENFORCEMENT [Guidance:Local governments should consider making penalties consistent with their other fines and penalties.] Funds generated by penalties imposed under this section shall be used by (Municipality/ County) for the administration and enforcement of section 403.9337,Florida Statutes, and the corresponding sections of this ordinance, and to further water conservation and nonpoint pollution prevention activities. October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 1 of 68 Florida Friendly Best Management Practices for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries F s ....?::11111 ; A A pY F� ♦ „ trt r 4 1 . fir I.. � ?.... . ', F es A v141 e r v ' A 4A •°""" A a 3 , • 4 Ix- ,, ,.....,, ., .,0: . .... -,4::,, :;...,; - , it.1'' ''''' * r_ait.:4y,,,:.,0).,,,-„ ,pli..„-- -- ..r itt, .,, ,,i,.. 4 At, 41,10...ofros , 0, - .. < $ � i r 1 il : 'fir a ' '� t �`f{&, �',,�' ^< 1 +rt 4. i044`700 . !°-- a _ r f y a FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A Florida-Friendly Landscape Publication October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 2 of 68 lo 1 I am pleased to present this new edition of the Florida i to It Department of Environmental Protection's(DEP)guide W;; for the professional turf and landscape industry. In the past six years,more than 100,000 books were distrib- uted,in both English and Spanish,and thousands of workforce members have received formal training. z' t Florida Friendly Best Management Practices for the *- Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries reflects the collaborative efforts of DEP,the University of io Florida,several state and local agencies,as well as , numerous stakeholders and private industry partners. k The guide represents a collective commitment to assist -` l the turf and landscape industry to protect the environ- ment through the implementation of educational pro- grams. I encourage you to follow the recommendations contained in the publication;they will help conserve ,- water,protect our natural resources,minimize the need for regulation,and continue Florida's commitment of sound environmental stewardship. MICHAEL W.SOLE,SECRETARY Florida Department of Environmental Protection v ..., . 4: , , t."^• it ii w e wn ,gig - k . ^ ` ' g .r4* lr a M .,.4,1„.v �., ,r�c '" .:i • T ® FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries r October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay S:rvices Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 3 of 68 GOALS OF THE MANUAL This manual provides information and guidance on turfgrass and landscape management practic.. to minimize Nonpoint Source Pollution in order to conserve and protect Florida's water resources. These practices cove both the establishment of new turf and landscapes and the care of existing turf and landscapes,including construction acti 'ties,irrigation,nutrient management,and pest management. This manual is designed to be an educational guide for professional service providers and other interested parties. It does not substitute for the services of a landscape architect,engineer,or other design professiona. Design issues are dis- cussed as they apply to the service industry and their clients. This document is intended to enhance the professional knowledge and judgment of turfgrass and landscape workers.Plants are living systems,and these practices should not be rigidly applied in all cases. Workers should use the guidance provided, but measures that are more restrictive may be required in specific situations to protect sites that are at particularly high risk for adverse effects on surface water and ground water. State laws and local ordinances always take precedence. More information on Stormwater Management,Low Impact Development,and Florida Friendly Landscape Maintenance Practices is available from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection,the University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service,water management districts,universities and community colleges,and profess onal associations. ''' LET ONLY RAIN DOWN „..µ .. _ _ RAIN i 4- ,, - .. _ . ,. ,.. . 1 Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board t 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 4 of 68 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors of this document owe a debt of gratitude to the Professional Landscape Network (PLANET),in allowing us to use its document on Best Management Practices for Turfgrass as a guide,and to Tom Delany,the association's representative on the committee.The PLANET docu- ment was based on a U.S.Environmental Protection Agency grant. Particular gratitude is due to Erica Santella,Regional Technical Director for TruGreen and past president of the Florida Turfgrass Association,who served as committee chair for the original development of this manual. Special thanks are also due to our editor,Mike Thomas,Florida Department of Environmental Protection(FDEP),who has taken the group through the process and guided us down the right path. We would like to thank Bryan Cooksey of McCa1Ps Pest Control and former president of the Florida Pest Management Association;Geri Cashion of FMC Corp;Mark Roberts of Toro;Joel Jackson of the Florida Golf Course Superintendents Association;Joe Welch of Middleton Lawn and Pest Control;Sidney Hinson,Gary Cook,and Scott Sincerbeau of Lesco;Norm Smith,Mel Edelstein(deceased),and Ed Minor of the Certified Pest Control Operators Association;Jennifer Leggett of Lindsey Pest Control;Toni Caithness of the Florida Pest Management Association;John Thatcher of TruGreen;Nick Dennis of Prolawn;Jeff Michel of Massey Services,Inc.;Gene Yearty (deceased);Marylyn Bales of Douglass Fertilizer;Ben Bolusky and Tom Tumbleson of the Florida Nursery,Growers and Landscapers Association;and Barry Troutman of Valleycrest Landscape. Staff of the following agencies provided invaluable support for this project: Mike Scheinkman (FDEP);Mark Jennings and Steve Dwinell,Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services(FDACS);Richard Deadman,Florida Department of Community Affairs;Katherine Pordeli,St.Johns River Water Management District;Peg McPherson,South Florida Water Management District;and Ron Cohen and Jay Yingling,Southwest Florida Water Management District. Cover photo is provided courtesy of the South Florida Water Management District. Final editing was done by Linda Lord(FDEP). Finally,our thanks to Laurie Trenholm,Gary Knox,Christine Kelly-Begazo,John Cisar,George Snyder,Jerry Sartain,Terril Nell,Michael Dukes,Robert Black,Pam Mattis,Ed Gilman,and a host of other research and extension faculty,staff,and county agents with the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences(IFAS),and the innumerable other citizens who con- tributed comments. This publication was funded in part by FDEP with a Section 319 Nonpoint Source Management Program Grant from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. DISCLAIMER The mention of a specific product or company is for information purposes only and does not con- stitute an endorsement of that product or company. Copyright 2008,Florida Department of Environmental Protection. IIIFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay y Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 5 of 68 Table of Contents GOALS OF THE MANUAL iii Mangroves 23 Disposing of Landscape Material 23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv CHAPTER 5: FERTILIZATION 25 TABLE OF CONTENTS v Fertilizer Terms 25 Fertilizer Analysis 25 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Urban Turf Fertilizer Rule 25 Using Best Management Practices Turf Fertilization Management 25 to Reduce Pollution and Conserve Water 1 Nitrogen Management 26 Environmental Issues 1 Phosphorus Fertilization 30 Importance of Maintaining Potassium Fertilization 31 Healthy Landscapes and Turf 2 Secondary Nutrient Fertilization 31 Cultural Practices for Healthy Landscapes 2 Micronutrients 31 Employee Training 4 Fertilizing Grass for Establishment or Recovery 32 CHAPTER 2: BEST MANAGEMENT Untreated Buffers Near Bodies of Water 32 PRACTICES FOR DESIGN AND Impervious Surfaces 33 INSTALLATION OF LANDSCAPES 6 Fertigation 33 Site Evaluation and Landscape Design 6 Fertilizing Landscape Plants 33 Florida Friendly Landscape Design Standards 6 Why Fertilize? 33 Plant Selection 7 Recommendations and Basic Principles Selecting a Turfgrass for a Florida Lawn 7 for Fertilizing Landscape Plants 34 Selecting Trees,Shrubs,and Ground Covers 8 When To Fertilize 34 Planting 8 How Much To Fertilize 34 Preparing To Plant a Lawn 8 Where and How To Fertilize 35 Landscape Plant Installation 8 Fertilizer Storage and Loading 35 Care During Plant Establishment 8 Storage 35 Environmental Stresses on Lawns 9 Loading 36 Shade Considerations for Turf 9 Soil Testing 36 Soil Sampling Methodology 36 CHAPTER 3: IRRIGATION BEST Soil Test Interpretation 37 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 11 Tissue Testing 37 Permitting and Regulations 11 Tissue Sampling Methodology 38 Reclaimed Water Use 12 Sample Contamination 38 Irrigation System Design 12 Interpretation of Results 38 Microirrigation for Landscape Plants 13 Summary 38 Irrigation System Installation 15 Irrigation Management 15 CHAPTER 6: PEST CONTRO_ 40 Irrigation System Maintenance 17 Legal Issues 40 Irrigation System Errors 18 Definitions 40 Sources for Irrigation Standards 18 Licensing Requirements for Pesticide Use in Lawn and Landscape Maintenance 40 CHAPTER 4: MULCHING, Pesticide Record Keeping 40 MOWING,AND PRUNING 20 Restricted Use Pesticides 41 Landscape Mulches 20 Integrated Pest Management 41 Benefits of Mulching 20 Pesticide Use 42 Mowing the Florida Lawn ..............................................21 Pesticide Selection 43 Pruning of Landscape Plants 22 Pesticide Storage 44 Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 6 of 68 Mixing and Loading Activities 46 APPENDIX C: RULE 5E-1.003(2) LABELING Pesticide Equipment Calibration and Loading 46 REQUIREMENTS FOR URBAN TURF FERTILIZERS 59 Pesticide Application Equipment Wash Water 47 Pesticide Spill Management 47 LIST OF TABLES Spill Reporting Requirements 48 Table 1. Comparison of lawngrasses Management of Pests in the Landscape 49 available for use in Florida 7 Weed Management 49 Insects and Other Organisms 49 Table 2. Irrigation spacing 13 Plant Nematodes 50 Plant Diseases 50 Table 3. Irrigation Association Diagnostic Assistance 50 Distribution Uniformities 17 REFERENCES 51 Table 4. Suggested mowing heights and Design&Installation References 51 mower types for Florida home lawns 21 Preparation 51 Selection 51 Table 5. Fertilization guidelines for established Environmental Stresses 51 turfgrass lawns in three regions of Florida 29 Irrigation References 51 Standards 51 Table 6.Landscape plant nitrogen Guidance 52 fertilization rates 34 Mulching,Mowing,and Pruning References 52 Fertilization References 53 Table 7. Suggested ranges for Mehlich-1 extractable Pesticide References 53 soil nutrient levels for Florida turfgrasses 37 APPENDIX A: IMPORTANT Table 8. Sufficiency ranges of tissue TELEPHONE NUMBERS 55 N concentration for selected lawn turfgrasses 38 Emergency Reporting Telephone Numbers 55 Help Line Telephone Numbers 55 Table 9. Sufficiency concentration ranges Nonemergency Telephone Numbers 56 for selected macro and micronutrients in turfgrass tissue 38 APPENDIX B: FLORIDA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE TELEPHONE NUMBERS 57 Table 10. Reportable quantities for certain pesticides 48 IIFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay -ervices Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida F'endly BMP Page 7 of 68 Chapter 1 : Introduction USING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO REDUCE POLLUTION AND CONS RVE WATER The protection of water resources is enhanced through turf-and landscape-care practices that make the best use of technology and the practical experience of profession- als.These practices address specific concerns,including the protection of water resources where pesticides and nutrients enter ground water and surface water as a result of nonpoint source pollution. University studies throughout the country,including Florida,have shown that properly managed turfgrass and landscapes do not significantly contribute to nonpoint source pollution.Pollution occurs when less-than-ade- quate management techniques are used.Developing low- risk irrigation,fertilizer,and pesticide programs,and ensuring that these programs are properly administered and periodically reviewed,reduces the possibility of nutrient movement off-site.Whenever possible,profes Figure 1.With proper BMPs,our water resources can successfully sionals should educate their clients on landscape best coexist with residential landscapes. management practices(BMPs)that encourage water con- servation and pollution prevention. Since the original publication of this BMP manual,sever- The goals of the FDEP Green Industry BMPs are to al new laws have been passed,new research completed, reduce nonpoint source pollution and promote the effi- and new products developed. Therefore,this 2008 ver- cient use of water,as follows: sion contains new informati n in many areas,especially concerning irrigation syste and fertilizer use,along • Reduce the off-site transport of sediment,nutrients, with many other suggestions received from dozens of and pesticides through surface water or ground water. landscapers and others seeki g to improve this book. This revision would not be a good without their ideas • Use appropriate site design and plant selection. and contributions. • Use appropriate rates and methods of applying fertilizer This manual provides specific examples of how BMPs and irrigation. might work in typical situations.These examples are not meant to minimize concerns associated with other • Use integrated pest management(IPM)to minimize turfgrass or pest problems. lthough certain rules are pests and apply chemicals only when appropriate. mentioned,this publication s an educational,not a regulatory,document.Alwa s check with state and BMPs should integrate selection,irrigation,fertilization, local authorities,because local ordinances may be more and pest management in a manner that minimizes envi- restrictive than federal or st to regulations. ronmental impacts,yet meets clients'and customers' expectations.Irrigation practices influence how often we ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES need to fertilize and this can affect the occurrence of pest Many areas of the state are nning low on freshwater problems. Weigh these and other factors when making supplies.Water conservation is one of the most crucial landscape management decisions. issues facing Florida in the f ture,and applying the BMPs described in this manual wil help to conserve our pre- The first edition of this manual was published in the sum- cious fresh water. mer of 2002.By the end of 2007,more than 80,000 manu- als had been distributed,in both English and Spanish ver- Since the passage of the Clea Water Act and the forma- sions.More than 50,000 glove box sized summary book- tion of the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, lets have also been distributed.In the first five years,more tremendous strides have been made in cleaning up our air than 2600 people obtained formal certification through and water.Most of this clean p has been accomplished DEP or OF-IFAS sponsored training,and many of these through permitting and the gulation of point sources of people have taught others about the BMPs,but they did pollution such as factory sm kestacks and sewage dis- not obtain formal certification through the University. charges. Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 8 of 68 In contrast,nonpoint source pollution comes from diffuse cover.Native and well-adapted,noninvasive ornamentals sources and is associated with the long-term effects of contribute beauty and balance to a property,provide - everyday activities.It is carried primarily by rainfall and shade and wildlife habitat,and help to control erosion by irrigation water,which cause pollutants that have accu- diminishing the force of rainfall.Both the lawn and other mulated on the land surface to run off into surface waters landscape plantings reduce noise and glare,and modify or to leach into ground water.Water is the primary mech- temperatures. anism for the transport of dissolved chemicals through the soil.Nonpoint source pollution may not be obvious A healthy and vigorous turf with good plant density pro- until a rainfall event occurs,leading to stormwater runoff vides many benefits.Healthy grass is viewed as an aes- from roads,parking lots,suburban areas,and farms.As thetic asset,and a growing body of evidence points to the Florida's population has soared,this type of pollution has positive health and environmental contributions made by become an increasingly important issue in the state. lawns and other turf areas.Turfgrass plays a significant role in reducing water runoff in urban and suburban Many of Florida's water resources are particularly suscep- environments that have significant areas of impervious tible to pollution because of the state's unique geology surfaces such as parking lots,sidewalks,and driveways. and climate.Floridians obtain most of their drinking Dense turf reduces the velocity of runoff and allows water from ground water via wells.Ground water sup- greater infiltration into both the thatch and root zone, plies often lie near the surface and may be covered by where microbes can begin breaking down the water con- nothing but sandy soil.Surface waters in Florida are very taminants.The turfgrass root zone is a unique soil sys- sensitive to even small additions of pollution,which have tem.A healthy root zone does the following: caused widespread ecosystem changes in our sensitive estuaries,lakes,rivers,and the Everglades. • Improves soil structure and reduces soil compaction, allowing greater infiltration of rain or irrigation water; In order to prevent potential leaching and runoff;users of fertilizers and pesticides need to consider the weather • Improves soil processes that facilitate the biodegrada- conditions,proper application rates of products and cali- tion(breakdown)of various types of organic pollutants, bration of equipment,soil properties,the distance to the air contaminants,and pesticides used in lawn care; water table,the slope of the land,and the distance to sur- face waters and storm drains;all of this,in addition to • Encourages soil-building processes through the decom- plant nutrition,disease,and pest factors. position of organic matter and formation of humus, and contributes to easier lawn care with fewer weeds Remember,an ounce of prevention is worth many and insects and less disease. dollars of cure. CULTURAL PRACTICES FOR HEALTHY LANDSCAPES Plant selection and location are the most important ,; factors in planning a lawn and landscape.After weather, 4. - cultural practices are the biggest factors in determining "°.• how well an agronomic or horticultural program per- forms.The amount of pesticides,fertilizers,and water required often directly correlate with cultural practices and how well they are carried out. Landscape professionals have a responsibility to supply . _ their customers with educational material on their role in keeping turf and other landscape plants healthy.This includes(as appropriate)information on irrigation,mow- _ ing,plant selection,aeration,and traffic control.Few a, landscaping and lawn care companies have total control over all aspects of the properties they maintain.It is not Figure 2.Grassy stormwater retention areas can add to a lawn and uncommon for mowing,fertilization,pest management, protect our environment. and irrigation maintenance to be performed by two or more companies,or the homeowner may do one or more jobs themselves.It is of the utmost importance to educate IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING customers about wise cultural practices so they can see HEALTHY LANDSCAPES AND TURF that they are performed properly. Well-planned,healthy landscapes designed with Florida- friendly landscape practices usually include trees, Cultural practices include irrigation,fertilization,mowing ornamentals,and a lawn of turfgrass or other ground and pruning,aeration and dethatching.When each of ©FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries A October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay ervices Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 9 of 68 these is performed properly, the need for pesticides is healthy dense stands and can lead to soil erosion and • reduced because plants and turfgrasses are healthier and water pollution. Certain diseases,such as rust and dollar more resistant to pest problems. spot,can occur in turf maintained under low-nutrient conditions.Under-fertilized'andscape plants may require The concept of Integrated Pest Management(IPM) a higher than normal rate of nitrogen or other nutrients emphasizes proper cultural practices along with selecting in order to return to a healthy condition. plant species,varieties and cultivars that are less suscepti- ble to insects,nematodes,and diseases,and best adapted Over-fertilization can also enhance plant susceptibility to to the environmental conditions of the site and geograph- pests and diseases.Several pesticide applications may be is part of the state. required to alleviate problems that would not have been as prevalent under a proper nutrition program. Mowing height has a tremendous impact on the severity of weed,insect,and disease pests.In general,lowering Remember that plants don't waste water,people do.In a the height increases weed,insect,and disease pressure on typical urban environment where soils and habitat have turfgrasses by causing turf stress.There are exceptions: been modified,supplemental irrigation is necessary for dwarf varieties,centipedegrass and improved bermuda- the survival of many turf and ornamental plants during grasses have lower mowing heights than the standard periods of severe moisture deficiency.However,overwa- often used for lawn and commercial turfgrasses.Still, tering may increase insect,weed,and disease pressures. even these lower-growing varieties will suffer stress if For example,excessive mois ure encourages the develop- mowed too short. ment of dollarweed and fungal pathogens. Conversely, some weeds such as spurge and Florida pusley thrive Pruning is an important task in maintaining a landscape. under dry conditions and can outcompete turfgrass suf- Through the selective removal of shoots and branches, fering from drought stress.A balance is necessary to keep pruning a plant can improve its health,control its the landscape strong and healthy. growth,and enhance its fruiting,flowering,or appear- ance.Improper pruning,on the other hand,may weaken The average volume of rainfall in Florida ranges from 40 a plant,open it to invasion by disease or insect pests,or inches annually in Key West to about 53 inches in the even lead to premature death of the plant.Incorrect dis- central and northern peninsula and over 60 inches in the posal of material may lead to the spreading of diseases or Panhandle west of Tallahassee and along the southeast pests,or of the spreading of invasive species. Time fertilizer applications to maximize plant use and minimize adverse environmental impacts.Plants use the most nitrogen during periods of high growth,and less "* when dormant. However,it is important to avoid fertiliz- er applications if heavy rain is expected before the nutri- ` '_ r ents are immobilized. In theory,frequent,very light appli- cations or"spoon feedings"of turf and landscapes are ideal to avoid leaching a large amount at one time due to a heavy rain event,but this is difficult to achieve safely t without special management,such as for golf course greens. Slow release fertilizers attempt to match this ideal profile.Both quick-and slow-release fertilizers have a place in a sound management program. Fertilization of plants can result in additional growth and production of leaves,stems,branches and roots. However,additional growth can result in more mainte- nance and yard trimming,so it is important to deter- mine if heavy growth is the desired result. Fertilization Figure 3.Poor Fertilization technique wastes Fertilizer,causes unsightly is usually desirable when trying to establish newly stains,and pollutes our waterbodies. installed landscape plants.In addition,adding fertilizer can help plants get off to a quick start so they fill the planted area. coast below Lake Okeechobe .In parts of the central and Inadequate nutrition results in thin,weak plants that may southern peninsula,more th n half of Florida's total be more susceptible to insects,weeds,and diseases. In annual rainfall is concentrat between June and addition,weakened plants do not hold the soil as well as September. During the wint r and spring,or during Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 III October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 10 of 68 . severe drought years,the lack of rainfall may seriously EMPLOYEE TRAINING compromise plant health.Landscape plants,including The effectiveness of any program is only as good as the turfgrass,that are growing in soils with a limited capaci- understanding of the personnel responsible for final ty to retain moisture can benefit from supplemental application.BMPs are no exception.For BMPs to be effec- irrigation during periods of low rainfall. Even during tive,the technicians in the field must understand their the rainy season,evapotranspiration(water loss from role in protecting our water resources.This understand- plants and soil) occurs between showers and may neces- ing can only come from the development and implemen- sitate supplemental watering while plants are becoming tation of employee-training programs. established. Employees should be given pertinent information relating Determining and controlling the rate,amount,and tim- to their job duties,especially job safety.The Green ing of irrigation can minimize soil erosion,runoff,and Industry is very diverse. Companies range in size from fertilizer and pesticide movement.The irrigation system one or two individuals to very large corporations. Firms should be designed to have an application rate that is of any size may choose to avail themselves of horticultur- less than the infiltration capacity of the soil so that no al and practical training available through professional surface pooling occurs and water percolates with maxi- associations,governments,or the county Cooperative mum efficiency.Rain sensors or soil moisture sensors Extension Service. eliminate irrigation when nature has supplied sufficient water.A correctly installed and operating rain sensor, In addition to the BMPs,it is recommended that which is required by law on all systems installed after managers,salespeople,and supervisors take advantage 1991,can save up to 30%or more over a timer-only sys- of Florida Yards and Neighborhoods(FYN) training tem. If you notice a defective rain sensor while perform- events where they are provided by their local IFAS ing other work on a property,try to notify the owner so Extension office.While consistent with the Green they can get it repaired. Industry BMPs,FYN training is geared to homeowners, and in some areas to retailers and homebuilders.While The use of pesticides for controlling pests remains an FYN is the"homeowner"BMP guide and applies to important part of landscape plant management in maintenance of all types of yards found in Florida,it Florida.The key to reducing pesticide use is to combine also addresses design of diverse landscapes that mini- genetic,cultural,and biological management practices mize use of irrigation,supplemental fertilizers,and cor- into an IPM program that focuses on the prevention of rective pest control. FYN classes also focus considerable pest problems.When suppression is necessary,it is easier attention on specific plant selection,placement,and to suppress a pest when conditions exist that do not care. This information is tailored to local conditions and favor its development. For example,diseases can be hard soils,topics beyond the scope of this manual. There is a to manage during periods of heavy rains but if over- growing demand for people to install and service these watering is promoting disease,cutting back irrigation yards properly,and this may provide an opportunity to will help suppress fungus much more effectively than expand your client base. fungicide applications alone. If you are doing planting or irrigation work,or any other BMPs to protect water quality can be affordable and easily digging,find out where utility lines are buried before you implemented,and are effective in reducing the off-site dig in order to protect yourself and your crew from injury transport of sediment,nutrients,and pesticides.Select and prevent damage to underground utility lines.Train pesticides that are the least toxic,least water soluble,least your employees that a call to 811 starts the process of volatile,and most effective.The best defense against the getting underground utility lines marked for free.Calling movement of pesticides and fertilizer nutrients off-site or 811 in Florida routes you to Sunshine State One Call. through the soil is a thick,vigorously growing stand of Utility companies then send a professional locator to the turf or other landscape plants. location to mark underground lines within two full business days.Once the lines are marked,you will know Pesticides must be correctly applied.Spray when condi- the approximate location of the utility lines and can dig tions for drift are minimal,avoid application when heavy more safely. However,One Call member utilities rain is expected,and irrigate with appropriate volumes of typically locate only those underground facilities they water per label instructions. Granular applications own. Customer wiring and piping within the lot are not should be targeted away from impervious surfaces and marked by One Call. bodies of water. The landscape manager should check the proper calibration of equipment before every pesti- Employees whose job duties include activities related to cide application. BMPs should be properly trained to perform those activi- ties before going in the field. Applicable personnel at all Always follow the label directions for disposing of levels of responsibility should receive refresher training pesticide containers. annually on the general components and goals of the IIII FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries • • October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay .ervices Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida •riendly BMP Page 11 of 68 BMPs,job safety,and the specific BMPs that apply to Remember. . . • their jobs. • Train employees about B Ps and job safety. • Retrain annually and whe changes are made. Documenting an employee's participation is an integral • Train employees to docu ent and retain records of part of a successful training program. Employee training activities. should be documented in an employee training log. This documentation provides the business with a tool to Finally,consider real nature '∎f your business.It is proba- ensure the effective delivery of BMPs. It not only allows bly not the sale of pesticides fertilizers,or gasoline. It is the company to track an employee's education and com- more likely that your real bu.iness is maintaining your petence,but also provides a record in case of accident to customers'yards at a level t :t pleases them,at the lowest show that the company provided the employee with the expense to you. Do not spe d money applying materials proper training to do his or her job. Records should have that are not needed,or that .re wasted by poor applica- the name and signature of the employee,the provider or tion practices or improper e s uipment calibration. Do not trainer,subject,date,and hours(time in/time out). waste materials and time fig ting the symptoms of prob- lems you have no control ov r. Collaborate with other As time goes on,some local governments are passing trades that have expertise yo do not provide,such as an ordinances to regulate the Green Industry. Many of these irrigation contractor. Then, f the irrigation system is ordinances may require education in order to obtain an causing fungal problems and dry spots,you can provide occupational license or to provide services to the public. the customer with repairs;fi the real cause of the trou- Maintaining training records shows that your business ble;and save money on fung cide,insecticide,fertilizer meets these requirements. and labor. Using Best Management Practices minimizes both the environmental and inancial costs of maintaining a healthy and attractive land cape. Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 12 of 68 Chapter 2: Best Management Practices for Design and Installation of Landscapes Bare soils and slopes without proper plant cover are highly susceptible to erosion.Sediment resulting from erosion is the leading cause of waterbody impairment and pollution. Sediment destroys fish-spawning beds,reduces useful storage volumes in reservoirs,and increases filtra- tion costs for municipal water supplies. Pesticides and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can bind with sediments and be moved by running water.A healthy stand of turf and/or other landscape plants can help to - control erosion and reduce runoff,but must be properly established and maintained to protect water quality. It is important to design the landscape before installing the irrigation system.This allows the irrigation system to be designed to meet the needs of the plants instead of the other way around. Florida Statutes 125.568(3), 166.048(3),and 373.185(3) provide that a deed restriction or covenant entered after October 1,2001,or local government ordinance,may not prohibit any property owner from implementing Xeriscape or Florida-friendly landscape practices on his or her land.Any restrictions created after this date are - " void. In many communities,construction and design docu- ments and permits require the signature and seal of a design professional. To protect the public,landscape Figure 4.Narrow strips are difficult to maintain. architects and professional engineers are licensed by the state. Contact your local authorities if you are not sure what is required. For more information on landscape characteristics of the planting site. The design profes- architecture,see http://www.myfloridalicense.com/dbpr/ sional should always provide the owner with a record pro/larch/,or to learn more about engineering services go drawing identifying each plant or bed and the recom- to http://www.fbpe.orgt. mended irrigation requirements. SITE EVALUATION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN For more information,see IFAS Circular 536,Basic The long-term value of a landscape depends on how well Principles of Landscape Design,at Jittp://edis.ifas.ufl. it performs for its particular objectives. Performance is edu/MG086. often directly related to matching a site's characteristics and a client's desires with plant requirements.Therefore, FLORIDA FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE the first step in selecting plants for a landscape is to DESIGN STANDARDS conduct a site evaluation,which may consist of studying In 2004,the Florida legislature created section 373.228 planting site characteristics such as the amount of sun or Florida Statutes,directing the Department of Environ- shade,salt spray exposure,soil type,pH,soil compaction, mental Protection,the Water Management Districts, slope and water drainage.These characteristics will most and several stakeholder groups to devise standards for likely differ between areas on the same property. For Landscape Irrigation and Florida-Friendly landscape example,the area on one side of a structure may have design. These standards were adopted in December significantly different light conditions than an area on the 2006. Local governments must use these standards other side. Construction activities may have produced when adopting local ordinances after that date. severe compaction,and non-native soils may have been used as fill in some areas.Such soils may need aerifica- The nine principles of Florida-friendly landscaping tion or amendment to be suitable for planting. The sec- include planting the right plant in the right place, and step is to select plants with attributes that match the efficient watering,appropriate fertilization,mulching, gmFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay.ervices Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida -riendly BMP Page 13 of 68 This BMP manual for profes•ionals and the Florida Yards These landscape and irrigation design Standards and Neighborhoods(FYN)p ograms for homeowners, shall be used by local governments when developing homebuilders and developer,and retailers are based landscape irrigation and xeriscape(Florida-Friendly) on these nine principles,di •ring only in focusing on the ordinances,pursuant to section 373.228,F.S. needs of their target audienc All are part of the Florida I. Landscape and Xeriscape(Florida Friendly) Friendly Landscapes progra a partnership between the Design Standards Florida Department of Environmental Protection,the OF-IFAS Environmental Hor iculture Department and A. Low impact site design practices,such as preserv- Center for Landscape Conservation and Ecology,and the ing existing native trees and vegetation,shall be five water management districts. used if feasible.Where established natural vegeta- tion is incorporated into the landscape design, PLANT SELECTION irrigation of those areas shall not be required. Because many of the plants used in Florida vary widely in B. The plant palette and irrigation system shall be their adaptation,consideration should be given to choos- appropriate for site conditions,taking into account ing grasses and other plants that are suited to their partic- that, in some cases,soil improvement can enhance ular environment. water use efficiency. C. Plants shall be grouped together by irrigation SELECTING A TURFGRASS OR A FLORIDA LAWN demand. Selecting the correct grass is ritical to maintaining a lawn successfully. Table 1 can help you choose the grass that is D. The percentage of landscaped area in irrigated best suited to a particular customer,location,and use. high water use hydrozones should be minimized. Local government ordinances shall address the To select the right grass,the ollowing questions should percentage of irrigated landscaped area that may be asked: be included in high water use hydrozones.These high water use limits should not apply to land- • What type of lawn is desir.d or expected and what level scaped areas requiring large amounts of turf for of maintenance can be pro ided?The level of mainte- their primary functions,e.g., ballfields and play- grounds. nance required is closely r:lated to cost and time,with high-maintenance turf costing the most and taking the most time to maintain.Ho eowners should under- attraction of wildlife,responsible management of yard stand realistically what the r options are and what each pests,recycling yard waste,reduction of stormwater runoff, entails. and waterfront protection.Additional components of Florida-friendly landscape include planning and design, • What are the environment.I conditions at the planting soil analysis,the use of solid waste compost,practical use site?Most importantly,wh t are the soil type,pH, of turf,and proper maintenance. drainage,and other soil ch:racteristics?Has it been Table 1:Common lawn grass species used in Florida.Some of the species may vary by cultivars for characteristics listed. Environment Bahiagrass Bermudagrass Centipedegrass Seashore Paspalum St.Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass Area Adapted To Statewide Statewide N.Florida and Statewide Statewide Statewide I Panhandle(one cultivar adapted to South Florida) Mowing Height 3"-4" Cultivar Dependent 1.5"-2.0" 0.5"-2" Cultivar Dependent Cultivar Dependent 0.5"-1.5" Soil Acid,sandy Wide range Acid,infertile Wide range Wide range Wide range Leaf Texture Coarse-medium Cultivar Dependent Medium Fine-medium Cultivar Dependent Cultivar Dependent Fine-medium Coarse-medium Fine-medium Salt Tolerance Poor Good Poor Excellent Good Good Shade Tolerance Poor Poor Fair Poor Good Good Wear Tolerance Poor Good-excellent Poor Good-excellent Poor Good-excellent Nematode Tolerance Very good Poor Poor Good Good Good Maintenance Level Low Cultivar Dependent Low High Medium Medium-High Medium-High Establishment Methods Seed,sod Sod,sprigs, Seed,sod, Sod,plugs, Sod,plugs, Sod,plugs, plugs,seed sprigs,plugs sprigs,seed sprigs sprigs,seed Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 IIII October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 14 of 68 . compacted by construction activity? Does the site con- • Deep tillage—this loosens compacted soil and improves min low fertility subsoils brought in for fill? Is the site the establishment of turf. Tilling sand is unnecessary. irrigated?Can it be easily mowed? Is it shaded or in full sun?Will it be shaded in a few years?What is the • Weed control—use a nonselective herbicide such as quality and the expected quantity of the water available glyphosate to aid in weed control before planting. for irrigation?What pests are prevalent in the area?Are Several applications may be necessary. pest-resistant cultivars available?Reclaimed water may contain high levels of chloride,leading to salt accumu- • Final grading—a final leveling makes mowing easier lation in the soil.When planning or renovating a land- and safer. scape,check with the reclaimed water provider regard- ing chloride levels,and if necessary choose plants that For more information,see Preparing To Plant a Florida are salt-tolerant. Lawn,IFAS Publication ENH-02,at http://edis.ifas.ufl. edu/LHO12:. SELECTING TREES, SHRUBS,AND GROUND COVERS The plants selected should be suited to the characteristics LANDSCAPE PLANT INSTALLATION of the site that were determined during an earlier site Before digging the hole, 1)remove all soil from above analysis.Good landscape design requires that plants serve the topmost root,and 2)measure the distance between particular functions.They should reduce cooling and the topmost root and the bottom of the root ball. Dig the heating costs and improve the appearance or usefulness hole about 10 percent shallower than this depth and as of the landscape.Plants should be selected and positioned wide as possible(at least one and a half times the width to provide a transition between the structure and the of the ball and even wider in compacted soils).The root landscape,a screen for privacy,shade for comfort,and ball should be positioned in the hole shallowly enough wildlife habitat,or to direct traffic flow onto and within so that the finished grade of the backfill soil and land- the property. Select plants that will not outgrow their scape soil is lower than the top of the root ball. In allotted space.Even though smaller cultivars of landscape other words,leave the upper portion of the sides of the plants may take longer to reach the desirable size,they root ball exposed to the air.Then apply mulch so that it will not have to be pruned as frequently and are less like- covers the sides of the root ball. Be sure that when you ly to need replacing in a few years. are finished planting,there is NO SOIL,and little or no mulch,over the top of the root ball. Soil(as well as See http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/index.html for informs- thick mulch layers more than 3 or 4 inches deep)over tion on individual plants. the root ball can prevent water and air from entering the root ball. PLANTING When finished planting,you should be able to see the PREPARING TO PLANT A LAWN topmost root in the root ball originating from the trunk at Proper soil preparation before grass planting is critical to the soil surface. In other words,the trunk flare(root ensure the establishment of quality turf.Preparation flare)should be visible.Soil should be packed firmly determines how quickly the lawn becomes established between the root ball and existing soil to eliminate air and its long-term maintenance requirements.The general pockets where roots can dry out. Air pockets can be guidelines for preparing to plant a lawn are as follows: removed when planting large specimens by inserting a running hose between the root ball-soil interface several • Call 811 before you dig(or 800-432-4770 or times until all the soil settles around the root ball. www.callsunshine.com)—before installing any and/or all plant material. CARE DURING PLANT ESTABLISHMENT Even the healthiest landscape plants installed in the most • Clean and rough grade—remove debris and level the ideal circumstances may need a substantial amount of area to make it suitable for mowing. time,care,and proper irrigation to become established. During the establishment period,the roots are expanding • Install irrigation—if you are including an irrigation out into the landscape soil,and the shoots and trunk system,install it prior to planting. grow more slowly than they did before transplanting.In most instances,established,drought-tolerant landscape • Soil analysis—determine soil pH and phosphorus plants have a root system substantial enough to keep and potassium concentrations. Contact your county them alive with little or no supplemental irrigation. Cooperative Extension Service for information on how Establishment occurs more rapidly when irrigation is to do this. supplied in the correct quantity and frequency. • Soil amendments—add these prior to planting if you need In addition to requiring special attention to irrigation, to improve the soil's physical and chemical properties. during their establishment period trees benefit from 1131 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries ' October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 15 of 68 mulching and may require staking or guying. Pruning SHADE CONSIDERATIONS FOR TURF - and fertilizing may also benefit landscape plants while Most landscapes include shaded areas,with shade coming they are becoming established. from either trees or buildings. This shade can drastically affect turfgrass growth,depending on the degree and For more information,see the following: duration of shade. In many landscape settings,grass receives a minimum amount of light for enough of the IFAS Publication ENH 860,Fertilization and Irrigation day to maintain adequate growth,even if an area is shad- Needs for Florida Lawns and Landscapes,at http://edis.ifas. ed for other portions of the day. In some situations,how- ufl.edu/EP110. ever,a grassed area may be shaded for most or all of the day,making it difficult for the grass to obtain either an IFAS Publication ENH 857,Irrigating Landscape Plants adequate intensity or duration of light for growth. During Establishment,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP113. Under shaded conditions, turfgrasses have elongated leaf IFAS Circular 853,Pruning Landscape Trees and Shrubs,at blades and stems as they attempt to obtain sunlight by http://edis,ifas.ufl.edu/MG087. outgrowing their neighbors. This reduces their overall health and vigor. Coverage is also reduced, and the bare IFAS tree pruning website,Pruning Shade Trees in the ground that results is conducive to weed growth. It is Landscape,at http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/pruning/. generally not advisable to grow turfgrass in heavy shade. Other ground covers or mulch should be used in these ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES ON LAWNS sites. For areas receiving moderate amounts of shade, Florida lawn grasses are subjected to many environmen- however,certain species and cultivars are able to main- tal stresses as a result of prolonged exposure to shade, tain suitable growth. Specific management practices drought, nutrient deficiency, the effects of vehicle and also encourage better turfgrass health under shaded foot traffic,salinity, and occasional cold temperatures. conditions. Biotic stresses result from living organisms such as insects, diseases,or nematodes. Some species are particularly well suited for use in shad- ed areas. Within these species,certain cultivars some- Environmental stresses can be managed in two ways: 1) times maintain considerable advantages when grown in a choosing the most stress-tolerant species or cultivar for shaded environment. These species and cultivars include a particular area, and 2)using proper cultural and man- the following: agement practices to alleviate the effects of the stress. Practices that reduce environmental stresses include the St. Augustinegrass is somewhat better than others for following: growth in partial shade,although it also performs well in full sunlight. Cultivars that exhibit the most shade toler- • Moderating nitrogen fertility. Nitrogen encourages ance include`Seville'and Delmar.' `Floratam,'`Floratine,' the plant to form new tissue and grow. When nitro- and`Floralawn'exhibit somewhat less shade tolerance. gen is applied in excess,more energy reserves are used to form new tissue than can be replaced by pho- Zoysiagrass is another good choice for partially shaded tosynthesis,and the grass becomes more vulnerable to areas. Like St.Augustinegrass,it also does well in full stresses. Less reserves are then available for recovery sunlight. Generally,any cultivar of zoysiagrass performs from, or avoidance of other problems. well in partial shade. • Mowing at proper heights. Mowing below recom- Bahiagrass is not recommended for use in shaded condi- mended heights removes a large portion of the shoot tions,but centipedegrass tolerates some partial shade. tissue available for photosynthesis. This leaves the Seashore paspalum and bermudagrass do not do well in grass less able to support itself or recover from injury. shaded situations. • Irrigating when the grass needs water. Over irrigat- The following management practices produce better turf- ing leads to the failure of many lawns by increasing grass growth in shaded situations: fungal problems and limiting the root system to the top few inches of soil. • Increase the mowing height for grasses growing in the shade. For instance,if you normally cut St.Augustine- Many environmental stresses lead to increased disease or grass at a 3-inch height,increase the cutting height to 4 insect problems, which are often treated chemically inches. This allows for more leaf area to intercept as without changing the cultural practices that initially much available light as possible. In addition,leaf blades caused the problem. Chemical treatment in these cases are longer and narrower in the shade,and a lower cut- will not take care of the problem until the cultural fac- ting height excessively reduces leaf length,which is not tors are handled correctly. good for the grass. Increased mowing height also IIIDepartment of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 16 of 68 promotes deeper rooting,which is one of the key • Monitor for weed pressure.Weeds are able to outcom- mechanisms of stress tolerance for turfgrasses. pete turf in certain situations,and will seek out those opportunities.In a shaded environment,lateral turf- • Reduce fertilizer applications to turf growing in grass growth and ground cover may be sparse,leaving shade. The grass grows more slowly in a shaded envi- bare ground suitable for certain weeds.Treatment with ronment,which reduces fertility needs.Too much a pre-or post-emergence herbicide may be necessary. nitrogen fertilizer depletes carbohydrates and produces Use caution,however,when applying any chemical a weaker turf system. If you normally apply 4 pounds treatment to a shaded lawn,as there is a greater chance of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet yearly,apply 2.5 to 3 of phytotoxicity(toxicity to plants)when a grass is pounds to turf growing in the shade.Limit any single under stress. Also,many herbicides can damage land- fertility application to no more than 0.5 pounds of scape trees and shrubs. nitrogen per 1,000 square feet at any one time. • Monitor for disease pressure. In many shaded environ- • Water use is substantially reduced under shaded con- ments,there is less air movement and more humidity, ditions,so adjust irrigation accordingly.If the irriga- which may increase the possibility of disease.Again, tion system covers an area that is partially shaded and use caution if applying pesticides to a turf that is partially in sun,consider removing the sprinkler heads already under environmental stress. from the shaded areas and irrigate by hand when rain- fall is inadequate. In particularly troublesome areas,consider other ground covers besides turf. Examples include ivies (Hedera spp.), • Avoid the effects of vehicle and foot traffic.The grass liriope (Liriope spp.),mondo grass (Ophiopogon spp.),and is more easily injured by traffic if growing in shade, Asiatic jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum). and may not be able to recover adequately. Also,traffic in shady areas may damage a tree's roots,resulting in Remember,the key to a successful landscape is"Right the decline or death of the tree. Plant,Right Place." 10 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 17 of 68 Chapter 3: Irrigation Best Management Practices Using proper irrigation system design, installation, PERMITTING AND REGULATIONS management,and maintenance practices provides a Many agencies have jurisdiction over an irrigation multitude of benefits. These benefits include saving project before, during,and after construction. For money,using irrigation efficiently,a healthy and more example,Florida's five water management districts, drought and pest-resistant landscape, and protecting the Florida Department of Health,Florida Department of state's water resources. Green Industry workers need to Environmental Protection,or local governments may be aware of the different irrigation processes and system require well permits. Typically,for large projects the components because irrigation is a major factor in the water management districts issue water use permits, success of their industry. By understanding the irriga- which are usually calculated for drought conditions tion system, they can save the company and the client rather than for normal irrigation. To prevent potential money and help protect ground water supplies and fines,it is important to identify and abide by all regula- water quality. tory requirements. This section of the document includes background infor- Besides water use permits,some water management mation and irrigation BMPs for the Green Industry. districts have special year-round water conservation Some of the BMPs mentioned are not usually considered measures and drought/water shortage restrictions that the responsibility of mowing and trimming services or govern the amount and timing of irrigation. It is impor- route based service businesses.However,many Green taut to know the restrictions for a site and to set Industry workers,who may be directly employed by timers/controllers to those conditions. Since water property owners,associations or municipalities,are often shortage restrictions change with the severity of a responsible for operation and maintenance of an irriga- drought,it is important to be aware of and to abide by tion system. For complete BMPs specific to the Irrigation current restrictions. If a site's irrigation system cannot Industry please refer to: be adjusted to meet the restrictions, the system should be upgraded as soon as possible,but in the interim, • Florida Irrigation Association(www.fisstate.org) there are methods to obtain variances. These variances need to be obtained in writing,before irrigating. • Irrigation Association(www.irrigation.org) Since 1991,Florida Law has required an operating • The University of Florida's Institute of Food and rain-activated cutoff switch on all automatically Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/) controlled irrigation systems.In 2004,the Florida legislature created section 373.228 Florida Statutes Irrigation is an age-old art and is defined as the applica- directing the Department of Environmental Protection, tion of supplemental water to a soil for plant growth. It also provides a mechanism for nutrients to move from the soil into a plant. Other uses include salt leaching,chemi- 373.62 Water callServa60K Warm*spri*er sys nis: gation,system flushing,seed germination,and climate ' Y Per40t1 WhO OtMtattiathc lawn modification. sFrrtk rsy tefit y 1, I ,,:�f li t!!;r :must. tnaintatit and:B erate,,a raft sensor devise of switdi that will s rer de the m an of idersystem On average, Florida receives more than 50 inches of rain when adrtquale has osourreo. per year However,the distribution and amounts of this rainfall are not always adequate to meet a plant's water demands. Providing the amount of water that a plant the Water Management Districts,and several stakeholder needs at the correct time is the key to resource conserva- groups to devise standards for Landscape Irrigation and tion,reduced pollutant loading,and optimum plant Florida-Friendly landscape design.These standards were growth. adopted in December 2006.Local governments must use these standards when adopting local ordinances after that This chapter describes irrigation concepts to help explain date. The irrigation standards are based on Appendix F the fundamentals of good irrigation. The green industry of the Florida Building code. See the shadow box in the can use this information to assist them in their daily Irrigation Design section for more details. operations and to help their clients to save water,improve plant health and reduce the flushing of fertilizer nutrients The following permitting and regulatory guidelines from a plant's root zone. In addition,this chapter identi- should be followed for all irrigation projects: fies specific irrigation BMPs for the Green Industry. Throughout the chapter,the term "plant" refers to both • Contact local and state regulatory agencies (such as turf and landscape plants,including trees. the county, city, Florida Department of Environmental Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 18 of 68 . Protection,water management districts, and health ments and permits that require the signature and seal of department) to determine current irrigation regula- a registered design professional. Members of the Green - dons and criteria. Industry should be able to visually identify system design problems to help their clients irrigate more • Obtain all permits before construction. efficiently,save water,reduce the need to add fertilizers or other chemical treatments,and improve plant health • Abide by all permit conditions and current water and water quality restrictions when operating the irrigation system. The irrigation design for a site depends on a number of • Obtain any desired regulatory variances before factors including location,soils,landscape vegetation, irrigating. water supply,and water quality. An irrigation system needs to be designed to meet a site's peak water require- The use of irrigation BMPs promotes proper irrigation ments. In addition,to prevent irrigation runoff,a system design,construction,and management. This system's application rate must not exceed the ability of leads to reduced water use,the protection of aquatic the soil to absorb and retain the water applied during resources,better plant development,economic savings to any one application. The irrigation system should also the end user,and efficient fertilizer use. Irrigation knowl- have enough flexibility to adapt to various water edge and education is a critical part of meeting the intent demands and local restrictions. of the Green Industry's irrigation BMPs. Design operating pressure must not exceed the source RECLAIMED WATER USE pressure. The design operating pressure should account Many urban areas use reclaimed wastewater for their irri- for low pressure during periods of high use (i.e., morn- gation water source.While this offers many benefits,it ings) and for project buildout when all of a develop- also can lead to landscaping and pollution problems if not ment's landscaping is in place. Plants should be grouped properly managed.Nutrient levels in reclaimed water may in irrigation zones based on similar water use require- vary by a factor of 10 or more,depending on the treat- ments. Irrigation systems designed to service both turf ment plant supplying the water. Contact the supplier to and landscape areas should have enough zones to meet get information on nutrient content.When applying fer- each area's individual water needs. In some regions, the tilizers to a site that irrigates with reclaimed water,con- irrigation design should account for the extra water sider the amount of nutrients in the water,and reduce required to periodically leach salt buildups that may fertilization appropriately.Reclaimed water may contain accumulate due to high chloride levels in some sources high levels of chloride,leading to salt accumulation in of irrigation water. the soil. Additional considerations,such as water for flushing salts,may be needed. An irrigation system consists of three main components: water supply(consisting of a water source,pump,fil- Nutrient pollution may occur if the user over-irrigates, ters,and valves),water conveyance (made up of a main- because both reclaimed water that runs off on the surface, line,manifold,lateral,and spaghetti tubes) and a distri- and the water and nutrients that move below the root bution device (such as an impact sprinkler, oscillating zone,are lost.Maintenance of a high level of distribution sprinkler,rotary sprinkler,spray,or drip emitter). The uniformity is critical to prevent leaching of these nutri- proper design and installation of these components opti- ents. Irrigation managers should also pay close attention mizes their use and decreases any off-site impacts. to all cross-connection controls and backflow prevention Irrigation design must also account for different site devices.All reclaimed water piping,heads,valves,fix- characteristics,such as soils and topography tures,etc.are required by law to be color-coded purple, and labeled"Do not drink this water." As long as field Hand-moved irrigation systems should have enough capacity is not exceeded when irrigating,reclaimed water flexibility to provide sufficient coverage (see the is a safe and reliable irrigation source. manufacturer's recommendations) after each move. Microirrigation systems for shrubs and other landscape IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN plants should be designed to cover at least 50 percent Irrigation system design is a complex issue and should of the root systems. Microirrigation is rarely used for be performed by trained professionals. These profession- turf in Florida, and is prohibited in some places,but if als should use existing standards and criteria, as well as used should be designed to cover 100 percent of the the manufacturer's recommendations, to design the most grass's root system. appropriate system for a location. In addition to the Landscape Irrigation and Florida-Friendly Design To provide for peak water demands and have enough Standards, a list of sources for current standards and flexibility to reduce supply for different demand require- criteria can be found at the end of this chapter. Many ments,irrigation systems need to be designed with vari- communities require construction and design docu- ous control devices,rain shut-off devices,and backflow EllFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay ervices Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida riendly BMP Page 19 of 68 prevention. Water conveyance systems should be the table below After the sy tem is constructed and • designed with devices to protect against blowouts.The operating,periodic"catch c "uniformity tests should be water conveyance pipelines should provide the system performed(see the section o Irrigation Maintenance with the appropriate pressure required for maximum irri- later in this chapter) to ensu e that the system is continu- gation efficiency,uniformity,and the distribution devices ing to function as designed. should be designed for optimum uniform coverage. In addition,the distribution system should not include the Table 2 Irrigation Spacing irrigation of non-planted areas(such as driveways,park- Wind Square Coverage Triangular Coverage ing lots,roads,sidewalks,underneath roof overhangs, and natural buffer zones). Miles Per Percentage of Hour Diameter of Coverage To ensure optimum uniformity,permanent irrigation 0-5' 55% 60% sprinklers,spray jets,and other distribution devices 5-10 50% 55% should be spaced according to the manufacturers' 10+ 45% 50% recommendations.Typically, this spacing is based on average wind conditions and operating pressures during •For many locations,the 0-5 mph wind condition occurs very irrigation. infrequently and this spacing recommendation should only be used after careful consideration and site investigation. fir. \ MICROIRRIGATION FOR LA DSCAPE PLANTS 'y When designed and operate correctly,microirrigation, 4.1.4- - -.of r,,a ,.0 also known as drip or low-v lume irrigation,is one of the most efficient methods of irrigation. It is highly 1 z ,;/ manageable and provides s all quantities of water ; directly to the plant's root zone. Low-pressure sprin- klers,sprayers or drippers a e also known as emitters, r '"'r-«"u i and they slowly release wate into the soil around a ,t plant.This saves water beca se only the main feeder roots receive water,and less ater evaporates from the surface of the soil. Typically,with drip irrigatio in a sandy soil,water SQUARE SPACNG moves laterally only 10 to 1 inches.Drip irrigation is ideal when such precision is desirable or for narrow strip plantings,such as hedg•rows.Because of the ...,,e,'---"'-_ r ---- „ nature and location of drip i rigation it is difficult to f. y , determine if the emitters are providing enough water. f r� E�,. . _ '(" Visual inspection of the Ian..cape may identify clogging t _ _ � f (dry spots,dead plants,and ilted plants) or excessive ,, ---,,,_, 4,4,.."-',44 ! ----11‘--,,,, watering(soggy soil,weeds, •xcessive plant 2x1 problems from a drip irrigati on system. Co I t •}«' « i tI Overall,spray jets(either m. rosprayers or microsprin- 's klers) are more desirable tha drip emitters for most . _ landscape applications. This is because they cover larg- er areas and have fewer clog: problems. Clogging g:�m g P gg� g TRAAt4GtfLP.RSFt,uric- and excess water problems c.n be seen either by careful examination of the irrigation system or by looking at the Figure 5 Sprinkler layouts. landscape. Spray jets should of be designed or operated to irrigate non-planted areas Regardless of the type of mic oirrigation system, If site-specific wind conditions are different than pub- clogging can be a problem if he water supply is not lished averages,check with the local IFAS extension filtered before entering the i 'gation system or if the office,USDA NRCS or the Florida Irrigation Society for filtration system is not clean.d.The safest and easiest their recommendations.Table 2 is provided as a general way to maintain the emitters in a microirrigation system guideline.Spacing should not exceed the percentages in is to keep a small supply of c can backups on hand. Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 IIII October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 20 of 68 Clogged devices can be easily replaced with clean units, IFAS Fact Sheet AE-254,Microirrigation in the Landscape, then placed in a small container of the cleaning fluid at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE076. appropriate for the clogging material. Replacement emitters should always have the same operating charac- IFAS Bulletin 333,Flushing Procedures for Microirrigation teristics(i.e.,operating pressure and discharge rate) as Systems,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WI013. the original emitters. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management For more information,see the following: Practices,April 2005.The Irrigation Association, at http://www.irrigation.org. From the December 2006 publication Landscape Irrigation and Florida-Friendly Design Standards: Pursuant to section 373.228,F.S,these landscape and irrigation design Standards shall be used by local governments when developing landscape irrigation and xeriscape (Florida-Friendly)ordinances. II. Irrigation System Design Standards A. Irrigation systems shall be designed to meet the needs of the plants in the landscape(not the other way around). B. When feasible, irrigation systems shall be designed to separately serve turf and non-turf areas. C. The irrigation system plans and specifications shall identify the materials to be used and the construction methods. D. The design shall consider soil, slope,and other site characteristics in order to minimize water waste, including overspray, the watering of impervious surfaces and other non-vegetated areas,and off-site runoff. • E. The system shall be designed to minimize free flow conditions in case of damage or other mechanical failure. F. The system shall be designed to use the lowest quality water feasible. G. Rain switches or other devices, such as soil moisture sensors,to prevent unnecessary irrigation,shall be incorporated. (Section 373.62, F.S.) H. A recommended seasonal operating schedule and average precipitation rates for each irrigation zone for both establish- ment and maintenance conditions shall be provided. I. Control systems shall provide the following minimum capabilities: 1) Ability to be programmed in minutes, by day of week,season and time of day, 2) Ability to accommodate multiple start times and programs, 3) Automatic shut off after adequate rainfall, 4) Ability to maintain time during power outages for a minimum of three days,and 5) Operational flexibility to meet applicable year-round water conservation requirements and temporary water shortage restrictions. J. Recommended maintenance activities and schedules shall be included. K. Precipitation rates for sprinklers and all other emitters in the same zone shall be matched,except that microirrigation emit- ters may be specified to meet the requirements of individual plants. L. Irrigation systems shall be designed to maximize uniformity,considering factors such as: 1) Emitter types. 2) Head spacing. 3) Sprinkler pattern. 4) Water pressure at the emitter. M. Irrigation systems with main lines larger than two inches or designed to supply more than seventy gallons per minute shall incorporate a means to measure irrigation water use,at a minimum of ninety-five percent accuracy across the flow range. N. Irrigation system plans and specifications shall require the system installer to conduct final testing and adjustments to achieve design specifications prior to completion of the system and acceptance by the owner or owner's representative. O Irrigation system plans and specifications shall require that the installer provide property owners and users with post-con- struction documentation,including as-constructed drawings, recommended maintenance activities and schedules,opera- tional schedule,design precipitation rates, instructions on adjusting the system to apply less water after the landscape is established, maintenance schedule,water source,water shut-off method,and the manufacturer's operational guide for their irrigation controller. To the extent feasible, similar information should be made available for subsequent property transfers. 113 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries r. October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 21 of 68 IRRIGATION SYSTEM INSTALLATION the amount of soil moisture to be transpired by the plant, Only professionals who are trained,certified,appropriate- solar energy reaching the plant(affected by latitude, ly licensed for irrigation installation by the appropriate season,cloud cover,and shade),the temperature and agency,bonded,and insured should handle irrigation relative humidity of the air,and wind speed.If a soil is at installation. These individuals must follow the designer's field capacity, 100%canopy coverage is present to absorb plans and use recognized standards and criteria such as radiation,and other factors are equal,the amount of water those promulgated by the American Society of transpired varies little between plant types.Plant irrigation Agricultural and Biological Engineers(ASABE,formerly requirements will differ based on a plant's ability to extract ASAE),Florida Irrigation Society(FIS),Irrigation soil moisture(i.e.,root zone depth)and its physiological Association(IA),U.S.Department of Agriculture Natural ability to deal with reduced availability of moisture. Resources Conservation Service(NRCS),or the manufac- turer's recommendations. The designer must approve any Plants require more water during seed,flower,and fruit changes to the design. production,but will not require very much when they are dormant.During the colder months,or those with shorter To prevent system failures,waste,and property damage, periods of daylight,most tur;grasses and landscape plants construction materials must meet appropriate standards, are not actively growing,thus use less soil moisture and such as those from ASABE,the American Society of Civil may not require irrigation. Engineers(ASCE),or the American Society of Testing Materials(ASTM). Plan all construction practices accord- Many established,drought-tolerant landscape trees and ing to standard safety practices.Before construction,the shrubs require little or no irrigation,provided the soils do contractor should identify and flag all underground pipes, not obstruct root development.Plants such as azaleas, cables,and other elements.Call before you dig. Call 811 copperleaf,impatiens,or other bedding plants that lack (or 800-432-4770 or www.callsunshine.com)for free drought tolerance may requite irrigation during extended Sunshine State One Call locator service.The contractor drought periods. should clean the site of any construction materials before the job is complete and at the end of construction,pro- In humid regions such as Florida,irrigation is considered vide the owner with a copy of the as-built plans,operat- supplemental because it supplements natural rainfall. ing manuals,recommended operating schedules for both Proper irrigation management must account for rainfall. plant establishment and supplemental irrigation of Since rainfall varies from location to location,the proper use mature plants,and warranties.For new construction,the of rain gauges,rain shut-off devices,flow meters,soil mois- job should include a follow-up site visit to reset the con- cure sensors,and/or other irrigation management devices troller,rain shut off device,and soil moisture sensor(if should be incorporated into the site's irrigation schedule. installed)after the landscape is established. Using an irrigation schedule can help prevent wasteful IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT over-irrigation,the leaching of fertilizers/pesticides,and Irrigation management(knowing when and how much promote root development for:drought conditions. No to irrigate) is the cornerstone of water conservation and more than 1/2 to 3/4 inch of water should be applied for a reducing nonpoint source pollution. It encompasses the single irrigation event.The exact amount of irrigation amount of water applied and the frequency of applica- needed for each event will depend on a plant's needs for tion. To prevent excess water use that could lead to growth,fruiting,dormancy for that time of year and soil chemical leaching and runoff,fungal infestation,and characteristics(soil moisture,infiltration rates,soil root disease;irrigation scheduling should take into account zone depth and water holding capacities).In addition, plant water requirements,recent rainfall,recent temper- water management districts and local requirements should ature extremes,and soil characteristics. In addition,the be considered before irrigatin .A properly working, irrigation system must be properly designed and main- installed and calibrated rain s utoff device prevents the tained,so that all of the plants in a given zone receive irrigation system from turnin:. on if adequate rainfall has the same amount of water. See the Irrigation occurred.Rain shutoff device- are required by law on all Maintenance section of this chapter for information automatic irrigation systems Built after 1991. about measuring distribution uniformity. Irrigation management and c s ntrol devices need to be Under ideal conditions,the water required for a plant is installed correctly for proper'rrigation management. equal to the water used during plant growth.This water Rain shut-off devices and rai i1 gauges should be placed goes to soil evaporation and plant transpiration.Typically, in open areas to prevent erro eous readings.Flow meters both processes are combined and called evapotranspira- should have a straight enoug run of pipe both down- tion(ET). stream and upstream to prey:nt turbulence and bad readings.Soil moisture senso s and other irrigation A plant's water requirements(ET)vary with its growth management tools should be i'nstalled in representative cycle and climatic conditions.The limiting ET factors are locations and be maintained o help make good irrigation 15 Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 22 of 68 . management decisions.When mechanical/electronic a landscape irrigation scheduling tool and rainfall data. devices are not available for irrigation management,the Rainfall can make up some or all of the ET,especially following visual indicators should be used as guidelines during the cooler months.Total rainfall is not the same as to determine the need for irrigation: effective rainfall.Florida soils generally have low water holding capacity,so a two-inch rain may have little more • The grass has a dull,bluish-gray coloring. effect on reducing landscape irrigation than a typical irri- gation event in any given month. • Foot tracks remain in the grass. An alternative irrigation scheduling method often used by • Leaf blades are folded in half on at least one-third of homeowners and on some commercial landscapes is to the site. assume that on average 1 inch of water wets the top 12 inches of a sandy soil.Typically most roots grow in the • Soil samples from the root zone are dry and crumbly. top 6-12 inches of soil,and 1/2 to 3/4 inch is needed for replenishment of moisture every 2 to 3 days during warm • Indicator landscape plants(such as impatiens and azal- periods of active growth,and every 10 to 14 days during eas)have drooping leaves. less active growth periods.This water can come from rainfall or be provided by the irrigation system.Again, There are several ways to prevent excess irrigation. soil characteristics(infiltration rates and water holding Visual observations of runoff or puddles are simple indi- capacities)water management districts and local require- cations.A system's timer/clock/controller can be adjusted ments should be considered before irrigating. to meet a plant's seasonal water requirements.Flow meters can be used to determine how much water is Another method of irrigation scheduling and timer or applied and when to turn off the irrigation system. Rain controller adjustments for sites without specific informa- gauges,cans,or other containers can be used to measure tion is to use the weekly ET values in Figure 6 as a how much water has been applied. general guideline.The graph divides the state into north- ern and southern regions roughly around Interstate 1-4. Rain shutoff devices,which,as mentioned earlier,are already required by law on all automatic systems installed Weekly ET since 1991,can save up to 30%or more over a timer-only _ system.However,many systems that should have sensors Is do not,either because they were not installed as required i ' -' -.._ or because they have failed or been removed. Those who are responsible for overseeing an irrigation system should i fl x check the operation of the rain shutoff device at least once per year,and replace the unit if it is not operating correct- tl ly. Other workers who may notice a system irrigating 11 shortly after a good rain event should attempt to notify their client of a possible problem with the rain shut off FSk Mot e+t May.aha, Jul Avii V+k Litt ttov Dot device so they can have it repaired. I-_--North of hratat n I.4 . South of Interebte lye One of the most effective and efficient methods of Figure 6.Approximate weekly evapotranspiration(ET). irrigation control is the use of properly installed and maintained soil moisture sensors with a specialized controller. There are two basic types of systems,direct Although irrigation management is a complex process, control,where soil moisture sensors actually call for it can be boiled down to a simple checkbook(or water irrigation;and bypass control,where regularly scheduled balance)process,where the irrigation amount consists irrigations are bypassed if sufficient moisture is present. of the difference between a plant's need for water and Direct control systems are more expensive and require the effective rainfall(rainfall stored in a plant's root zone, considerable management expertise,such as may be for plant use).When possible,the timing of an irrigation present at a golf course. Bypass systems are much less event should be planned to increase irrigation efficiency, expensive and easier to install.Most bypass systems by reducing evaporative losses due to climatic conditions work with the existing controller. (for example,high temperature,low humidity,windy con- ditions)and by maintaining high irrigation uniformity. Although soil moisture levels are the preferred method to determine irrigation quantities,in the absence of soil Several irrigation management techniques help to data,calculated ET methods may be used. Current improve a plant's health and reduce water use.Delayed calculated potential evapotranspiration(ETp)rates are irrigation and deficit irrigation promote root development available at http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu.This site also includes and provide a level of drought tolerance.Delayed irriga- mFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida 'riendly BMP Page 23 of 68 tion promotes deeper root development by postponing ing.There are many procedures(such as NRCS,IFAS, irrigation until wilt is observed.Deficit irrigation calls for ASABE,IA,and FIS)for irrig tion system evaluation,all of managing irrigation quantities so that there is always soil which can be traced to a pro.• s published by Miriam and storage to take advantage of any possible rainfall. Keller.By following any of th e methods,you can ensure that a system is operating at optimum levels. When leaching salts,which is necessary in some soils due to poor water quality,always wait until the nutrient level Common irrigation efficienc problems include leaks, in the soil is depleted to avoid leaching of fertilizer nutri- sprinkler head plugging,poo irrigation uniformity caused ents with the salt. by nozzle wear,and poor sys em pressure.Some problems (such as repairing leaks and ,eplacing nozzles)can be For more information,see the following: repaired at a minimal cost,w ile others(such as poor sys- tem design)might,at first gl.nce,be very costly,but will IFAS Publication ENH 158,Tips for Maintaining Landscapes pay off in the end.Problems eed to be corrected as soon During Drought,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP091. as possible to prevent wasted water and the leaching of fertilizers and other chemica .. In the long term,the IFAS Circular 807,Managing Your Florida Lawn Under investment made to improve he irrigation system pays off Drought Conditions,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP078. in reduced fertilizer,chemica and water bills. Field Guide to Soil Moisture Sensor Use in Florida,at Distribution Uniformity is a easurement of how evenly http://wwwsjrwmd.com/floridawaterstar/pdfs/SMS field water is distributed over a gi°en area,and should be con- guide.pdf. sidered when managing irrig.tion.This measurement is an indication of the system's ydraulic performance and IRRIGATION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE can be used to identify deep 'ercolation. Typically distri- Proper maintenance extends the life of an irrigation bution uniformity is identifie I with the infiltration of the system and helps it to perform optimally.Maintenance lowest 25% (low quarter)of rrigated area and can be begins with a visual observation of the system and the determined by a"catch can" est.Baby-food jars,tuna plants. Check for proper functioning of rain sensors and cans,or other straight-sided .ontainers are evenly placed controllers,leaks,broken/cracked lines,proper rotation, around sprinklers.The syste is turned on for a fixed and damaged sprinkler heads.Also,check for obstacles amount of time,and the water collected in each container that may interfere with irrigation uniformity.Brown spots, is measured and recorded. unnaturally green grass,certain types of weeds,and soggy spots are indicators of problems.Many types of business- The Distribution Uniformity, hich is a percentage,is cal- es do not have control over the irrigation system,nor the culated by dividing the avera,e depth of water collected expertise or contractual duty to address irrigation issues, in the lowest 25%of containers with the average depth of but every effort should be made to inform the client when water in all the containers.T o is is multiplied by 100 to problems are noted and to explain the importance of convert the value into a perc:l tage.The Irrigation proper operation and prompt repairs. Association has published a r:nge and rating of distribu- tion uniformities for different irrigation methods. Recent Damaged or defective systems should be repaired as work in Florida indicates tha most landscape irrigation soon as possible. Replacement parts should always have systems are below these published values. the same characteristics(that is,discharge-pressure rela- tionship,jet size/colors) as the original components. Higher uniformities occur w en spacing is adequate and Otherwise, the replacement might cause more harm sprinkler nozzles are matche .Poor application unifor- than the bad component. mity leads to localized over i 'gation or under irrigation, brown spots in the grass,fert lizer or pesticide leaching Evaluating a system's uniformity and efficiency(an irriga- or runoff,and the waste of it igation water.Many of tion audit)reduces water use and fertilizer/pesticide leach- these problems can be solved and the site's owner can Table 3:Irrigation Association Distribution Uniformities Rating of Lower Quarter Distribution Uniformity(DULQ)for Sprinkler Zones Type of Zone Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor (%) (%) (%) (%) 1%) Fixed Spray 75 65 55 50 40 Rotor 80 70 65 60 50 Impact 80 70 65 60 65 Predicting and Estimating Landscape Water Use. The Irrigation Association,Oct.2001. Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 111 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 24 of 68 reduce water costs.Distribution uniformity is not a ---�- measurement of irrigation efficiency. For more informa- II Mak tion,see IFAS Publication AE 144,Turf Irrigation for the Home,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE144. For micro irrigation systems,Emission Uniformity is R°'E used instead of Distribution Uniformity to determine the uniformity of irrigation. Emission Uniformity is calculat- ed by comparing the volume of water from the emitters to the statistical differences in the total volume. An Emission Uniformity of 90%or higher is considered excellent.For more information,see IFAS Publication AE094,Field Evaluation of Microirrigation Water Application Uniformity,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE094. Figure 8.Poor design;system does not match irrigation requirements. The area needs to be rezoned with landscape and turf separated. Water Application Efficiency is a component of irrigation system efficiency and indicates how well a system is �A y - providing water to the plant's root system.Irrigation '�f 4- •r Application Efficiency is another form of irrigation system efficiency and it compares the amount of water delivered to an area by the amount of water beneficially used. To help with irrigation efficiency,water management dis- tricts or other local agencies may provide mobile irriga- don lab (MIL)services.MIL staff will evaluate an irriga- tion system and make recommendations to improve sys- tem efficiency and help with irrigation scheduling. Contact your local water management district for more information about these services in your area. Figure 9.Overirrigation,runoff. Small turf area should be irrigated Irrigation requirements represent the amount of water an with spray heads,not sprinklers. irrigation system needs to apply to meet a plant's water ter_ ,_, „� needs.This quantity is a function of the plant's water '« requirements,soil moisture,and the system's efficiency. t' For more information,see IFAS Publication AE110, Efficiencies of Florida Agricultural Irrigation Systems,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE110. IRRIGATION SYSTEM ERRORS The following figures depict some examples of improper irrigation system design or installation. Figure 10.Object is interfering with spray pattern,resulting in poor distribution uniformity SOURCES FOR IRRIGATION STANDARDS The following publications contain current irrigation standards: • Landscape Irrigation and Florida-Friendly Design Standards,December 2006,Florida Department of Environmental Protection.http://wwwdep.state.fl.us/ Figure 7 Poor design;sprinkler does water/waterpolicy/docs/LandscapelrrigationFlorida not match area. FriendlyDesign.pdf. 113 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 25 of 68 ;. '°'Xi« GREEN INDUSTRY IRRIGATION BMPS 4.' a The principal BMPs for all of the Green Industry include: / • Call before you dig.Call 811 for free Sunshine State One Call locator service. • When possible,the application of fertilizers,herbi- cides,or other chemicals that needed to be watered, . t r.„Ina,recea►.tuti • - should coincide with an irrigation event. - : • Proper cultural practices(such as mowing)to promote healthy,deep root development and reduce irrigation -, - _ , _ . •i_. requirements. "? — t • Account for the nutrients in reclaimed water when It •• _`?� #t•� 'O,$ ' ° ;` making fertilizer calculations. Knowing the nitrate ley- .,_ „N els in reclaimed water can reduce your fertilizer pur- f � ° , �,_ chases. The application of 1 inch of reclaimed water t t _ containing 20 ppm nitrate-Nitrogen adds about 4.5 pounds of nitrogen per acre(lb. N/acre)to the soil. .s If you irrigate 40 inches per year,that works out to a " '• little over 4 lb. per 1,000 square feet. • Repair any irrigation devices broken while servicing a ' tfi = P Y 9 g site. Replacement parts should have the same charac- teristics as the original components. • Visually observe site problems associated with irriga- Figure 11.Water gushing from broken head. tion (i.e.,wet,dry spots,excessive weeds in specific location)or system components(leaks,broken equip- ment)and report problems to the client. • When leaching salts,which is necessary in some soils • ASABE Standards-2007.Standards,engineering due to poor water quality,always wait until the nutri- practices,and data developed and adopted by the ent level in the soil is depleted to avoid leaching of American Society of Agricultural and Biological fertilizer nutrients with the salt. Engineers. 2007. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,2950 Niles Rd.,St.Joseph,MO Additional BMPs for those with ownersht�/management responsibility 49085. Telephone(269)429-0300.http://wwasabe. w org/standards/searchpur.html. • Group plants by similar water requirements(i.e, Hydrozones) • Florida Building Code—Plumbing,Appendix F. • Irrigation controllers/timers should be reset seasonally 4 International Code Council 900 Montclair Rd. to account for plant growth requirements and local cli- Birmingham AL,35213-1206(205)599-9871 matic conditions. http://www.floridabuilding.org/BCISOld/bc/defaultasp or httpi/www.iccsafe.org. • Properly calibrated flow meters,soil moisture sensors, rain shut-off devices,and/or other automated meth- • National Engineering Handbook Series 210-VI. November ods should be used to manage irrigation. 1997.U.S.Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources - Irrigation rates should not exceed the maximum ability Conservation Service,Washington D.C.,20013. of the soil to absorb and hold the water applied in http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/. any one application. • Implement a preventive maintenance program to • Standards and Specifications for Turf and Landscape replace worn components before they cause water, Irrigation Systems,Fifth Edition.December 2005. Florida fertilizer and chemical waste., Irrigation Society,(800)441-5341, Address:9340 56th Perform weekly(or at each site visit)visual'inspections Street N.Suite 105,Temple Terrace,FL 33617,Florida. to identify leaks,broken rain sensors or sprinkler http://www,fisstate.org/standardsrevision3.pdf. heads,and other system malfunctions. • Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices, • Replace or repair all broken or worn components April 2005.The Irrigation Association. (703)536-7080, before the next scheduled irrigation, 6540 Arlington Blvd.,Falls Church,VA 22042-6638 • Distribution uniformity should be checked annually. hht p://wwwirriga ion or . Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 26 of 68 Chapter 4: Mulching, Mowing, and Pruning LANDSCAPE MULCHES Mulch is any material applied to the soil surface to pro- tect or improve the area covered.Mulches are frequently applied around plants to modify the soil environment and enhance plant growth.They may consist of organic mate- rial such as bark,wood chips,leaves,pine needles,or grass clippings;or they can be inorganic material such as gravel,pebbles,polyethylene film,or woven ground cloth.Mulch can be applied to the soil surface but should not rest against the stems of landscape plants. BENEFITS OF MULCHING Mulching has the following beneficial effects on the soil and plants: • Mulches can prevent the loss of water from the soil by evaporation.Moisture moves by capillary action to the surface and evaporates if the soil is not covered by a Figure 13. Never build volcanoes. This crown will rot and the roots mulch. are smothered. • Mulches suppress weeds when the mulch material itself is weed-free and applied deeply enough(2 to 3 inches after settling)to prevent weed germination or to • Most mulches prevent crusting of the soil surface,thus smother existing small weeds. improving absorption and percolation of water into the soil and,at the same time,reducing erosion. „ * • Organic materials used as a mulch can improve soil structure and tilth.As mulch decays,the material becomes topsoil.Decaying mulch may also add nutri- ents to the soil. • Mulches add to the beauty of the landscape by provid- 4 ing a cover of uniform color and an interesting surface texture. • Mulched plants produce roots in and directly under the mulch that surrounds them.The plants produce these roots in addition to the roots in the soil.As a result, mulched plants have more roots than plants that are not mulched. For more information,see IFAS Publication ENH 103, Mulches for the Landscape,at J ittp://edis.ifas.ufl.eduJMG251. MULCHING BMPS Fig I z. Mulch,not grass,should be used here. When feasible,use mulches made from environmen- tally friendly sources or recycled materials. Do not pile mulch against a tree or around the bases of shrubs. Burying the crowns can lead to crown and • A more uniform soil temperature can be maintained by root rot. Leave a clear space for air to reach the trunk. mulching.The mulch acts as an insulator that keeps the soil cool under intense sunlight and warm during • Maintain a 2"-3" depth of mulch after settling. cold weather. 20 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay ervices Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida 'riendly BMP Page 27 of 68 MOWING THE FLORIDA LAWN Mowing is an important maintenance operation.Mowing "'"4r t. at the correct height increases turf density and root health and suppresses weeds.A dense turf impedes stormwater runoff.A healthy root system ensures that water and nutrients are absorbed and not wasted. Fewer weeds mean less need for herbicides. Clippings contain nutrients and should be recycled on the lawn.The nutrients in clippings are pollutants when they end up in stormwater systems and waterbodies. '. ` ! t Figure 15.Always remove clippings from impervious surfaces.These nutrients are going straight to a water body. Mowing equipment and string trimmers can damage trees.Tree trunks that are bu ped by mowers,or trees that are used as pivot points or turns,are injured via contact.Mechanical damage o trees can cause progres- sively bigger wounds,since t e trees are hit in the same general area repeatedly over Wine.The damage eventually progresses through the phloe ,cambium,and xylem of the tree.In a worst-case scenario,the tree is girdled and Figure 14.This is BAD! Never direct clippings into the street where dies.Those trees not killed a e stressed and the wounds they can enter the storm drain system. end up as an entry point for isease and insect infesta- tion.The whipping action of the nylon string on a trim- mer can debark a young tree •uickly,causing its demise. Growth rates and mowing height have the most influence on mowing frequency.As a rule of thumb,mowing should The careful use of string trim ers and mowers in the be done often enough so that no more than one-third of landscape is imperative,and here is no reason to use the leaf blade is removed at any one mowing. For exam- them around trees. Replacing the grass around the base of ple,if a St.Augustinegrass lawn is mowed at a height of 3 trees with mulch provides a suffer zone.The larger the inches,it should be mowed when it grows to a height of 4 mulched area,the less the to near the tree is stressed by to 4.5 inches.Following this practice minimizes the effect shade,the more room the la mower has to maneuver of mowing on photosynthesis and helps to maintain the with ease,and the less the st I ng trimmer needs to be high percentage of leaf surface necessary for healthy root used.Mulch also confers oth.r benefits,such as reduced development.Research shows that returning grass clip- competition from weeds and ater conservation. pings to the surface,sometimes referred to as grass recy- cling,does not increase thatch buildup on turf.Clippings The growth habit and leaf width of a turfgrass species have significant nutrient value and decompose rapidly, determines the optimum cutt ng height,frequency,and returning some fertilizer and organic matter to the soil. preferred mower type(Table 11).A grass that spreads Table 4.Suggested mowing heights and mower types for Florida home lawns Turfgrass Species Optimal Mowing Height Mowing Frequency (inches) (days) Preferred Mower Type Bahiagrass 3.0-4.0 7-17 Rotary/flail Bermudagrass 0.5-1.5 3-5 Reel Centipedegrass 1.0 2.0 10-14 Rotary Seashore Paspalum 1.0-2.0 5 10 Rotary/reel St.Augustinegrass"Dwarfs" 3.0-4 0 5-14 Rotary 1.5-2.5 5-14 Rotary Zoysiagrass 1.0-3.0 10-14 Reel Dwarf varieties of St.Augustinegrass('Seville,''Jade,''Palmetto,' 'Delmar')are the only cultivars of this species that should be mowed at less than 3 inches. Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 28 of 68 . MOWING BMPS • Adjust the cutting height by setting the mower on a driveway or sidewalk and using a ruler to measure the distance between the ground and the blade. • Do not mow wet turf because it can promote disease and fungus,and clippings can clog the machine. Mow only when the turf is dry. • Sharpen the mower blade frequently enough to prevent a ragged appearance to the turf. • Mow in a different direction every time the lawn is cut.This prevents wear patterns, reduces the grain (grass laying over in the same direction),and reduces the possibility of scalping. • Use the highest acceptable mowing height for the grasses being grown. • Do not remove more than one-third of the foliage at one time. • Do not direct clippings into bodies of water or onto impervious surfaces. Remove any clippings that are blown onto sidewalks, driveways,and other impervious areas. • Do not remove clippings. If clumping occurs,distribute the clippings by re-mowing or by lightly raking. You can also use a leaf blower to distribute clippings. • Clean the mower after use to reduce rusting and weed seed movement. • Practice grass recycling and return nutrients to the soil. • If you must collect clippings,compost them. Use the compost as a soil modifier or mulch. • Avoid mechanical damage to trees and shrubs from string trimmers,mowers, and other equipment. horizontally can usually be mowed shorter than an PRUNING OF LANDSCAPE PLANTS upright-growing,bunching grass. Grasses with narrow Pruning is another important landscape maintenance blades can generally be mowed closer than grasses with task. Through the selective removal of shoots and wide blades.Bermudagrass is mowed at very low heights branches,pruning a plant can improve its health, because of its numerous narrow leaf blades and low reduce the risk of failure,control growth,and enhance growth habit.On the other hand,bahiagrass needs to be fruiting,flowering or appearance.Pruning should be mowed higher because of its open,upright growth habit. a part of routine maintenance and should not be delayed until the landscape is overgrown.However, Turfgrass undergoes physiological stress with each mow- close attention should be paid to proper timing, ing,particularly if too much leaf tissue is removed.The depending on the needs of various plants. Proper plant effects of this"scalping" can produce long-term damage selection can eliminate many pruning requirements, to the turf and leave it susceptible to numerous other especially for shrubs. stresses,such as insects,disease,drought,and sunscald. It is always important to leave as much leaf surface as Trees should not be pruned without a clearly defined possible for photosynthesis to provide food for regrowth. objective. Objectives can include 1)reducing the risk of failure by improving structure and removing dead For mowing safety,be sure to follow these tips: branches,2)raising or reducing the crown to provide clearance,and 3) thinning the crown to increase air and • Pick up all stones,sticks,and other debris before mow- light penetration.Removing the correct stems and ing to avoid damaging the mower or injuring someone branches to accomplish the specified objectives is as with flying objects. important as making the correct pruning cuts.If the wrong branches,or too many branches,are removed • Never fill a hot mower with gasoline. even with proper pruning cuts,nothing of merit has been accomplished. • Always wear heavy leather shoes when mowing the lawn. For more information,see the following: • Check your mower every time it is used.Follow the IFAS Circular 853,Pruning Landscape Trees and Shrubs,at manufacturer's recommendations for service and http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG087 or Pruning Shade Trees in adjustments. the Landscape,at http://hart.ifas,ufl.edu/woody/pruning/. 111 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 29 of 68 MANGROVES may be done by property o ers under certain exemp- • Three species of mangroves are native to Florida:red tions,as specified in Section 403.9326,Florida Statutes. mangrove (Rhizophora mangle),black mangrove Other trimming requires the services of a professional (Avicennia germinans),and white mangrove(Laguncularia mangrove trimmer and may equire an FDEP permit. racemosa). Section 403.9329,Florida St tutes,governs who may be considered a professional mangrove trimmer. Red mangroves are easily identified by their"prop roots," which are tangled,reddish,aerial roots that originate It is especially important tha Green Industry profession- from the trunk and branches.Their leaves are 1 to 5 inch- als understand that,under t act,homeowners and the es long,broad and blunt on the tip,shiny deep green on individuals they hire to tri their mangroves are jointly top,and paler on the underside. and severally responsible fo the appropriate trimming of mangroves. Black mangroves can be identified by numerous fingerlike projections,called pneumatophores,that protrude from All trimming should be don in a manner that does the soil around the tree's trunk.Black mangrove leaves not result in the removal,de oliation,or death of the are oblong,shiny green on top,and very pale on the mangroves. Red mangroves re particularly sensitive to underside.Black mangroves are usually found at slightly inappropriate trimming. In general,the canopy of red higher elevations,upland from red mangroves. mangroves should not be trimmed,and no more than 25 percent of the canopy of black and white mangroves White mangroves have no visible aerial root system,as do should be removed. Preferab y,views should be obtained red and black mangroves.The easiest way to identify by thinning the canopy,crea ing"windows,"and"uplift- white mangroves is by their leaves.These are up to 3 ing,"compared with hedgin (which can be particularly inches long,elliptical(rounded at both ends,often with a damaging to red mangroves) notch at the tip),and yellowish in color,with two distin- guishing glands at the base of each leaf blade where the • The booklet Mangrove Tri ming Guidelines for stem begins.White mangroves are usually found at high- Homeowners is available at FDEP's district offices er elevations and farther upland than either red or black throughout the state.You ay wish to obtain several mangroves. copies to give your clients Before trimming man- groves,homeowners and landscapers should read The 1996 Mangrove Trimming and Preservation Act, the publications cited in t is section,or call the Sections 403.9321-403.9333,Florida Statutes,governs Environmental Resource P•rmitting staff at FDEP's the trimming and alteration of mangroves.The Florida district offices to avoid vi• ating the mangrove Department of Environmental Protection(FDEP)and preservation act. several delegated local governments implement the mangrove program.Mangrove trimming and alteration For more information about ii e mangrove program,call (850)245-8482 or go to htt• /wwwde•.state.fl.us/water/ wetlands/mangroves/. The mangrove preservation act's major provisions include the following: DISPOSING OF LANDSC •PE MATERIAL • The difference between "trimming"and "alteration"of Never sweep grass clipping-,leaves,or other debris mangroves is defined. into a storm sewer. This pol utes our waterbodies and may,in some cases,clog the .ystem and contribute to • Mangroves may not be reduced to a height below 6 flooding. feet from the substrate and often may not be legally trimmed down to 6 feet. Be careful with yard waste! <reless disposal may spread invasive non-native plants to areas where they don't a Mangrove roots, including aerial and prop roots(red belong. Lawn and landscape maintenance involves the mangroves)and pneumatophores(black mangroves), removal of leaves,clippings, ' hole landscape plants,and may not be trimmed. even unwanted houseplants. iven contact with soil and Under certain conditions,a professional mangrove sufficient water, these materi.ls may become established trimmer must conduct or supervise the trimming. at the disposal site.Dispose •f them carefully,so plants that are unwanted in one loc.tion don't unintentionally Dead mangrove trees are covered by the same regu- established elsewher:. Contact your county lations as living mangrove trees;contact the closest waste management utility or ooperative Extension Florida Department of Environmental Protection office Service agent for information about local disposal sites in for specific information on dealing with dead man- your area that are designated or plant waste. Educate grove trees on your client's property. your customers about proper plant disposal and how it enhances the protection of natural areas. Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 el October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 30 of 68 Awareness of how a species is likely to become estab- lished is important.A plant's relative ease of propagation may provide valuable insight into its potential to spread. `►' Pruned material from a species that is quickly propagated from cuttings,such as wedelia or lantana,may take root without appropriate precautions.The timing of mainte- nance activities can reduce the potential for discarded plants to become established where they shouldn't. Depending on the situation and local ordinances,several T options are available to dispose of plant material.Living• ,; plant tissue can be destroyed on-site through burning, composting in bins,or putting it in or under heavy plastic. Figure 16.Illegal dumping of plant material. Material may also be dumped in designated disposal areas. The following tips can reduce the accidental propagation of non-native species: Sometimes landscape waste materials are disposed of in accessible locations on someone else's property,either • Plants can be pruned before the fruit is mature,and public or private. Illegal dumping has allowed several leaf raking can be done before the seeds of surrounding species to become established in natural areas.Wax plants have dropped. begonia,pothos,heavenly bamboo,ardisia,golden bam- boo,and arrowhead vine are among the species that • Whenever practical,and if the homeowner is amenable, have moved into wild areas through this mechanism. yard wastes should be composted on-site and retained This spread of non-native species into protected sites is for use as mulch.This also avoids transportation and threatening the plant and animal species those sites disposal costs and reduces the need for purchased were purchased to conserve. materials. ICIFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 31 of 68 Chapter 5: Fertilization FERTILIZER TERMS contains all of its N as Nitrate-N,Ammoniacal-N,and/or "Fertilizer"means any substance that contains one or Water Soluble N is referred to as a soluble N fertilizer, more recognized plant nutrients and promotes plant which has a high potential for leaching and should not growth,or controls soil acidity or alkalinity,or provides be applied at rates greater than 0.5 lbs.N/1000 square other soil enrichment,or provides other corrective feet. measures to the soil. A fertilizer label also contains a"derived from"section "Fertilizer grade or analysis"is the percent nitrogen, that identifies the materials from which the fertilizer was phosphorus,and potassium guaranteed by the manufac- formulated. turer to be in the fertilizer.For historical reasons,nitro- gen is expressed as Total N,available phosphate as P205, For more information,see IFAS Circular CIR-1262, and soluble potash as K20. The percent sign is not used, Selected Fertilizers Used in Turfgrass Fertilization,at but instead the numbers are separated by dashes,and the http://edis,ifas.ufl,edu/SS318. order is always N,P2O5,and K20 (for example, 15-0-15). In this chapter,the abbreviations N,P,and K,respectively, Secondary and micronutrien are identified in the lower are used for nitrogen,phosphate,and potash. portion of the label and are :xpressed in the elemental form.Sulfur(5)is expressed as"combined" (usually Many fertilizer terms are officially defined by the expressed as SO4)and as "fr.e" (elemental S form).The Association of American Plant Food Control Officials reason for this distinction is hat"free"S is very acidify- (AAPFCO),http://www.aapfco.org/. ing when placed in the soil. agnesium(Mg),Iron(Fe), Copper(Cu),Manganese( t ),and Zinc(Zn)must be FERTILIZER ANALYSIS expressed as Total and/or So ble or Water Soluble The Florida fertilizer label is detailed and intended to be depending on the source ma erials formulated in the fer- highly informative.By law,the product's label is required tilizer. Chelated elements ar.guaranteed separately when to provide the following basic information:the brand and a chelating agent is denoted n the derivation statement grade,manufacturer's name and address,guaranteed below the guaranteed analys'..For additional informa- analysis,sources from which the guaranteed primary and tion,see IFAS Publication S 3, The Florida Fertilizer secondary nutrients are derived,and net weight. Label,at h .• •.i if, . fl.-. . 1 S. In addition to the grade of the fertilizer,the label also identifies the breakdown of Total N as either Nitrate-N, URBAN TURF FERTILIZE' RULE Ammoniacal-N,Water Soluble or Urea-N,and Water In 2007,the Florida Department of Agriculture and Insoluble-N.This N breakdown supplies information on Consumer Services adopted rule 5E-1.003(2),labeling the immediate availability and/or leachability of the N in requirements for urban turf fertilizers.The complete rule, the bag.Slow-or controlled-release fertilizer is defined by as first adopted in 2007,is presented in the Appendix. the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials The rule limits the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus (AAPFCO)as a fertilizer containing a plant nutrient in a that the manufacturer may re ommend for application on form that delays its availability for plant uptake and use urban turf and lawns in Flon a.It also directs the manu- after application,or that extends its availability to the facturer to recommend the u e of BMPs for professional plant significantly longer than a reference"rapidly avail- applicators and golf course or athletic field managers. able nutrient fertilizer"such as ammonium nitrate or urea,ammonium phosphate,or potassium chloride. While this rule only applies o the manufacturer's label for fertilizer,many local gov rnment ordinances, and Such delay of initial availability or extended time of con- future state requirements,m y require that applicators tinued availability may occur by a variety of mechanisms. abide by the recommendatio s on the label. In addition, These include the controlled water solubility of the mate- weed and feed products are legally pesticides. For rial(by semipermeable coatings,occlusion,or the inher- pesticide—fertilizer combi tion products the label ent water insolubility of polymers,natural nitrogenous recommendation carries the full force of state and organics,protein materials,or other chemical forms);by federal law. the slow hydrolysis of water-soluble,low molecular weight compounds;or by other unknown means. TURF FERTILIZATION NAGEMENT One of the first steps in devel ping a turfgrass fertiliza- In most cases,the higher the Water Insoluble-N percent- tion management program in olves a basic knowledge of age in the mix,the longer lasting the fertilizer.This is the soils on which the turfgr ses are being grown.This the portion where most of the N from natural organic knowledge can be acquired b observing and evaluating and slow-release N sources appears.A fertilizer that the soil's physical and chemical properties.Most Florida Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 II October 18,2012 Clam Bay Ssuubcommittee bject to volatil of the iz Pelica ation,or n Bay loss Services of Division nitrogen to Board the atmos 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 32 of 68 . nitrogen fertilizer with quick N-release characteristics. Urea can be applied as either liquid or granules,and is - phere.If urea is applied to a turfgrass surface and not `` # incorporated through proper irrigation,significant quan- `'.,,,, ''' tities of N can be lost through volatilization.Therefore,it m �� is imperative that the proper quantity of water be applied Frl �� the application of urea fertilizer unless rainfall I tai � � following t pp r .l is anticipated within 8 to 12 hours.Recall that one inch . of applied water moves the water front 12 inches through a Florida sandy soil;therefore,do not apply excessive irri- gation.Application of 1/4 inch of water should be suffi- cient to solubilize most of the urea and move it into the turfgrass root zone. Figure 17.Streaking on a lawn caused by poor application technique. If urea is applied and followed by rainfall of an inch or greater within 8 to 12 hours after application,urea-N may move below the turfgrass root zone because of its non- soils are sands and therefore retain limited quantities of ionic nature and be lost through leaching.Although urea water and nutrients.Individuals with only limited train- does not leach as rapidly or uniformly as nitrate-N signif- ing in soils can discern whether a soil is mostly sand or icant loss of N can occur if excessive irrigation or rainfall predominately clay,and whether the soil contains flakes occurs shortly after application.Once the urea has been of free calcium carbonate or shell.These properties may exposed to soil or turfgrass thatch layer for a short time, significantly affect a turfgrass fertilization management it is converted by the enzyme urease to the ammonium-N program. form,which is more likely to be retained by the soil.This conversion of urea is usually complete within the first 24 Chemical properties such as soil pH,lime requirement, hours after application.Thus,a heavy rainfall 2 to 3 days extractable levels of P,K,calcium(Ca),Mg,and selected after an application of urea should not be as influential micronutrients such as Mn,Cu,and Zn can be determined on N movement. through soil testing.Florida soils are not analyzed for N because it is highly mobile in sandy soils. Since reliable correlations between turfgrass growth and soil test N have not been developed,turfgrass N fertilization is based on the requirements of the individual turfgrass being grown. ' . Additional information on soil testing for turfgrasses can be found later in this chapter or in IFAS Publication SL �a '' �'it 181,Soil Testing and Interpretation for Florida Turfgrasses, In I WWI at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS317. NITROGEN MANAGEMENT Fertilizer Sources - Matching the fertilizer source and rate with the growth Y, 't! phase of the turfgrass is one of the keys to nutrient man- agement.For example,you may shift from 1 lb total N of Figure 18.Weigh Fertilizer to get accurate results. 15-0-15 slow release to a 1/2 lb N of 5-0-20 for a fall fer- tilization as dormancy approaches. Leaching losses of nitrogen can be minimized by using controlled-release Recently some new types of stabilized N fertilizer materi- nitrogen sources,making frequent,low-rate applications als have been commercialized.These products contain of soluble fertilizers,or applying a combination of the urease inhibitors,which slow the conversion of urea to two fertilizer materials.Low-rate applications are usually ammonium and reduce the volatilization loss of N. made using soluble fertilizers,whether applied as a liq- Therefore,these products can be left on the surface uid or granular product. longer without significant loss of N through volatiliza- tion.This delay in urea conversion is usually 3 to 5 days, Quick Release Sources which means that the N remains in the urea form for a One of the most common nitrogen fertilizers is urea(46 longer period of time and subjects the urea to leaching percent N),which is a water-soluble,synthetic organic losses if heavy rainfall occurs during this period. In most 1:1 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida riendly BMP Page 33 of 68 cases,these stabilized N materials also contain nitrifica- • Enhanced Efficiency is a to describing fertilizer prod- , • tion inhibitors,which slow the nitrification process as ucts with characteristics t at allow increased plant well. Recent research suggests that these stabilized N uptake and reduce the po ntial of nutrient losses to materials extend the N availability to turfgrass for 10 to the environment such as aseous losses,leaching or 14 days over that of quick release products. runoff,as compared to an appropriate reference prod- , ' uct. (AAPFCO,Official 2 08) Recent research has shown that some slow-release N materials may leach more urea than applications of quick • Ureafonn Fertilizer Materi is(sparingly soluble)are release urea. This is thought to be due to the slow- reaction products of urea nd formaldehyde which release urea product leaching through the soil without contain at least thirty-five percent(35%)nitrogen, being degraded by urease.Small quantities of urea(less largely in insoluble but sl wly available form.The than 10%of the total released N)have been detected in water insoluble content s all be at least sixty percent the leachate from some slow-release N sources during (60%) of the total nitrogen.The water insoluble nitro- the first 7 to 10 days after application.However,by 14 gen in these products shall have an activity index of 1 days after application no urea was detected in the not less than forty percen (40%)when determined by leachate regardless of the N source applied;only nitrate N remained after this period. the appropriate AOAC Int rnational method. (AAPF- CO,Official 1984) Ammonium Nitrate (AN)and Ammonium Sulfate(AS) • Urea-Formaldehyde Produc s (sparingly soluble)are I are two other soluble,quick-release N sources commonly reaction products of urea nd formaldehyde which con- used by professional lawn-care services. These two mate- tain less than thirty-five p rcent(35%)nitrogen,largely rials are not as high in N as urea.AN (33.5 percent N) in insoluble but slowly av ilable form.They shall have and AS(21 percent N),however,have a higher salt index the percentage of total nitrogen as part of the product and burn potential than urea on a per-pound-of-N basis. name;for example: 20%N Urea-Formaldehyde.The AS is also a very acidifying N source. For each pound of water insoluble nitrogen(AOAC Int. Method 945.01) N applied as AS,5.35 pounds of acidity are produced shall be at least sixty percent(60%)of the total nitro- due to the ammonium-ion content.AS is often the pre- gen.The activity index of he water insoluble nitrogen ferred N source on high pH soils due to its acidifying shall be either(1)not less than forty percent(40%)by properties. the AOAC International m•thod for Urea-formaldehyde Products(#955.05)or(2) of less than fifty percent Urea and AN are often formulated as liquid N sources for (50%)by the AOAC Inte ational alkaline perman- application in solution form through the irrigation sys- ganate method(#920.07) .r eighty percent(80%)by tern (fertigation)or direct application.Lawn-care profes- the neutral permanganate ethod(#920.06). (AAPF- sionals often use solution fertilizers because of applica- CO,Official 1984) tion uniformity and efficiency.Solution fertilizers do not leach more readily than similar granular fertilizers once • Isobutylidene Diurea(IBDU)is a condensation product they have reacted with the soil components. of isobutyraldehyde and u •a having a minimum total nitrogen content of thirty •ercent(30%).It is a source Slow Release Sources of slowly available nitrogen by virtue of particle size, There are many sources of slow release nitrogen. Several solubility decreasing with i crease in particle size. of the definitions provided by AAPFCO are listed below. Material conforming to the description of a"granular fertilizer"will have ninety .ercent(90%)of its nitrogen • Slow or controlled release fertilizer is a fertilizer content in the water insoluble form prior to grinding as containing a plant nutrient in a form which delays its tested by AOAC Internatio al Method 945.01 (15th availability for plant uptake and use after application, Edition). (AAPFCO,Official 1986) or which extends its availability to the plant signifi- cantly longer than a reference "rapidly available nutri- • Sulfur Coated Urea(SCU) '. a coated slow release ent fertilizer"such as ammonium nitrate or urea, fertilizer consisting of urea particles coated with sulfur. ammonium phosphate,or potassium chloride. Such The product is usually furt er coated with a sealant delay of initial availability or extended time of contin- (2%to 3%of total weight) :nd a conditioner(2%to ued availability may occur by a variety of mechanisms. 3%of total weight).It typi•ally contains about thirty These include controlled water solubility of the mate- percent(30%)to forty percent(40%)nitrogen and rial(by semi-permeable coatings,occlusion,or by about ten percent(10%) to thirty percent(30%)sulfur. inherent water insolubility of polymers,natural (AAPFCO,Official 1980) nitrogenous organics,protein materials,or other chemical forms),by slow hydrolysis of water soluble • Urea-Formaldehyde Product (water soluble)are reac- low molecular weight compounds,or by other tion products of urea and f•rmaldehyde which contain unknown means. (AAPFCO,Official 1985) at least thirty percent(30%) nitrogen,largely in water Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 Il October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 34 of 68 soluble form.Some slowly available nitrogen products are present.Stable aqueous solutions may be prepared (r from these materials.The reaction products shall con- tain a maximum of fifty-five percent(55%)free urea, with the remainder of the urea being chemically com- a bined as methylolureas,methylolurea ethers,and/or methylenediurea(MDU)and dimethylenetriurea l.•" ,` (DMTU). (AAPFCO,Official 1984) ,. "" • Methylenediurea(MDU)is a water soluble condensation product resulting from the reaction of one molecule of formaldehyde with two molecules of urea,with the elimination of one molecule of water.It has a mini- mum total nitrogen content of forty-two percent(42%) and is a source of slowly available nitrogen. (AAPFCO, Official 1984) • Dimethylenetriurea(DMTU)is a water soluble conden- sation product resulting from the reaction of two mole- cules of formaldehyde with three molecules of urea, with the elimination of two molecules of water,and having a minimum total nitrogen content of forty-one percent(41%).It is a source of slowly available nitro- b� § '' gen. (AAPFCO,Official 1984) z l : • Dicyandiamide(cyanoguanidine)is a water soluble organic compound of formula C2H4N4 which contains at least sixty-five percent(65%)nitrogen.It is a source `. •,e ^"4 of slowly available nitrogen.It is a nitrification Figure 19.Slow or quick release,this fertilizer is going to a water body. inhibitor.(AAPFCO,Official 2000) Keep fertilizer away from impervious surfaces and water bodies. • Polymer Coated Urea(PCU)is a coated slow release fer- tilizer consisting of urea particles coated with a poly- mer(plastic)resin.It typically contains about forty by methylene (-CH2-)linkages.It is chiefly composed percent(40%)nitrogen.It is a source of slowly avail- of cold-water soluble fractions from methylenediurea able nitrogen. (AAPFCO,Official 1990) (MDU)and dimethylenetriurea(DMTU),hot water soluble fractions from trimethylenetetraurea (TMTU) • Triazone is a water soluble compound of formula and tetramethylenepentaurea(TMPU)and hot-water C5H11N502 [5-(N-methyl)-urea-1,3,5-triazin-2-one or insoluble fractions from longer chain oligomers. It is 5-methyleneureido-2-oxohexahydro-s-triazin] which generally free of methylolureas and methyol ethers. It contains at least forty percent(40%)total nitrogen. is a source of slowly available nitrogen. (AAPFCO, (AAPFCO,Official 1989) Official 2001) • Urea-Triazone Solution is a stable solution resulting Urea is often formulated using a chemical reaction or from controlled reaction in aqueous medium of urea, coating to produce fertilizers with slow-release character- formaldehyde,and ammonia which contains at least istics,such as ureaformaldehyde(UF or Nitroform), twenty-five percent(25%)total nitrogen.The solution isobutylidene diurea(IBDU),and sulfur-or polymer-coat- shall contain no more than forty percent(40%)nor less ed urea.These fertilizers depend on microbial action,soil than five percent(5%)of total nitrogen from unreacted moisture,and/or a chemical reaction for the release of N urea and not less than forty percent(40%) from tria- for use by turfgrass.It is important to know when to use zone.All other nitrogen shall be derived from water a given slow-release N source in order to obtain maxi- soluble,dissolved reaction products of the above reac- mum effectiveness from the material.This is due to envi- tants.It is a source of slowly available nitrogen. ronmental influences on the N-release mechanisms of (AAPFCO,Official 1990) slow-release N sources. • Methylene Urea(s) (MU,polymethylene urea(s))is a The N-release mechanism for methylene urea—type product obtained by the reaction of urea with formalde- products(Ureaformaldehyde,UF,Nitroform,Nutralene, hyde and contains oligomers of urea bonded together Methex,or CoRon) is microbial.Because temperature 1011 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida •riendly BMP Page 35 of 68 influences the activity of the soil microbial population, In conclusion,a wide variet of slow-release materials is these materials release N more slowly and are less effec- available.Under typical Flo 'da conditions,slow-release tive during the cool season. N sources are likely to leac less than an equal amount of soluble N sources.Howe er,leaching can still take Particle size and rate of hydrolysis control the N release place and some slow-release products may be subject to from IBDU;thus,this product should not be used during runoff of the nutrient-conta ning slow release particles. periods of heavy rainfall.However,it is one of the more Judicious use of professiona judgment and a mixture of effective materials in the cool season when precipitation soluble and slow-release N -s urces are recommended. levels decrease. For more information on N sources for lawn fertilization, N release from sulfur-coated urea(SCU)products is con- see IFAS Publication CIR-1262,Selected Fertilizers Used trolled by the coating thickness and the degree of imper- in Turfgrass Fertilization,at 'tt.://edi .ifas.ufl.edu/SS 18, fection in the coating.SCU products typically induce a or Publication SP141,Florid' Lawn Handbook:An somewhat mottled appearance when used during the cool Environmental Approach to C,re and Maintenance of Your season,but are generally very effective during the high- Lawn,Second Edition. rainfall,warm-season growth period.Because of the frag- ile nature of the sulfur coating on most SCU materials, Nitrogen Rate and Frequency they should not be applied using a drop-type spreader. The rate of nutrient application,particularly N, depends on a number of fac ors: turfgrass species, Other products include polymer-coated,controlled- turfgrass maintenance level :oals, the location in the release fertilizers that use a polymer coating to encapsu- state where the turfgrass is .eing grown, time of year, late nutrient granules.A polymer membrane is chemically and type of fertilizer source .eing used (soluble or bonded to the substrate resulting in a fertilizer with slow release). Thus,a single rate of application cannot release governed largely by soil temperature,provided be recommended. The fequ-ncy of fertilization also adequate moisture is present.The release mechanism is depends on all the factors li-ted above for N rate. To osmotic diffusion.Some systems consist of multiple limit the environmental imp:ct of your fertilization layers of polymer,and may include other intermediate program,it is recommende. that no more than 0.5 coatings. Product longevity may be controlled by coating pounds of water-soluble N i er 1,000 square feet be thickness and blending ratios. applied in a normal applica ion. Total N should be limited to 1 lb./1000 ft2,per the Urban Turf Rule. Organic fertilizers are another source of nitrogen that is Table 5 is from the Florida 'ertilizer Rule, 5E-1.003(2). slowly made available through microbial degradation. In areas irrigated with reclai ed water,check with the In this case,the release rates depend on nature of the reclaimed water supplier for estimates of the N applied product and the prior treatment that it has received as per year in the reclaimed wa er,and recommendations well as temperature and moisture. Organic fertilizers, to adjust the fertilization. A .tudy for the Tampa Bay including biosolids from wastewater treatment plants, Estuary program (April 2008) estimated 0.6 to 5.3 lb generally have low N:P2O5 ratios,which means that it is N/1000ft2 was applied annually to lawns from several difficult or impossible to meet the nitrogen needs of the different wastewater treatme tt systems. turf without exceeding the annual maximum allowable P2O5,unless other nitrogen sources are added.Some For a detailed fertilization guide for Florida turfgrasses, manufacturers do blend in other N sources to overcome see IFAS Publication SL-21,General Recommendations this and provide a more balanced product that preserves for Fertilization of Turfgrasses n Florida Soils,at the benefits of nutrient recycling. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH014. Table 5:Fertilization guidelines for established turfgrass lawns in three regions of Florida Nitrogen recommendations (lbs N/1000 ft2/year). Species North Central South Bahia 2-3 2-4 2-4 Bermuda 3-5 4-6 5-7 Centipede 1-2 2-3 2-3 St.Augustine 2-4 2-5 4-6 Zoysia 3-5 3-6 4-6 *North Florida is north of Ocala.Central Florida is defined as south of Ocala to a line extending from Vero Beach to Tampa.South Florida includes the remaining southern portion of the state. Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 El October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 36 of 68 Timing and Season Augustinegrass grows better on high pH soils than do The timing of fertilization is tied to the turfgrass species, bahiagrass or centipedegrass;thus,one finds more lawns - maintenance level goal,season of the year,the location in with St.Augustinegrass in south Florida.In fact,approxi- the state where the turfgrass is being grown,and the fer- mately 85 percent of the residential and commercial tilizer source being used.One of the most important prin- lawns in Florida use one of the several cultivars of St. ciples of fertilization timing is avoiding fertilizer applica- Augustinegrass. For the recommended soil pH for the tion to dormant or non-growing turfgrass.During dor- various turfgrasses used in Florida,see IFAS Publication mancy,turfgrasses take up very small quantities of nutri- SL-181,Soil Testing and Interpretation for Florida ents,and applied nutrients are more likely to leach or run Turfgrasses,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS317. off site in the next thunderstorm.Slow-release sources also influence the timing of fertilization,in that fertiliza- Due to the potential for ammonia volatilization,the sur- tion is required less frequently. face application of ammonium-N and/or urea-containing fertilizers to these high pH soils without watering in Rainfall that exceeds the ability of the soil to retain mois- (with 0.25 inch of irrigation)is not recommended. ture in the root zone may lead to runoff into surface Central Florida soils contain less calcium carbonate and waters or leaching through the soil to ground water.Do tend to be more acidic,with a pH of between 5.5 and 7.5. not apply fertilizer when the National Weather Service Except for areas where limestone outcroppings occur, has issued a flood,tropical storm,or hurricane watch or most of the turfgrass species can be grown.Since bahia- warning,or if heavy rainsl are likely.While only about grass and centipedegrass do not grow well on high pH 3 to 5%of Florida rain events exceed two inches,2 cau- soils,their establishment on soils with a pH of greater tion should always be used to avoid runoff or leaching than 7.0 should be avoided.Soils in north Florida tend to from saturated or compacted soils or in other high-risk contain higher quantities of clay and to be more acidic situations.Additional information on storms and weather than soils in the rest of the state.Therefore,bahiagrass may be found at http://severe.worldweather.org/rain/, and centipedegrass are used more commonly for lawns in http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sew/MediaGuide/TermsOutlooks this part of the state. Watches Warnings.pdf,and http://www.dep.state.fl.us/ water/nonpoint/docs/nonpoint/SW TreatmentReportFinal Zoysiagrass is not used extensively as a lawn grass in 71907.pdf. Florida,but when used it grows best under the same soil and fertilization conditions as St.Augustinegrass. Location in the State Bermudagrasses require high maintenance and specialized Based on seasonal differences,changes in soil types,and equipment,but can be grown under a broad array of soil the predominant turfgrass species used on lawns,the conditions.They are typically grown under intensively state is divided into three regions:south,central,and managed golf course conditions. Bermudagrass mainte- north.The dividing line between north and central nance is not covered in this manual but is included in Best Florida is a straight east-west line from coast to coast Management Practices for Enhancement of Environmental through Ocala,and the dividing line between central Quality on Florida Golf Courses,published by FDEP in Florida and south Florida is a line from coast to coast 2007.Available: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/non through Tampa and Vero Beach. point/docs/nonpoint/glfbmp07.pdf.Seashore paspalum produces a high quality turfgrass with minimal fertility For tables providing fertilization guidelines for the vari- requirements and a high tolerance for salinity. This ous turfgrass species by maintenance level in a given is a relatively new grass in Florida and may be very region of the state,see IFAS Publication SL-21,General sensitive to cultural practices. For up-to-date Recommendations for Fertilization of Turfgrasses on Florida information,contact your cooperative extension Soils,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH014. service or see Seashore Paspalum for Florida Lawns at: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP059. Soil Types and Turfgrass Species Most of the soils in Florida are classified as sands(96 per- PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION cent),but within these soil types the chemical properties Because P has been implicated as a cause of increased of the soils vary according to the region of the state in algae growth in surface water impoundments,proper P which they occur. fertilization management is imperative.Therefore,the goal in P management should be to apply the correct Soils in south Florida tend to contain higher levels of free amount based on soil test recommendations.Since the calcium carbonate(lime or shell)and have a higher pH first publication of this manual,the Urban Turf Fertilizer than the rest of the state.Generally speaking,St. Rule,5E-1.003(2)has been enacted. In addition to the I World Meteorological Organization definition of heavy rain:Rainfall greater than or equal to 50 mm(2 inches)in a 24 hour period. 2 Data from"Evaluation of Current Stormwater Design Criteria within the State of Florida"(Harper and Baker,2007,FDEP Contract S0108). 30 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay ervices Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida riendly BMP Page 37 of 68 nitrogen restrictions discussed earlier,there are changes K fertilization,but K has be n linked to reduced disease • to phosphorus application limits.The rule limits phos- incidence,drought and cold olerance,and enhanced root phate application to no more than 0.25 lb.P205/1000ft2 growth.The K fertilization r to is often tied to the N fer- per application,not to exceed 0.5 lb.P205/1000ft2 per tilization level,generally in 3:1,2:1,or 1:1 ratio. year,without a soil test.A one-time only application of Recent research on Bermuda rasses suggests that opti- up to 1.0 lb. P205/1000ft2 is permitted for establishment mum growth and tissue K le els can be attained at a 3:1 of new turf. This BMP manual strongly recommends soil or 2:1 ratio. testing before any initial P205 application and annually if applications are being made based on previous testing. Ideally,turfgrass K fertilizati n should be based on soil Where subdivisions have been determined to have rela- test recommendations.Because of high mobility in sandy Lively similar soils,this may be reduced to testing 1/2 to soils,K fertilization should be made as soon after soil 1/3 of the customers each year,rotating the testing so all testing as possible.However,K is often applied without a are tested every 2 or 3 years. For more information,see prior soil test,based on the -quirements of the turfgrass. IFAS Publication SL-181,Soil Testing and Interpretation for Fortunately,K is not conside ed a pollutant,but prudence Florida Turfgrasses,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS317. in K fertilization is essential or economic and resource conservation reasons. Excess ve K fertilization can con- Turfgrasses use significantly less P than N and/or K. tribute to high soil electroco ductivity(EC) levels that Some Florida soils are high in native P,and turfgrasses may limit root growth and t grass tolerance to drought. grown on these soils require only limited P fertilization or none at all.Soil or tissue testing should always be used SECONDARY NUTRIENT FE'TILIZATION in these situations.Responses to P fertilization are most Ca,Mg,and S are referred to:s secondary plant nutrients, typically observed for rooting enhancement during estab- not because they are of second.Ty importance,but because lishment and where soils have a P deficiency. they are typically used in sm.11er quantities than the pri- mary nutrients. Of these throe,the Extension Soil Testing The off-site transport of P is often associated with soil Laboratory(ESTL)makes recommendations only for Mg. erosion from unvegetated and thin turfgrass areas. Mehlich-1 extractable Mg lev is are typically low,and Research shows that runoff from a healthy turfgrass area responses have been observe. when the soil Mg status is minimal,but thin and/or poor quality turfgrass has drops below 40 pounds per acre.For more information, much a higher erosion and runoff potential.Because P see IFAS Publication SL-181, .oil Testing and Interpretation can be a significant contributor to eutrophication,the for Florida Turfgrasses,at h to:/edi ifas.ufl.edu/SS31 . proper management of P on turfgrass is just as important to the environment as N management. Due to the presence of apatit: and/or residuals from pre- vious P fertilizations,the Me lich-1 extractant may dis- Another source of P is in reclaimed water.Turf irrigated solve higher levels of Ca tha are plant available;there- with reclaimed water may receive an excess of P,compared fore,no interpretation is mad- for the extracted soil Ca. to the maximum amounts recommended in the Urban Turf Generally,plant-available Ca evels of Florida soils are Rule.Do not add phosphorus to a site irrigated with re- high and no responses to app ied Ca have been observed. claimed water without a soil test recommendation to do so. You may increase Ca levels b applying irrigation water containing high levels of Ca. By using the following simple measures,you can properly manage the P fertilization of your turfgrasses: Consistent and reliable correl:tion data do not exist for soil test S levels and turfgrass growth;thus,the ESTL • P fertilization should always be based on reliable soil or does not analyze or make rec mmendations for S. tissue test recommendations.Many Florida soils are Fortunately,S is often an acc•mpanying anion in N,K, high in extractable P and may never require P fertiliza- Mg,and micronutrient sourc:. and is not often deficient tion for optimum turfgrass growth.Never exceed the for turfgrass growth. amounts allowed by the Florida Fertilizer Label with- out a soil or tissue test recommendation. MICRONUTRIENTS The ESTL analyzes and mak.. recommendations for • Since unvegetated slopes or thin,low-quality turfgrass Cu,Mn,and Zn. Of these t ee micronutrients, areas are more likely to produce runoff and off-site P turfgrass responses have onl been observed for Mn. In contamination than healthy,well-maintained turfgrass most Florida soils,extractabl- Cu and Zn levels are areas,it is important to properly maintain your turfgrass. adequate for optimum turfgr.ss growth,except for Cu on organic soils under sod p •duction. No analysis or POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION recommendation is made for I e in Florida soils due to Of the three primary nutrients(N,P,and K),K is second limited information on the c.rrelation between soil and only to N in utilization by turfgrasses.Large responses in tissue levels,and turfgrass gr owth response.A greening turfgrass growth are not typically observed in response to in response to the applicatio of Fe and/or Mn will most 31 Department of Environmental Protecti• —Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 38 of 68 . likely be obtained on turfgrasses grown on soils having • Slow-release fertilizer may be an advantage when nutri- a pH of 7.0 or greater or irrigated with alkaline water. ents cannot be applied as frequently. The application of 2 ounces of iron sulfate per 1,000 square feet as a foliar spray usually produces the desired There is no significant difference between liquid or dry response.This response is generally short-lived, applications.Turfgrasses take up N in the form of nitrate however,and reapplication may be required. For and ammonium,and all dry fertilizers have to be dissolved additional information,see IFAS Publication SL-181, by water before they benefit the turf.In terms of BMPs for Soil Testing and Interpretation for Florida Turfgrasses,at environmental protection,the proper application of fertil- http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS317. izer is more important than the type of product. FERTILIZING GRASS FOR UNTREATED BUFFERS NEAR BODIES OF WATER ESTABLISHMENT OR RECOVERY Except when adjacent to a protective seawall,always Establishment and recovery are special situations.The leave a"Ring of Responsibility"around or along the goal is to get the environmental benefits of a solid cover of shoreline of canals,lakes,or waterways,so that you do turfgrass as quickly as possible and this may require fertil- not get fertilizer into a body of water.When fertilizing,it ization above what established turf requires.N and K are is important to ensure that fertilizers and other lawn used to promote a thick,vigorous stand of turf.Use P only chemicals do not come into direct contact with the when a soil test indicates there is a need.The BMP for water or with any structure bordering the water or a retaining nutrients on the lawn is a dense stand of turf. storm drain such as a sidewalk,brick border,driveway, or street.If any materials do get onto these impervious The following measures can be used to fertilize grass for surfaces,sweep them into the vegetated landscape or establishment or recovery: otherwise clean them up. • New sod should not be fertilized with nitrogen for the t° ' ,_' , P first 30 days,until it has firmly rooted into soil.Plugs _.,. can be fertilized at the time of installation to encourage the runners to spread.A quick,complete ground cover is the ultimate goal. c' R. • Newly seeded areas should not receive nitrogen fertil- 0 ization until a cover has been established and roots µ have pegged down,usually about 30 days. • For new turf establishment only,soil test results may indicate a one time application of up to 1 lb. P205/1000ft2 is needed to encourage root growth.This - should not be applied until 30 days after planting. Figure 20.Leave a"Ring of Responsibility/"to prevent pollution.Also • Newly established turf often requires a different fertility note the swale and berm. schedule to grow and develop a dense stand.Both rates and timing may be different. • Weakened turf may be stimulated back to health by N This untreated buffer protects the water quality of the fertilization. waterway by ensuring no prills or droplets enter the water. When applying liquid fertilizers,the Ring of Responsibility • N rates should be adjusted to meet the needs of the should be at least 3 feet from the edge of the water. turf. The same is true for applying granular fertilizers with a • Soluble fertilizer may be necessary to provide a rapid broadcast fertilizer spreader that features a deflector response on weakened turf. shield.A deflector shield only allows fertilizer to be dis- tributed on one side.This half-circle application(instead • Lower total rates of soluble fertilizer can produce of the typical full-circle application of most fertilizer desired turf improvement when applied frequently. spreaders)allows for a more accurate fertilizer application. • Fe and Mn can be used to supplement lower rates of If you are broadcasting fertilizer without a deflector soluble fertilizer. Micronutrients provide an initial shield,the Ring of Responsibility should extend at least color response,while soluble N thickens the turf and 10 feet from the edge of the water,since the prills may be improves root development. thrown up to 7 feet. 1:1 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida 'riendly BMP Page 39 of 68 !t" impervious surface that dra;I s to a water body or the stormwater system is called Directly Connected L41Impervious Area(DCIA). •rtilizer inadvertently applied on these surfaces h.. ready access to our water resources through storm dr.ins.This is why it is so important to keep fertilizer •ff impervious surfaces and 1111611 ,, to remove any that is spille• on them and deposit it back into the landscape. If using a broadcast spreade deflector shields should �/ always be used when applyi g fertilizer adjacent to these " `c surfaces. FERTIGATION Figure 21.Spreaders with deflector shields. Fertigation is the applicatio of liquid fertilizer thorough irrigation systems While fertigation is not widely practiced in resident al or commercial lawn and landscape care,some syste s are available. For effective The"Ring of Responsibility"is a preventative buffer, nutrient management to be :chieved,a fertigation which protects against accidental direct contamination system should be designed, nstalled,and maintained when fertilizing,and is the responsibility of the applica- by a qualified irrigation spe•ialist. Proper and legal tor. Some communities may require larger treatment backflow prevention device must be used so that buffers,which are intended to absorb pollutants from fertilizer does not back-siph•n into the water supply. stormwater flowing across the land.Land development Apply minimum quantities •f fertilizer. Due to the codes in these communities require developers and hazards of direct deposition •n streets,driveways,and builders to leave native vegetation or other riparian sidewalks;and potential ove-application by misadjusted buffers or filter strips to protect the water from the broad- irrigation systems;FDEP do-s not recommend use of er effects of upland development.These areas usually do fertigation for residential us- unless the entire system is not require fertilization,or need it only during an initial under an operation and maintenance contract with a establishment period.The applicator should understand reputable contractor who is ully responsible for any and respect the nature of these areas. pollution due to improper o eration of the fertigation equipment or the associated irrigation system. IMPERVIOUS SURFACES Most urban landscapes are surrounded by impervious FERTILIZING LANDSCA PLANTS surfaces such as sidewalks,driveway and streets. An WHY FERTILIZE? Clearly,plants grow in the wild without any help from humans.However,our modern urban landscape is not the same as the one where our native plants evolved. Subdivisions filled with subsoils,forests cut down,and drainage modifications all combine to make an urban landscape a very different environment.In addition,we •��°; have learned that some plants respond to fertilizers in, *n r ., ways that we may consider desirable,such as faster �. ; ��• tea: growth or improved appeara ce.The value of these out- comes is subjective.For exa ple,faster growth may be desired in one circumstance •ut may lead to unwanted pruning in another.Improves appearance is important to some and unimportant to oth-rs. Thus,the reason for fertilizin:plants should be to supply nutrients to achieve a clearly •efined objective,such as the following: • Increasing shoot growth,r••t growth,flowering,or fruiting; Figure 22.Fertilizer on sidewalks runs off into storm drains.Sweep it into the grass. • Establishing newly planted rees and shrubs; Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 40 of 68 • Enhancing foliage color and plant appearance; WHEN TO FERTILIZE Fertilization MAY be justified in the following situations: • Correcting or preventing nutrient deficiencies. • If trees and shrubs are newly planted(thus justifying RECOMMENDATIONS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES fertilization until established); FOR FERTILIZING LANDSCAPE PLANTS The recommendations in this section do not pertain • If homeowners or clients desire more or faster growth; to products containing insecticides, herbicides, or other pesticides. By law,such products are considered • If landscape beds have been leached of nutrients by pesticides. For-hire applicators must be licensed and flooding or overirrigation; the label instructions must be followed (see Chapter 6 on pest control for more information). • If trees and shrubs are NOT near fertilized turfgrass; Important recommendations and principles for fertilizing • If established plants are lacking in foliage color or landscape plants are as follows: density for the homeowners'or clients'purposes; • Prior to fertilizing,a soil and/or foliar nutrient analysis • If plants exhibiting nutrient deficiencies are in should be used to determine whether any need exists situations where they cannot be replaced with for phosphorus fertilizer. better-adapted species. • Before fertilizing,pests may need to be controlled Fertilization may NOT be required in the following and/or soil modified to improve nutrient uptake or situations: plant responses to fertilizer. • If homeowners or clients are pleased with the appear- • Plants with pests or other problems that could increase ance of their landscape plants; to damaging levels with fertilization should be fertilized only in conjunction with a treatment program.Without • If plants are established; a treatment program,fertilizer may increase the severity of the damage. • If plants are flowering or fruiting,since exposure to high nitrogen at this stage may impede development; • Soil pH should be considered when selecting a fertilizer. • For tees,unless nutrient deficiencies exist. • The amount of fertilizer applied should be the minimal If landscape plants exhibit nutrient deficiency symptoms, amount needed to achieve the defined objective. they may not be suited to the site due to soil pH,soil drainage,soil salts,limited soil volume,irrigation water • Read and follow all label instructions and safety quality,or mineral content of the soil. Consider replacing precautions. such plants with others adapted to the site's conditions. • The types and rate of fertilizer should be specified, HOW MUCH TO FERTILIZE aswell as the timing,method,and location of applica- tion.Slow-release fertilizers are often preferred.High General Recommendations levels of nitrogen fertilizer may reduce flowering in When it has been determined that fertilization is neces- some plants. sary,most established landscape plants should be fertil- ized at rates within the ranges shown in Table 6. Table 6:Landscape plant nitrogen fertilization rates. Level of Maintenance Amount of Nitrogen Fertilizer pounds N/1000 ft2/year per 3'diameter plant/yr* Oz.** Tablespoons" Basic 0-2 0-2 0-4 Moderate 2-4 2-4 4-9 High 4-6 4-6 9-13 Typical,assumes 15%N 50%slow release,Approx 7 sq.ft.root zone. " 1 lb.N rate is about 1.5 oz.or 3 Tablespoons per 10 ft2 per application. 112 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 41 of 68 The P content of the fertilizer should be zero unless a soil should be thoroughly spra d to cover the affected or tissue test indicates a need for additional phosphorus. foliage at the proper stage f growth to achieve Historically,the ratio of N to K for landscape plants has objectives. been in the range of 1:1 to 2:1.Since magnesium(Mg) deficiency occurs in certain landscape plants in many Make sure your fertilizer sp eader is properly calibrated parts of the state,up to 2.5 pounds Mg/1000 ft2/year may and on the correct setting t deliver the desired amount be applied to address this problem. Micronutrients can be of fertilizer for the area bei g treated.This is discussed applied at specified rates and timing to achieve fertiliza- in more detail in the sectio on calibrating pesticide tion objectives. spreaders in the next chapt r and in the publication below. For more information,see the following: In general,slow release fertilizers are horticulturally and environmentally preferable for landscape plantings. IFAS Publication How to Ca ibrate Your Fertilizer Water-soluble fertilizers should be applied at a rate of Spreader,IFAS Publication :NH 62,2003.Available at: no more than 0.5 pounds N/1000 ft2 per application. h r• edis.if. fl.ed_ H02•. The maximum application rates for controlled-release fertilizers depend on the percent that is water soluble IFAS Publication Fertilization Recommendations and the release rates of the product.Never broadcast for Landscape Plants, G.W. Knox,T.Broschat,and fertilizers on newly bedded plants.Apply the appropriate R.J.Black,IFAS Publication ENH 858,2002. amounts to the individual plant within the area under http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP114. the plant canopy,which usually indicates the major root area. FERTILIZER STORAGE AND LOADING If not handled properly,ferti I ers can alter or degrade the For additional information on landscape plants grown in environment.Nutrients such as N and P in fertilizers can soil,see IFAS Publication SL-141,IFAS Standardized lead to the excessive growth s f algae and noxious plants Fertilization Recommendations for Environmental in estuaries,lakes,and strea s. Horticulture Crops,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CNO11. Mishandling of fertilizers co taining nitrates may result Palms in excessively high levels of itrate in drinking-water Palms have different nutritional requirements than most supplies (greater than 10 pats per million [ppm]of other landscape plants. In Florida's rock,muck,and NO3-N). This has been link:d to health problems such sandy soils,palms may be especially prone to K,Mg,Mn, as blue baby syndrome (met emoglobinemia)in infants. Fe,and B deficiencies. If you suspect deficiencies in a Because the state's aquifers a d surface waters are exten- palm tree,take a leaf to your Cooperative Extension sively interconnected,Florid: requires all potentially Service agent for assistance. In general,fertilizers or sup- potable ground water to meat drinking-water standards. plements should be applied to supply N,P,K,and Mg at For nitrate,federal and state regulations set the drink- about an 8:2:12:4 ratio. The N,K and Mg should be in a ing-water standard at 10 ppm NO3-N. Shallow wells slow-release form. In addition, 1 to 2 percent Fe and Mn, (less than 50 feet in depth) and old wells with faulty and trace amounts of Zn,Cu,and B,may be needed. casings are at the highest risk for nitrate contamination. For more information on palms and palm deficiencies, STORAGE see Fertilization of Field-grown and Landscape Palms in Always store nitrate-based fe tilizers separately from Florida, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP261 or Nutrient solvents,fuels,and pesticide.,since nitrate fertilizers Deficiencies of Landscape and Field-grown Palms in are oxidants and can acceler.to a fire. Ideally,fertilizer Florida,http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP273. should be stored in a concre le building with a metal or other flame-resistant roof. WHERE AND HOW TO FERTILIZE Fertilizer should be broadcast uniformly over the Take care when storing fertil er to prevent the desired areas of the landscape. Root location, fertiliza- contamination of nearby gro nd water and surface tion objectives,and plant species should be considered. water.Always store fertilizer an area that is protected Areas where tree or shrub fertilization zones overlap from rainfall.Storing dry bul materials on a concrete with lawn fertilization zones should receive one, or asphalt pad may be accep :ble if the pad is adequate- not two, fertilizations. Start with the lowest recom- ly protected from rainfall an, from water flowing across mended rate and slowly increase to amount up to the the pad. The secondary containment of stationary liquid maximum recommendation only if the plant requires it. fertilizer tanks is addressed i n Florida Department of Foliar applications,injections,or implants should only Environmental Protection Rules 62-761 and 62-762, be used when the soil application of fertilizer is imprac- Florida Administrative Code F.A.C.). Even where not tical or ineffective in achieving fertilization objectives. required, the use of seconda containment is sound When applying foliar fertilizer, the fertilizer solution practice. 35 Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 42 of 68 LOADING Load fertilizer into application equipment away from "' wells or surface waterbodies.A concrete or asphalt pad with rainfall protection is ideal,as it permits the easy recovery of spilled material.If this is not feasible,loading at random locations in the field can prevent a buildup of nutrients in one location.Fertilizers contaminated with . ' .z. pesticides may damage plants or generate hazardous wastes. !- Clean up spilled fertilizer materials immediately. Collected material may be applied as a fertilizer.At fixed sites,the area can be cleaned by sweeping or vacuuming (or with a shovel or loader,if a large spill),or by wash- ing down the loading area to a containment basin specif- ically designed to permit the recovery and reuse of the wash water.Wash water generated should be collected and applied to the target crop.Discharging this wash water to waterbodies,wetlands,storm drains,or septic systems is illegal. For more information,see Best Management Practices for Agrichemical Handling and Farm Equipment Maintenance, !i ;, published by the Florida Department of Agriculture Figure 23.Taking a soil sample. and Consumer Services and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection,May 1998. — SOIL TESTING For more information,see your county Cooperative Although it may not be an essential practice for the Extension Service agent or IFAS Publication SL-181, everyday maintenance of a healthy landscape,testing to Soil Testing and Interpretation for Florida Turfgrasses,at determine the soil's chemical properties before installing http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS317. turfgrass or landscape plants is a recommended practice. Through soil testing, the initial soil pH and P level can SOIL SAMPLING METHODOLOGY be determined. Soil pH is important in determining The soil test and resulting recommendations are only which turfgrass is most adapted to initial soil conditions as representative as the sample itself.Therefore,it is (bahiagrass and centipedegrass are not well adapted to imperative that the soil sample be taken and handled soil with a pH greater than 7.0).Since it is not easy to properly.The sample .. reduce the pH of soil on a long-term basis,you should should be obtained by use St.Augustinegrass or bermudagrass on high-pH taking 15 to 20 small soils. plugs at random over the y ': entire area where infor- After initial soil testing,additional testing may only be mation is desired.Avoid 1." required when fertility problems arise and the responses any unusual areas or areas , f in g with a specific identifying � to fertilization are poor. P y� _ • appearance.Areas with Soil testing is an applied science and can be used as one identifying characteristics of the tools in the maintenance of healthy turfgrass and should be sampled sepa- landscapes. For the effective management of nutrients, rately. For turfgrass,since soil testing should be used in conjunction with tissue most of the roots are in testing. Soil test recommendations are based on a cone- the top 4 inches of soil, tr lation between the level of a given nutrient extracted limit the sampling depth from the soil and the anticipated plant response.The to 4 inches. For landscape amount of nutrients extracted by a particular extractant plants,the sampling is only an index relative to crop response. It is not a depth should be no more direct measure of actual plant nutrient availability. than 6 inches. The levels of extracted P,K,and Mg are divided into five Place the plugs that have categories:very low,low,medium,high,and very high. been collected into a Figure 24.Soil Core. FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 43 of 68 plastic container,mix them thoroughly,and send adequate for turfgrass gro h because Florida soils are approximately 1 pint of the mixed sample to the inherently high in Ca,hav:a history of Ca fertilization, Extension Service Testing Laboratory(ESTL) for chemi- or receive Ca regularly thr. gh irrigation with high-Ca cal analysis. Several commercial laboratories also offer water. The soil test level fo Mehlich-1 extractable Ca is the same service in Florida.You should use the same used only to determine the type of limestone needed laboratory on a continued basis to establish a historical when lime is recommende• For most soils and turf- log of your soil properties. Laboratories across the state grasses,liming to ensure a adequate soil pH ensures do not use the same extractant,so if you change labs more-than-adequate Ca. Re.earch has shown no turf- often you may be comparing results obtained by differ- grass response to added Ca from either liming materi- ent methods. als or gypsum,when the M hlich-1 extractable Ca level is above 250 ppm. SOIL TEST INTERPRETATION A soil analysis supplies a wealth of information on The ESTL does not analyze for extractable Fe because the nutritional status of a soil and can detect potential definitive interpretation data are lacking. Significant problems that limit plant growth. A routine soil analy- correlation of soil test Fe le els with plant tissue levels sis supplies information on soil pH and the extractable is also lacking. The testing r rocedures tend to produce P, K, Ca,and Mg status of the soil. The ESTL currently highly variable results. Most soils, except those having uses Mehlich-1 as an extractant on all the acidic a pH greater than 7.0,generally contain adequate levels mineral soils in the state and AB-DTPA (Ammonium of Fe for optimum growth. i urfgrasses grown on soils Bicarbonate-DTPA) extractant on soils with pH above with pH greater than 6.5 ex ibit a greening response to 7.3 (calcareous soils). Fe applied as a foliar spray. nfortunately, reapplication may be required on a frequ:nt basis to sustain the The IFAS Everglades Extension Soils Laboratory desired color. currently uses acetic acid to extract nutrients from all organic soils. Therefore, the extractants are calibrated For more information on fe tilizing landscape plants, to different soil types.These extraction procedures see IFAS publication SL-141, Standardized Fertilization must be ascertained when approaching any laboratory Recommendations for Enviro mental Horticulture Crops, for a soil analysis. The routine analysis includes a lime at htt.:1 edis.ifas.ufl e•u/ 011. requirement determination if the soil pH is below 6.0. N is not determined,because in most soils it is highly TISSUE TESTING mobile and its soil status varies greatly with rainfall and Because of the mobility of ost essential nutrients for irrigation events. landscape plant and turfgra-. growth in Florida soils, one of the best indicators o appropriate fertilization Table 7 presents interpretation ranges for soil test and plant health is tissue analysis. Since turfgrass is a levels of P,K,Mg,Mn,Zn, and Cu. For detailed expla- perennial crop,historical to:.s of tissue composition can nations of soil tests and interpretation,see IFAS be used to fine-tune a turfgrass fertilization program for Publication SL-181,Soil Testing and Interpretation for optimum plant growth and inimum environmental Florida Turfgrasses,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS317. impact. Leaf analysis,along ith appearance and soil analysis,can be used to diagnose the problems and the Note that there is no interpretation made for soil test effectiveness of a fertilization program, especially for Ca or Fe. No interpretation is made for Mehlich-1 micronutrient deficiencies. Soil analysis for some nutri- extractable Ca levels because the extractant dissolves ents,because it is a snapshot of what is present at the Ca compounds,which may not be readily plant avail- time of sampling,does not always indicate their avail- able. Thus, the amount of plant-available Ca can be ability to plants. Potential nutrient deficiencies can be erroneously interpreted. In most cases, Ca levels are detected with leaf analysis before visual symptoms Table 7:Suggested ranges for Mehlich-1 extractable soil nutrient levels for Florida turFgresses. Macronutrients* Micronutrients" P K Mg Mn Zn Cu Parts per million(ppm) 16-30 36-60 20-30 3-9 0.5-3 0.1-0.5 Medium ranges of Mehlich-1 extractable P,K,and Mg when in 25 percent of the cases a response to applied fertilization would be expected. .'Soils testing below these levels of micronutrients are expected to respond to applied micronutrients. The interpretation of soil test micronutrient levels is based on soil pH. The smaller number is for soils with a pH of less than 6.0,and the larger number is for soils with a pH of 7.0 or greater. Mehlich-1 extractable micronutrient levels ore only determined when requested and require an additional charge. Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 44 of 68 appear.Leaf analysis may provide information on species, except for N.The sufficiency tissue N concen- induced - deficiencies and inferences on plant uptake. tration can vary from a low of 1.5 percent for cen- tipedegrass or bahiagrass to a high of 3.5 percent in TISSUE SAMPLING METHODOLOGY cool-season,overseeded ryegrass. Table 8 lists the suffi- Clippings can be collected during regular mowing ciency ranges for tissue N concentration for the various practices for tissue analysis. It is essential that the turfgrasses used in lawns. In most cases,tissue N con- clippings are free of sand and fertilizer contamination. centrations below the minimum of the range would be Do not harvest clippings immediately after fertilization, deficient and above the range would be excessive. top-dressing, or any other cultural practice that results in significant mower pickup. Place approximately a The concentration of other macro and micronutrients handful of well-mixed clippings in a paper bag. Do not in the tissue does not vary greatly among the various place the clippings in a plastic bag because the clip- species of turfgrasses. The sufficiency ranges in Table 9 pings may begin fermenting prior to drying. are applicable to most of Florida's turfgrass species.All of these values are on a dry weight basis. If facilities exist at your location,dry the collected clip- pings at approximately 70°C (158°F) for 24 hours and These values represent the range over which a particu- then mail them to your favorite analytical laboratory for lar nutrient might vary across the various species of analysis. If you do not have dry facilities,ship them, turfgrasses. They represent sufficiency ranges,which preferably overnight,to the analytical laboratory.Even suggests that levels below the range may indicate a deli- if placed in a paper bag,if the sample is allowed to sit ciency or above the range may represent excessive fer- for more than a couple of days the tissue will begin to tilization or toxicity. ferment and the value of the sample for analytical pur- poses will be lost. The sufficiency ranges in the tables show the most current interpretation for nutrient concentrations in SAMPLE CONTAMINATION turfgrass tissue. If analytical test results are in the Turfgrass clippings that have been recently sprayed with deficiency range or below the sufficiency range,an micronutrients for fungicidal or nutritional purposes increase in fertilization for that nutrient is recom- should not be used for micronutrient analysis.Washing mended. Alternatively,if test results fall above the recently unsprayed clippings to remove soil and dust sufficiency range, the fertilization program should be particles is recommended prior to sending the samples adjusted downward. If a change in fertilization is to the lab for analysis. If you wash one collection of indicated,the adjustment should be reasonable. The clippings and not all,the nutritional analyses may not intent is to find the correct nutrient management level be comparable because the concentration of some nutri- that maintains turfgrass tissue nutrient concentration ents in tissue,such as K,is highly mobile and a portion within the optimum range,but does not lead to over- of the K may be removed during washing. Unwashed fertilization and possible adverse environmental and samples may appear to have a much higher concentra- economic results. tion than the washed samples,and you may suspect a deficiency in the washed samples when in fact an ade- SUMMARY quate supply of K exists. Fertilization is one of the key management practices in establishing and maintaining healthy,actively growing INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS turfgrass.The desires of the individual lawn owner or Sufficiency levels of essential nutrients in the various turfgrass manager often dictate the level of fertility turfgrass species do not vary much among the various management. Due to environmental concerns,some Table 8.Sufficiency ranges of tissue N concentration for selected lawn turfgrasses. St.Augustine Zoysia Bermuda Centipede Bahia Rye N(%) 2.0-3.0 2.0-3.0 2.5-3.5 1.5-2.5 1.5-2.5 3.5-5.5 Table 9.Sufficiency concentration ranges for selected macro and micronutrients in turfgrass tissue P K Ca Mg Fe Cu Mn Zn B Percent(%) PPm 0.15-0.50 1.00-3.00 0.5- 1.0 0.20-0.50 50-250 5-30 25- 100 20250 5-20 ® FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries • October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Ba Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida riendly BMP Page 45 of 68 think that less fertilization is always best,but research irrigation may result in vo tilization and inefficient • shows that fewer nutrients are lost from the surface or use of fertilizer. leached through a healthy,well-maintained turfgrass than an unhealthy,sparsely established turfgrass. Due to the prevalence of st ets,driveways,and other impervious areas,it is very mportant to ensure no fertil- The importance of proper irrigation during fertilization izers are left where they can run off into stormwater sys- cannot be overemphasized. Excessive irrigation after tems or water bodies. Deflector shields should always be fertilization may cause leaching or runoff,and a lack of used near boundaries with water or impervious areas. BMPS FOR TURFGRASS AND LANDSCAPE FERTILIZATION • Do not fertilize if a heavy rainfall is expected,especially tropical or frontal weather systems. • Avoid both leaching and surface runoff. Match the product to the situation. Remember that all fertilizers,even slow release products,contain nutrients and can cause pollution if allowed to escape the root zone. • Correct other deficiencies first. Be aware of the effects soil pH, shade,overwatering,or other stresses may have on the plants. Be sure fertilizer is the correct response to the problem. • Remember that rate and timing of N fertilization depends on the turfgrass species, season of the year, level of maintenance desired, source of N applied,and location in the state. • Limit water-soluble(quick release) Nitrogen applications to 0.5 lb./1000 ft2. This includes the water soluble part of slow- release blends. Limit total N to 1 lb./1000ft2 per the Urban Turf Rule. • P application should be limited to soils that require additional P based on soil or tissue testing. • Limit N and P fertilization at establishment to one time 30 days after seeding/sodding. Do not add N or P before installa- tion, but amend the soil as needed with lime or organic matter. • Always leave a Ring of Responsibility near water bodies or impervious surfaces.Always use deflector shields on broadcast or rotary spreaders when applying fertilizer near water or sidewalks,driveways and streets. • Sweep any fertilizer left on impervious areas back into the vegetated area. • Become proficient in reading and understanding the fertilizer label. • Know the exact square footage of the area where fertilizer is being applied and make sure the spreader/application equip- ment is properly calibrated and set to deliver the correct amount of fertilizer to that area. • Become knowledgeable in soil sampling procedures and soil test interpretation. • When fertilizing (other than when watering restrictions apply), irrigate with 1/4 inch of water following fertilization to avoid the loss of nitrogen and increase uptake efficiency. If water restrictions apply,you may irrigate as you are allowed, but more than 1/2 inch may cause some nitrogen to be leached past the root zone. • Use Fe and/or Mn instead of N to enhance turfgrass color on soils having a pH greater than 7.0, especially during times of enhanced rainfall. • Maintain a healthy,actively growing turfgrass to minimize the environmental impact of fertilizer and pesticide application, erosion, and stormwater runoff. • There is no significant difference between liquid or dry applications of similar products. In terms of BMPs for environmental protection, the proper application of fertilizer is more important than the type of product. Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 46 of 68 Chapter 6: Pest Control - LEGAL ISSUES In most cases,if a person or company is providing services that only include mowing,edging,landscaping, DEFINITIONS and fertilizing,only a county or municipal occupational A pest is anything that competes with humans,domestic license is needed. (This does not apply to"weed and animals,or desirable plants for food or water;injures feed"or`insect control"applications.) humans,animals,desirable plants,structures,or posses- sions;spreads disease to humans,domestic animals, • If a person or company also applies any herbicide(even a wildlife,or desirable plants;or annoys humans or granular product of a pesticide coated onto fertilizer),fun- domestic animals. gicide,or insecticide,to residential lawns or plant beds,a license for pesticide application is required from the Types of pests include the following: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS)Bureau of Entomology and Pest Control.Failure • Arthropods such as insects and arachnids; to obtain a license can result in fines up to$5,000.This includes the application of"weed and feed"or"insect • Microbial organisms such as bacteria,fungi,viruses, control"pesticide/fertilizer mixtures to lawns. and Mycoplasma; • If the only pesticides applied by a person or business are • Weeds,which are plants growing in an area where they herbicides and"caution"-labeled insecticides applied to are not wanted; plant beds or along the edges of pavement,then a limited certification for commercial landscape maintenance • Nematodes; license is needed from the Bureau of Entomology and Pest Control.For this category,each applicator must have a • Mollusks such as snails and slugs;and license.This does NOT allow the application of pesti- cides to turf or the use of insecticides labeled"Warning" • Vertebrate pests. or"Danger,"or the application of"weed and feed"or "insect control"pesticide/fertilizer mixtures to lawns. Under Florida law(Chapter 482 Florida Statutes), integrated pest management(IPM)is defined as the • If any application of any pesticide is made to a lawn as following: part of a service provided by a person or business,then a pest control business license and a certified operators . . . the selection,integration,and implementation certificate are needed from the Bureau of Entomology of multiple pest control techniques based on pre- and Pest Control.This includes the application of dictable economic,ecological,and sociological con- "weed and feed"or"insect control"pesticide/fertilizer sequences,making maximum use of naturally mixtures to lawns. occurring pest controls, such as weather,disease agents,and parasitoids, using various biological, • Government employees and private business employees physical,chemical,and habitat modification meth- who are applicators also need a pesticide license to ods of control, and using artificial controls only as make any applications to lawns or ornamental plants. required to keep particular pests from surpassing This includes the application of"weed and feed"or intolerable population levels predetermined from an "insect control"pesticide/fertilizer mixtures to lawns. accurate assessment of the pest damage potential and the ecological,sociological, and economic cost • Information on how to obtain these licenses can be of other control measures. obtained from FDACS Bureau of Entomology and Pest Control at(850)921-4177 or at http://wwwflaes.org/ LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR PESTICIDE USE aes-ent/. IN LAWN AND LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE Not only should pesticides be used carefully,existing • Applications of restricted use pesticides made to laws regarding pesticide applications and licensing parks,cemeteries,and golf courses require a license requirements for conducting a business should also be obtained through FDACS Bureau of Compliance complied with.There are three categories of licenses, Monitoring at (850)488-3314 or at http://wwwflaes. (local occupational license,limited certification for corn- org/complimonitoring/index.html. mercial landscape maintenance license,or a pest control • business license and a certified operators certificate) PESTICIDE RECORD KEEPING that could apply to persons who practice landscape Proper records of all pesticide applications should be kept maintenance as a business. according to state or federal requirements.These records 40 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 47 of 68 help to establish proof of proper use,facilitate the corn- maintained for 2 years from 1 e application date.Federal - parison of results of different applications,or find the worker protection standards WPSs)only apply to pesti- cause of an error.Records that provide this information cide applications made by pr I ducers of agricultural prod- may include the following: ucts and do not affect Green ndustry pesticide applicators. • The date and time of application; NOTE: Florida law require RUP record keeping. See FDACS Bureau of Entomolo; and Pest Control regula- • Name of applicator; tions for specifics on the re• lation.In addition,record keeping is required to comp l with the federal Superfund • Person directing or authorizing the application; Amendments and Reautho ',ation Act(SARA,Title III), which contains emergency p .nning and community • Weather conditions at the time of application; right-to-know legislation. • Target pest; INTEGRATED PEST MA AGEMENT The philosophy of IPM was •eveloped in the 1950s • Pesticide used (trade name,active ingredient,amount because of concerns over in reased pesticide use, of formulation,amount of water); environmental contamination,and the development of pesticide resistance.The objectives of IPM include • Adjuvant/surfactant and amount applied,if used; reducing pest management Etxpenses,conserving energy, and reducing the risk of exposure to people,animals, • The area treated(acres or square feet)and location; and the environment. Its main goal,however,is to reduce pesticide use by usin a combination of tactics to • Total amount of pesticide used; control pests,including cult ral,biological,genetic,and chemical controls. • Application equipment; The cultural component co ists of the proper selection, • Additional remarks,such as the severity of the infesta- establishment,and maintena ce(such as mowing/prun- tion or life stage of the pest;and ing,fertilization,and irrigati n)of turf and landscape plants. Keeping lawns and la dscapes healthy reduces • Follow-up to check the effectiveness of the application. their susceptibility to diseases,nematodes,and insects, thereby reducing the need for chemical treatment. In the RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDES service industry,unfortunate y,many of the cultural ■ Certain pesticides are classified as restricted use pesti- components of IPM are not nder the control of the cides(RUPs).Very few pesticides in this category are rou- pesticide application professi•nal. It is essential that tinely used in turf maintenance,but if you happen to•use customers be made aware of heir responsibility for one of them,certain record-keeping requirements apply. cultural factors,whether in .oing their own work or in The Florida pesticide law requires certified applicators to selecting qualified professio ,is for third-party activities keep records of all restricted use pesticides.To meet your such as irrigation and mowi legal responsibility and to document your treatment methods,you need to maintain accurate pesticide records. The biological component i volves the release and/or conservation of natural ene ies (such as parasites, Florida regulations require that information on RUPs be predators,and pathogens)a d other beneficial organ- recorded within 2 working days of the application and isms (such as pollinators). N:tural enemies(including Florida law requires that you record the following items to comply with the restricted use pesticide record-keeping requirement. • Brand or product name. • Month/day/year/time of application. • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency registration • Name and license number of applicator number, (if applicator is not licensed, record his or her name and supervisor's name and • Total amount applied. license number). • Location of application site. Method of application. • Size of area treated. ,, Name of person authorizing the application, if the licensed applicator does not own or lease • Crop/variety/target site. the property. Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 II October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 48 of 68 . ladybird beetles,green lacewings,and mantids)may be cycle of a pest and knowing which plants and condi- purchased and released near pest infestations.However, tions it may prefer.Monitoring populations,understand- - the landscape can also be modified to attract natural ene- ing historical trends,and knowing where a pest is most mies,provide habitat for them,and protect them from likely to occur can target control practices to a specific pesticide applications.For example,flowering plants may pest in a specific location.Maintaining records and his- provide parasitoids with nectar,or sucking insects tories of pest populations can help a manager forecast (aphids,mealybugs,or soft scales)may provide a honey- pest occurrence and apply pesticides wisely. dew source when growing on less-valuable plants. The monitoring of pest populations presents special The genetic component relies on the breeding or genetic difficulties for the service industry,because the service engineering of turfgrasses and landscape plants that are professional may only be on-site one day per month or resistant to key pests. Such resistance could increase a less.While spot applications are generally preferable,in plant's tolerance to damage and weaken or kill the pests. certain situations preventative measures may be neces- Pests may also develop more slowly on partially resistant sary.This is particularly true where experience has plants,thereby increasing their susceptibility to natural determined that less pesticide,or a less toxic pesticide, enemies or"softer"pesticides.Selecting resistant cultivars may be needed when a preventative control is used. or plant species when designing a landscape is a very important part of IPM.Although turfgrass and landscape The basic steps for IPM programs are as follows: managers often work with established plant material,they can still recommend changes.Every opportunity should • Identify key pests on key plants. be taken to educate builders,developers,landscape archi- tects,sod producers,and others on which plants are best • Determine the pest's life cycle,and know which life suited to their areas. stage to target(for an insect pest,whether it is an egg,larva/nymph,pupa,or adult). Chemical controls include a wide assortment of conven- tional,broad-spectrum pesticides and more selective, • Use cultural,mechanical,or physical methods to newer chemicals,such as microbial insecticides and prevent problems from occurring(for example, insect growth regulators.IPM is not antipesticide,but it prepare the site,select resistant cultivars),reduce does promote the use of the least-toxic and most selective pest habitat(for example,practice good sanitation, alternatives when chemicals are necessary.Pesticides are carry out pruning and dethatching),or promote only one weapon against pests and should be used biological control (for example,provide nectar or responsibly and in combination with other,less-toxic honeydew sources). control tactics. • Decide which pest management practice is appropri- To determine which pesticides are most appropriate for ate and carry out corrective actions. Direct control use,and when and how to use them,consult the appro- where the pest lives or feeds.Use preventative chemi- priate pesticide selection guides produced by IFAS. cal applications only when your professional judg- Whenever practical,limit treatment to infected areas. ment indicates that properly timed preventative appli- Spot spraying lessens pesticide use,saving the application cations are likely to control the target pest effectively service money and lowering risk to beneficial organisms, while minimizing the economic and environmental pets,homeowners,and the environment.Consult with costs. county Cooperative Extension Service agents,chemical distributors,product manufacturers,or independent turf • Determine if the"corrective actions" actually reduced or landscape maintenance consultants. or prevented pest populations,were economical,and minimized risks. Record and use this information IPM is commonly used in agricultural crop production, when making similar decisions in the future. where the economic thresholds for key pests have been determined.Using IPM in the urban environment,how- For more information on IPM,see IFAS Publication ever,has been more challenging.The Green Industry is ENY-336,Integrated Pest Management in the Commercial sensitive to aesthetic damage,and customers are often Ornamental Nursery,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG144. intolerant of anything that could affect the appearance of ornamental plants.Increased education of growers,con- PESTICIDE USE sumers,and maintenance personnel could raise the aes- Pesticides are designed to kill or alter the behavior of thetic threshold and allow for minor damage without pests.When,where,and how they can be used safely compromising plant health and beauty. and effectively is a matter of considerable public inter- est. If they are not used wisely,pesticides may pose Another important aspect of a successful IPM program risks to pesticide applicators and other exposed people, is pest monitoring. This includes understanding the life and may create long-term environmental problems. elFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries • October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 49 of 68 The best way to manage pesticide storage and disposal properly and effectively to inimize costs and the • is to reduce the amount of pesticide left over after effects on public health an, the environment while max- applications through proper planning and equipment imizing plant response. Giv• particular attention to the calibration. Faulty or improperly managed storage vulnerability of the site to g1 ound water or surface water facilities may result in direct runoff or leaching of contamination from leachi or runoff. pesticides into surface water and ground water.Users may be held liable for damage caused by improperly A pest-control strategy shou d be used only when the pest stored or disposed pesticides. is causing or is expected to 'ause more damage than what can be reasonably and econ.mically tolerated.A control Pesticide spills can be especially problematic.Even strategy should be impleme ted that reduces the pest pesticides designed for rapid breakdown in the environ- numbers to an acceptable le el while minimizing harm to ment can persist for years if present in high concentra- nontargeted organisms.The .trategy of IPM is as follows tions. The results can be the contamination of drinking water,fish kills and other impacts to nontargeted organ- • Prevention—keeping a pe•t from becoming a problem, isms,and administrative fines and legal remedies. It is and then,if needed, important that pesticide users protect themselves from all of these hazards. • Suppression—reducing pe.t numbers or damage to an acceptable level. The most obvious method to reduce the risk from pesti- cides is to use them only when necessary. Determine Always follow the directio s on the label. These direc- which pesticides are the most useful and least environ- tions have been developed a ter extensive research and mentally harmful for a given situation.Apply them field studies on the chemist ,biological effects, and environmental fate of the pe.ticide.The label is the sin- r .s '' gle most important docume tin the use of a pesticide. Lt�IDE BN1P5 "" State and federal pesticide aws require following label The following general BMPs should always be used for directions! pesticides: PESTICIDE SELECTION Develop- and implement a quality IPM program. Identifying or recognizing p:.ts is essential to proper pesticide application and sel:ction. Once the pest has Labels Observe all directions, restrictions,and pre been identified,the best con' of method must be chosen. cautions on pesticide labels. It is dangerous,wasteful, If a pesticide is to be used,t e applicator must know the and illegal to do otherwise. proper application technique and read the label thor- oughly.Storage-Store pesticides behind locked doors in oughly. Pesticides should be evaluated on effectiveness original containers with label intact, separate from against the pest,mode of action,life stage of the pest, seed and fertilizer. personnel hazards,non-target effects,leaching or runoff potential,and cost. Rate- Use pesticides at the correct application rate and recommended intervals between applications to PESTICIDE SELECTION BMPS avoid injury to plants and animals. a Develop and implement a quality IPM program. Handling- Never eat,drink,or smoke when han- dling pesticides,and always wash with soap and . Train employees in proper pest identification and pes- water after use. ticide selection techniques. „ Rinsing-Triple-rinse containers into the spray tank. g Choose the product most appropriate for the problem Never pour pesticides down a drain or into an area or pest. exposed to humans,animals,or water. Mix only the quantity of pesticide needed in order to Disposal-Dispose of used containers in compliance avoid disposal problems, protect non-targeted organ- with label directions so that water contamination and isms,and save money. other hazards will not result. k Spot treat pests whenever appropriate. Clothing-.Always wear protective clothing when applying pesticides.At a minimum,wear a long- tt Read and follow all label directions. The label is a sleeved shirt, long-legged pants, rubber gloves, boots legal document. (never go barefoot or wear sandals),eye protection, and a wide-brimmed hat.Additional protective gear . Make note of any ground water advisories on the may be listed on the pesticide label. label, Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 50 of 68 PESTICIDE STORAGE Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) to determine the If you store pesticides for your operation,this storage required safety equipment for each chemical used in the - must be properly constructed and maintained to prevent operation. Keep a written pesticide inventory and the problems or an expensive cleanup in the event of an acci- MSDS file for the chemicals on site. Do not store this dent.The best way to minimize storage problems is to information in the pesticide storage room itself. minimize the amount you store.Purchasing only small Remember that PPE is specified for normal application amounts that you can use quickly is the best approach for and handling activities. Regular PPE may not be protec- many turf management professionals.If you have to store tive in emergency situations,such as fires or reactions pesticides,follow these guidelines: with other spilled chemicals. • Design and build pesticide storage structures to keep Depending on the products stored and the quantity, pesticides secure and isolated from the surrounding you may need to register the facility with the Florida environment. Department of Community Affairs and your local emergency response agency. Check with your pesticide • Store pesticides in a roofed concrete or metal structure dealer about community right-to-know laws for the with a lockable door. materials that you purchase.An emergency response plan should be in place and familiar to personnel before • Keep pesticides in a separate facility,or at least in a an emergency occurs,such as a lightning strike,fire,or locked area separate from areas used to store other hurricane.Individuals conducting emergency pesticide materials,especially fertilizers,feed,and seed. cleanups should be properly trained under the require- ments of the federal Occupational Safety and Health • Do not store pesticides near flammable materials,hot Administration(OSHA).For reporting chemical spills, work(welding,grinding),or in shop areas. see the section on spill reporting requirements later in this chapter. • Do not allow smoking in pesticide storage areas. Do not store large quantities of pesticides for long peri- 0 ods.Adopt the"first in-first out"principle,using the oldest products first to ensure that the product shelf life does not expire. Store pesticides in their original containers. Do not put pesticides in containers that might cause children and t others to mistake them for food or drink. Keep the ° #.---#.--#.#==- ° a containers securely closed and inspect them regularly 11 for splits,tears,breaks,or leaks.All pesticide containers r t 1+r"- •• '``i °.t should be labeled.Arrange pesticide containers so that + 1,;1 the labels are clearly visible,and make sure that the # " .` - ; - - labels are legible. Refasten all loose labeling using I i �� non-water soluble glue or sturdy,transparent packaging Itape.Do not refasten labels with rubber bands(which t . a ` I "'` quickly rot and easily break)or nontransparent tapes . <-- such as duct tape or masking tape(which may obscure ■}.-TO&Isr +� f . * i important product caution statements or label directions ` t - `` for product use).If a label is damaged,immediately =4' r ?:)'F request a replacement from the pesticide dealer or for- .,xr` i�.r�- se'.0 mulator.As a temporary supplement to disfigured or t „ h _ badly damaged labels,fasten a baggage tag to the con- i _ ' _ 1 _ � 1«� - j .� tamer handle. On the tag write the product name,for- I L t P 1 ' i , mulation,concentration of active ingredient(s), "signal '.-.! I \ .,:,� 4 14 I word," the statement"Keep Out of Reach of Children," �, and the date of purchase.If there is any question about Figure 25 Pesticide storage areas should be locked. the contents of the container,set it aside for proper disposal. Store personal protective equipment(PPE)where it Dry bags should be raised on pallets to ensure that they is easily accessible in an emergency,but not in the do not get wet.Do not store liquid materials above dry pesticide storage area (since that may make it unavail- materials.Store flammable pesticides separately from able during an emergency). Check the label and the nonflammable pesticides. 1:11 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries Octobe1 r 18of,68 2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Ba Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida riendly BMP fungicides to Services(FDACS)operate a program for the free • Segregate herbicides,insecticides,and prevent cross-contamination and minimize the potential disposal of these materials Operation Cleansweep, for misapplication. Cross contaminated pesticides often Page 5 ph. 877-851-5285 toll-free, •r 386-418-5525). For more cannot be applied in accordance with the labels of each information,go to . .d..o, tate.fl. /wa t• .to••ri-s/ of the products.This may make it necessary to dispose cleansweep-pesticides. If thi. program is not available,a of the cross-contaminated materials as wastes and could licensed waste disposal cont actor should do the disposal. require the services of a consultant and hazardous waste 3 contractor. A good storage facility shou • have the following features: Use shelving made of plastic or reinforced metal.Keep • A secure area where unau horized persons are restrict- metal shelving painted(unless made of stainless steel)to ed from entering. avoid corrosion.If you use wood shelving,paint it with an enamel or waterproof paint to minimize any absorp- • Proper labeling on exterio doors,such as signs that tion of spilled pesticide materials.It is best to replace say"NO SMOKING"and `WARNING:PESTICIDE wood shelving with metal or plastic. STORAGE."No-smoking egulations need to be enforced. Construct floors of seamless metal or concrete sealed with a chemical-resistant paint.For concrete,use a • No opportunity for water ,o enter. water-cement ratio no higher than 0.45:1 by weight,and leave a rough finish to provide adhesion for the sealant. • Temperature control to avoid excessive cold or heat. Equip the floor with a continuous curb to retain spilled materials.While a properly sealed sump may be included to help recover spilled materials,do not install a drain, BMPS FOR PESTICIDE STORAGE AND DISPOSAL as it can release spilled material into the environment. The following BMPs should be used for storing and If you have a drain in a storage area,seal it as soon as disposing of pesticides: i possible to prevent uncontrolled releases. Provide sloped ramps at the entrance to allow handcarts to safely move • Maintain and follow labels on all pesticide containers. material in and out of the storage area. ) • Store pesticides only in their original containers or When designing the facility,keep in mind that tempera- make sure the new containers are properly labeled. ture extremes during storage may reduce safety and • Store similar pesticides together;for example,store affect pesticide efficacy. Provide automatic exhaust fans herbicides with herbicides,and insecticides with s and an emergency wash area. The emergency wash area insecticides. Ishould be outside the storage building. Local fire and electrical codes may require explosion-proof lighting • Store dry pesticides above liquids. and fans. The light/fan switches should be outside the building,and both switches should be turned on before • Keep containers closed tightly. people enter and should remain on until after they have • Inspect inventory frequently and watch for damaged left the building. containers. The BMPs discussed in the next section often address the o. Store separately any pesticides that may be flammable. ideal situation of newly constructed,permanent facilities. However,you are encouraged to apply these principles $ Limit the amount of inventory,and purchase only the and ideas to existing facilities. amounts needed. • Triple-rinse, puncture,and crush empty containers. Plans and specifications for pesticide storage buildings Clean all visible chemical from the container, including are available from several sources,including the the the container cap and cap threads. Follow the label U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources directions for container disposal. Conservation Service (NRCS), the Midwest Plan Service, and the IFAS Publications Office. These organizations' • Apply unused chemical mixtures or rinsate to a legal publications also contain recommended management target at or below the label rate,or save it to use as practices for pesticide storage facilities. make-up water for later applications of compatible materials. Note that cancelled,suspended,or unusable pesticides • For cancelled,suspended,or unusable pesticides,con- must be disposed of properly. Storage for long periods tact the FDACS Bureau of Compliance Monitoring at can lead to leaking containers or other costly problems. (850)488-3314 or go to http://www.flaes.org/com- The Florida Department of Environmental Protection and plimonitoring/index.html for guidance. the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 52 of 68 7-1 • Nonporous floors. For your own safety,always use all personal protective equipment required by the label. • Not located close to a body of water,sinkhole,or wellhead. PESTICIDE EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION AND LOADING • Adequate lighting and ventilation. Keep application equipment properly calibrated and in good repair. Correct measurement keeps you in compli- • The ability to contain runoff from spills. ance with the label;reduces the risks to applicators, workers,and the environment;and saves you money. • A source of clean water with prevention of backflow of chemicals into the water supply ` t . • Freedom f:sc:b:: :t:: : :terni tible ls r• Stor that i` ` ; will not absorb pesticides. ' , v f t r •� + • Shelves or other means of keeping chemicals off wet ` , floors. t ', • Materials and equipment to contain and clean up pesti- cide spills. (Or. • Clean,readily available personal protective equipment ' , and emergency telephone numbers or other means of '`, , securing assistance in an emergency. , .R • Appropriate fire extinguishers. Figure 26.Calibrate spreaders frequently. MIXING AND LOADING ACTIVITIES In most cases,the mixing and loading of pesticides into application equipment should be done adjacent to the application site.If chemicals are routinely mixed and Calibrate using clean water and do not calibrate equip- loaded at a shop or storage site,spilled material can ment near wells,sinkholes,or surface waterbodies. accumulate and expensive cleanup procedures may be Measure pesticides and diluents accurately to avoid required. improper dosing,the preparation of excess or insufficient mixture,or the preparation of a tankload of mixture at Use extreme caution when handling concentrated the wrong strength. chemicals. Spills could result in an expensive hazard- ous waste cleanup. It is important to understand how The proper application of pesticides helps to reduce costs mixing and loading operations can pollute vulnerable and increase profits.Improper application can result in ground water and surface water supplies if conducted wasted chemicals,marginal pest control,excessive carry- improperly and at the wrong site.Locate operations over,or damage to turf or landscape ornamentals.As a well away from ground water wells and areas where result,inaccurate application is usually very expensive. runoff may carry spilled pesticides into surface water- bodies.Areas around public water supply wells should Be aware of the proper application methods,chemical receive special consideration and may be designated effects on equipment,equipment calibration,and correct as wellhead protection areas.Before mixing or loading cleaning methods.Sprayers should be calibrated when pesticides in such areas,consult with state and local new or when nozzles are replaced and recalibrated after government officials to determine if special restrictions a few hours of use,as new nozzles may wear and the rate apply. of flow may increase rapidly.For example,wettable pow- ders may erode nozzle tips,causing an increase in appli- To prevent problems when mixing chemicals on-site, cation rates after spraying as few as 50 acres.Recalibrate use a mixing tray or portable pad to avoid spillage that equipment periodically to compensate for wear in pumps, could be transported to non-targeted areas. Should a nozzles,and metering systems. chemical spill onto the mixing tray,the material should then be rinsed into the applicator equipment and used The amount of chemical solution applied per unit of according to the product label. surface area depends on the forward speed,system 112 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries • October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida riendly BMP Page 53 of 68 • pressure,size of nozzle,and spacing of nozzles on the Wash the vehicle in a desig ated wash area.The water • boom.A change in any one of these will change the hose should have an on/off alve and a water-reducing rate of application. Consult the operator's manual for nozzle.Use the least amou t of water possible to wash detailed information on a particular sprayer. Backpack the equipment adequately. otorized spray equipment sprayers and hand sprayers also can and should be can be rinsed of pesticides esidues over turf areas at the calibrated,and applicators should be "calibrated" to job site where the rinsate 11 be used according to the determine how much chemical is being applied during product label. These practi.es prevent unwanted pesti- a broadcast application while walking across a lawn. cide residues from being w.shed onto non-targeted areas. Avoid conducting su h washing in the vicinity Calibration should be performed by measuring the of wells or surface waterb.dies. amount of pesticide applied to a small area(for exam- ple, 1,000 square feet) and calculating how much would For most turf application eu uipment,the inside of the be applied to a large area. For equipment with more application tank should be rinsed. This is done by than one nozzle,be sure to check the flow rates of all filling it with water and then applying the rinse water nozzles on the sprayer so they are similar. Equipment in the same manner and at the same site as the original suppliers and pesticide suppliers often supply calibra- pesticide. For larger equipment that is loaded at a tion equipment or assistance at low or no cost. If you central facility,the inside of the application equipment calculate the return on investment for time spent should be washed on the mix/load pad. This rinsate may calibrating equipment,you will see that even a small be applied as a pesticide (p eferred)or stored for use as improvement in calibration accuracy can save a signifi- make-up water for the next compatible application. cant amount of money spent on pesticide that was Otherwise it must be treate as a(potentially wasted because it was over applied. hazardous)waste.After wa hing the equipment and before an incompatible pro uct is handled,the sump should be cleaned of any li uid and sediment. BMPS FOR LOADING AND CALIBRATING PESTICIDE EQUIPMENT PESTICIDE SPILL MAN EMENT • Mix the pesticide and load the spreader or sprayer Clean up spills as soon as ossible.Unmanaged spills carefully to avoid spills. may quickly move into sur ce waters and injure plants and animals. It is essential o be prepared for major or • Mix and load pesticides on an impervious mix/load minor spills.The sooner you can contain,absorb,and pad with provisions for collecting and reusing spilled or s dispose of a spill,the less chance there is that it will waste material. cause harm.Always use the appropriate personal protec- tive equipment as indicate• on the MSDS and the label • Use excess pesticide mixtures on a site that is specified for a chemical.In addition,follow the following four on the label. steps: • Consider closed systems for loading and mixing. • CONTROL actively spill' g or leaking materials by • Triple rinse containers,pour the rinsate into the spray setting the container upri.ht,plugging leak(s),or tank,and use the excess according to the product label. shutting the valve. • Calibrate your spreader or sprayers. • CONTAIN the spilled m terial using barriers and absorbent material. For •mall spills,use kitty litter, vermiculite,shredded ne spaper,absorbent pillows, Florida law requires an air gap or back-siphoning device clean sand,or pads. Use dikes to direct large spills between the water supply and the application equipment away from ditches,sto drains,ponds,sinkholes,or to prevent backflow into the water supply.Never sub- woods. You can also use products such as "Soak Up" merge the end of a water supply hose in a tank.This to absorb spilled materials. These types of products can lead to the costly contamination of a water supply. allow the absorbed material to be diluted into the spray mixture and applied as usable pesticide. PESTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT WASH WATER • COLLECT spilled material,absorbents,and leaking Wash water from pesticide application equipment containers and place them in a secure,properly labeled must be managed properly,since it could contain container. Some contaminated materials could require pesticide residues.Ensuring that no pesticide spills disposal as hazardous waste. occur on the vehicle by mixing all pesticides over mix- ing trays eliminates potential pesticide hazards. Sweep • STORE the containers of spilled material until any granular products that have spilled onto the vehicle they can be applied as a pesticide or appropriately or non-targeted areas into labeled bags for later use. disposed of. 47 Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 54 of 68 . Small liquid spills may be cleaned up by using an release if the spill quantity exceeds the "reportable absorbent such as cat litter,diluting it with soil, and quantity" of active ingredient specified in the law. See - then applying the absorbent to the target site as a pesti- Appendix A for important telephone numbers for report- cide in accordance with the label instructions. ing pesticide spills.Very few of the pesticides routinely used in turf management are covered under these require- SPILL REPORTING REQUIREMENTS ments.A complete list of pesticides and reportable quan- Comply with all applicable federal,state,and local regula- tities is available at http://www.floridadisaster.org/cps/ tions regarding spill response training for employees,spill SERC/htcl.htm. reporting requirements,spill containment,and cleanup. Keep spill cleanup equipment available when handling Table 10 provides reportable quantities for some common pesticides or their containers. pesticides,but it is your responsibility to determine if a pesticide you use has a reportable quantity.The list in the If a spill occurs for a pesticide covered by certain state table should not be used as a substitute for a review of and federal laws,you may need to report any accidental- the official Section 304 list provided at the website above. Table 10:Reportable quantities for certain pesticides Chemical Name Brand Name CAS Number EHS RQ CERCLA RQ Atrazine AAtrex 1912249 N/A N/A Fenoxycarb Logic 74490-01-8 N/A N/A Hydramethylnon Maxforce 67485-29-4 N/A N/A Malathion Cythion 121-75-5 N/A 100 Methiocarb Mesurol 2032-65-7 10 10 Simazine Princep 122-34-9 N/A N/A Trifluralin Treflan 1582098 N/A 10 (For a complete list call 1850)413-9970,or go to http://www.floridadisasterorg/cps/SERC/htc1 html.Reportable quantities are given in pounds of active ingredient. Public Law 96-510 and Public Law 92-5000(CERCLA) require immediate notification of the appropriate U.S. governmental agency when oil or hazardous substances are discharged.The law states, "Any such person who fails to notify immediately such agency of such discharge shall, upon conviction,be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year,or both." Under Chapters 376 and 403,Florida Statutes: • Any owner or operator of a facility who has knowledge of any release of a hazardous substance from a facility in a quantity equal to or exceeding the reportable quantity(see the MSDS sheet)in a 24-hour period shall immediately notify the State Warning Point. • The owner or operator having a discharge of petroleum products exceeding 25 gallons on a pervious surface(or any amount in a waterbody)must report such discharge to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection or the State Warning Point. The penalty is not in reporting a spill;it is in failing to report a spill. REPORT THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION • Name,address,and telephone number of person reporting. • Name,address,and telephone number of person responsible for the discharge or release,if known. • Date and time of the discharge or release. • Type or name of the substance discharged or released. • Estimated amount of the discharge or release. • Location or address of the discharge or release. • Source and cause of the discharge or release. • Size and characteristics of the area affected by the discharge or release. • Containment and cleanup actions taken to date. • Other persons or agencies contacted. 1:1 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 55 of 68 MANAGEMENT OF PESTS IN THE LANDSCAPE In general,IPM calls for pesticides to be applied as need- - ed when plants have an active infestation and significant WEED MANAGEMENT damage is likely.However,some pest problems may be Florida law defines a weed as a plant growing where it best handled with preventative measures,such as the use is not wanted. Plants often earn their reputations as of residual Imidacloprid to target chinch bug nymphs as weeds if they grow without care or cultivation and they emerge from their eggs. Preventative application despite efforts to get rid of them. Weeds compete with measures should not be routine but should be based on desired plants for space,water,light, and nutrients and your professional knowledge of the control agent or can harbor insect pests and diseases. The predominant method,the pest's life cycle,environmental conditions, weed species change from season to season in Florida. and historical data.Use preventative chemical applica- Because weed populations can explode if not kept in tions only when your professional judgment indicates check, the amount of pressure from these pest plants that properly timed,preventative applications are likely to remains consistently high. control the target pest effectively while minimizing eco- nomic and environmental costs. Weeds reproduce from seed,root pieces,and special vegetative reproductive organs such as tubers, corms, In addition to Florida's abundance of native pests,land- rhizomes,stolons, or bulbs. People,animals,birds, scape workers need to be aware of imported plant pests, wind,and water can distribute seeds. Many of the weeds their identification and control.In the last several years, that show up in landscape beds come from seeds.Weeds these pests have caused substantial economic damage and also arrive in landscape beds when their reproductive an increase in the use of pesticides.The effects caused by tissues and organs are in the soil of transplants.Weed citrus canker and greening are just two examples of dis- rhizomes or stolons can also creep into a landscape bed eases that have devastated a sector of Florida's economy. from an adjacent infested area. Plastic or metal edging Insect examples in the landscape include the Asian cycad that penetrates several inches into the ground around scale,pink hibiscus mealybug, Chilli Thrips,Lobate Lac the perimeter of the bed reduces the likelihood of weed Scale, Ficus whitefly,and many others. infestations from rhizomes or stolons. Florida's tropical climate and international status predis- Preventative weed control is important. Removing estab- poses us to imported plant pests.We have a history of the lished weeds from landscape beds can be time consum- rapid spread of these imported pests to landscape plants. ing and/or expensive.Weed infestations will probably The normal problems of pest control are made worse by: have to be removed by hand, as there are a limited num- ber of herbicides available that can be safely applied • No populations of beneficial predators, over the top of and around most landscape plants. For Green Industry service personnel, the application of • Poor or slow problem identifications, most herbicides must be done by licensed pest-control professionals. For more information,see the IFAS web- • No basis for control product selection site: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/TOPIC Ornamental Pests. • It requires the constant awareness that new pest prob- INSECTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS lems are likely. Fewer than 1 percent of all insects are harmful to plants and many are actually beneficial, acting as predators or Employers and employees must be vigilant and seek parasites of harmful insects and assisting in the cross- additional training from IFAS,which is the key source of pollination of certain plants. Remember that disease, diagnostic and control information for these exotic pests. nutritional deficiencies,cultural treatments,and environ- mental conditions can cause a plant to appear unhealthy For more information on 1PM and insect pests,see the or discolored,so it is important to diagnose a problem following: correctly before remedial measures are taken. Some plants in the urban landscape are oversprayed,resulting • IFAS Publication ENY-337,Commercial Applications of in unnecessary environmental contamination and often Insecticides and Miticides in the Green Industry,at upsetting the natural predator/parasite—pest balance. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG145. Think about all of the control options available under • IFAS Publication ENY-338, Insect Management on IPM. Before using a chemical control method for an Landscape Plants,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG013. active pest infestation,look around the landscape to see if predatory or parasitic insects are present to control • IFAS Publication ENH-300,Insect Pest Management on your pest problem. If you must spray,use the least-toxic Turfgrass,at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG001. remedy possible and exercise great care to avoid contam- inating yourself and other living creatures. • Featured Creatures at http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu. Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 CI October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 56 of 68 PLANT NEMATODES For more information on plant disease,see the following: Nematodes are small,unsegmented roundworms,gen- erally transparent and colorless;most are slender,with • IFAS Publication LH064,Key for Identification of bodies from 1/100 to 1/8 inch long. Only about 10 per- Landscape Turfgrass Diseases,at http://edis.ifas.ufl. cent of nematodes are estimated to be plant parasites. edu/LH064. Nematodes affect plants by damaging the roots,reduc- ing their ability to function. For more information, see: • IFAS Publication LH040, Turfgrass Disease Management, at http://edis.ifas,ufl,edu/LH040. • Nematode Management in Residential Lawns,IFAS Publication ENY-006, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/NG039. DIAGNOSTIC ASSISTANCE The primary role of the Florida Extension Plant • Nematode Management for Perennial Landscape Plants, Diagnostic Clinics (FEPDC) is to determine whether IFAS Publication ENY-051, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ symptoms in submitted plant samples involve an IN469. infectious causal agent, e.g. fungus,bacterium or virus, or other cultural or environmental factor that causes • The IFAS website: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/TOPIC similar symptoms. The goal of the FEPDC system is Ornamental Pests. to educate clientele by providing plant disease and dis- order diagnoses and recommendations for preventative PLANT DISEASES and therapeutic measures. The FEPDC is a fee-based Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. Diseases service provided to any Florida resident by the Plant are caused by microorganisms such as fungi,bacteria, Pathology Department of the Institute of Food and and viruses. Some disease symptoms, such as leaf spots Agricultural Sciences (IFAS),University of Florida,in and wilting,are easily seen or measured. Others are conjunction with the Cooperative Extension Service. difficult to observe (for example,root decay) or are For more information,the nearest laboratory,and fees, very subtle (for example, shorter growth flushes). see Sample Submission Guide for Plant Diagnostic Clinics Detecting the less-obvious symptoms is more difficult of the Florida Plant Diagnostic Network. Available at: when the diseased plant is the only specimen of its http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SR007. kind in the landscape and cannot be compared with a healthy one. The OF-IFAS Rapid Turfgrass Diagnostic Service was designed and implemented for managers of high quality Normally,nonparasitic plant disorders are not included turfgrass in Florida. The biggest distinction between in the study of diseases,but it is still important to rec- this and the standard services provided by the Plant ognize them. These disorders include improper planting Disease Clinic is the turn-around time for sample depth,nutrient imbalances, temperature extremes, toxic results, the direct involvement of the OF Extension chemicals, mechanical injury,water imbalances, and air Turfgrass Pathologist, and the price charged for the pollution. Most environmentally induced problems tend service. The price is$75 (in 2008) and reflects the to be uniform,whereas disease may show up in spots added costs associated with a full time student dedicat- throughout a field. ed to turfgrass diagnostics with rapid turn-around time. http://turfpath.ifas.ufl.edu/turfgrass/rapiddiag.shtml. 50 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries 1 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 57 of 68 References Unless otherwise mentioned,references are available from [application development],Florida Center for the Florida Cooperative Extension Service,Institute of Community Design and Research).Tampa,Florida: Food and Agricultural Sciences,University of Florida, Institute for Systematic Botany,University of South Gainesville,FL 32611,or your county Cooperative Florida. http://www,plantatlas.usf,edu/default.asp. Extension Service agent. IFAS landscape tree and shrub site Florida Lawn Handbook.Trenholm and Unruh,SP45 http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/. Third Edition,2005. http://ifasbooks.ufl.edu/. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. R.P.Wunderlin. Best Management Practices for Enhancement of 1998. Gainesville,Florida:University Press of Florida. Environmental Quality on Florida Golf Courses,2007 Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Selecting a Turfgrass for Florida Lawns,L.E. Trenholm, http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/nonpoint/docs/ J.B.Unruh,and J.L. Cisar,IFAS Publication ENH-04. nonpoint/glfbmp07.pdf. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH005. Sample Submission Guide for Plant Diagnostic Clinics of the St.Augustinegrass for Florida Lawns,L.E.Trenholm,J.L. Florida Plant Diagnostic Network.Palmateer Et al.,2008. Cisar,and J.B.Unruh,IFAS Publication ENH-5. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SR007. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LHOl0. OF-IFAS Rapid Turfgrass Diagnostic Service. Landscape Plant Selector,IFAS software publication at http://turfpath.ifas.ufl.edu/turfgrass/rapiddiag.shtml. http://ifasbooks.ufl,edu. Aquatic Plant Removal Permits: Florida Fish and Wildlife ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES Conservation Commission Invasive Plant Management Environmental Stresses and Your Florida Lawn, Section.http://myfwc.com/nonnatives/InvasivePlants/ L.E. Trenholm,IFAS Publication ENH-153. index.htm. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP070. FDEP NPS Publications Page. Growing Turfgrass in the Shade,L.E.Trenholm, http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/nonpoint/pubs.htm. IFAS Publication ENH-151. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP072. Regulation of Landscape Architecture: http://www.myfloridalicense.com/dbpr/pro/larch/. Minimizing Traffic Damage to Your Florida Lawn, L.E.Trenholm,IFAS Publication ENH-152. Regulation of Professional Engineering: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP071. hap://www.fbpe.org/. Low Temperature Damage to Turf,L.E. Trenholm,IFAS DESIGN & INSTALLATION REFERENCES Publication ENH-80. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH067. PREPARATION Managing Your Florida Lawn under Drought Conditions, Basic Principles of Landscape Design,D.L. Ingram,IFAS H.C.Jones, C.S. Lippi,and L.E. Trenholm,IFAS Circular 536. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG086. Publication ENH-157. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP078. Preparing To Plant a Florida Lawn,L.E. Trenholm,IFAS Tips for Maintaining Landscapes During Drought, Publication ENH-02. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH012. R.J.Black,IFAS Publication ENH 158. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP091. Establishing Your Florida Lawn,L.E. Trenholm,IFAS Publication ENH-03. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH013. IRRIGATION REFERENCES Planting Specifications for Landscape Plants, STANDARDS E.F. Gilman,2003,IFAS Publication ENH 856. Landscape Irrigation and Florida-Friendly Design http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP112. Standards, December 2006, Florida Department of Environmental Protection. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/ SELECTION water/waterpolicy/docs/LandscapelrrigationFlorida Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. R.P.Wunderlin and B.F. FriendlyDesign.pdf. Hansen. 2000. (S.M. Landry and K.N. Campbell elDepartment of Environmental Protect on—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 58 of 68 Florida Building Code-Plumbing,Appendix F. Field Guide to Soil Moisture Sensor Use in Florida,2008, International Code Council 900 Montclair Rd. St.Johns River Water Management District - Birmingham AL,35213-1206(205) 599-9871 http://www.sjrwmd.com/floridawaterstar/pdfs/ http://www.floridabuilding.org/BCISOld/bc/default.asp SMS field guide.pdf. or http://www.iccsafe.org. Irrigating Landscape Plants During Establishment, Standards and Specifications for Turf and Landscape E.F. Gilman,IFAS Publication ENH 857. Irrigation Systems,Fifth Edition. December 2005. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP113. Florida Irrigation Society, (800)441-5341,Address: 9340 56th Street N. Suite 105,Temple Terrace,FL Lawn Sprinkler Selection and Layout for Uniform Water 33617. http://www.fisstate.org/standardsrevision3.pdf. Application,A.G. Smajstrla,G.A. Clark,and F.S. Zazueta,IFAS Bulletin 230, 1997. ASABE Standards-2007.Standards,engineering practices, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE084. and data developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 2007. Basic Irrigation Scheduling in Florida,A.G. Smajstrla, American Society of Agricultural and Biological B.J.Boman, G.A. Clark,D.Z.Haman,F.T.Izuno, Engineers,2950 Niles Rd.,St.Joseph,MO 49085. and F.S. Zazueta,IFAS Bulletin 249, 1988. Telephone(269)429-0300. http://www.asabe.org http://edis,ifas.ufl.edu/AE111. /standards/searchpur.html. Potential Impacts of Improper Irrigation System Design, National Engineering Handbook Series 210-VI. November A.G.Smajstrla,F.S. Zazueta,and D.Z.Haman,IFAS 1997.U.S.Department of Agriculture,Natural Publication SS-AGE-807,November 1988. Resources Conservation Service,Washington D.C., http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE027. 20013.http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/tech ref.html or http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/. How To Calibrate Your Sprinkler System,L.E. Trenholm, J.B.Unruh,and J.L. Cisar,IFAS Publication ENH 61, GUIDANCE January 2001.http://edis.ifas.ufLedu/LH026. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices,April 2005. The Irrigation Association. Watering Your Florida Lawn,L.E. Trenholm,J.B.Unruh, (703) 536-7080,6540 Arlington Blvd.,Falls and J.L. Cisar,IFAS Publication ENH 9, Church,VA 22042-6638. http://www.irrigation.org. February 2001.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH025. Florida Automated Weather Network Florida Irrigation Guide. Gainesville,Florida: http://fawn,ifas.ufl.edu. U.S.Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources and Conservation Service,2006. Irrigation of Lawns and Gardens, D.Z.Haman,G.A. Clark, http://www.fl.nrcs.usda.gov/. and A.G.Smajstrla,IFAS Circular 825,May 1989. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WI003. Turf Irrigation for the Home, ES. Zazueta,A.Brockway, L.Landrum,and B.McCarty,IFAS Circular 829, Microirrigation in the Landscape, G.A. Clark,IFAS Fact April 1995. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE144. Sheet AE-254.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE076. Irrigation System Controllers,F.S. Zazueta,A.G. Smajstrla, Field Evaluation of Microirrigation Water Application and G.A. Clark,IFAS Publication AGE-32,Bulletin Uniformity,A.G. Smajstrla,B.J.Boman,D.Z.Haman, 294,July 1994. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE077. D.J. Pitts,and F.S. Zazueta,IFAS Publication AE094, 1997.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE094. MULCHING, MOWING, AND PRUNING REFERENCES Efficiencies of Florida Agricultural Irrigation Systems, Mulches for the Landscape, R.J.Black,E.F. Gilman, G.W. A.G. Smajstrla,B.J.Boman,G.A. Clark,D.Z.Haman, Knox,and K.C. Ruppert,IFAS Publication ENH 103. D.S.Harrison,F.T. Izuno,D.J. Pitts,and F.S. Zazueta, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG251. 1991.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE110. Mowing Your Florida Lawn,L.E. Trenholm,J.B.Unruh, Flushing Procedures for Microirrigation Systems, and J.L. Cisar,IFAS Fact Sheet ENH10,January 2001. A.G.Smajstrla and B.J.Boman,IFAS Bulletin 333. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH028. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/VV1013. Pruning Landscape Trees and Shrubs,E.F.Gilman and R.J.Black,IFAS Circular 853. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG087. 111 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board • 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 59 of 68 Pruning Shade Trees in the Landscape at Evaluation of Current Stormwater Design Criteria http://hort.ifas,ufl.edu/woody/pruning/. within the State of Florida(Harper and Baker, 2007,FDEP Contract S0108). Mangrove Trimming Guidelines for Homeowners. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/nonpointldocs/ Tallahassee,Florida:Florida Department nonpoint/SW TreatmentReportFinal 71907.pdf. of Environmental Protection. http://www.depstate.fl.us/water/wetlands/mangroves/. Weather Terminology: http://severe.worldweather.org/rain/and FERTILIZATION REFERENCES http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sew/MediaGuide/Terms Fertilization and Irrigation Needs for Florida Lawns and Outlooks Watches Warnings.pdf. Landscapes,L.E.Trenholm,E.F.Gilman,G.W.Knox, and R.J.Black,IFAS Publication ENH 860 2002. PESTICIDE REFERENCES http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP110. Many documents are available on the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Nonpoint Source Fertilization Recommendations for Landscape Plants, G.W. Management Publications web page at Knox,T. .Broschat,and R.J.Black,IFAS Publication http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/nonpoint/pubs.htm. ENH 858 2002.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP114. FDACS Bureau of Entomology and Pest Control at General Recommendations for Fertilization of Turfgrasses on (850) 921-4177 or at http://www.flaes.org/aes-ent/. Florida Soils,J.B.Sartain,IFAS Publication SL-21,2007. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH014. FDACS Bureau of Compliance Monitoring at (850)488-3314 or at http://www.flaes.org/ The Florida Fertilizer Label,J.B.Sartain and W.R. Cox,2002. complimonitoring/index.html. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS170. Pesticide and Chemical Reportable Quantities: Seashore Paspalum for Florida Lawns,IFAS Publication http://www.floridadisaster.org/cps/SERC/htcl.htm. CIR 1244,Trenholm and Unruh, 2002. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP059. Operation Cleansweep http://www.dep.state,fl.us/waste/categories/ Fertilization of Field-grown and Landscape Palms in cleansweep-pesticides/. Florida,2005,IFAS Publication ENH 1009. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP261. Best Management Practices for Agrichemical Handling and Farm Equipment Maintenance, Florida Department of Nutrient Deficiencies of Landscape and Field-grown Palms Agriculture and Consumer Services and Florida in Florida, 2005,IFAS Publication ENH 1018. Department of Environmental Protection, 1998. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP273. http://wwwfloridaagwaterpolicy.com/PDFBmps/ Bmp AgrichemicalEquipmentl998.pdf. How to Calibrate Your Fertilizer Spreader,McCarty and Sartain, 2003,IFAS Publication ENH 62, Agrichemical Handling Facility, Code 309. 2008.U.S. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH024. Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service,P O.Box 141510,Gainesville, Selected Fertilizers Used in Turfgrass Fertilization, FL 32605.Telephone(352)338-9555. J. Sartain,IFAS Circular CIR-1262,2001. http://efotg.nres.usda.gov/references/public/FU http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS318. (1309 March 2008.pdf. Soil Testing and Interpretation for Florida Turfgrasses, Broadcast Boom Sprayer Calibration,T.W.Dean, J.B. Sartain,IFAS Publication SL-181,2001. IFAS Pesticide Information Sheet PI-24. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS317. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PI016. Standardized Fertilization Recommendations for Broadcast Boom Sprayer Nozzle Uniformity Check, Environmental Horticulture Crops, G. Kidder,E.A. T.W. Dean,IFAS Pesticide Information Sheet PI-23. Hanlon,T.H.Yeager,and G.L.Miller,IFAS Publication http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PI015. SL141, 1998. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CN011. Designing Facilities for Pesticide and Fertilizer Technical Memorandum-Estimation of Nitrogen Loading Containment. MWPS-37. Revised 1995. Midwest Plan from Residential Irrigation,April 2008,Tampa Bay Service, 122 Davidson Hall,Iowa State University, Estuary program.http://wwwtbeptech.org/Fertilizer/ Ames,IA 50011-3080. Telephone(515) 294-4337. FertilizerHomePage.html. http://www.mwps.org/. Department of Environmental Protection—Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board ' 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 60 of 68 Diseases of Landscape Woody Ornamentals, G.W.Simone, Commercial Applications of Insecticides and Miticides in the PP/PPP 57,http://edis,ifas.ufl.edu/PP108. Green Industry, E.A.Buss, 2006, IFAS Publication - ENY-337,http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG145. Key for Identification of Landscape Turfgrass Diseases, M.L. Elliott and G.W.Simone. Insect Pest Management on Turfgrass,Buss and http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH064. Turner 2004, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG001. In-depth profiles of insects,nematodes,arachnids and Nematode Management in Residential Lawns, other organisms that are of interest.Featured Creatures WT. Crow,2007,IFAS Publication ENY-006, at http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/NG039. Information on ornamental pests: Nematode Management for Perennial Landscape Plants, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/TOPIC Ornamental Pests. W.T. Crow,2007,IFAS Publication ENY-051, ht tp://edis.ifas.u fl.edu/IN469. Integrated Pest Management in the Commercial Ornamental Nursery,Mizell and Short,2006,IFAS Pesticide Container Rinsing,T.W. Dean and O.N. Nesheim. Publication ENY-336,http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG144. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PI003. Insect Management on Landscape Plants,E.A.Buss Turfgrass Disease Management,M.L.Elliott and and D.E.Short,IFAS Publication ENY-338. G.W. Simone. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LH040. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu//pdffiles/IG/IG01300.pdf. CIFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES For Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries • • October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 61 of 68 _ I APPENDIX A: IMPORTANT TELEPHONE NUMBERS THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION • Name,address,and telephone number of person reporting. • Name,address,and telephone number of person responsible for the discharge or release,if known. • Date and time of the discharge or release. • Type or name of the substance discharged or released. • Estimated amount of the discharge or release. • Location or address of the discharge or release. • Source and cause of the discharge or release. • Size and characteristics of the area affected by the discharge or release. • Containment and cleanup actions taken to date. • Other persons or agencies contacted. EMERGENCY REPORTING TELEPHONE NUMBERS For Ambulance,Fire,or Police Dial 911 State Warning Point 24 hours Toll-Free • 1 (800) 320-0519 Department of Community Affairs,or Division of Emergency Management (850) 413-9911 National Response Center 24 hours Toll-Free • 1 (800) 424-8802 (Federal law requires that anyone who releases into the environment a reportable quantity of a hazardous substance [includ- ing oil when water is or may be affected],or a material identified as a marine pollutant, must immediately notify the NRC). FDEP Emergency Response Jacksonville (904) 807-3246 Orlando (407) 893-3337 Ft. Lauderdale (954) 958-5575 Ft.Myers (239) 332-6975 Tampa (813) 744-6462 Panama City (850) 872-7650 Pensacola (850) 595-8300 Tallahassee (850) 245-2010 HFI P I INF TFI FPHONF NI IMBFRS (For chemical hazard information) CHEMTREC HOTLINE (Emergency only) 24 hours Toll-Free • 1 (800)424-9300 Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 1:11 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 62 of 68 NON-EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS State Emergency Response Commission Florida Department of (NOT a 24-hour number) 1 (800) 635-7179 Environmental Protection District Offices (This telephone number is for follow-up reporting under state Northwest(Pensacola) (850) 595-8300 spill reporting requirements. In an emergency,call the State Warning Point[see Emergency Reporting Telephone Numbers Northeast(Jacksonville) (904)807-3300 on the preceding page]. If federal reporting is required,also call the National Response Center[see Emergency Reporting Central (Orlando) (407) 894-7555 Telephone Numbers on the preceding page.) Southeast(West Palm Beach) (561) 681-6600 Florida Friendly Landscapes Program University of Florida (352) 392-1831 x330 Southwest(Tampa) (813) 632-7600 Florida Department of Agriculture South(Ft.Myers) (239) 332-6975 and Consumer Services Bureau of Entomology Water Management Districts and Pest Control (850) 921-4177 Local Toll-free Northwest Florida Bureau of Pesticides (850)487-0532 (Tallahassee) (850) 539-5999 Bureau of Compliance Monitoring (850)488-8731 Suwannee River (Live Oak) (386)362-1001 1-800-226-1066 Florida Department of Environmental Protection Stormwater/Nonpoint Source St.Johns River Management Section(Tallahassee) (850) 245-7508 (Palatka) (386) 329-4500 1-800-451-7106 Hazardous Waste Southwest Florida Management Section (850) 245-8707 (Brooksville) (352) 796-7211 1-800-423-1476 Mangrove Trimming Section (850) 245-8482 South Florida (West Palm Beach) (561) 686-8800 1-800-432-2045 Sunshine State One Call (locator service) 811 or 800-432-4770 wwwcallsunshine.com lelFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 63 of 68 APPENDIX B: FLORIDA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE TELEPHONE NUMBERS County City Telephone Alachua Gainesville (352) 955-2402 Baker Macclenny (904) 259-3520 Bay Panama City (850) 784-6105 Bradford Starke (904)966-6224 Brevard Cocoa (321) 633-1702 Broward Davie (954) 370-3725 Calhoun Blountstown (850) 674-8323 Charlotte Punta Gorda (941) 764-4340 Citrus Inverness (352) 527-5700 Clay Green Cove Springs (904) 284-6355 Collier Naples (239) 353-4244 Columbia Lake City (386) 752-5384 Dade Homestead (305) 248-3311 Desoto Arcadia (863)993-4846 Dixie Cross City (352)498-1237 Duval Jacksonville (904) 387-8850 Escambia Pensacola (850) 475-5230 Flagler Bunnell (386)437-7464 Franklin Apalachicola (850) 653-9447 Gadsden Quincy (850)875-7255 Gilchrist Trenton (352)463-3174 Glades Moore Haven (863) 946-0244 Gulf Wewahitchka (850) 639-3200 Hamilton Jasper (386) 792-1276 Hardee Wauchula (863) 773-2164 Hendry LaBelle (863) 674-4092 Hernando Brooksville (352) 754-4433 Highlands Sebring (863)386-6540 Hillsborough Seffner (813) 744-5519 Holmes Bonifay (850) 547-1108 Indian River Vero Beach (772) 770-5030 Jackson Marianna (850)482-9620 Jefferson Monticello (850)342-0187 Lafayette Mayo (386) 294-1279 Lake Tavares (352)343-4101 Lee Ft.Myers (239) 533-4327 Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 112 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 64 of 68 Leon Tallahassee (850) 606-5200 Levy Bronson (352)486-5131 Liberty Bristol (850) 643-2229 Madison Madison (850) 973-4138 Manatee Palmetto (941) 722-4524 Marion Ocala (352)671-8400 Martin Stuart (772)288-5654 Monroe Key West (305) 292-4501 Nassau Callahan (904)879-1019 Yulee (904) 548-1116 Okaloosa Crestview (850)689-5850 (alt-phone) (850) 729-1400 x5850 Okeechobee Okeechobee (863) 763-6469 Orange Orlando (407) 254-9200 Osceola Kissimmee (321)697-3000 Palm Beach West Palm Beach (561) 233-1700 Pasco Dade City (352) 521-4288 New Port Richey (727)847-8177 Pinellas Largo (727) 582-2100 Polk Bartow (863) 519-8677 Putnam East Palatka (386) 329-0318 St.Johns St.Augustine (904) 209-0430 St. Lucie Fort Pierce (772)462-1660 Port St.Lucie (772) 337-5684 Santa Rosa Milton (850) 623-3868 Sarasota Sarasota (941) 861-5000 Seminole Sanford (407) 665-0311 Sumter Bushnell (352) 793-2728 Suwannee Live Oak (386) 362-2771 Taylor Perry (850) 838-3508 Union Lake Butler (386)496-2321 Volusia DeLand (386) 822-5778 Daytona Beach (386) 257-6012 New Smyrna Beach (386)423-3368 Wakulla Crawfordville (850)926-3931 Walton DeFuniak Springs (850) 892-8172 Washington Chipley (850) 638-6180 CIFLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries • October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 65 of 68 APPENDIX C: RULE 5E-1.003(2) LABELING REQUIREMENTS FOR URBAN TURF FERTILIZERS Effective Dec. 31, 2007 (2) FERTILIZER LABEL REQUIREMENTS FOR URBAN not exceed an applic tion rate of 1.0 lb of TURF SPORTS TURF OR LAWNS. P205/1,000 ft2 and t at subsequent applications (a) Definitions shall be made with roducts meeting the defini- 1. "Urban Turf'or"Lawns"means non agricul- tion of Low or No P osphate fertilizers.The tural land planted in closely mowed,managed term"Starter Fertili er"shall be part of the grasses except golf courses,parks and athletic brand name. fields. 4. Fertilizers labele as urban turf,sports turf, 2. "Sports Turf"means non agricultural land or lawn fertilizer sh 11 have directions for use for planted exclusively for golf courses,parks and nitrogen that: athletic fields. a. Are consistent with the recommenda- 3. "No Phosphate Fertilizer"means fertilizer tions in the following table: products with phosphate levels below 0.5% intended for established urban turf or lawns. Fertilization Guidelines for Established Turfgrass Lawns in Three Regions of Florida 4. "Low Phosphate Fertilizer"means fertilizer Nitrogen recommendations products intended for new or established urban (lbs N/ 1000 ft2/year)" turf or lawns,with phosphate levels equal to or Species North Central South above 0.5%or as provided in paragraph(2)(b). Bahia grass 2-3 2-4 2-4 5. "Starter Fertilizer"means a fertilizer formulat- Bermuda grass 3-5 4-6 5-7 ed for a one-time application at planting or near that time to encourage root growth and enhance Centipede grass 1-2 2-3 2-3 the initial establishment. St.Augustine grass 2-4 2-5 4-6 6. "Established Urban Turf'means urban turf Zoysiagrass 3-5 3-6 4-6 older than 12 months. North Florida is north of Ocala.Central Florida is defined as south of Ocala to a line extending from Vero Beach to Tampa.South Florida includes the remaining southern portion of the state. 7. "New Urban Turf'means urban turf estab- lished less than 12 months. b. Nitrogen s all not be applied at an (b) Fertilizer products labeled for use on sports turf, application rate :reater than 0.7 lbs of urban turf or lawns shall be no phosphate or low readily available nitrogen per 1000 ft2 at phosphate and have labeling that meets the any one time ba-ed on the soluble fraction restrictions set forth in this rule for the applica- of formulated fe tilizer,with no more tion of nitrogen. that 1 lb total N per 1000 ft2 to be applied at any one time •nd not to exceed the 1. No phosphate fertilizers shall not contain more annual nitrogen ecommendations in the than 0.5%of available phosphate expressed as Fertilization Gu delines for Established P205.The"grade"shall indicate a zero guarantee. Turfgrass Lawns in Three Regions of Florida,set fort herein. Use directions 2. Fertilizers labeled as Low phosphate shall for nitrogen ma be included that allow have use directions that do not exceed an appli- higher rates if a annual tissue sample cation rate of 0.25 lbs P205/1000ft2 per applica- representative o the site shows the need tion and not to exceed 0.50 lbs P205/1000ft2 per for a higher app ication rate. year.Label use directions may be included that . allow higher rates if an annual soil sample repre- 5. The following la guage shall appear conspic- sentative for the site shows the need for a higher uously on bags of f.rtilizer sold at retail: "Do application rate. not apply near wat:r,storm drains or drainage ditches.Do not ap, y if heavy rain is expected. 3. Fertilizers labeled as,or formulated for use as, Apply this product •my to your lawn/garden, starter fertilizer shall have use directions that do and sweep any pro'uct that lands on the Ell Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 66 of 68 driveway,sidewalk,or street,back onto your (d) Fertilizers labeled for sports turf at golf courses, lawn/garden." parks and athletic fields shall: (c) Specialty fertilizers labeled for urban turf or 1. Have directions for use not to exceed rates lawns shall have directions for use that include: recommended in the document titled SL191 "Recommendations for N,P,K and Mg for Golf 1. Application rates for phosphorous shall not Course and Athletic Field Fertilization Based on exceed 0.25 lbs.P205/1000 ft2 per application Mehlich I Extractant",dated March 2007,which and not exceed 0.50 lbs.P205/1000 ft2 per year. is hereby adopted and incorporated by reference Label use directions may be included that allow into this rule. Copies may be obtained from the higher rates if an annual soil sample representa- Soil and Water Science Department,Florida tive for the site shows the need for a higher Cooperative Extension Service,Institute of Food application rate. and Agricultural Sciences,University of Florida, Gainesville,FL 32611 or the following website: 2. Application rates for nitrogen shall not http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS404. exceed 0.7 lbs of readily available nitrogen per 1000 ft2 at any one time based on the soluble 2. Have directions for use in accordance with the fraction of formulated fertilizer,with no more recommendations in"BMP's for the Enhancement that 1 lb total N per 1000 ft2 to be applied at any of Environmental Quality on Florida Golf one time and not to exceed the annual nitrogen Courses",published by the Florida Department recommendations in the Fertilization Guidelines of Environmental Protection,dated January 2007. for Established Turfgrass Lawns in Three Regions Copies may be downloaded from http://www.dep. of Florida.Use directions for nitrogen may be State.fl.us/water/nonpoint/pubs.htm. included that allow higher rates if an annual tis- sue sample representative of the site shows the (e) Fertilizers other than specialty fertilizers labeled need for a higher application rate. for urban turf shall: 3. Rates shall be expressed in units of weight or 1. Have directions for use not to exceed rates volume per unit of area coverage(where applica- recommended in the document titled Best tion rates are given in volume,the label shall Management Practices for Protection of Water provide sufficient information to calculate the Resources in Florida,June 2002,Florida Green application rates by weight). Industries.,which is hereby adopted and incor- porated by reference into this rule. Copies may 4. Rates shall be expressed per 1000 square feet. be obtained from http://wwwdep.state.fl.us/water/ nonpoint/docs/nonpoint/BMP Book final.pdf. 5. Maximum coverage area per container or bag shall be displayed prominently on the front of (f) Existing Stock—Licensees are permitted to sell the container or bag. (i.e. This product covers or distribute products that do not meet the label 5000 square feet;This bag feeds 4000 square requirements of the rule for one and one-half feet). years after the effective date of the rule. Products at the retail level on or after the effective date of the rule are permitted to be offered for sale. 60 FLORIDA FRIENDLY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES for Protection of Water Resources by the Green Industries October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Fiendly BMP Page 67 of 68 EMERGENCY REPORTING TELEPHONE NUMBERS For Ambulance,Fire,or Police Dial 911 State Warning Point 24 hours Toll-Free 1-800-320-0519 Department of Community Affairs,or (850)413-9911 Division of Emergency Management National Response Center 24 hours Toll-Free 1-800-424-8802 (Federal law requires that anyone who releases into the environment a reportable quantity of a hazardous substance [including oil when water is or may be affected],or a material identified as a marine pollutant,must immediately notify the NRC). FDEP Emergency Response Jacksonville (904) 807-3246 Orlando (407) 893-3337 Ft. Lauderdale (954) 958-5575 Ft.Myers (239) 332-6975 Tampa (813) 744-6462 Panama City (850) 872-7650 Pensacola (850) 595-8300 Tallahassee (850) 245-2010 HELP LINE TELEPHONE NUMBERS (for chemical hazard information) CHEMTREC HOTLINE(Emergency only) 24 hours Toll-Free 1-800-424-9300 Department of Environmental Protection-Revised DECEMBER 2008 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Florida Friendly BMP Page 68 of 68 �� . OTECTION Imo 'F FLORIDA IFAS Extension • October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Turrell Hall Nutrient Study Proposal for the Pelican Bay Foundation Page 11 of 4 EXHIBIT B "' TURRELL, HALL & ASSOCIATES, .INC. MARINE&ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING 3384 Exchange Avenue.Suite It•Naples.Florida 34104-3732•(234)643-0166•net 643-6632.laurem@tumU-associates.eom May 14,2011 James Iloppensteadt Pelican Bay Foundation,Inc. 6251 Pelican Bay Blvd. Naples,FL 34108 Re: Proposal for Professional Environmental Services Dear Mr.Hoppensteadt: Turrell,Flail Fe Associates,Inc.is pleased to provide you with this amended proposal for environmental services. We appreciate that the Foundation is still interested in creating a nutrient management plan as a means of implementing a proactive approach to managing and improving upland water quality contributor standards. Pelican Bay is a unique planned community,well known for its gulf-front preserve and its overall environmental sensitivity. The approximately 3 square mile location spans between the beach and Tamiami Trail,from Vanderbilt Beach Drive south to Seagate Boulevard. The community consists of single-and multi-family residences,passive and recreational areas,natural preserve areas,and a limited amount of upscale commercial development. Even though the environment was in the forefront of the development of Pelican Bay,concerns have arisen in the last decade throughout the State of Florida that indicate a proactive stance should he taken with respect to improving the management of stormwater and reducing nutrient and other contaminant inputs into the water management system. As discussed in our previous proposals,the nutrient management plan we propose will be designed to focus on three main aspects: 1. Nutrient Inputs--mapping the flow of water and nutrients throughout the development. Since water is the major mode of transport for nutrients and other contaminants to reach the open waters of Clam Bay,the water flow through these basins will be mapped. We are aware that Grady Minor has done work in this area for Pelican Bay,and we will incorporate their work product into ours for consistency and cost-effectiveness. The research into accumulating the plans and compiling the information into a single document/exhibit is included in this work component. Major water collection areas such as swales and pipes,lakes,and connections between the lakes will be mapped. This will allow us to decide on the most advantageous locations for sampling sites,which we will coordinate with the known PBSD collection sites to avoid any duplicate sampling. This task includes several additional components such as: i Differentiating and mapping all of the pervious and impervious surfaces within the community. This is useful in terms of knowing how much of each area(community, neighborhood,condominium,etc.)is able to percolate water through the gro d and how much runs directly into the storm water system. Further breaking down the pervious surfaces between lawn,landscape area, golf course.and others can also be used to estimate nutrient requirements and ap lications within the system. Identifying points where nutrients/sediment enter the system is done as part f the • �1 I October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Turrell Hall Nutrient Study Proposal for the Pelican Bay Foundation Page 2 of 4 mapping. Figuring out which neighborhood or areas of neighborhoods flow into each detention area and lake can help to track down problems if high nutrient/sediment levels arc detected during the water quality testing component of the program. 2. Water Quality collection and laboratory testing of the surface waters at key focal points throughout the system. This will be used to: Identify beneficial and negative components relative to helping improve water quality `- Identify potential changes that could be made to improve the cleansing capabilities of the water management system. ➢ Irrigation waters being used throughout the community will also be collected under this task to determine their contributing nutrient values,as well as to monitor if this changes over time. A certified laboratory will be used to analyze the samples collected. 3. Soil Analysis—it is important to know the soil makeup with the identified basin(s). Soil can affect absorption rates as a working knowledge of the soil composition can help to determine the appropriate constituent parts of applied fertilizers. Soil analysis will also be useful data information for landscapers to have in order to make proper plant material recommendations throughout the community. Collecting soil samples at representative sites throughout the community and having the samples analyzed by certified lab(s)will be part of this task. 4. Landscape Management There arc multiple fertilizer,herbicide,and pesticide application guidelines which could be considered for Pelican Bay. Our goal is to present a Management Plan that could be adopted community-wide by Pelican Bay that will be consistent with what the County may adopt and with what the City of Naples already requires. We will also incorporate WAS,Conservancy,and other relevant agency recommendations that make sense for Pelican Bay. Selecting which BMPs and management options are incorporated into the Plan will depend on the water flow,irrigation,and soil within Pelican Bay. Once this Plan has been formulated, the following three tasks will then be implemented: Communicating the landscaping maintenance standards to the property owners in Pelican Bay;condominium associations,single family homeowners,commercial entities,and the Pelican Bay Services Division. Turrell,Hall&Associates will work with the Foundation to create a"Landscaping Field Guide"that can be distributed to all property owners,and produce a series of Pelican Bay Post articles that detail: - When fertilization should be done. The timing of fertilization efforts can be compared to the water quality results to determine if nutrient levels observed are ambient,are based on continual trickling inputs.or are the result of initial flushes immediately following fertilizer applications. - The type and quantities of fertilizer and pesticides used between the different associations and communities. Identifying types of inputs including fertilizers,pesticides,herbicides,silt or other materials that can be suspended in the water column. We feel this is an important component in terms of being able to make recommendations for changes. Identifying the types and brands of applications that work better(more taken up rather than run-off) within the community would be very helpful in arguing changes that can be 12 October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Turrell Hall Nutrient Study Proposal for the 'elican Bay Foundation Page 3 of 4 made to reduce inputs into the water bodies throughout the devel.ptnent. I laving practical real-life examples(both good and bad)to show titer residents should help to get people to consider alternatives. Developing Enforcement Procedures--the Pelican Bay Foundation staff it need to know how to inspect for compliance of the landscaping maintenance stag.aids. Turrell,Ilan&Associates will develop logs for landscapers to maintain for all applications as well as checklists for Foundation staff to use When inspe 'as a landscaper applying fertilizers,herbicides.or pesticides. Monitoring to ensure that the landscape maintenance standards an efTer c,and to be able to report efforts to respective regulatory agencies,on-going tnorti ring readings or the sites,and regularly generated reports are essential. 'Purse ,hall and Associates will conduct quarterly readings of the sites to develop deeper understanding of how nutrients and sediment move though the system during different weather seasons,and landscape maintenance schedules. Patterns and trends will he identified,and seasonal adjustments to standards and enforcement will be recommended The goals of this proposed plan are to identify areas where improvements can be made,make recommendations to minimize impacts to the adjacent preserve and water body,and to collect data to evidence improvements or revise annual recommendations accordingly. Our nutrient management plan will include recommendations for water conservation and improved soil and water quality. It will also include training sessions with Pelican Bay Foundation personnel.and interested residents with suggestions for improving fertilizer and pesticide application methods. The overall goal of the Program is to reduce nutrients,suspended solids,and heavy metals from accumulating in the water ies on-site. The program also includes follow up,inspections,and compliance verification with respect contractor training and implementation of any recommendations made and adopted by the Foundation. COSTS Based on revisions to the proposal and ongoing discussions with Foundation representativ . it is estimated that the plan preparation.mapping,coordination,and data collection will cost around $118,000.00 for the first year. The cost breakdown that went into this estimate includes the oilowing: Component l - Nutrient Inputs($40,0000-$50,000) Aerial mapping.survey,and ground truthing efforts associated with creati G1.S tnhapefiles of pervious and impervious areas in each Basin and community.($20,000- S25,000 depending on amount of ground verification needed from aerial work) i Research and compilation or stormwater permits and exhibits to create GIS shapeftie of water flows through the development.($5,000-$10.000 depending on what is readily available and what would have to be researched more in depth through old rmit file reviews and ground truthing) Data sorting,compilation and manipulation necessa ry to create maps and a ibits for reporting and presentations($13,900) Component 2 Water Quality(S47.000) 1- Collection of water(and sediment loading)samples(4x/year).($8,400Iycar) 13 imirrom October 18,2012 Clam Bay Subcommittee of the Pelican Bay Services Division Board 3.Landscaping Best Management Practices(BMP)--Turrell Hall Nutrient Study Proposal for the Pelican Bay Foundation Page4of4 4 • `r Lab costs for analyzing samples.Initial year's testing will include metals(copper,lead, zinc,arsenic,and cadmium). Subsequent years will not include metals if no problems are seen during the first year.($27,20011"year,$19,500/subsequent years) • Compilation and reporting on all components of the Program.($11,400) Component 3—Soil($8,500) ' Collection of soil samples(I time).($1,800) i> Lab costs for analyzing samples. ($3,200) ✓ Mapping and reporting on soil characteristics,and their respective benefits mid challenges.($3,500) Component 4 Landscape Management Plan(S12,500) )" Develop written landscape maintenance standards including time when applications can be done,products that can he used,application rates,etc.($5,000) • Produce written landscaping guide for Pelican'Bay and web site page to reside with the Foundation's web site.(52.500) > Develop landscaper guideline packet with relevant applicable standard criteria (permissible products,application rates,application tirnefratnes),and reporting requirements(application log).Develop training for Foundation staff on what to look for and how to inspect a landscaper applying fertilizers,herbicides,or pesticides. (55,000) Water quality and fertilizer application data will then be collected fur an additional four years and used to track change`within the identified basins to document improvements or identify areas where further suggestions can be implemented far improvements. An annual report will he generated broken down by basin to document the data collected,identify any changes observed,list any recommendations felt necessary,and update the Foundation on the status of the project. Annual data collection and report generation is estimated to cost$40,000 per year(roughly$8,000 per basin). This is slightly higher than the original proposal due to adding in the sediment collection and analysis component. I would be happy to meet with you or the Foundation Board to further discuss this program and answer any additional questions you or they may have, Please feel free to call me to discuss this further. Sincerely, Timothy Hall f !! 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